Breast MRI for Women With Hereditary Cancer Risk
Title:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Breast
Number:
RAD603.009
Effective Date:
04-23-2004
Legislation:
None
Contract:
Check all appropriate contract provisions.
Coverage:
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the Breast may be considered medically necessary:
1. To detect rupture of a breast implant (silicone or saline), when prior diagnostic studies have been inconclusive to determine rupture.
2. As a higher level diagnostic tool for patients with a high genetic risk for breast cancer, for example, mutated breast cancer gene (BRCA 1 or BRCA 2) history or family history of breast cancer.
All other indications for MRI of the breast are considered experimental or investigational.
Codes:
CPT Codes:
HCPCS Codes:
76093, 76094
None
ICD-9 Diagnosis Codes:
ICD-9 Procedure Codes:
174.0, 174.1, 174.2, 174.3, 174.4, 174.5, 174.6, 174.7, 174.8, 174.9, 175.0, 175.9, 996.54
88.97
Description:
MRI is the use of a magnetic field (instead of radiation) to produce detailed, computer-generated pictures of organs, body areas, or the entire body.
MRI of the breast can be performed using magnetic resonance (MR) scanners and intravenous MR contrast agents. Specialized breast coils are available to enhance the test outcome.
Rationale:
In June of 2003, the American Society of Clinical Oncology (ASCO) presented three studies on MRI showing that MRI has significant implications for women at high risk for breast cancer. Mammography remains the gold standard in detecting and diagnosing breast cancer and, it should be noted, MRI should not be used as a screening method for breast cancer. MRI is intended for patients who have a BRCA-1 or BRCA-2 gene mutation or who have a strong history of breast cancer in their families. In October of 2003, Blue Cross Blue Shield Association Technology Evaluation Center released an assessment supporting the use of MRI of the breast in patients considered to be at high genetic risk of breast cancer. MRI has also been demonstrated to be an excellent diagnostic tool in women with dense breast tissue and for the augmented breast.
Pricing:
None
References:
MRI: Best for Breast Screening of High-Risk Women. (30 July 2003)
Iijima, K, Origuchi, J, Yoshida, M, et al. Efficiency of coronal breast MRI for breast conserving therapy American Society of Clinical Oncology (2003) Abstract Number 239.
Kuhl, CK. MRI of breast tumors European Radiology (2000) 10(1): 46-58.
Liberman, L, Morris, EA, Dershaw, DD, et al. MR imaging of the ipsilateral breast in women with percutaneously proven breast cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology (2003 April) 180(4): 901-10.
Liberman, L, Morris, EA, Kim, CM, et al. MR imaging findings in the contralateral breast of women with recently diagnosed breast cancer. American Journal of Roentgenology (2003 February) 180(2): 333-41.
Hlawatsch, A, Teifke, A, Schmidt, M. Preoperative assessment of breast cancer: sonography versus MR imaging. American Journal of Roentgenology (2002 December) 179(6): 1493-501.
Partridge, SC, Gibbs, JE, Lu, Y, Esserman, LJ. Accuracy of MR imaging for revealing residual breast cancer in patients who have undergone neoadjuvant chemotherapy. American Journal of Roentgenology (2002 November) 179(5): 1193-9.
Rieber, A, Schirrmeister, H, Gabelmann, A. Pre-operative staging of invasive breast cancer with MR mammography and/or PET: boon or bunk. British Journal of Radiology (2002 October) 75(898): 789-98.
Munot, K, Dall, B, Achnuthan, R, Parkin, G. Role of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnosis and single-stage surgical resection of invasive lobular carcinoma of the breast. British Journal of Surgery (2002 October) 89(10): (1296-301).
Bedrosian, I, Mick, R, Orel, SG, Schnall, M, et al. Changes in the surgical management of patients with breast carcinoma based on preoperative magnetic imaging. Cancer (2003 August 1) 98(3): 468-73.
