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Chapter 6
THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA, 1608–1673
1. New France (pp. 106–110)
a. After domestic tranquillity was restored in the late 1500s under King _______ XIV, France began to expand its empire. A leading figure was Samuel de ______________, who established the province of ____________. The French allied themselves with the _________ Indian tribes against their enemies, the _____________. (Note that almost all European exploring parties, which were generally quite small in number, were able to control vast expanses by playing one Indian group against another. Then, of course, when it came time for the white population to expand, all Indian tribes were pushed aside indiscriminately. Perhaps because of their relatively small numbers, the Spanish were exceptions to this rule, encouraging intermarriage with the Indians and producing the mestizo populations of Latin America.)
b. From their base in Quebec, the French pushed into the Mississippi valley as far as New Orleans, led by the explorations of Robert de la _______ in the late 1600s. What was the economic basis of French settlement in Canada?
c. Looking at the map on p. 108, what conclusions can you make about the location of French trading posts in North America?
2. The French and Indian War, 1754–1763 (pp. 110–16)
a. In the section titled “A Clash of Empires,” the authors point out that there have actually been nine truly global wars, not just two, and that Americans have been involved in all of them. The first were fought at various points where the empires of England, France, and Spain came into contact, including North America. Involving Indian allies on all sides, the first three of these wars were, in North America, called King ___________ War (1689–1697), Queen _________ War (1702–1713), and the one proverbially called the War of Jenkins’s _______ (1744–1748).
b. The pivotal conflict which set the stage for the American Revolution was called in America the French and Indian War. The main bone of contention that led to this war in the 1750s was the ________ River Valley where George _____________ and other Virginia land speculators had staked out vast claims. The war started in 1754 when the French defeated a small force under Washington near the French Fort _______________, now Pittsburgh. The British tried to encourage colonial support for their cause by calling the first intercolonial congress in 1754 at ___________, N.Y., near their allies the ___________ Indians. Look at the famous sliced snake cartoon by Benjamin Franklin on p. 113. *** How do you interpret this cartoon? What does it have to say about colonial unity at the time?
c. This conflict soon turned into a global war in which Washington served as an aide to the British General ______________. When William _________ took over as British Prime Minister, he put more resources into the war. Final victory was secured when Gen. James ______ defeated the French at the Canadian cities of ____________ (1759) and _____________ (1760). Why do the authors say in conclusion that the Battle of Quebec and the subsequent Paris peace settlement (1763) were so significant for British and American history?
3. Consequences of the French and Indian War (pp. 116–121)
a. The two maps on p. 116 summarize well the changed areas of imperial control in North America as a result of the 1763 peace settlement. Summarize the main features of this changed power structure.
(l) Before 1754:
(2) After 1763:
b. What do the authors believe the war did to the cause of greater unity among the colonies and to the sympathetic understanding between the British and the colonials?
(1) Unity:
(2) Sympathy/Understanding:
c. What do the authors mean in the concluding section when they say that “with the French hawk killed, the colonial chicks had the confidence to range far afield”?
d. After the British solidified their position in the Ohio Valley by defeating a united group of Indians under the Ottawa chief __________, the colonials felt they had a free rein to expand beyond the ____________ Mountains. Just then, the British issued the infamous Proclamation of 1763. What did this proclamation proclaim?
e. Why did the British issue this proclamation and how was it interpreted (or misinterpreted) by the Americans?
(1) British Reasoning:
(2) American Intepretation:
4. The French in America (pp. 118–119) Look back at the first two paragraphs of this insert section. What is the interesting connection the authors make here between French settlement on the islands north of Maine (“Acadia”) and the current unique “cajun” culture of Louisiana?
Chapter 6 Term Sheet
THE DUEL FOR NORTH AMERICA
Pages 106–110
French Huguenots
Quebec
Samuel de Champlain
Huron Indians
Iroquois tribes
Robert de La Salle
Pages 110–116
King William’s War
Queen Anne’s War
Treaty of Utrecht (1713)
Acadia
War of Jenkin’s Ear (1739)
George Washington
Fort Duquesne
Fort Necessity (1754)
French and Indian/Seven Years War (1754–1763)
Albany Congress (1754)
Gen. Edward Braddock
William Pitt
Louisbourg (1758)
Gen. James Wolfe
Quebec (1759)/Montreal (1760)
Peace of Paris (1763)
Pages 116–1621
Chief Pontiac’s War (1763)
Daniel Boone
Proclamation of 1763
Chapter 7
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION, 1763–1775
1. Introduction to the Revolutionary Period (pp. 122–123)
In the introductory section, the authors state that Americans were “reluctant revolutionaries,” but that their unique conditions and distance from Britain had imbued them with new ideas that made them especially sensitive to threats to their liberties. *** Before reading the rest of the chapter, why do you think that many otherwise contented colonists might have been ready after 1763 to resist Britain’s efforts “to enclose its American colonists more snugly in its grip”?
