HONORS BIOLOGY
Name _______________________________________________________________ Per_____________Exam Date _________________
BIOLOGY PRE-AP FINAL EXAM REVIEW FALL 2011
UNIT 1 – BIOCHEMISTRY
1. List the eight characteristics shared by all living things.
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. The state of an internal equilibrium or harmony is known as ________________________.
3. _________________________ refers to the physical changes that take place during the lifetime of an organism while the term, _________________________________ describes the chemical changes that are constantly occurring.
4. Beginning with the smallest unit of matter, list the levels that make up the hierarchy of life. Define each term.
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
5. Describe the location and charge of each of the following sub-atomic particles.
• Proton ___________________________________________________________________________________________
• Neutron __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Electron __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. The atomic # of an element is 12. Therefore, it also MUST have 12 what? ______________________
7. What does the chemical behavior of an atom depend on? ____________________________________________________________
8. Define atomic mass and atomic number. Which one is always constant? ______________________
o Atomic mass – ______________________________________________________________________
o Atomic number – ______________________________________________________________________
9. What is an isotope? Refer to questions 5 and 8. In which of these would you see different values for an isotope?
10. What type of bond results from the sharing of electrons? ____________________________________
11. What type of bond is produced from the transfer of electrons? _______________________________________
12. Define polarity. ____________________________________________________________________________
13. Draw a water molecule. Include the protons, electrons, and slight charges.
14. What are three properties found in water due to its polarity?
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
15. All organic molecules contain what element? ___________________
16. What type of bonds does carbon have a tendency to form? _______________________________________
17. Complete the following table.
| Biomolecule | Monomer |Element Composition | Function |
|Carbohydrate | | | |
|Lipid | XXXXXXX | | |
|Protein | | | |
|Nucleic Acid | | | |
18. C6H12O6 is the chemical formula for what 3 monosaccharides? What is the term used to describe molecules with the same formula, but a
different arrangement of atoms and different properties? _______________________________________________________________
19. Identify three important disaccharides. What are the monomers of each?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ____________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. The storage form of glucose in animals is____________________________. The storage form of glucose in plants is _____________.
21. The polysaccharide found in plant cell walls is _______________________, while fungi have cell walls made of __________________.
22. The plant polysaccharide that humans cannot metabolize is _____________________ although it is still needed in the diet to provide ___________________________.
23. Distinguish between saturated and unsaturated fats.
• Saturated _______________________________________________________________________________
• Unsaturated _____________________________________________________________________________
24. Identify the importance of steroids. To what biomolecule group do they belong? What steroid is found in the cell membranes of animal cells?
25. To which biomolecule group do enzymes belong? ___________________________________________
UNIT 2 – INTRODUCTION TO THE CELL
1. What are the 3 parts of the cell theory?
• _______________________________________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define prokaryotic. What organisms are prokaryotic?________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
3. What cell structures are common to all prokaryotic organisms? ________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define eukaryotic. What organisms are eukaryotic?_________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
5. What structures are unique to plant cells? ________________________________________________________________________
6. What structures are unique to animal cells? _________________________________________________________________________
7. Which organelle modifies & transports proteins?_______________________________________________________________
8. Which organelle is involved in packaging and processing of substances? ___________________________________________
9. Which organelle is responsible for most ATP production? _________________________________________________________
10. Which cell structure is responsible for ribosome production? ______________________________________________________
11. Which organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? _____________________________________________________________
12. Which organelle is responsible for glucose production? __________________________________________________________
13. The organelle responsible for breaking down alcohol & drugs is? ____________________________________________________
14. Which organelle contains hydrolytic enzymes capable of breaking down substances? ______________________________________
15. What is the term used to describe the cell gel? ____________________ Cell gel + organelles? _________________________
16. Which organelle is used for storage; especially prominent in plants? _________________________________________________
17. What is the term used to describe DNA wrapped in protein? ______________________________________________________
18. What structure surrounds and protects the DNA in eukaryotic cells? How do large molecules pass through? ________________________
19. What provides structure and support for all cells? Identify its components. _________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
20. Trace the path of a protein from the time it is produced until it is secreted out of the cell.
RER(vesicle( ________________________________________________________________________________________
21. What is the function of the cell wall? Which organisms contain cell walls? _________________________________________________
22. What is the function of the cell membrane?
23. Describe the function of each of the components of the cell membrane.
• Phospholipids ___________________________________________________________________________________________
• Proteins ________________________________________________________________________________________________
• Carbohydrates ___________________________________________________________________________________________
• Cholesterol ______________________________________________________________________________________________
24. What are three characteristics common to both chloroplasts and mitochondria?
• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ______________________________________________________________________________________________________
• _______________________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 3 – CLASSIFICATION & PLANTS