Lieberman, L, Morris, EA, Benton, CL, et al. Probably benign lesions at breast magnetic resonance imaging: preliminary experience in high-risk women. Cancer (2003 July 15) 98(2): 377-88.
Lee, SG, Orel, SG, Woo, IJ, et al. MR imaging screening of the contralateral breast in patients with newly diagnosed breast cancer: preliminary results. Radiology (2003 March) 226(3): 733-8.
MRI of the Breast in Screening Women considered to be at high genetic risk of breast cancer. BCBSA TEC Assessments in Press (October 2003)
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Breast MRI for Women With Hereditary Cancer Risk
Mark E. Robson, MD; Kenneth Offit, MD, MPH
JAMA. 2004;292:1368-1370.
Approximately a decade ago, germline mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2 were identified as the most common detectable causes of a hereditary predisposition to breast (and ovarian) cancer.1-2 A recent meta-analysis of 22 studies indicated that the average risk of breast cancer by 70 years is 65% for women with BRCA1 mutations and 45% for BRCA2 mutations,3 although the risk may be substantially higher in some families. Women with BRCA1 mutations in their fourth and fifth decade of life have on average approximately a 30-fold higher risk of breast cancer than women without mutations, and BRCA2 mutation carriers are at 10-fold to 16-fold higher risk.3
Confronted by breast cancer risks of this magnitude, it is not surprising that a significant fraction of mutation carriers elect to undergo prophylactic mastectomy, a procedure that has been shown to reduce breast cancer risk by 90% or more.4-6 However, for many women, the physical and psychological morbidity of risk-reducing surgery is unacceptable. Although adjuvant therapy with tamoxifen appears to reduce contralateral breast cancer risk in affected mutation carriers,7-8 its value as primary prevention in unaffected women remains uncertain.9 While our group and other researchers have described a significant reduction in breast cancer risk among women with mutations who enter premature menopause as the result of a risk-reducing oophorectomy,10-11 protection is clearly incomplete.
Women at hereditary risk who choose not to undergo preventive mastectomy have been advised to undergo breast self-examination, clinical breast examination (CBE), and annual mammography beginning at an early age (25-30 years).12-13 However, in large cohorts of BRCA mutation carriers undergoing such surveillance in New York and the Netherlands, nearly 50% of breast cancers identified were diagnosed in the interval between screening studies and nearly half of the invasive breast cancers had metastasized to axillary nodes at the time of diagnosis.14-15 The relative insensitivity of mammography among women at hereditary risk results from several factors, including the underlying breast density of these young women, the benign mammographic appearance of some BRCA-associated breast cancers, and the rapid growth rate of these frequently high-grade tumors.16
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has emerged as an extremely powerful tool in breast cancer management.17-23 The use of the contrast agent gadolinium, in combination with sophisticated imaging protocols, allows the identification of tumor neovascularity, which cannot be detected by conventional mammography.17 In this issue of JAMA, the article by Warner and colleagues24 from a large single-institution study using this new technology provides important new information for women at hereditary risk regarding their surveillance options.
In the study by Warner et al, 236 women with germline BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations underwent annual multimodality screening with CBE, mammography, screening ultrasound, and breast MRI, all performed on the same day. An interval CBE was performed 6 months later. Systematic imaging and follow-up protocols were followed to minimize unnecessary biopsies generated by nonmalignant enhancement on MRI. Consistent with previous surveillance studies in women at hereditary risk,14-15 only 45% of the identified cancers would have been detected by "conventional" screening (mammography and CBE). However, of the 22 cancers diagnosed, 77% were detected by MRI, and 32% were identified by MRI alone. MRI identified a significantly greater proportion of breast cancers than either mammography (36%) or ultrasound (33%).
