Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues



Chapter 3 Cells and Tissues

Anatomy of a Cell: 1)___nucleus_______________ 2) _plasma membrane________________ 3)____cytoplasm______________

Nucleus: ___control center_______________ contains _____DNA________________

--nucleoli is the site ____ribosome production_____________________________

Cytoplasm: material outside of the nucleus _______and inside the plasma membrane______

-Organelles carry out specific functions. See worksheets for various types.

Plasma membrane*: double ___lipd______________ layer, barrier for _cell contents__________

-Other materials embedded in the membrane(3): _lipds, protein cholesterol___________________

-purpose of cholesterol is to __keep the memebrane fluid and soft______________

-microvilli:__increase the surface area______________________________________

Cell Physiology

Membrane transport:___movement of substance into and out of the cell______________

Passive: __no energy needed______________________

Diffusion: particles tend to __distribute themselves_____________________

- move from a _hight____________ to a _low______________ concentration

- solute has to be _lipid soluable___________or small________ enough to pass through

Types:simple diffusion: unassisted, particles are __small__________ enough to fit through

osmosis-__movement of water____________________________________

Facilitated diffusion-requires a __carrier protein________________

Active- transports substances unable to move by diffusion for the following reasons:__________

_to large, agains the gradiant, can’t dissolve______________________________

Solute pumping: moves substances___against___________ the gradient, examples: _amino acids____

Bulk transport

Exocytosis: _move material out of the cell____________________________

Endocytosis: _engulfs extra cellular substance__________________________________

Phagocytosis: _cell eating___________________________

Pinocytosis:_cell drinking________________________

1. Isotonic have the __same______________________________________

2. Hypertonic is a solution that contains more _solute__________ in the cell than __out____________

3. Hypotonic is when there are _less____________ solutes in the solution than in the ___out_____

Cell Division

Cells have 2 major periods: Interphase:____cell growth____________________

Cell Division:__mitosis____________________________

Steps in the phases:

1._propase____-_____________ 3. _anaphase______-_______________

2.__metaphase_______-________ 4.___telophase___-________________

Role of RNA

Acts as a decoder for the DNA

tRNA: _transfers___________ amino acids to ribosome to build protein

rRNA: helps form the __proteins___________________________________________

mRNA: carries the instructions for ___transfer______________

Transcription: _transfer__________ of information from _DNA_____ base sequence to the complimentary base sequence of _mRNA_________

Translation: base sequence of a __nucleic acid_____________ is ____amino acid

Tissues:

Four types: 1. __Epithelial_______________ 2. _connective__________________3. __muscular___________ 4. __nervous______

Epithelial is found in body covering_____ and _lining______ also, __glandlike_____________ tissue

Function include: __protection, absorption,filtration, secretion_____________________

Characteristics: -_cells fit closely______________ together

- Tissues always have _one free layer_________________________

- __avascular__________________ (no blood supply)

- regenerate __easily if nourished_____________________

Draw what simple means: Draw what stratified means:

~Simple squamous: single layer of __flat___________

Forms membranes: examples of body parts it lines____cavities________________

~Simple cuboidal: single layer of _cubes_________________

Common in glands______, found in __kidney_______ and ovaries

~Simple columnar: single layer of _tall cells_____________

Cells usually produce __mucus_________, typically found in __digestive tract

~Pseudostratified: single layer, but _some cells are shorter_____

Ciliated such as in the _respiratory tract_______________

Functions: _absorb______________ or __secrete____________

~Stratified squamous: cells __free at edges and flat________________________

Locations: __skin mouth, esophagus____________

~Transitional epithelial: depends on __stretching_____________________ lines the __bladder_______________

Connective tissue is found _everywhere___________________ in the body

Functions: 1.binds _body tissues together___________________ 2. Supports __body____________ 3. Provides ______

Characteristics: variations in _blood supply______ and extra cellular matrix____ nonliving material

( Why do you choose a broken bone over a torn ligament? __better blood supply____

(Matrix is everything but the cell; surrounding material + fibers)

Types of Connective Tissue

1. Bone (_osseous_____________): is used to _support body_________________

-Composed of bones in cavities called _lacunae________________, a very hard _matrix of calcium_, and large numbers of _college fibers______________________.

2. Cartilage is less _hard__ and more _rubbery__________ than _bone____________.

a. Fetal skeleton is _hyaline cartilage_____, also found in the voice box and attaches the ribs

-Composed of ____collagen___________ and _rubbery matrix_______________

b. Ear is made from _elastocartilage____________________ which provides ___elasticity________________

c. Fibrocartilage is not stretchy but highly compressable________________, forms discs in knee and

3. Dense connective tissue: main matrix is ___collegen______________________________.

-Examples: _tendons__________: muscles to _bone___ Ligament: __bone to _bone___

Loose Connective Tissue

4. Areolar tissue: soaks up _excess fluids_______________ and causes an edema; “Glue” holds all organs in place. Contains many fibers through a loose network.

5. Adipose: cells contain _fat____________________________.

-Functions: _insulate__________ the body, protect______________ some organs, _fuel storage________________

-cell type: adipocytes (chicken wire appearance)

6. Reticular: ___delicate network of fibers_________________________________

-Forms a _stroma________, which supports free blood cells. Found in lymph nodes and spleen_____

7. Blood: surrounded by a __fluid__________________________ called _matrix_________.

-Consists of protein fibers which are visible __during clottin_______________.

-__transports___________ nutrients, gases, and wastes throughout the body.

Muscle Tissue are specialized to contract____________ or _relax_________ to produce __movement___________.

1. skeletal ____ can be controlled voluntarily____________, cells are _striated__________, attach to _connective tissue_____________

Have more than _1______ nuclei.

2. _cardiac____________ found only in the __heart__________, cells attach to _other cardic cells__, functions involuntary, cells are __striated______________ and have __1___ nucleus.

3. Smooth muscles are __involuntary________________, surround __organs_______, attach to __other smooth muscle_____________, no striations and have __1____ nucleus. An example _stomach_______________

Nervous Tissue consists of __neurons and support cells________________.

-Functioning: __irriability_____ and _conductivity____ sends impulses to rest of body

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