Portland Community College



Portland Community College, Sylvania CampusBI 233 Lab Supplemental PackagePCC-Sylvania BI 233 Laboratory Supplement1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, takingimmunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.Students who do not comply with these safety guidelineswill be excluded from the LaboratorySafe Disposal of Contaminated MaterialsPlace disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.6. At the end of an experiment:a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash containerprovided.Students who do not comply with these safety guidelinesand directions will be excluded from the LaboratoryPlease ReadYou are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests. Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out. There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator (Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!Lab 1Exercise 35: Structure of the Respiratory SystemLab Objectives:Identify the organs and significant structures of the respiratory system on models or picturesBe able to define the role of the respiratory system in terms of the overall function of the bodyDistinguish among a bronchus, bronchiole and alveolus in a prepared slide of the lungUpper Respiratory TractNose and Nasal CartilagesExternal nares (nostrils)Nasal septumPerpendicular plate of the ethmoid boneVomerSeptal cartilageMucous membrane*Respiratory epithelium (pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium)*goblet cellsNasal conchaeSuperiorMiddleInferiorSinusesFrontalMaxillarySphenoidEthmoidPharynxNasopharynxAuditory (Eustachian) tubesOropharynxUvulaLaryngopharynxTonsilsPalatineLingualPharyngealHard PalateSoft PalateLower Respiratory TractEsophagusLarynx (voice box)Thyroid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)Cricoid cartilage (hyaline cartilage)Vocal folds (true vocal cords)Vestibular folds (false vocal cords)*Epiglottis (elastic cartilage)Glottis Cricothyroid ligamentTrachea and Bronchi*Tracheal cartilages (hyaline)chrondrocytesCarina *trachealis muscleTracheal glands (sero-mucous)Main (Primary) bronchiLobar (secondary) bronchiSegmental (tertiary) bronchiLungsApexBaseHilusPulmonary artery and pulmonary veinRight lung3 lobes (superior, middle, inferior)Horizontal and oblique fissuresLeft lung2 lobes (superior, inferior)Oblique fissureCardiac notchHistology of the lung and trachea*Trachea*Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelial lining*Goblet cells*Sero-mucous glands*Hyaline cartilage rings*Smooth muscle*bronchioles*Low columnar/cuboidal epitheliaNo goblet cellsNo glandsSmooth muscle*alveolar ducts*alveoli*Type I pneumocytes (covers 95% of alveolar surface but only accounts for about 40% of pneumocyte population)Respiratory membrane*Type II Pneumocytes (constitutes about 60% of the pneumocytes but only covers 5% of the surface area)Also called septal cellsSurfactant*Macrophages (dust cells)*alveolar sacsRespiratory membrane = alveolus + basement membrane + capillary epithelium Pleural CavitiesParietal pleuraVisceral pleuraMediastinumDefinitions:Cough reflexEmphysemaWhat effect does emphysema have on the surface area of the lungs?Lab 2Exercise 40: Respiratory Function, Breathing, RespirationObjectives:Measure pulmonary volumes and calculate the pulmonary capacitiesKnow tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume and vital capacityCalculate above using the spirometers available in classIdentify the above on a spirogramDetermine whether a person will inhale or exhale based on the differences in air pressure between the lungs and the external airHow does carbon dioxide in solution change the pH of the solutionUse the stethoscope to listed to respiratory soundsDetermine the forced expiratory volume exhaled in 1 secondInspiratory MusclesDiaphragmExternal intercostalsAccessory muscles of inspirationScalene musclesPectoralis minorSerratus anteriorSternocleidomastoidExpiratory Muscles (forced exhalation)Internal intercostalsTransverses thoracicAbdominal musclesDefinitions:AcidosishypercapniaAlkalosisHypocapniaPulmonary ventilationVentilation ratePulmonary volumeMeasurement of relaxed Breathing rate:______________________________________Estimation of what will happen with exercise: _______________________________________Number of breaths per minute after 2 minutes of exercise: ____________________________What kind of exercise did you perform? ______________________________Measurement of Pulmonary Volumes and CapacitiesVC = TV + ERV + IRVPulmonary volumesTidal volume (TV)Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)Residual Volume (approximately 1000mL)CapacitiesVital Capacity (VC)Percent of Expected Vital CapacityForced expiratory vital Capacity (FEV)Complete this chart:TVERVIRVFVCFEV?FEV?