These results are similar to those of a recently reported, multi-institutional study performed in the Netherlands by Kriege et al,25 in which 1909 women at a 15% or more lifetime breast cancer risk (including 358 BRCA mutation carriers) were screened annually with concurrent mammography and MRI. Of the 45 cancers diagnosed in the Netherlands cohort,25 22 (49%) were detected by MRI alone, with an overall sensitivity of 71% for MRI vs 40% for mammography. Comparison of the positive predictive value (PPV) of an abnormal MRI in these and other studies is hampered by differences in the definitions used, but 17 (46%) of 37 "positive screens" in the study by Warner et al24 were associated with a diagnosis of cancer, as were 21 (32%) of 65 MRIs interpreted as suspicious or highly suggestive of malignancy (Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System [BI-RADS] 4 or 5) in the study by Kriege et al.25 The differences in predictive value, as well as sensitivity and specificity in these and prior studies (Table 1), may also reflect different levels of experience and consistency in radiological interpretations in single-institution vs multi-institution settings. In the studies by Kriege et al and Warner et al, however, receiver operating characteristic curves, a function of both sensitivity and specificity, confirm a greater diagnostic accuracy for MRI as compared with mammography.
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|Table. Comparison of Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Other Modalities in Women at Hereditary Risk for Breast Cancer |
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Although these results clearly affirm that MRI is significantly more sensitive than mammography in detecting breast cancer in women at hereditary risk, a number of fundamental questions remain. First, it is not yet clear whether the enhanced sensitivity of MRI will translate into a reduction in breast cancer–related mortality. The observation of an apparent decrease in sensitivity of MRI after the initial screen in both studies (Warner et al and Kriege et al) sounds a cautionary note. A randomized controlled trial with mortality as a primary end point would be desirable to prove the benefit of MRI screening in mutation carriers but accrual to such a study is likely to prove difficult. Indirect evidence suggests that MRI screening leads to downstaging of detected cancers, which may translate into a survival benefit. Although 21% of cancers detected were associated with axillary nodal metastases in the Netherlands study,25 this rate was significantly lower than in 2 control groups not receiving MRI screening. Tumor size was also significantly smaller in the MRI group. In the study by Warner et al, only 2 cancers (9% of the total) were associated with axillary nodal metastases, and each of these cases was identified at the initial (prevalent) cancer screen. All incident cancers were in situ or stage I lesions. These findings are the most encouraging yet reported for MRI screening.
A second question is the relative value and timing of MRI screening vis-à-vis mammograms and, possibly, screening ultrasound. MRI and conventional mammography appear to be complementary; in the study by Warner et al, both modalities diagnosed cases of ductal carcinoma in situ missed by the other screening tool. Ultrasound also detected a small number of cancers not identified by MRI, and "triple screening," not used in the study by Kriege et al, improved sensitivity to 95%. Although interval cancer was not a major issue in the current study, 20% of cancers detected in mutation carriers in the Netherlands study presented within 12 months of imaging. If these interval cancers resulted from "kinetic failures" of detection due to the higher proliferative rate of tumors in BRCA mutation carriers, the optimal screening strategy may be to alternate mammography and MRI (with or without ultrasound) at 6-month intervals.15
Questions also remain regarding the specificity of MRI screening. In the study by Warner et al, the specificity of MRI improved from 93% to 99% during the 3 screening rounds. However, Warner et al only considered examinations as false-positive if a biopsy was performed with a benign result, and the calculated specificity would likely be significantly lower if examinations resulting in additional studies ("diagnostic" MRI or 6-month follow-up studies) were also considered positive. Despite suboptimal specificity, the PPV of a persistently abnormal MRI was high (46% overall), largely because of the remarkably high incidence of breast cancer in BRCA mutation carriers (5.5% of initial screens and 4.1% of subsequent screens). MRI screening in groups of women with lower disease prevalence will certainly result in substantially lower PPVs and a less favorable risk-to-benefit ratio.