2. Mercantilism (pp. 123–125)
a. Mercantilist theory states that a country’s power is directly proportional to the amount of gold and silver that can be amassed in its treasury. *** How is it that exporting more than one import leads to amassing more bullion in the treasury?
b. *** Under mercantilist theory, how does the colonial role of supplying raw materials to the mother country and buying its finished products contribute to making the mother country rich?
c. List two main features of the Navigation Laws that were passed to implement mercantilist theory.
(1)
(2)
d. From the perspective of the Americans, list two main negative and two main positive aspects of the Navigation Laws.
(1) Negative Aspects:
(2) Positive Aspects:
3. Stamp Tax Uproar (pp. 125–128)
a. Why did the British feel justified in beginning to levy taxes on the colonies after 1763, including the new Stamp Tax instituted by Prime Minister ___________?
b. What do you think are the three most significant reasons that Americans objected to the Stamp Tax? *** If you list “Taxation Without Representation,” do you really think they would have been happy to pay the tax if they had had representation in Parliament?
(1)
(2)
(3)
c. What two measures did the colonists take to resist the Stamp Tax which, though the principle of absolute sovereignty was reaffirmed in the ____________ Act, was ultimately repealed in 1766?
(1)
(2)
4. Townshend and Tea (pp. 129–134)
a. In 1767, New British Prime Minister Charles ___________ decided to raise colonial revenues another way, by taxing the importation of certain products, most notably tea. The ill-timed Townshend Acts produced an uproar, including the formation by Samuel _________ of Committees of ____________, one of the first efforts to link the colonies together in a common cause, and the famous _________ Tea Party of December 1773. *** Looking at the issues, do you feel that it was the economic impact of these taxes (after all, a large share of what you now pay for gas is actually a tax used by the government to build roads—and no one objects) that bothered the Americans or certain broader principles? What do you think was really bothering the Americans?
b. *** Which seems more significant to you in promoting rebellion throughout the colonies (not just in New England) after 1774, the “Intolerable Acts” (passed to punish Boston after the Tea Party) or the Quebec Act (see the map on
p. 133), extending the province of Quebec to the Ohio River? Why?
5. Continental Congress of 1774 and Bloodshed (pp. 134–135)
a. A Continental Congress has just met for the first time in 1774, sent a petition to the King, and agreed on a complete boycott of British goods. *** Can you think of an enlightened response the British Parliament might have made which might have defused the situation and avoided war by giving the colonies a greater degree of home rule while preserving British sovereignty? What might this response have entailed?
b. To exert authority over the area outlying Boston, British troops marched on ____________ and ___________, Massacusetts in May of 17___ where the first shots of the Revolutionary War were fired.
6. The Power Line-Up (pp. 135–139) As you read the final section, list the major strengths and weaknesses of the two sides who were about to enter a military conflict.
British Americans
(1) Strengths:
(2) Weaknesses:
VARYING VIEWPOINTS
Underlying Causes of the Revolution
It is important to understand how the views of historians have changed over time about the factors influencing critical events like the American Revolution. It is especially interesting to see how the concerns of the present influence the interpretations of the past. Look at the last two paragraphs of this section and summarize the views about the causes of the Revolution of:
1. Bernard Bailyn (ideological and psychological factors):
2. Gary Nash (social and economic factors):
*** Which of these two viewpoints do you think more accurately reflects the emphasis of the authors of your textbook? Why?
Chapter 7 term Sheet
THE ROAD TO REVOLUTION
Pages 122–123
Republicanism
Radical Whigs
Pages 123–125
Theory of “Mercantilism”
Navigation Law of 1650
“Enumerated” Products
Nullification of Laws (“Royal Veto”)
Pages 125–128
George Grenville
Sugar Act (1764)
Quartering Act (1765)
Stamp Act (1765)
“Taxation Without Representation”
“Virtual Representation”
Stamp Act Congress (1765)
Nonimportation Agreements
Sons of Liberty
Stamp Act Repeal (1766)
Declaratory Act (1766)
Pages 129–134
“Champagne Charley” Townshend
Townshend Acts (1767)
Boston Massacre (1770)
Crispus Attucks
King George III
Lord North
Samuel Adams
Committees of Correspondence (1772)
British East India Company
Gov. Thomas Hutchinson
Boston Tea Party (1773)
Edmund Burke
Repressive/Intolerable Acts (1774)
Boston Port Act
Quebec Act (1774)
Pages 134–135
Continental Congress (1774)
John Adams
Declaration of Rights
The Association
Lexington and Concord (April 1775)
John Hancock
“Minute Men”
Pages 135–139
Hessians
Loyalists
Marquis de Lafayette
Chapter 8
REVOLUTION, 1775–1783
1. Prelude to Independence, April 1775 to July 1776 (pp. 141–146)
a. In May of 17___, one month after the first shots at Lexington and Concord, the Second ____________ Congress met in Philadelphia. List two reasons this Congress selected George Washington to command the ragtag troops besieging Boston.
