EDRS 6208 Fundamentals of Education Research 1



UWI School of Education EDRS 6208 Fundamentals of Education Research 1In Class Examination: Multiple Choice Lecturer: Dr. Madgerie Jameson. 10/20/2010Instructions: This test consists of 60 multiple choice questions. Read the questions carefully and circle the correct answer on the answer sheet provided. Which of the following characteristics distinguishes the research hypothesis from an informal hypothesis?Multiple research outcomes should be predicted.Variables must be operationally defined.There are direct causal relationships being investigated.Only one outcome is predicted. Secondary analysis refers to Replicating a study using different subjects and settingsReanalysing data gathered by a previous investigatorThe use of the same subjects for other related studies.None of the above. A placebo control group can be distinguished from the more common control group becauseIts subjects are volunteersThey receive a placebo and the more common control group receive nothing additionalThe common control group is randomly assignedMembers of a placebo control group are not equated to the experimental group previous to the experiment.The reason selecting a research problem is so difficult for the beginning researcher is thatThe beginning researcher is likely to select a problem that is too broad in scopeThe beginning researcher is usually naive about related research literatureHis or her research activity may be fragmentary and bear little relevance to the formulation of a theoryAll of the aboveAn important method of challenging or verifying the conclusions of a previous study is known as Meta-analysisSecondary analysisReplication studiesFollow-up studiesOperationally defined variablesAre seldom manipulated by the experimenter.Describe behaviours which can be directly observed.Are inconsistent with scientific method.Are attribute variables. In a true experimentThe control group receives the treatmentThe control and experimental groups are randomly assignedBoth control and experimental groups receive the treatment.It is not necessary to control for the Hawthorn effect. Informed consentIs not necessary when subjects are mentally incapacitatedIs not necessary when the subjects are minorsIncludes the freedom to withdraw from an experiment without reprisalAll of the aboveThe null hypothesisIs rejected when an experimenter observes no effects due to his intervention.States that the sampling process must be random and representative.Asserts that observed differences are due to chance errors in the sampling process.Asserts a causal link between two or more variables.Treatment variables are thoseCharacteristics of the subjects that cannot be altered by the experimenterFactors manipulated by the experimenter and to which subjects are assigned.Characteristics that appear disappear or change as the experimenter introduces, removes or changes independent variables.Characteristics of a study the influence the dependent variable and whose effect may be confused with the effect of the independent variable. In a research proposal the delimitations areThe boundaries of that particular studyIndependent variables expressed in operational termsConditions beyond the researchers control that may restrict the conclusions from the the study.All of the above.Randomisation ensuresThe selection of a sample group that is different than its population.Rejection of the null hypothesis.That the experimental and control groups are equated for the experimentSample bias. Which is not a characteristic of quasi-experimental designsEquivalence of experimental and control groups is assured by random assignment.It involves naturally assembled groups such as intact classes which may be similarIt sometimes uses the same group as both the experimental and control group.Results of quasi-experimentation must be interpreted very cautiously. In a research proposal, limitations areThe boundaries of that particular studyIndependent variables expressed in operational termsConditions beyond the researcher’s control that may restrict the conclusions of the study.All of the aboveThe ideal sampleIs not simply randomly selectedIs concerned only with the experimental groupIs both representative and economical.Never exceeds sixteen subjectsA standard score on an achievement test would most likely be used as an operational definition forCreativityKnowledgeCoordinationSelf-esteemIn order to construct a stratified random sample, the experimenterSubdivides the population into smaller homogenous groups.Randomly selects only a few of the smaller homogenous groups of a given population.Is not concerned with the representativeness of the sampleSelects part of a simple random sample. Which is not a characteristic of the abstract of the research paper?It includes the characteristics of the subjectsIt includes the findings of the researchIt includes the conclusions reached by the researcherIt includes a short review of literatureA sample made up of volunteers may be biased becauseThe control group and the experimental group can never be equated.It is not economicalThey may not be representative of the total populationNone of the above.Which of the following sections of a research report presents the data and the statistical analysis?The procedures sectionThe discussion sectionThe methods sectionThe results sectionA hypothesis isA theoryCan be used to test an existing theoryIs not used to develop a theoryIs never rejected based upon research findings.In descriptive researchHypothesis are not testedGeneralisations cannot be developedThe researcher does not manipulate the variable under studyAll of the above.A theoryEstablishes a cause and effect relationship between variables with the purpose of explaining and predicting phenomenaDefines non observable constructs that are inferred from observable facts and events and that are thought to have an effect on the phenomenon under study. Describes the relationship among key variables for purposes of explaining a current state or predicting future occurrences.All of the above. Use the following to answer questions 24 to 29: A debate coach in a large school thinks that watching videotapes of high school debates will improve the performance of the team. She decides that half the team would watch video tapes of five debates prior to the first debate of the season while the other half does not watch any debates. She will then compare the performance of group A, those who watched the debates, and group B, those who did not watch the debate. The study would be classified as a/anschool surveyex post facto studycorrelational study trend study experimental researchIn order to test her hypothesis, the coach should have which group watch the debaters?The best debatersThe poorest debatersA randomly selected groupThose who volunteer The control group would be those whoWatch the debateDo not watch the debateTry out for the debate teamDo well in their debatesThe design of the study would be classified asOne group pretest-posttest equivalent group designPretest-posttest equivalent group design Post test only equivalent group designSolomon four group designThe external validity question in this study would beWas watching debates really responsible for the differences in debate performance?Was the coach unethical in making debaters watch debates?Is watching a videotape