1. List the levels of classification from most general to most specific.
Kingdom ( ____________ ( _____________ ( ______________ ( ____________ ( ____________ ( _____________
2. Two organisms that are in the same class but belong to different orders will also belong to the same? _________________________
3. What is the branch of science called that places organisms into hierarchical groups based on their similarities? _________________
4. What kingdom could be described as eukaryotic, autotrophic, and multicellular? ___________________________________________
5. Which two kingdoms contain organisms that play a vital role in decomposition? ___________________________________________
6. Unicellular eukaryotes belong to kingdom _____________________ or kingdom _____________________.
7. What kingdom(s) would contain prokaryotes? ____________________________________________________________
8. What characteristic separates the two bacterial kingdoms? ___________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What characteristics are found in all prokaryotes? __________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Which kingdom contains members that use extracellular digestion and absorption to obtain their nutrition? ______________________
11. Which eukaryotic kingdoms are strictly non-motile? _________________________________________________________________
12. The scientific name of the bullfrog is Rana catesbeiana. What is it’s genus? ______________ It’s species? _____________
13. What characteristics are common to all members belonging to Kingdom Plantae? _________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
14. Write the equation for photosynthesis & identify the reactants and products: _____________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Where in the cell does photosynthesis take place? _____________________________________________________
16. Plants that lack vascular tissue are known as _____________________, whereas plants that contain vascular tissue are known as _____________________________.
17. What is the difference between xylem and phloem?
• Xylem __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Phloem _________________________________________________________________________________________
18. What type of plant tissue is composed of undifferentiated cells that divide to produce increased length of stems and roots?
________________________________________________________________________________________
19. What is the difference between primary and secondary growth?
• Primary ___________________________________________________________________________________
• Secondary _________________________________________________________________________________
20. The function of stems in plants is to ___________________________________________________________________________
21. What is the purpose of root hairs? ____________________________________________________________________________
22. Label the diagram to the right using the following terms:
In addition, describe the function of the terms below.
• Cuticle - ___________________________________________
• Stomata - ________________________________________
• Palisade mesophyll - ________________________________
• Spongy mesophyll - __________________________________
• Guard cells - ______________________________________
• Epidermis – _______________________________________
23. What are two reasons bryophytes must live in moist climates? _________________________________________________________
24. Tracheophytes can be divided into three groups: ___________________(ferns), __________________, ____________________
25. Describe characteristics of Pterophytes including how they reproduce: __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
26. What are some advantages of seeds?
• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
• ___________________________________________________________________________________________________
27. Describe characteristics of gymnosperms including how they reproduce: _________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
28. What is the difference between pollination and fertilization?
• Pollination ___________________________________________________________________________________
• Fertilization __________________________________________________________________________________
29. Label the parts of the flower.
1. ___________________________________
2. ___________________________________
3. ___________________________________
4. ___________________________________
5. ___________________________________
6. ___________________________________
7. ___________________________________
8. ___________________________________
30. Fill in the following chart on the differences between monocots and dicots.
| | # of Petals |Venation in Leaves |# of Cotyledons | Arrangement of vascular bundle |
|Monocot | | | | |
|Dicot | | | | |
31. Angiosperms produce seeds inside _________________________________.
32. Explain the purpose of each hormone:
• Auxins ___________________________________________________________________________________
• Cytokinins ________________________________________________________________________________
• Gibberellins ______________________________________________________________________________
• Abscisic Acid ______________________________________________________________________________
• Ethylene _________________________________________________________________________________
33. The growth of a plant toward a light source is known as _______________________, and is caused by the hormone __________.
34. A plant’s response to ________________ assures that the roots grow downward and the stems grow upward.
35. Flowering plants that complete a life cycle within
• one growing season - _______________________________________
• two growing seasons - ______________________________________
• many growing seasons - ____________________________________
UNIT 4 – ECOLOGICAL STUDIES
1. Define hypothesis. ________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define the following terms:
• Control ______________________________________________________________________________________
• Independent (Manipulated) Variable _______________________________________________________________
• Dependent (Responding) Variable _________________________________________________________________
3. What is a theory? ____________________________________________________________________________________
4. Define ecology. _____________________________________________________________________________________
5. List the levels of organization in an ecosystem from most inclusive (broadest) to least inclusive (most specific).
Biosphere( _______________ ( __________________ (_______________ ( _________________ ( _______________
6. A group of organisms of different species living together in a particular place is called____________________________________.
7. What are some biotic factors that affect the structure & organization of communities. Abiotic factors?
• Biotic ____________________________________________________________________________________________
• Abiotic ____________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define and give examples of each:
• Producer __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Consumer __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Herbivore __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Carnivore __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Omnivore __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Decomposer _________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is a nutrient cycle? Give four examples. ___________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
10. Explain the importance of nitrogen fixation. Nitrogen is an important component of which two biomolecules?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
11. Why is a food web a more accurate representation of energy flow in an ecosystem compared to a food chain?
________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the term used to describe each step in a food chain/web? ____________________________________________________
13. Define:
• Niche __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Habitat __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Predator/prey ________________________________________________________________________________________
14. A certain energy pyramid has 4 levels…The first level is a plant, the second level is a rat, the third level is a snake, and the fourth level is an eagle.
