The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind:
Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience: Course Syllabus
Elizabeth Auchincloss, MD
The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind:
Auchincloss, E.L. and Glick, R.A. (1998) “The Psychoanalytic Model of the Mind,” in Psychiatry, ed. R. Michels, Lippincott, Chapter 1
Brenner, C: ,(1955) Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, Anchor Books1973.
Gabbard, G. (1994) Psychodynamic Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, DSM IV edition, Washington, D.C. American Psychiatric Press,
Jones, Ernest, (1961) The Life and Work of Sigmund Freud, ed. L. Trilling & S. Marcus, Basic Books, Harper, NYC,
Rothstein, A. ,(1987) Models of the Mind: Their Relationship to Clinical Work, Workshop Series of the American Psychoanalytic Association, Monograph 1, International Universities Press
Cognitive Neuroscience
Posner, MI, (editor) (1996) The foundations of cognitive science, Cambridge,
MIT Press
Gazzaniga, MS, et al (1998) Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind,
Ne York W.W. Norton
Message-ID:
Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Neuroscience
Bucci, W (1997) Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory
,New York, Guilford Press
Erdelyi, MH, (1985) Psychoanalysis : Freud’s Cognitive Psychology, New York,
WH Freeman and Co
Raz, A et al (2002) Hypnosis and Neuroscience: A cross talk between clinical
and cognitive research, Archives of General Psychiatry 59:85-90
Solms, M et al, (2002) The Brain and the inner world: An introduction to the
neuroscience of subjective experience, New York, Other Press
Wakefield, JC (1992) Freud and cognitive psychology: The conceptual
interface, in The interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron
et al, Washington, American Psychological Association
Westen D (1998) The scientific legacy of Sigmund Freud: Toward a
psychodynamically informed psychological science, Psychological Bulletin
124:333-371
WHAT IS THE MIND?
What is the mind? The mind-body problem. The concept of emergent properties.
Kendler, Kenneth, S. (2001) A Psychiatric Dialogue on the Mind-Body Problem,
American Journal of Psychiatry, 158(7) 989-1000
Searle, JR, (1999) The Rediscovery of Mind, Cambridge, MIT Press
Why do we need a model of the mind?
Mentalization research/Theory of mind
How do we know others’ minds?
Frith, C. and Frith, U. (1999) Interacting Minds-A Biological Basis, Science
286:1692-1695
How do we know our own minds?
Gopnik, A. "How we know our minds: The illusion of first-person knowledge:"
Behavioral and Brain Sciences (1993) 16:1-14
ESSENTIALS OF THE PSYCHOANALYTIC MODEL OF THE MIND
Concepts of psychic determinism
The dynamic unconscious
What is motivation?
Pleasure/pain principle
Reality principle/Adaptation
Conflict
Defense
What is psychic structure?
What is the developmental/genetic point of view?
Cooper, A.M. (1985)A historical review of psychoanalytic paradigms in Models
of the Mind, A. Rothstein, ed. Chapter 1, pp. 5-20, Madison, CO, IUP
Brenner, C., ,(1955) Two fundamental hypotheses, in An Elementary Textbook
of Psychoanalysis, Anchor Bookspp. 1-14 (see above)
Gabbard, G. (1994) Basic Principles of dynamic psychiatry, in Psychodynamic
Psychiatry in Clinical Practice, Chapter 1, pp. 3-28 (see above)
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND I
The dynamic unconscious/preconscious
Freud S. (1910) 5 Lectures on Psychoanalysis SE 11:29-39 (Lecture 3)
Freud S. (1909) A Case of Obsessional Neurosis SE 10:176-178
Freud S. (1916) Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis SE 16:295-296
Arlow, J. & Brenner, C. (1964) Psychoanalytic Concepts & Structural Theory,
NYC IUP Chapters 2&3 (The Topographic Theory and Freud's Criticism of the
Topographic Theory)
Clinical Applications:
The Concept of Neurosis
“Making the unconscious conscious”
Kubie, L () The concept of neurosis, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
Updating the concept of the unconscious
Evidence for the unconscious
The cognitive unconscious versus the psychoanalytic unconscious
Kihlstrom JF(1995) The rediscovery of the unconscious in Morowitz H, Singer J:L
eds. The Mind, the Brain and Complex Adaptive Systems: Proceedings of the
Santa Fe Institute: Studies in the Sciences of Complexity col 22, Reading
Mass: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co
LeDoux, Joseph ,(1996)The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of
Emotional Life, N.Y.C., Simon and Schuster
Schacter, DL (1992) Understanding implicit memory: a cognitive neuroscience
approach, American Psychologist 47:559-569
Shevrin, H, et al, (1996) Conscious and unconscious processes:
Psychodynamic, cognitive and neurophysiological convergences, New York,
Guilford Press
Westen, Drew, (1999) The scientific status of unconscious processes: is
Freud really dead? Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association
47(4): 1061-1107
The role of consciousness in mediating psychic life
Posner MI and Rothbart MK(1998) Attention, self regulation and consciousness,
Philos Trans R. Soc Lond Biol Sci353:1915-1927
Fan, J et al (2002) Testing efficiency and Independence of attention networks, J. Cog. Neurosci. 14(3):340-347
TOPOGRAPHIC MODEL OF THE MIND II
The narrative mind
The concept of fantasy/universal fantasies
Eagle, M (1959) The effects of subliminal stimulation with aggressive content
on conscious cognition, J. of Pers 27:678-688
Edelson, M (1992)Telling and Enacting Stories in psychoanalysis in The interface of
psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington, American
Psychological Association
Freud, S. (1908) Creative Writers and Daydreaming, S.E.: pp.141-154.