debates worth the expense?Would watching debates improve performance of other debate teams? The independent variable isWatching debatesDebate performanceThe size of the schoolThe class ranking of the debaters. Reliability isThat quality of a data gathering device or procedure that enables it to measure what it is supposed to measure.The quality of the consistency that the instrument or procedure demonstratesA sufficient condition for validityNone of the aboveWhich of the following scales provides the most precise informationNominalOrdinalIntervalRatioWhich is not a true statement concerning nominal scales and dataNominal scales are counted dataNominal scales are non-orderableNominal scales are the least precise method of qualificationIndividuals may be assigned to more than one category represented in the nominal scaleIn general the smaller the percentage of responses to a questionnaireThe less significant the studyThe smaller the degree of confidence one may place in the adequacy of the data collected.The more we have predictive validityAll of the aboveAs the coefficient correlation increasesIts ability to predict increasesPrediction error is eliminatedPrediction error is eliminatedSest = SyAn error that occurs because of human mistakes is calledNonsampling errorSampling errorMean errorProbability errorThe deductive method is best described asA self-evident assumptionA method of reasoning which moves from the general assumption to the specific applicationA method of reasoning which moves from specific observations to generalisationA theory of logicUnder inferential statistics, we studyThe methods to make decisions about one or more populations based on sample resultsHow to make decisions about a mean, median, or mode.How a sample is taken from a populationTables composed of summary measuresSampling error decreasesAs sample size increasesAs sample size decreasesWhen volunteers are usedWhen random selection is eliminatedYou randomly select two families and observe whether or not they own a telephone answering machine. Which one of the following is a simple event?Exactly one of them owns a telephone answering machineAt least one of them own a telephone answering machineAt most one of them owns a telephone answering machineNeither of the two owns a telephone answering machineWe can construct a frequency histogram for:Qualitative data onlyAny kind of dataQualitative and quantitative dataContinuous dataThe null hypothesis is a claim about a Parameter, where the claim is assumed to be false until it is declared trueParameter, where the claim is assumed to be true until it is declared falseStatistic where the claim is assumed to be false until it is declared trueStatistic where the claim is assumed to be true until it is declared falseWe obtain the relative frequency of a category by:Dividing the frequency of that category by the sum of all frequenciesMultiplying the frequency of that category by the sum of all frequenciesDividing the frequency of that category by 100Dividing the sum of all frequencies by the frequency of that categoryThe measurement units of the standard deviation are alwaysThe same as those in the original dataThe square of the measurements of the original data50% of the measurement units of the original dataThe square root of the sum of the squares of the original dataWhen preparing a frequency distribution, the lower limit of the first class should always be.A number that is greater than the smallest value in the data setEqual to 10A number that is less than or equal to the smallest value in the data setEqual to zeroA symmetric distribution curveHas a longer tail on the right sideHas a longer tail on the left sideIs identical on both sides of the meanIs triangular in shapeUnder descriptive statistics we studyThe description of decisions making tricksThe methods for organising, displaying and describing dataHow to describe the probability distributionSamples to assist in decision making. The alternative hypothesis is a claim about a:Parameter, where the claim is assumed to be true until it is declared falseParameter where the claim is assumed to be true if the null hypothesis id declared falseStatistic, where the claim is assumed to be true is the null hypothesis is declared falseStatistic where the claim is assumed to be false until it is declared trueRaw data are data thatAre presented in the form of a frequency tableGiven information on each individual sample member separatelyAre arranged in increasing orderAre arranged in a random orderThe population distribution is the probability distribution of the Whole populationPopulation dataPopulation meansPopulation probabilitiesIf s data set is right-skewed with one peak in the histogram, then which of the following is trueThe values of the mean, median and mode are the sameThe mean is greater than the median, which is greater than the modeThe mean median mode are equal but the mode is differentThe mode is greater than the median, which is great than the mean.We construct a scatter diagram by:Scattering the values of x over the values of yScattering the values of y over the values of yPlotting the paired values of x and yPlotting the values of A and B The procedure for obtaining the midpoint of a class is to:Add the lower limit to the upper limit of the previous classSubtract the lower limits from the upper limits of the previous classMultiply the sum of the two class limits by 2Divide the sum of the two class limits by 2In a two-tailed hypothesis test, the two critical points are the points that divide the area under the sampling distribution of aStatistic into two rejection regions and one non rejection regionParameter into one rejection region and one non rejection regionStatistic into one rejection region and two non rejection regions.Parameter into two rejection regions and one non rejection region.For the standard normal distribution, the z value gives the distance between the mean and the points in terms of the “MeanStandard deviationVarianceCentre of the curveThe mean of a data set is theValue of the middle term in a ranked data setSum of all values divided by the number of valuesDifference between the maximum and minimum valuesAverage of the deviations of values from the average. The sampling error isAn error the occurs during collection, recording and tabulation of dataThe difference between the value of a sample statistic and the value of the corresponding population parameterAn error that occurs when a sample fewer than 30 members are drawnAn error that occurs when a sample of 30 or more members are drawnThe median of a data set is Value of the middle term I a ranked dataThe value the occurs with maximum frequencyThe sum of all values divided by the number of valuesThe average deviation of the values from the averageA discrete variable is a variable that can assumeCategorical values onlyA countable set of values onlyAn uncountable set of valuesNon-numerical valuesFor a normal distribution, the z value that is to the left of the mean is alwaysEqual to zeroNegativeLess than 1PositiveA teacher concludes that the more hours she had her students practice the piano, the fewer errors they made when learning new pieces. This relationship is an example of A positive correlationA negative correlationA perfect correlationA chance correlation. ................
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