/FVC (%)Trial 1Trial 2Trial 3AverageForced Expiratory Vital Capacity (FEV) 100-75Normal74-60mild COPD59-50moderate COPD<50severe COPDHow does the FEV?/VC% compare in a person with a pulmonary obstructive condition, such as asthma? WhyHow does the FEV?/VC% compare in a person with a pulmonary restrictive condition, such as asbestosis? Why?Examine the predicted vital capacity chart. What is the approximate percent decrease of vital capacity in the same individual from age 25 to age 75?Calculate your Minute Ventilation: _________________________Flow and Resistance: Time for maximum inhalation: ___________ secondsTime for inhalation through one nostril ________________ secondsListen to respiratory sounds: Acid-Base effects of the respiratory gases: (acidosis vs alkalosis)What happens to the pH of water when one exhales into it?What is Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)?Aerobic ExerciseAnaerobic exerciseMeasure Heart Rate: _____________________Do Harvard Step TestWhat is the purpose of this test?What is your PFI? _______________________What is the fitness evaluation? __________________________If the heart rate after 5 minutes of exercise was 70, 68, and 66 beats in the consecutive 30-second trials, what was the personal fitness index and what condition does that represent?What are the American Heart Association recommendations for Exercise?Calculate your BMI: _________________Waist/Hip RatioFemalesMalesHealth Risk.80- or below.95 or belowlow risk.81 to .85.96 to 1.00moderate risk.85+1.0+high riskWhat is the pressure difference between the external air and the pleural cavity when inhalation just begins?How does excess carbon dioxide change the acid-base condition of a solution?How does breathing rate affect the acid-base condition of the body?Exercise 42: Anatomy of the Digestive systemLab Objectives:ID the major organs of the alimentary canal on modelsDescribe the basic function of the accessory digestive organsDescribe and ID the layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tractDescribe the major functions of the stomach and small and large intestinesNote specific anatomical features of each major digestive organAlimentary CanalMouth*Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epitheliumTongueGenioglossus Lingual frenulumPapillae*Fungiform*Filiform*Vallate *Taste budsMuscles of Mastication MasseterTemporalisTeethCrownNeckRootEnamelDentineGingivaTeeth TypesIncisorsCanines (cuspids)Premolars (bicuspids)MolarsEsophagusBolusSkeletal and smooth musclePeristalsis*Non Keratinized Stratified squamous epithelium*esophageal glandsEsophageal sphincter*AdventitiaAlimentary Canal Layers*MucosaMucous membrane (simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells)Lamina propria (connective tissue)Muscularis mucosae*submucosa (mostly connective tissue with blood vessels)*Muscularis externa (2 or 3 layers smooth muscle)*Serosa (visceral peritoneum)StomachCardia (cardiac region)Fundus (fundic regionBodyPyloric region Pyloric sphincterrugaeGreater curvatureLesser curvatureStomach Histology*Mucosa*Gastric pits*Gastric glands*Surface mucous cells (secrete mucous)*Chief Cells (pepsinogen)*Parietal cells (HCL)*MuscularisInner oblique layerMiddle circular layerOuter longitudinal layer*SerosaSimple squamous epitheliumSmall IntestineDuodenumPancreasGallbladderPancreatic ductHepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater)JejunumIleumIleocecal valveHistology of the small intestine*VilliBlood vesselsLacteals*Duodenal (Brunner’s) glands*Peyer’s patches (aggregated lymph nodules)Large intestineCecumAscending colonTransverse colonDescending colonSigmoid colonRectumHemorrhoidal veinsTaeniae coliHaustraOmental (epiploic) appendagesHistology of Large IntestineNo villiLarge numbers of goblet cellsAccessory OrgansSalivary GlandsSalivaMucusSalivary amylase*Mucus acini*serous acini*demilunesParotid GlandsSubmandibular glandsSublingual