Psychodynamic Theories Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic Theories
Sigmund Freud's Psychoanalysis
1. The origins of Freud's ideas
? Early neurological practice
? Work with Dr. Joseph Breuer's patient, "Anna O," who suffered from hysteria (i.e., physical symptoms without organic cause)
2. Beginnings of Psychoanalytic therapy and theory
? from patients like Anna, concluded that neurotic symptoms related to previous, traumatic experiences
? to treat patients, developed method of free association = "telling everything"
? symptom removal requires catharsis: both - recall traumatic event AND - express associated emotion
? resistance to attempts to remember events taken as evidence of repression
? developed a theory of personality to account for the behavior observed in patients
3. Fundamental assumption
Psychoanalysis is a dynamic (motivational) conception "which traces mental life back to an interplay between forces that favour or inhibit each other (Freud, 1910)"
? behavior is the product of "opposing mental forces"
- impulse expression vs. inhibition
? Freud has a spatial or mechanical conception of the personality structure in which mental forces interact ...
4. Personality dynamics (motivation)
- instinctual impulses or drives provide the energy to run the personality system
- "life instincts" to preserve person & species - e.g., hunger, thirst, sex; - libido = sexual energy
- "death instinct" after WW I
Postulated that primary source of sexual pleasure shifts with development, creating 5 psychosexual stages: - oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital
Over- or under-gratification at a stage causes fixation & affects adult personality
5. Structure of personality
a. Spatial theory (pre-1920s)
- conscious, preconscious and unconscious systems
- repression: "keeping something out of consciousness" by censor
Figure 6.1
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