Warner et al have clearly documented the risks and benefits of breast MRI screening in women at the highest levels of hereditary risk. Their findings, in combination with those of Kriege et al, strongly suggest that women with BRCA mutations should be offered such screening. Women and their physicians must, however, be aware that both sensitivity and specificity of screening MRI may be substantially less than described if different imaging protocols are followed or if experienced radiologists and suitable technology, including the capability to perform magnetic resonance–guided biopsies, are not available.26 A technology assessment by 1 large insurance carrier has already supported the rationale for MRI screening of BRCA mutation carriers and other women at high hereditary risk for breast cancer, even in the absence of a randomized controlled trial demonstrating a mortality benefit.27 Remaining questions, largely centered on specificity, recall rate, and PPV, argue against routine application of MRI screening for women at lesser degrees of risk without carefully designed studies, preferably randomized controlled trials, delineating test performance in those specific populations.
AUTHOR INFORMATION
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Corresponding Author: Kenneth Offit, MD, MPH, Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Ave, New York, NY 10021 (offitk@ [pic]).
Editorials represent the opinions of the authors and THE JOURNAL and not those of the American Medical Association.
Author Affiliations: Clinical Genetics Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY.
REFERENCES
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1. Miki Y, Swensen J, Shattuck-Eidens D, et al. A strong candidate for the breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene BRCA1. Science. 1994;266:66-71. ISI | PUBMED
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2. Wooster R, Bignell G, Lancaster J, et al. Identification of the breast cancer susceptibility gene BRCA2 Nature. 1995;378:789-792. [published correction appears in Nature. 1996;379:749]. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED
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3. Antoniou A, Pharoah PD, Narod S, et al. Average risks of breast and ovarian cancer associated with BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations detected in case series unselected for family history: a combined analysis of 22 studies. Am J Hum Genet. 2003;72:1117-1130. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED
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4. Hartmann LC, Sellers TA, Schaid DJ, et al. Efficacy of bilateral prophylactic mastectomy in BRCA1 and BRCA2 gene mutation carriers. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1633-1637. FREE FULL TEXT
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5. Meijers-Heijboer H, van Geel B, van Putten WL, et al. Breast cancer after prophylactic bilateral mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2001;345:159-164. FREE FULL TEXT
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6. Rebbeck TR, Friebel T, Lynch HT, et al. Bilateral prophylactic mastectomy reduces breast cancer risk in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: the PROSE study group. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:1055-1062. FREE FULL TEXT
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7. Metcalfe K, Lynch HT, Ghadirian P, et al. Contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2004;22:2328-2335. FREE FULL TEXT
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8. Narod SA, Brunet JS, Ghadirian P, et al, for Hereditary Breast Cancer Clinical Study Group. Tamoxifen and risk of contralateral breast cancer in BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers: a case-control study. Lancet. 2000;356:1876-1881. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED
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9. King MC, Wieand S, Hale K, et al. Tamoxifen and breast cancer incidence among women with inherited mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2: National Surgical Adjuvant Breast and Bowel Project (NSABP-P1) Breast Cancer Prevention Trial. JAMA. 2001;286:2251-2256. FREE FULL TEXT
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10. Kauff ND, Satagopan JM, Robson ME, et al. Risk-reducing salpingo-oophorectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1609-1615. FREE FULL TEXT
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11. Rebbeck TR, Lynch HT, Neuhausen SL, et al. Prophylactic oophorectomy in carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1616-1622. FREE FULL TEXT
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12. Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, et al, for Cancer Genetics Studies Consortium. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer, II: BRCA1 and BRCA2. JAMA. 1997;277:997-1003. ABSTRACT
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13. National Comprehensive Cancer Network. Genetic/familial high-risk assessment: breast and ovarian. Available at: . Accessibility verified August 12, 2004.