glandsVermiform appendixLiverRight lobeLeft lobeQuadrate lobeCaudate lobeFalciform ligamentCommon bile ductGallbadderLiver Histology*Liver lobules*Central veinSinusoids*HepatocytesKupffer cells*Portal triad*Hepatic portal vein*Proper hepatic artery*Bile duct*PancreasPancreatic duct*acinar cells Secrete:___________________________*Islets of Langerhans cells:Secrete: ___________________________Membranes of GI TractVisceral peritoneum (serosa)MesenteryParietal peritoneumLesser omentumGreater omentum*Should be able to identify these structures on microscope slides BI 233Anatomy & Physiology 233Lab 4: Digestion of Carbohydrate, Protein, and FatToday’s Lab Objectives:Be able to describe the digestive action of salivary amylase, pepsin, and pancreatic lipaseUnderstand how the activity of salivary amylase and pepsin is influenced by changes in pH and temperatureDescribe the ability of pepsin to digest large proteinsDescribe why the stomach does not normally digest itselfDefine emulsificationFollow the instructions in your lab manual for digestion of Carbohydrates, proteins and fats. While waiting for results do peristalsis activity and review histology for next week’s practical.PeristalsisDirections:Get a cup of water and a stethoscopePerson #1 will listen to person #2 about 1 inch to the left of the Xiphoid process while #2 takes a large drink of water.You should listen for 2 soundsThe splash of the water arriving at the lower esophageal sphincter (LES)The splash of the water entering the stomachWhat is the difference between peristalsis and segmentation?Why is it important to keep the LES (lower esophageal sphincter) closed if there is no food waiting to get into the stomach?Digestion of MacromoleculesMacromoleculeEnzymes used to digestDigestion helpersOrgans from which enzymes and helps are secretedProductsCarbohydratesSalivary amylaseSalivary glandsPartially digests starches we eatPancreatic amylasePancreasSmall polysaccharide to disaccharidesBrush border enzymes(lactase, sucrase, maltase)Small intestineDisaccharides to monosaccharides (glucose, gructose and galactose are absorbed into the bloodlipidsSalivary LipaseBegins limited digestion of triglyceridesGlycerol and fatty acids, monoglyceridesGastric lipaseStomach: digests about 10-15% of dietary fatPancreatic lipasePancreasbileMade in liver stored in gall bladderEmulsifies fatsproteinsPepsin Stomach: chief cells in the form of pepsinogenPartially digests proteinHCL: activates PepsinStomach: parietal cellsDenatures protein and activates pepsinogen to pepsintrypsinEnterokinase (enzyme) activates and then more Trypsin activates even morePancreas: in the form of trypsinogenBreak down protein into polypeptides and amino acidschymotrypsinTrypsin activates Pancreas: in the form of chymotrypsinogenBreaks down proteins into a mixture of dipeptides, tripeptides and amino acidscarboxypeptidaseTrypsin activatesPancreas: in the form of procarboxypeptidaseBrush border of small intestineSame as aboveElastaseTrypsin activatesPancreas: in the form of proelastaseSame as aboveAminopeptidaseDipeptidaseBrush border of small intestineRemoves amino acids and separate dipeptides into separate amino acidsLab Practical Next Week75 questions (timed)One bonus question – 2 pointsLab 6Exercise 40: Anatomy of the Urinary SystemObjectives:Identify on models the major organs of the urinary systemDescribe the blood flow through the kidneyDescribe the flow of filtrate through the kidneyName the major parts of the nephronTrace the flow of urine from the kidney to the exterior of the bodyDistinguish among the parts of the nephron in histological sectionsTerms to know: (where these occur)FiltrationReabsorptionSecretionKidneysRetroperitonealRenal fat padsRenal capsule (tough connective tissue layer)CortexMedullaRenal pyramidsRenal papillaRenal columnsRenal sinus (includes blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves and urine collecting structures)Minor calycesMajor calycesRenal pelvisHilumRenal arteryRenal veinUreterBlood flow Through the Kidney:Renal arterySegmental arteriesInterlobar arteriesArcuate arteriesInterlobular arteriesAfferent arterioleGlomerulusEfferent arteriolePeritubular capillariesInterlobular veinsArcuate veinsInterlobar veinsRenal veinVasa rectaMicroscopic Examination of the KidneyNephron (cortical and