Photosynthesis - Cambridge University Press & Assessment

Photosynthesis

Sixth edition

D. O. Hall

and

K. K. Rao

Published in association with the Institute of Biology

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The Pitt Building, Trumpington Street, Cambridge, United Kingdom

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The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 2RU, UK

40 West 20th Street, New York, NY 10011-4211, USA

10 Stamford Road, Oakleigh, Melbourne 3166, Australia

First, second and third editions ? D. O. Hall and

K. K. Rao, 1972, 1977, 1981, 1987

Fourth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1992

Fifth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1994

Sixth edition ? Cambridge University Press 1999

This book is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception

and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements,

no reproduction of any part may take place without

the written permission of Cambridge University Press.

First edition published by Edward Arnold 1972 (0537 9024)

Second edition 1977

Third edition 1977

Third edition 1981

Fourth edition first published by Edward Arnold 1987 and first

published by Cambridge University Press 1992 (0 521 42806 8)

Fifth edition 1994

Reprinted with revisions 1995

Sixth edition 1999

Printed in the United Kingdom at the University Press, Cambridge

Typeset in Monotype Garamond 11/13pt, in QuarkXPress? [??]

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library

Library of Congress Cataloguing in Publication data

Hall, D. O. (David Oakley)

Photosynthesis / D. O. Hall and K. K. Rao. ¨C 6th ed.

p. cm. ¨C (Studies in biology)

¡°Published in association with the Institute of Biology.¡±

Includes bibliographical references (p.

) and index.

ISBN 0 521 64257 4 (hardbound)

1. Photosynthesis. I. Rao, K. K. II. Institute of Biology.

III. Title. IV. Series.

QK882.H19 1999

572?.46¨Cdc21 98-47979 CIP

ISBN 0 521 64257 4 hardback

ISBN 0 521 64497 6 paperback

Contents

General preface to the series

Preface to the sixth edition

page xi

xiii

1 Importance and role of photosynthesis

1.1 Ultimate energy source

1.2 The carbon dioxide cycle

1.3 Efficiency and turnover

1.4 Spectra

1.5 Quantum theory

1.6 Energy units

1.7 Measurement of photosynthetic irradiance

1.8 Some techniques used in photosynthesis research

1

1

2

4

5

6

7

8

10

2 History and progress of ideas

2.1 Early discoveries

2.2 Limiting factors

2.3 Light and dark reactions; flashing light experiments

2.4 Further discoveries and formulations

22

22

24

26

27

3 Photosynthetic apparatus

3.1 Isolation of chloroplasts from leaves

3.2 Chloroplast pigments

3.3 The photosynthetic unit

3.4 Photosynthetic apparatus of C4 plants

32

37

40

47

54

viii Contents

4 Light absorption and the two photosystems

4.1 Dissipation of absorbed light energy: photochemistry,

fluorescence, phosphorescence and

thermoluminescence

4.2 Energy transfer or sensitized fluorescence

4.3 Action spectra, quantum yield

4.4 Emerson effect and the two light reactions

4.5 Reaction centres and primary electron acceptors

4.6 Experimental separation of the two photosystems

4.7 Inside-out and right-side-out chloroplast vesicles

4.8 Photosynthetic oxygen evolution

58

5 Photosynthetic electron transport and phosphorylation

5.1 Reduction and oxidation of electron carriers

5.2 Two types of photosynthetic phosphorylation

5.3 Non-cyclic electron transport and phosphorylation

5.4 ATP synthesis in chloroplasts: the chemiosmotic

hypothesis

5.5 Cyclic electron transport and phosphorylation

5.6 Structure¨Cfunction relationships

5.7 Artificial electron donors, electron acceptors, and

inhibitors

79

80

80

81

6 Carbon dioxide fixation: the C3 and C4 pathways

6.1 Experimental techniques

6.2 The photosynthetic carbon reduction (Calvin) cycle

6.3 Structure¨Cfunction relationships

6.4 Energetics of CO2 fixation

6.5 Sucrose and starch synthesis

6.6 The C4 (Kortschak, Hatch¨CSlack) pathway of CO2

fixation

6.7 Crassulacean acid metabolism: CAM species

6.8 Light-coupled reactions of chloroplasts other than CO2

fixation

6.9 Photorespiration and glycollate metabolism

6.10 Environmental factors affecting CO2 assimilation by

plants

100

100

103

107

107

110

7 Bacterial photosynthesis

7.1 Classification

7.2 Photosynthetic pigments and apparatus

128

128

129

59

64

66

67

72

73

75

75

86

91

95

96

112

115

115

122

125

Contents ix

7.3

7.4

7.5

7.6

7.7

7.8

Photochemistry and electron transport

Carbon dioxide fixation

Light energy conversion by halobacteria

Ecological significance of phototrophic bacteria

A comparison of plant and bacterial electron transport

Evolution of photosynthesis

134

136

137

138

139

144

8 Research in photosynthesis

8.1 Is photosystem I essential for oxygenic photosynthesis?

8.2 Protoplasts and cells

8.3 Origin and development of chloroplasts

8.4 Chloroplast genetics; expression and regulation of

genes; transgenic plants; site-directed mutagenesis

8.5 Transport and assembly of cytoplasmically assembled

polypeptides into the chloroplast membranes;

exchange of ions and metabolites through the

chloroplast envelope

8.6 Chloroplast structure

8.7 The photosystem II oxygen-evolving reaction

8.8 Photosystem II: structure and function of the reaction

centre

8.9 Photosystem I

8.10 The cytochrome b6 f complex: the Q cycle

8.11 RuBisCO: structure and function

8.12 Fluorescence as a probe for energy transfer and stress

physiology in photosynthesis

8.13 Photoinhibition

8.14 Energy redistribution between the two photosystems:

state transitions

8.15 Role of light in the regulation of photosynthesis: the

ferredoxin¨Cthioredoxin control system

8.16 Whole plant studies and bioproductivity

8.17 Photosynthesis and the greenhouse effect

8.18 Mimicking photosynthesis

8.19 Phytochromes

147

147

148

148

9 Laboratory experiments

9.1 Reference books for experiments

9.2 Photosynthesis in whole plants and algae

9.3 Preparation of protoplasts, chloroplasts and subchloroplast

membranes

197

197

198

150

155

157

160

164

166

170

171

174

178

183

185

187

190

192

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198

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