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14. Brekelmans CT, Seynaeve C, Bartels CC, et al. Effectiveness of breast cancer surveillance in BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers and women with high familial risk. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:924-930. FREE FULL TEXT
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15. Scheuer L, Kauff ND, Robson M, et al. Outcome of preventive surgery and screening for breast and ovarian cancer in BRCA mutation carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2002;20:1260-1268. FREE FULL TEXT
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16. Tilanus-Linthorst M, Verhoog L, Obdeijn IM, et al. A BRCA1/2 mutation, high breast density and prominent pushing margins of a tumor independently contribute to a frequent false-negative mammography. Int J Cancer. 2002;102:91-95. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED
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17. Morris EA. Breast cancer imaging with MRI. Radiol Clin North Am. 2002;40:443-466. ISI | PUBMED
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18. Kuhl CK, Schrading S, Leutner CC, et al. Surveillance of "high risk" women with proven or suspected familial (hereditary) breast cancer: first mid-term results of a multi-modality clinical screening trial [abstract]. Proc Am Soc Clin Oncol. 2003;22:2.
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19. Podo F, Sardanelli F, Canese R, et al. The Italian multi-centre project on evaluation of MRI and other imaging modalities in early detection of breast cancer in subjects at high genetic risk. J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2002;21:115-124. PUBMED
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20. Stoutjesdijk MJ, Boetes C, Jager GJ, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging and mammography in women with a hereditary risk of breast cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2001;93:1095-1102. FREE FULL TEXT
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21. Tilanus-Linthorst MM, Obdeijn IM, Bartels KC, de Koning HJ, Oudkerk M. First experiences in screening women at high risk for breast cancer with MR imaging. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2000;63:53-60. FULL TEXT | ISI | PUBMED
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22. Warner E, Plewes DB, Shumak RS, et al. Comparison of breast magnetic resonance imaging, mammography, and ultrasound for surveillance of women at high risk for hereditary breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2001;19:3524-3531. FREE FULL TEXT
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23. Morris EA, Liberman L, Ballon DJ, et al. MRI of occult breast carcinoma in a high-risk population. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2003;181:619-626. FREE FULL TEXT
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24. Warner E, Plewes DB, Hill KA, et al. Surveillance of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutation carriers with magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography, and clinical breast examination. JAMA. 2004;292:1317-1325. FREE FULL TEXT
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25. Kriege M, Brekelmans CT, Boetes C, et al. Efficacy of MRI and mammography for breast-cancer screening in women with a familial or genetic predisposition. N Engl J Med. 2004;351:427-437. FREE FULL TEXT
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26. Liberman L. Breast cancer screening with MRI: what are the data for patients at high risk? N Engl J Med. 2004;351:497-500. FREE FULL TEXT
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27. BlueCross BlueShield Association. Magnetic resonance imaging of the breast in screening women considered to be at high genetic risk of breast cancer. Available at: . Accessed August 5, 2004.
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Breast Cancer Screening with MRI — What Are the Data for Patients at High Risk?
Laura Liberman, M.D.
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More than 275,000 women in the United States will receive a diagnosis of breast cancer this year, and 40,110 women will die of the disease.1 Randomized trials have shown that the use of screening mammography in the general population reduces mortality associated with breast cancer by at least 24 percent.2 Cancer is detected in 5 to 7 of every 1000 women on the first screening mammogram and in 2 or 3 of every 1000 women who undergo regular screening mammography. Although the average lifetime risk of breast cancer in an American woman is one in seven,1 the risk increases in women who have a history of breast cancer, atypia or lobular carcinoma in situ, mantle irradiation for