(1)
(2)
b. How does the “Olive Branch Petition” of July 1775 on the one hand and the abortive invasion of Canada by American troops under Montgomery and Arnold illustrate the authors’ point that the fighting between May 1775 and July 1776 was a “curious war of inconsistency”?
c. What was significant about Thomas Paine’s pamphlet Common Sense? How did it turn a largely local Massachusetts protest for redress of specific grievances into an ideological crusade for the idea of Republicanism?
2. Declaration of Independence (pp. 146–148)
a. With the stern response of the British to American entreaties, Congress finally asked a committee headed by Thomas ___________ to draft a Declaration of Independence. What was the main rationale for independence advanced in the Declaration?
b. The authors seem to accept this rationale for independence, calling it an “inspiration to countless revolutionary movements against arbitrary authority” (p. 148). *** With this in mind, do you expect that the authors will be similarly sympathetic to the southern states in 1861 when they use a similar rationale to throw off the “arbitrary authority” of the federal government?
3. Patriots and Loyalists (pp. 148–152)
a. Read the section on “Patriots” and the insert on the “Loyalists.” *** If you had been a young person of military age in, say, New York at the time, would you have been a Patriot or a Loyalist? Or would you have tried to stay neutral? Why?
b. An old saying goes that “history is written by winners.” *** Had the British won the war, what might the “patriots” have been called in the history books?
4. Military History of the War (pp. 152–160)
a. Read this section to get an overview of the three distinct phases of fighting over the eight-year course of the War: first, in the Patriot strongholds around Boston (1775–1776); second, in the New York/Pennsylvania area as the British tried to split the northern from the southern colonies along the Hudson River Valley (1776–1778); and finally, to the southern campaigns ending in the British defeat at Yorktown (1778–1781). As you read the account of the War, identify the following:
(1) Gen. William Howe (Br.):
(2) Gen. John Burgoyne (Br.):
(3) Gen. Benedict Arnold (Am.):
(4) Valley Forge (Pa.):
(5) Saratoga (N.Y.):
(6) Comte de Rochambeau (Fr.):
(7) Gen. Nathanael Greene (Am.):
(8) Gen. George Rogers Clark (Am.):
(9) Gen. Charles Cornwallis (Br.):
b. Note the critical nature of the alliance with France, concluded by Franklin after the pivotal American victory at Saratoga (1777). *** Do you think that victory would have been possible without the French (Yes___/No___) and what do you think were their two main contributions?
(1)
(2)
5. Treaty of Paris, 1783 (pp. 160–162)
a. On p. 162, the authors say that the final peace terms granted by the British were “liberal almost beyond belief.” John _____, the main American negotiator, came to Paris expecting little more than recognition of sovereignty for the thirteen ex-colonies. In addition, though, the British granted to the U.S. all the territory between the ____________ Mountains and the _______________ River. Why do the authors say that the British were so magnanimous to their recently rebellious offspring?
b. *** Do you think this settlement was fair to the American ally France?
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE (Appendix Page A31)
1. Read the second paragraph carefully and summarize in two or three sentences the rationale for independence advanced in the Declaration. *** Does that rationale make sense to you?
2. Like a legal indictment, the Declaration then goes on to enumerate some eighteen specific grievances against “the present King” (note, not against “Parliament” or “the British government”). *** Look over these grievances and list the three that you think are the most significant, i.e., grievances that really are serious enough to warrant a break from the mother country. Then list the three that you think are the weakest or most frivolous.
Most Significant Most Frivolous
(1) (1)
(2) (2)
(3) (3)
3. Look at the closing paragraph of the Declaration. Note phrases like “these United Colonies are . . . absolved from all allegiance . . .” and “as free and independent states, they have the right to levy war, conclude peace. . . .” *** Do you see any significance in the fact that the “United States” are referred to in the plural form rather than the singular? What do you guess was the concept of “nationhood” held by the signers of the Declaration?
ChApter 8 Term Sheet
REVOLUTION
Pages 141–146
Second Continental Congress (May 1775)
George Washington
Ethan Allen/Ticonderoga
Bunker Hill
“Olive Branch Petition” (July 1775)
Hessians
Invasion of Canada (Montgomery/Arnold)
British evacuate Boston (March 1776)
Thomas Paine Common Sense (1776)
Pages 146–148
Lee’s Resolution (July 2, 1776)
Thomas Jefferson
Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)
Pages 148–152
Patriots
“Tories”
Patrick Henry
Pages 152–160
Battle of Long Island
Gen. William Howe
Gen. John Burgoyne
Gen. Benedict Arnold
Valley Forge (1777–1778)
Saratoga (October 1777)
French support (1778)
Comte de Rochambeau (1780)
Arnold treason (1780)
British southern strategy
Gen. Nathanael Greene
Gen. Charles Cornwallis
Gen. George Rogers Clark
Adm. John Paul Jones
Yorktown (1781)
Adm. de Grasse
Pages 160–162
Benjamin Franklin/John Adams/John Jay
“A Separate Peace”
Treaty of Paris (1783)
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