Makari, G. & Shapiro, T. (1994) A Linguistic Model of Psychotherapeutic
Listening Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research 3:37-43
Palumbo, R et al (1984) Effects of subliminal activation of Oedipal fantasies
on competitive performance, J. Nerv. Mental Dis 172:737-741
The narrative brain
Damasio, A, The Feeling of What Happens:
Language as mediator for psychic life
Bucci, W. (1995) The power of the narrative: a multiple code account in J.W. Pennebaker (ed) Emotion disclosure and health, Washington, American Psychological Press
Pavio, A et al (1989) Referential processing: reciprocity and correlates of naming and imaging Memory and Cognition 16 :163-174
Vygotsky, (1934) Thought and Language, Cambridge, MIT Press,
Evidence for psychic scripts
Luborsky, L and Crits-Cristoph, P. (1990) Understanding transference: The
CCRT method, New York, Basic Books
Shank R. and Abelson, (1977) Scripts, plans, goals and understanding: An
inquiry into human knowledge structures, Hillsdale, NJ Erlbaum
Concepts of primary and secondary process/evidence for non-narrative
coding
Bucci W. (1997) Psychoanalysis and Cognitive Science: A Multiple Code Theory New
York, NY, Guilford Press,
DREAMS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF DREAMS
Do dreams have meaning?
Do dreams represent wishes?
What is the purpose of dreaming?
Freud, S. (1900) The Interpretation of Dreams SE 4: 106-121
Greenberg, R.; Katz, H.; Schwartz, W.;, Pearlman, C.: (1992) A research based
Reconsideration of the Psychoanalytic Theory of Dreaming. JAPA 40:531-551
Hobson, JA, (1988) The Dreaming Brain, New York, Basic Books
Solms, M et al, (2002) The Brain and the inner world: An introduction to the
neuroscience of subjective experience, New York, Other Press
Winson, J (1992) The Function of REM sleep and the meaning of dreams, in
The interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Wash. Am Psy Assn
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND I
What is the Ego?
Adaptation
Homeostasis
The representational mind
Arlow, J.A. and Brenner, C. (1964), Psychoanalytic Concepts and Structural
Theory, IUP, New York NY, pp. 31-35
Brenner, C., ,(1976) Psychic Conflict & The Task of The Analyst. Chapter 1 in
Psychoanalytic Technique and Psychic Conflict, I.U.P. pp. 8-34
Sandler, J et al (1982) The concept of the representation world,
Psychoanalytic study of the child 17:128-145
Clinical application:
Conflict, defense and compromise
“Where id was there ego shall be”
Evidence for defense
The modular mind
Chandler, MJ et al (1978) The child’s demystification of psychological defense
mechanisms, Developmental Psychology 14:197-205
Cooper, SH, (1992) The Empirical Study of Defensive processes, in The
interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington,
American Psychological Association
Perry, J.C., (1989)Defense Mechanism Rating Scales Cambridge Hospital,
Cambridge, M.A.(revised)
Pinker, S. (1999)How the mind works, NYC, WW Norton
Willick, M. (1995) "Defense", in "Psychoanalysis: The Major Concepts", New
Haven, Yale University Press, pp. 485-493
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND II
The concept of the drives: psychosexuality and aggression
Freud, S. (1910)Five Lectures on Psychoanalysis, SE: 11:40-55 (Lectures 4 & 5)
Motivational theory updated: affect, pleasure and pain
Emde, R. (1988) Development Terminable and Interminable I. Innate and
Motivational Factors From Infancy I.J.P. 69:23-42
Panksepp, J. (1982) Toward a general psychobiological theory of emotions,
Behavioral and Brain Sciences 5: 407-467
Lichtenberg JD et al (1992)Motivation in psychoanalysis and psychology in The
interface of psychoanalysis and psychology, ed. JW Barron et al, Washington,
American Psychological Association
The mind and the body
Damasio, A(1994) The Somatic-Marker Hypothesis, Chapter 8 in Descarte's Error,
Emotion, Reason and The Human Brain, Avon Books, pp. 165-201
Kagan, J. et al (1991) Tempermental factors in human development, American Psychologist 46:856-860
Melnick, B. Psychoanalysis (1997) "Metaphor and The Theory of Libidinal Development" International Journal of Psychoanalysis997-1015
Lakoff H.G. and Johnson, M.(1999) Philosophy in the Flesh: the Embodied Mind and
its Challenges to Western Thought, N.Y.C., Basic Books
STRUCTURAL MODEL OF THE MIND III
The super ego
The ego ideal
Brenner, C., An Elementary Textbook of Psychoanalysis, I.U.P., 1955, pp.