Hodgkin's disease, or a strong family history of breast cancer. Women with inherited mutations of the BRCA1 or BRCA2 gene have the highest risk of breast cancer. They make up 5 to 10 percent of women with breast cancer and are also at increased risk for ovarian cancer. The cumulative risk of breast cancer in women with BRCA1 mutations is 3.2 percent by the age of 30 years, 19.1 percent by the age of 40, 50.8 percent by the age of 50, 54.2 percent by the age of 60, and 85.0 percent by the age of 70; the cumulative lifetime risk for carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations is 50 to 85 percent.3 Breast cancers in mutation carriers often occur at a young age, have "pushing margins" and a high nuclear grade, and lack estrogen receptors.4
How can we prevent breast cancer or make an early diagnosis of the disease in women with BRCA mutations? The strategies include bilateral prophylactic mastectomy, chemoprevention, and close surveillance, including yearly mammograms beginning at 25 to 35 years of age.2,3,5 However, screening mammography detects less than half of the breast cancers in mutation carriers, perhaps owing to young age, dense breasts, or pathological features of the tumor.5,6,7,8 Cancers in mutation carriers grow rapidly; half of them appear in the interval between annual mammograms. The median size of such "interval cancers" is 1.7 cm, and half have spread to axillary lymph nodes by the time they are detected.5,6,7,8 It has been suggested that supplementing mammography with other imaging techniques, shorter screening intervals, or both may be valuable in mutation carriers.2,5,6,7,8
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast provides information about tissue vascularity that is not available from mammography. In many breast cancers there is neovascularity, which causes enhancement of the tumor after the injection of intravenous contrast material (gadolinium). The pattern (morphology) and time course (kinetics) of enhancement can determine the likelihood of malignancy.9 Breast MRI is highly sensitive; its disadvantages include cost, variations in technique and interpretation, imperfect specificity, variation in parenchymal enhancement during the menstrual cycle (the midcycle is optimal), exclusion criteria (e.g., the presence of pacemakers or aneurysm clips or a patient's claustrophobia), and an unproved survival benefit.10 Studies that have cumulatively evaluated breast MRI in more than 1000 high-risk patients found that the technique identified cancer that was not seen on mammography in 4 percent of cases (Table 1). 10,11,12,13,14,15
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|Table 1. Results of Prior Nonrandomized Studies of the Screening of High-Risk Women with Breast MRI. |
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In this issue of the Journal, Kriege et al.16 report a prospective, nonrandomized study of clinical breast examination, mammography, and MRI in 1909 women who had a genetic or familial predisposition to breast cancer (lifetime risk, [pic]15 percent) in the Netherlands. Of these women, 358 (19 percent) had BRCA mutations. This work makes important contributions. Kriege et al. provide data on almost twice as many patients and twice as many mutation carriers as were included in all previously published evaluations of MRI in high-risk patients combined. Those who interpreted the MRIs and mammograms were unaware of the results of the other technique. The investigators analyzed their data in subgroups according to quantified levels of risk. Their study confirms the high sensitivity of MRI in identifying invasive breast cancer in high-risk patients.
Kriege et al. found that the breast-cancer detection rate was 9.5 per 1000 woman-years of follow-up overall: 7.8 per 1000 for women with a 15 to 29 percent lifetime risk, 5.4 per 1000 for those with a 30 to 49 percent lifetime risk, and 26.5 per 1000 for carriers of BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutations. Among 45 cancers, 22 (49 percent) were identified by MRI but not mammography, 10 (22 percent) were identified by both MRI and mammography, and 8 (18 percent) were identified by mammography but not MRI. Of these 45 tumors, 4 were interval cancers, and 1 was identified by clinical examination only. Certain features appeared in more than half of cancers in mutation carriers: they were diagnosed in women between the ages of 30 and 39 years; they were invasive cancers; and the tumors were of high nuclear grade, estrogen receptor–negative, and node-negative. Only 17 percent of cancers in mutation carriers were interval cancers. In their analyses, MRI, as compared with mammography, had higher sensitivity (71 percent vs. 40 percent) but lower specificity (90 percent vs. 95 percent).