juxtamedullary)*Renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus)*Proximal convoluted tubuleLoop of Henle*Distal convoluted tubule*Macula densa*Collecting Ducts*Ureters:*Transitional epithelium*Smooth muscle*Urinary bladderAnteperitoneal (located anterior to the parietal peritoneum)*Transition epithelium*Detrusor musclesTrigoneUrethraKnow difference in length between males and femalesExternal urethral orificeExercise 41: UrinalysisObjectives:Test your own urine and compare it to normal valuesList the sediments commonly found in urineDiscuss the importance of urinalysis as a general diagnostic toolDistinguish among casts, crystals and microbes in a urine samplePrepare a stained sediment slide and identify the major components of the sedimentTerms to know:UrochromeGlycosuriaBilirubinuriaKetonuria (ketosis)HematuriaAlbuminuriaUrobilinogenHemolysisPyuriaRenal calculi (kidney stones)What makes urine yellow?What can cause urine to be red?What causes cloudiness?What is the normal range for the specific gravity of urine?What conditions would lead to a specific gravity of 1.030?What conditions would lead to a specific gravity of 1.001?What can cause an ammonia-like odor to urine?How does diet influence urinary pH?Elevated levels of white blood cells produce what condition in urine?What cells found in the urine originally come from the walls of the urethra?What cells found in the urine come from the wall of the urinary bladder?The most important nitrogenous wastes to enter the urine are urea, uric acid, and creatinine.Urea comes from: _______________________________________________Uric acid comes from: ____________________________________________Creatinine comes from: ___________________________________________Follow the procedure in your lab manual for testing your own urine. Analyze your urine and test samples found in the classroom. Fill in the following table with your results: Your urineTube 1Tube 2Tube 3Tube 4LeukocytesNitriteurobilinogenproteinpHBlood/hemoglobinSpecific gravityketonebilirubinGlucoseFrom the results in your table and using the descriptions in your lab book, diagnose what (if anything) might be wrong with the individual. If normal write “normal”.Yours: ________________________________________________________________Tube 1:________________________________________________________________Tube 2:________________________________________________________________Tube 3:________________________________________________________________Tube 4:________________________________________________________________Lab 7Exercise 42: Male Reproductive SystemLab Objectives:Describe the gamete-producing organ of the male reproductive systemIdentify major structures of the male reproductive systemDescribe the formation of sperm cells in the testisList the pathway that sperm cells follow from production to expulsionList the four components of semenDescribe the anatomy of the spermatic cordIdentify the three cylinders of erectile tissue in the penisTestesTunica albugineaScrotumDartos muscleCremaster muscleHistology of the Testis*seminiferous Tubules*spermatogoniaPrimary spermatocytesSustentacular cells (Sertoli)Blood testis barrier (BTB)Secondary spermatocytes*spermatids*sperm cellsHeadMidpeiceTailacrosomeSpermatogenesis (know the process)*interstitial cellsTestosterone*EpididymisRete testisHeadBodyTailCapacitation (sperm maturation)*Spermatic CordDuctus deferensTesticular artery and veinTesticular nervesInguinal canalAmpullaSeminal vesicleEjaculatory ductProstate glandBulbourethral (Cowper’s) glandsUrethraProstatic: lined with transitional epitheliumMembranous: lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium or stratified columnarSpongy (penile): lined with pseudo stratified columnar epithelium or stratified columnarPenisGlans penisPrepuce (foreskin)CircumcisionCorpus spongiosumCorpora cavernosaVasectomyExercise 47: Female Reproductive SystemLab Objectives:Identify structures and functions of the female reproductive systemTrace the pathway of a gamete from the ovary to the usual site of implantationIdentify the layers of the uterusOvary*OocytesOvulationHistology of the Ovary*StromaCells*Follicle cells*Granulosa cells*Thecal cells*Corona radiataOvarian follicles*Primordial follicles*primary follicles*secondary follicles*Corona radiata*antrum*Mature ovarian follicles (Graafian follicles)*Corpus luteumCorpus albicansUterine