Warwickshire Music Hub



BluesThe?blues?is a form of?music?that started in the?United States?during the start of the?20th century. It was started by former African?slaves?from?spirituals, praise songs, and?chants. The first blues songs were called?Delta blues. These songs came from the area near the mouth of the?Mississippi River. Many African Americans were taken to the north esp. in the northwest of the United States, to find work. They took the blues with them and developed it into new styles. The most important is the Chicago Blues, which is played with electric amplified instruments. But other cities and states have their own form of Blues developed from the Delta Blues (f. e. Texas Blues, West Coast Blues and others).Instruments:guitarbassdrumsharmonicaKeyboardReggaeReggae?is a?music genre?that began in?Jamaica?in the late 1960s. Most music from Jamaica comes from the reggae style. The music has regular chops on the back beat (off-beat). These are called “skank”, and are played by a rhythm?guitarist. The bass?drum?hits on the second and fourth beat of each measure (each bar). These are called the “drop”. Reggae bands also use a bass, a keyboard or organ, and horns.Reggae music is often used by?Rastafarian?groups. They are usually songs about religion, love and social problems.?Bob Marley?(1945-1981) was a famous reggae artist.Famous instruments in reggae music are drums, guitar,?saxophone,?trumpet?and?trombone.Reggae was started in 1960 but became famous in the 1970s.Reggae songs often have lots of backing singers.Hip-HopHip hop?is a type of music that started in the 1970s. It began in Jamaican-American, African-American, and Latino-American urban areas in some of the larger cities of the United States.?Hip hop?uses a style of singing called rapping. The singer or group chants or says words with a rhythm that rhymes.Latin MusicLatin music has roots in Southern Europe, Africa, and the indigenous cultures of Latin America, so it's a pretty cool synthesis of world music. It is motivated by emotion and passion, rhythm and movement.Latin RhythmOne of the most famous aspects of Latin music is the rhythm, which is largely inspired by traditional African beats that were developed in the Caribbean. Although there are many variants on this rhythm, the most fundamental form is called the?clave, which is simply the basic Latin rhythm. This basic beat is what holds all of the complex rhythmic patterns of Latin music in place.There are two main patterns. The first is called the?son clave, originally named after the Cuban musical genre of son Cubano. Basically, the son clave features alternating patterns of threes and twos. This pattern gives the music a pulsating beat filled with the building and release of musical tension. The first three beats are called a?tresillo, or triplet in English, which means three notes evenly spaced across two beats. This means that they are slightly off the beat, which is part of what gives it that driving momentum.The other main clave pattern is the?rumba clave, which flips the son clave around and has two alternating patterns of twos and threes. The two paired beats come first with a triplet coming next. This mixes up the beat, but the effect is still largely the same, creating music with a heavy, driving rhythm that is as much the focus of the song as the actual melody, if not more.Latin music is characterized first and foremost by the rhythm. This is not some background or subtle beat; the rhythm is in many ways the real focus of the music. But, it's not the only part of the music; melodies and harmonies are both important parts of this music as well.Latin InstrumentsLatin music developed as a mixture of musical traditions from around the world and this means that it is actually pretty open when it comes to instruments. There are few restrictions as far as what is and is not allowed. Latin music has always embraced a certain freedom of experimentation.Drums, of course, are important, as are the sticks often used to beat the clave rhythm, which, incidentally, are also called?claves. The percussion section may also include shakers, like maracas or tambourines. Again, percussion is pretty important to Latin music.Brass instruments, such as trumpets and tubas, are popular for the melodies and harmonies, as are guitars which can play both harmonies and rhythms.Folk MusicFolk music is music that is played or sung by ordinary people (not professional musicians). It is traditional music that people learn by listening to other people playing it and then copying them. We say that the tradition is “orally transmitted” or “handed down orally”, meaning that the music is not written down but taught by speaking (“oral” means “belonging to the mouth”). Every country has its own traditional music. Folk song is part of folk music. ( And, a folksinger is a person who can sing folk songs.)In the 1960s a new type of music was started by Bob Dylan who mixed traditional folk song with rock and roll. This music is sometimes called “folk rock” .Folk music is music for everybody to play and listen to. In this way it is different from classical music which is mainly developed by professional musicians for a smaller group of people. Folk music is part of a popular culture, although the term “popular music” or “pop music” today refers to a kind of music which people can hear through television, radio and other means of recording.In many parts of the world nearly all music is folk music. The term “folk music” is usually used for European and American music which is part of an oral tradition. Folk