• What would the plant be known as? _____________________________
• If the plant absorbed 1000 Cal of energy from the sun, how much energy would be available to the snake? ___________
• At which level could a carnivore be found? _________________________________________
• Why is there a limit to the number of trophic levels in an energy pyramid? _____________________________
15. Describe three types of symbiosis.
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 5 – THE WORKING CELL
1. Define passive transport – ___________________________________________________________________________________
2. Briefly describe the three types of passive transport:
• Diffusion __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Facilitated Diffusion __________________________________________________________________________________
• Osmosis __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. Define the following terms related to osmosis:
• Hypertonic __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Hypotonic __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Isotonic __________________________________________________________________________________________
4. If an animal cell is placed in distilled water, the cell is ___________________ relative to the distilled water and the water would move ___________________________ the cell.
5. Define active transport. __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. Briefly describe the three types of active transport:
• Endocytosis __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Exocytosis __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Protein Pumps __________________________________________________________________________________________
7. What is the importance of enzymes? _____________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define the following terms:
• Substrate __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Active site __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Product __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Induced fit __________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What is the importance of ATP? ___________________________________________________________________________________
• What type of biomolecule is it? _____________________________________________________________________________
• What are its components?
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
o __________________________________________________________________________________________
• How does ATP provide energy to a cell? ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
10. What is the first step in all energy pathways? _________________________________________
• Where does it occur in a cell? _____________________________________________
• What is the end product? _________________________________________________
• What is the net energy gain? ______________________________________________
1. What process breaks down food molecules in the presence of oxygen to produce ATP? What are the two steps?
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Write the equation for cell respiration and identify the reactants and products.
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
13. What is the final electron acceptor in the ETC of cell respiration? ___________________________________
14. Explain the importance of fermentation. What is the net energy gain? __________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
15. Describe the two types of fermentation, including cells in which they occur.
• Lactic Acid Fermentation __________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
• Alcoholic Fermentation _________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
UNIT 6 – DNA AND THE CELL CYCLE
1. What kind of organism would NOT reproduce cells by mitosis? Explain. _______________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
2. Define the following terms related to the genetic material of the cell:
• Chromatin __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Chromatid __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Chromosome __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Genome __________________________________________________________________________________________
3. How do the new daughter cells at the end of mitosis & cytokinesis compare with their parent cell? ____________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Compare cytokinesis in animal cells to cytokinesis in plant cells.
• Cytokinesis in animal cells _________________________________________________________________________________
• Cytokinesis in plant cells ___________________________________________________________________________________
5. Define centromere. __________________________________________________________________________________________
6. A cell containing 44 chromatids at the start of mitosis would produce cells containing how many chromosomes? ___________________
7. Identify the main events in…
• Interphase
o G1 __________________________________________________________________________________________
o S __________________________________________________________________________________________
o G2 __________________________________________________________________________________________
• Mitosis
o Prophase __________________________________________________________________________________________
o Metaphase __________________________________________________________________________________________
o Anaphase __________________________________________________________________________________________
o Telophase __________________________________________________________________________________________
8. Define cell cycle - __________________________________________________________________________________________
9. What parts of the cytoskeleton are involved in cell division and what role do they play? _____________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________________________________
10. How is a cancer cell different from a normal cell? ____________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
11. What are spindle fibers composed of? What is the function of the spindle network? ____________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
12. What is the importance of centrioles? Which cells contain centrioles? ____________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
13. Cells that have stopped dividing and are simply functioning metabolically are in what phase of the cell cycle? ______________________
14. During which phases of mitosis do we find chromosomes composed of 2 sister chromatids attached together? ______________________
15. What is the full name of DNA? What are its monomers? __________________________________________________________________
16. What are the components of the monomers of DNA?
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
17. What bond links two nucleotide monomers together? ___________________________________________________________
18. Briefly describe the history leading up to the discovery of DNA
• Griffith _______________________________________________________________________________________________
• Hershey & Chase _______________________________________________________________________________________
• Chargaff ______________________________________________________________________________________________
• Watson & Crick ________________________________________________________________________________________
• Rosalind Franklin ________________________________________________________________________________________
19. What are the four nitrogen bases found in DNA?
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
• __________________________________________________________________________________________
20. What are the base-pairing rules? _____________________________________________________________________________________
21. What type of bond holds the nitrogen bases together to form the double helix? Why is this important? _______________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
22. What are the enzymes responsible for uncoiling the DNA double helix? ______________________________________________
23. What are the enzymes that add new nucleotides to form a new strand of DNA? ________________________________________
24. What are the enzymes that attach the Okazaki fragments together? ________________________________________________
25. In which direction is the new DNA synthesized? _________________________________________________________________
26. What is meant by leading strand? Lagging strand? ______________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________________
27. If a strand of DNA is GGATCGA, what would the complementary strand be?
____________
28. What is the benefit of having multiple replication forks on DNA? ___________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.