122-137.
Freud, S. (1927) Humor, SE 21:159-166
Morality and altruism updated
Gilligan C, et al (1988) The origins of morality in early childhood
relationships in C Gilligan et al, (ed) Mapping the moral domain Cambridge,
Harvard University Press
Rushton JP (1986) Altruism and aggression: the habitability of individual
differences, J. Personal and Social Psychology 50:1192-98
Trivers, RL (1971) The evolution of reciprocal altruism, Q. Rev Biol 46:35-57
Wright, R. (1994) The moral animal : The new science of evolutionary
psychology, New York, Random House
OBJECT RELATIONS MODEL OF THE MIND
What are object relations?
Greenberg, J. and Mitchells, S. Press(1983) Object Relations and Psychoanalytic
Models, in Object Relations in Psychoanalysis, Cambridge, Harvard U.
pp 9-20.
Kernberg, O. (1976) Normal and Pathological Development, in Object Relations Theory and Clinical Psychoanalysis, Jason Aronson, Inc. N.Y.C.,Chapter 2. pp. 55-83
Segal, H. ,(1984) The Paranoid-Schizoid Position in Introduction to the Work of
Melanie Klein New York, Basic Books pp 24-38.
The interpersonal matrix of development
Developmental object relations
Attachment theory
Separation Individuation
Beebe, B (1988) The contribution of mother-infant mutual influence to the origin of self and object representations, Psychoanalytic psychology 5:305-337
Bowlby, J (1960) Attachment, volume I in Attachment and Loss, New York, Basic Books
Polan H.J. and Hofer MA (1999) Psychobiological origins of infant attachment and
separation responses in Handbook of Attachment: Current Theory and Research,
Guilford: New York
Mahler, M. (1972) On The First Three Subphases of the Separation-Individuation
Process, International Journal of Psychoanalysis, 53:333-338
Main, M (1988) Security in infancy, childhood, and adulthood: a move to the
level of representation, in Growing points of attachment: Theory and Research
monographs of the Soc. for Research in Child Development 50(1-2) ed.
Bretherton I et al
Blatt, Sid Object Relations Inventory
Clinical applications:
“On the road to object constancy”
Severe character disorders
Akhtar, S. (1994) Object Constancy and Adult Psychopathology International
Journal of Psychoanalysis, 75: 441-455,
Auchincloss, E. & Weiss, R. (1992) Paranoid Character and the Intolerance
of Indifference, Journal of the American Psychoanalytic Association,
40:1013-1037
Kernberg, O.F.,(1992)Psychopathic, Paranoid and Depressive Transferences in
Aggression in Personality Disorders and Perversions, New Haven, Yale
University Press, pp. 222-246.
The social construction of the human brain
Relationships as neuroregulators
Eisenberg, L(1995):The social construction of the human brain, American Journal
of Psychiatry152:1563-1575
Hofer, MA (1984) Relationships as regulators: a Psychobiological perspective on
bereavement (presidential address) Psychosomatic Medicine 2 46:183-197
Schore AN(1994) Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of
Emotional Development, Hillsdale, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Association
SELF PSYCHOLOGY MODEL OF THE MIND
What is self psychology?
Meyers, H., ,(1989) (Introduction To section entitled The Ego and the Self), in
Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the
Second Century, Yale p. 135-142
Michels, R. ,(1989) The Mind and It's Occupant's, in Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.;
Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second Century, Yale p. 143-152
Schafer, R. (1989)Narratives of the Self, in Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person,
E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second Century, Yale,pp.153-167
How does the self develop?
Stern, D. (1989) Developmental Prerequisites for the Sense of a Narrated Self, in
Cooper, A.; Kernberg, O.; Person, E.; Psychoanalysis Toward the Second
Century, Yale, pp.168-180.
Clinical applications:
Identity
Narcissism and pathological narcissism
Kohut, H. & Wolf, E. (1978) The Disorders of Self and Their Treatment: An
Outline in The Search for the Self, volume 3, ed. Paul Ornstein, NYC, IUP,
c.1990 pp. 359-386.
How does the brain produce the self?
Consciousness and the self
Damasio, A. (1994) The Body-Minded Brain, Chapter 10 in Descarte's Error,
Emotion, Reason and The Human Brain, Avon Books pp. 223-244
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