TubesFimbriaeUterusFundusBodyCervixHistology of the Uterusperimetrium*myometrium*endometriumFunctional layerBasal layerOvarian and Menstrual CyclesHormones Luteinizing hormone (LH)Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)EstrogenProgesteroneMenstrual phaseProliferative phaseSecretory phaseMenstruationLigamentsBroad ligamentRound ligamentOvarian ligamentSuspensory ligamentVaginaFornixStratified squamous epitheliumMuscularis layerAdventitiaExternal GenitaliaVulvaMons pubisClitorisLabia minoraPrepuceLabia majoraUrethral orificeViginal orificeHymenGreater vestibular (bartholin’s) glandsAnatomy of the BreastAreolaNipple*Adipose tissue*Mammary glandsLactiferous ductsLactiferous sinusesLab 8Lab Exercise 39: Human Development and gametogenesis Lab Objectives:Be able to describe the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesisIdentify major features of successive developmental stages on models or chartsDescribe the fetal circulatory plan and the changes in circulation that occur around the time of birth.Male spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis: (May have to use your textbook to answer the following)Where does spermatogenesis take place?To help you understand spermatogenesis, sort the following in the correct order, from least mature to most mature:_______ Spermatids_______ Primary spermatocyte_______ Functional sperm_______ Secondary spermatocyte_______ Spermatogonia.Which undergoes mitosis?Which are 2n (46 chromosomes) and which are 1n?What is the difference between the terms spermatogenesis and spermiogenesis?What is the difference between the terms spermiogenesis and capacitation?Describe the contents of the head, midpiece, and tail of spermatozoa.Female oogenesis and meiosisPrimary oocytes are found in ____________________, ____________________ as well as early secondary folliclesSecondary oocytes are found in late ______________________ and ___________________folliclesWhich are 2n, which are 1n?Which one is ovulated?What is produced after sperm penetration, and before fusion of the male and female pronuclei?What is a polar body?What is a zygote? Embryology LabDefine these terms: Use your text book to define the following termsZygoteBlastomeresMorulaBlastocystInner cell massTrophoblastBlastocoele*Identify these structures and describe their functionSyncytiotrophoblast*What enzyme is secreted to erode the endometrium?Cytotrophoblast*Chorionic villi*Embryonic disc*Endoderm Ectoderm Amnion (amniotic cavity)*Yolk sac*Primitive streakMesoderm* Also in this picture: Endometrium Chorionic villi Amniotic cavity Syncytiotrophoblast Cytotrophoblast Blastocoele LacunaeAllantoisChorionHow long is the human gestational period (from fertilization to parturition)?How long is it if you calculate from the last menstrual period?What is the term for rapid mitotic cell division without cell growth?What hormone is secreted by the trophoblast? (Hint: Used to detect pregnancy)Which part of the blastocyst will become the embryo?Where are embryonic blood cells made?Explain why the corpus luteum does not degenerate if an embryo implants into the uterus.Define gastrulation.List the structures that are formed by ectoderm.List the structures that are formed by mesoderm.List the structures that are formed by endoderm.PlacentaIdentify these structures:Umbilical arteriesUmbilical veinChorionic villiMaternal blood vesselsSyncytiotrophoblastAmnionArea filled with maternal bloodDecidua basalis of the endometriumWhen is the placenta fully formed and functional?Is the blood oxygenated or deoxygenated in these umbilical vessels?Two arteriesOne veinWhat 6 hormones are secreted by the placenta and what are their functions? Lab 9Exercise 40: Genetics and HeredityTerms to know and problems (if applicable be able to give examples): Genetics Genome Genomics Chromosomes Centromere Genes Locus (plural loci): location of gene on a chromosome Alleles: various forms of a given gene Genotype Homozygous HeterozygousPhenotype Autosomes Dominant genes Recessive genesPolygenic Inheritance (many loci contribute to the phenotype)Multi allelic Inheritance (ABO blood types)Use this chart to determine your phenotype for the following characteristicsTraitDominantGeneRecessiveGeneYour PhenotypePossible GenotypesSodium Benzoate tasteSsPTC tastePpThiourea tasteTtBent Little fingerLlMiddigital hairM