music as an oral tradition, is much less important than it used to be, in part, because of new technology (radio, television etc, and recordings of music ). Folk tunes are now often written down, and they have influenced other kinds of music, so that the differences between various types of music are harder to see.The traditional originsA folklore group from Lithuania singing and dancingIn older times folk music was part of “communal recreation”. This means that small communities such as villages or families would relax by playing and singing music together. People would often make up a new song or new piece of music, or make changes to music that they already knew. In this way music was always changing. People would get musical ideas from other groups nearby. This is why folk music from neighbouring countries often sound similar.Ballads were a popular kind of folk music. These were folk songs which told a story (they were “narrative”). Sometimes they had a refrain after each verse so that everybody could join in. Ballads told stories of love, myths or folklore. This is how stories were handed down from one generation to another.Instrumental folk music was used for dancing. Some of the instruments may have been very simple, such as a pair of sticks, rattle or a simple drum. Other instruments may include fiddle (the folk word for “violin”), bagpipes, harp, zither, or various wind instruments, depending on the time of history and the country.Some singing was polyphonic, i.e. there were two or more parts (voices). Very often two voices would sing in parallel (going up and down together). In countries such as Russia people sang in three or four parts, e.g. in the tradition of “podgolosnaya” (“underneath the voice”). In countries such as Britain this polyphonic tradition did not exist. Folk songs there were sung by one singer, unaccompanied.Folk music used different scales. These are called modes. The Ionian mode (like our major scale) was the most common in Western Europe. In some parts of Eastern Europe modes with several semitones were used, but for the most part, half steps were avoided. This results is the tunes being described as tetratonic (four notes per octave) or pentatonic (five notes per octave).Folk music also includes simple children’s songs and lullabies.Folk music was sung by people as they worked. In the early days of European immigration in America the pioneers sang as they travelled, cowboys sang as they worked, slaves sang in the cottonfields.Key Facts & InformationEtymology of the WordScholars believe that the term “baroque” came from the Portuguese word barocco, which means pearl with an irregular shape. It was in 1531 when the word barocco was used to describe the treasures of Charles V.In 1734, the term was first used to describe the incoherent melody of music in opera. “Baroque” was also used by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, a composer and philosopher, to describe the harmony of music confused and loaded with modulations and dissonances.In 1855, Swiss art historian Jacob Burckhardt use the word baroque to criticize the art style following the Renaissance. However, it was only in 1878 when the term “baroque” officially entered the Académie fran?aise dictionary.Baroque Art: Music and SymphonyIt was during the Baroque period when new musical genres like concerto, sonata, cantata, oratorio and opera emerged. When the Catholic Church started to lose its political control, non-religious music posers like Antonio Vivaldi, Johann Sebastian Bach, Henry Purcell, Arcangelo Corelli and George Frederic Handel were among the musical geniuses who devised complex ways and arrangements that can affect the listener’s emotions.Among the composers, Johann Sebastian Bach became prominent. His musical complexities and stylistic innovations made him one of the most remarkable Western composers of all time. His major compositions include Toccata and Fugue in D Minor, Mass in B Minor, the Brandenburg Concertos and the Well-Tempered Clavier.Big BandA big band is a type of musical group that plays jazz music. They were very popular in the 1930s and 1940s. A big band usually has between 12 and 25 musicians. They play instruments like saxophones, trumpets, trombones, drums and a singer. Some famous big band leaders were Duke Ellington, Benny Goodman, Glenn Miller, Cab Calloway and Count Basie.FunkFunk is a type of music from the United States that was developed the 1960s by African American musicians and singers such as James Brown, Sly and the Family Stone, George Clinton, and The Meters. Funk music emphasizes the rhythm of the music. Funk music mixes Rhythm and Blues music with soul music. Funk music is dance music.Funk uses many rhythm instruments, such as electric guitar, bass guitar, drums, and electric organ. Funk bands also have a horn section, which includes several saxophone players, a trumpet player, and in some bands, a trombone player.In funk music, the electric bass has a more important role than in other styles of popular music. Many funk songs are based on a strong bass line (melody) played by the electric bass player. Well-known funk bass players include Bootsy Collins, Louis Johnson and Larry Graham of Sly & the Family Stone. Larry Graham invented a new style of electric bass playing called "slap bass technique." With this technique, the bass player slaps and plucks the strings to create a strong rhythm.Late 1960sThe United States singer and musician James Brown was one of the first funk musicians. James Brown recorded a song in 1965 callled "papa's got a brand new bag" which is considered the first funk song. Other musical groups copied the rhythms and musical style developed by James Brown and his band. A band called The Meters played funk music in New Orleans. The Meters had hit songs such as "Sophisticated Cissy" and "Cissy Strut" in 1969. Another funk group, The Isley Brothers, had a hit song in 1969 called "It's Your Thing". 