Kriege et al. report that short-term follow-up MRI was recommended in 7 percent of examinations, as compared with 10 to 25 percent in prior reports.11,17 MRI had limited sensitivity (17 percent) in detecting ductal carcinoma in situ; in prior studies, the sensitivity of MRI for this type of lesion ranged from 0 percent13 to 100 percent.11,14 Kriege et al. also report that MRI had lower specificity than mammography, but Kuhl et al.11 found that MRI had higher sensitivity and specificity than mammography. Refinement and standardization of MRI technique and interpretation may improve specificity while retaining high sensitivity. Not addressed by Kriege et al. is the potential role of ultrasonography in screening high-risk women. In studies that supplemented mammography with both MRI and ultrasonography, MRI had higher sensitivity and specificity than ultrasonography and was superior in detecting ductal carcinoma in situ (Table 2).11,13,14
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|Table 2. Sensitivity and Specificity of Mammography, MRI, and Ultrasonography for Detecting Tumors in High-Risk Women. |
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The report by Kriege et al. highlights an important issue: How do we evaluate the efficacy of a screening test, and what is the desirable balance between sensitivity and specificity? Any method of breast-cancer screening has the potential for benefit (lifesaving cancer detection) and for harm (cost, anxiety, follow-up imaging, or benign biopsy). The prognosis is better for small, early cancers, but detecting small cancers at an early stage does not guarantee improved survival rates; detecting nonlethal cancers or cancers that have already metastasized will not decrease mortality. Only a randomized, controlled trial with death as the end point can definitively prove that any screening intervention improves survival.18
Without information provided by randomized, controlled trials, the management of breast cancer may be guided by other reports, such as observational studies, data extrapolation, and expert opinion.19 Whereas breast cancer develops in only a minority of women in the general population, the disease develops in most women who are BRCA mutation carriers (50 to 85 percent). For mutation carriers, the benefit of high sensitivity may outweigh the effects of imperfect specificity. The Blue Cross–Blue Shield Association's Technology Evaluation Center has adopted criteria for technology assessment, including that the technology improve the net health outcome; a recent report concluded that using MRI to screen women at high genetic risk for breast cancer meets this criterion.20 The new data reported by Kriege et al. provide further evidence of a benefit.
MRI can detect otherwise occult breast cancer in high-risk patients and is probably most beneficial to those at highest risk. Data are accumulating in support of supplementing mammography with MRI to detect cancer in carriers of BRCA mutations. MRI may also be valuable in screening women with an increased risk due to nongenetic factors (e.g., prior breast cancer), but more work is needed to substantiate this possibility, including analysis of the contribution of MRI in subgroups with defined risk factors and quantified levels of risk. No data support the use of MRI in screening women at normal risk. Ideally, breast MRI should be performed at facilities that follow technical and interpretive guidelines9 and that can perform biopsies of lesions detected by MRI alone.21 Whether the excellent results reported in the literature can be achieved in practice remains to be determined. Further outcomes research is essential to develop evidence-based recommendations for methods of breast-cancer screening that are tailored to the specific needs of women at various levels of risk.
Source Information
From the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, New York.
References
1. Jemal A, Tiwari RC, Murray T, et al. Cancer statistics, 2004. CA Cancer J Clin 2004;54:8-29.[Abstract/Full Text]
1. Smith RA, Saslow D, Sawyer KA, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast cancer screening: update 2003. CA Cancer J Clin 2003;53:141-169.[Abstract/Full Text]
1. Burke W, Daly M, Garber J, et al. Recommendations for follow-up care of individuals with an inherited predisposition to cancer. II. BCRA1 and BRCA2. JAMA 1997;277:997-1003.[Abstract]
1. Lakhani SR, Van De Vijver MJ, Jacquemier J, et al. The pathology of familial breast cancer: predictive value of immunohistochemical markers estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor, HER-2, and p53 in patients with mutations in BRCA1 and BRCA2. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:2310-2318.[Abstract/Full Text]
1. Meijers-Heijboer H, van Geel B, van Putten WL, et al. Breast cancer after prophylactic mastectomy in women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation. N Engl J Med 2001;345:159-164.[Abstract/Full Text]
1. Brekelmans CTM, Seynaeve C, Bartels CCMM, et al. Effectiveness of breast cancer surveillance in BRCA1/2 gene mutation carriers and women with high familial risk. J Clin Oncol 2001;19:924-930.[Abstract/Full Text]
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