mHitchhiker’s thumbHhPigmented anterior of irisIiAttached earlobesAaWidow’s peakWwTongue rollRrFrecklesFfABO blood typeIA, IBiRh blood typeDdPractice problems:Huntington’s disease (HD), or Huntington’s chorea, is a degenerative nerve disorder with a genetic basis that becomes apparent after about the age 40. The abnormal gene that produces this disease, H, is dominant. The normal, recessive gene is h. One of Heather’s parents has HD but the other doesn’t. Can you predict the highest probability that Heather will develop HF later in her life?Leo’s father has albinism, but Leo doesn’t. Cleo’s father has albinism, but she doesn’t. Albinism is caused by a recessive gene in which the person’s cells are incapable of producing melanin. If Cleo and Leo have a child, what is the probability that it will have albinism? What is the probability that their second child will have albinism? Their third?What is the probability that all 3 will have albinism?Kevin has Rh-positive blood. His wife, Christine, has Rh-negative blood. Their first child, Andrew, has Rh-positive. Both of Kevin’s parents have Rh-positive blood. What is the probability that the child Kevin and Christine are expecting will be Rh-negative? CodominantIn the ABO blood typing system, Mario is type O, Ana is type AB. What ABO blood types might their children have?Janet has type A blood (genotype AO) and Dale has type B blood (genotype BB). What ABO blood types might their children have?Say a mother has a 50% chance of having a blue-eyed child and 50% chance of having a brown-eyed child. If she has had six kids, all blue-eyed, what is the probability that her seventh kid will be blue eyed? What is the probability that all 7 kids have blue eyes? Incomplete dominanceIf curly-haired individuals are genotypically CC, straight-haired individuals are cc, and wavy-haired individuals are heterozygotes (Cc). What percentage of the various phenotypes would be anticipated from a cross between a CC woman and cc man? Sex chromosomes Sex-Linked InheritanceAn XCXc female marries an XCY man. Do a Punnett square for this match. What is the probability of producing a color-blind son?A color-blind daughter?A daughter who is a carrier for the color-blind allele? Karyotype (Chromosomes displayed in a systematized arrangement in descending order of size) Chromosome abnormalitiesNon-disjunction problems: Trisomy Trisomy 21 (Down’s syndrome) Monosomy Turner’s syndrome Klinefelter’s syndromeDuplication: (Fragile X syndrome is an example)Caused by repeats on the X chromosomes. Most people have about 29 repeats but persons with Fragile X have over 700 repeats due to duplications.It is a major cause of mental retardation and is found more in males because of the single X chromosome. Translocation defectPedigreesWhat is a pedigree?Pedigree analysisPedigree key:Unaffected male Unaffected femaleAffected male Affected femalePedigree Problems:In the following human pedigrees, the filled symbols represent the affected individuals. You may assume that the disease allele is rare and therefore individuals marrying into the family are unlikely to have defective allele. #1 #3#2#5#4What is the most likely mode of inheritance for this pedigree?State the genotypes of individuals’ #1-5 in the following table using the letter “A”. Use the uppercase letter to represent the dominant allele and lowercase letter to represent the recessive allele.IndividualGenotype#1#2#3#4#5If Individuals #2 and #3 have another son what are the chances that this son will be affected? You are analyzing the following human pedigreeAssume that the individual marked with an asterisk (*) does not carry any allele associated with the affected phenotype and that no other mutation spontaneously occurs. Also assume complete penetrance. Use “R or XR” for the allele associated with the dominant phenotype, “r or Xr” for the allele associated with the recessive phenotype.#2#1#3* B ?A ?What is the most likely mode of inheritance of this disease? Choose from: autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked dominant, X-linked recessiveList all possible genotypes of the following individuals in the predigree.IndividualsGenotypes#1#2#3What is the probability of Individual A being affected?What is the probability of Individual B being affected? ................
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