1980sIn the 1980s, funk music changed. Funk musicians began using electronic instruments such as synthesizer keyboards and electronic drum machines instead of electric bass, electric organ, trumpets, saxophones, and drums. Rick James had hits in the 1980s with funk songs such as "Give It To Me Baby" and "Super Freak." The band Queen had funk songs such as "Another One Bites The Dust." The musician and singer Prince had hit songs.Some major names of early 80s funk include: Cameo, Zapp, The Gap Band, The Bar-Kays, and The Dazz Band.In the later 1980s, two new styles of funk developed called "funk rock" and funk metal. These styles of music mixed funk music with rock and metal music. Funk rock and funk metal bands include Red Hot Chili Peppers, Living Colour, Jane's Addiction, Prince, Primus, Fishbone, Faith No More and Rage Against the Machine.Funk music influenced 1980s hip hop music. Many hip hop musicians use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.1990s and 2000sIn the 1990s and 2000s, funk rock bands included Outkast, and Van Hunt. As well, 1990s and 2000s hip hop musicians continue to use funk songs by James Brown or George Clinton to compose new hip hop songs.Western Classical MusicThe term Classical is used to cover a broad range of art music that originated in Europe around 500 AD, including the Medieval Classical Music, Renaissance Music, Baroque Music, Classical Period, Romanticism, and Modern Classical eras. Notable composers in the genre include Pérotin, Machaut, Palestrina, H?ndel, Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms, Debussy, Sch?nberg, Stravinsky, Cage, and Reich.Although there are notable exceptions, particularly in the early and later periods, Western Classical music can be characterized by its tonal system and harmonic language, dodecaphonic tuning system, fixed notational system, standard musical forms, and instrumentation. When compared broadly to other traditions of music, Western Classical Music tends to place more emphasis on harmony and less on rhythm, and relies more on fixed performance rather than improvisation.The genre has changed radically over time, and two pieces picked from different periods may sound vastly different; however, the gradual development, its evolutionary lineage, and its history lends cohesiveness to the many individual styles and movements within the genre.Wood: Oboe, Bassoon, Clarinet, Flute, Piccolo Brass: French Horn, Trumpet, TromboneStrings: Violin, Viola, Cello, Double Bass, HarpPercussion: Timpani.Fortepiano.BhangraTraditional bhangra originated in the Punjab region of North India, hundreds of years ago, and was a group dance used to celebrate harvests and other occasions such as weddings.Bhangra is a type of folk dance. The dance started in the Punjab region, now divided between India and Pakistan, and began as a folk dance which was conducted by Punjabi farmers of all creeds, Sikhs, Muslims and Hindus, to celebrate the coming of the harvest season.In the UK in the 1980s, traditional bhangra was influenced by popular and electronic music to create modern bhangra, which gained a much younger, urban following.Date and place of origin:?1980s, uk (modern bhangra)Famous performers:?Alaap, Panjabi MCKey Features4/4Each crotchet beat is divided into threeChaal rhythm patternDhol drum (NOT the tabla!)Fast tempoVocal melodies have a small range and quite often fall at the end of a phraseOrnamentation in melodies is commonUse of microtonal intervalsPunjabi lyricsShouts of hoi!Verse-chorus structureMakes use of Indian instruments such as the sitarFused with pop music – pop instruments, effects, music technology, sampling, drum machine, synthesizersMotown"Motown" is both a style of music and a label. Although Motown started as a straight R&B label and later moved into genres from Psychedelic Soul to New Jack Swing, for the purposes of this discussion, we'll be discussing "The Motown Sound" as it's usually understood by fans and historians.The signature label sound that Berry Gordy created at 2648 West Grand Boulevard in Detroit, Michigan was a pop-soul hybrid he correctly dubbed "The Sound Of Young America." The typical Motown song was a bright, uptempo number done as a 2/4 shuffle or a hard 4/4 beat. Lyrically it dealt almost exclusively with romance, with love won and lost; it also typically featured a very elaborate production which included a sax-heavy, rhythmic brass section, sweet strings, glockenspiel or other bells, and a surprisingly funky bass line, usually provided by the legendary James Jamerson. Solos were generally eschewed in favor of pop songcraft, and singers typically walked the line between hardcore gospel testifying and smooth jazz balladry. (Indeed, most of the "Funk Brothers," the backing band on many Motown songs, were jazz musicians by trade.) Most Motown songs were written on piano and based on a piano riff, although there were occasional ballads that broke the mold (the Temptations' "My Girl").InstrumentsDrums were conventional kits that included kick and snare drums, hi hat, tom-toms and cymbals.TambourineGuitarsKeyboardStringsVibesHarmonicaSaxophoneRockRock music is a general term that covers many different genres of music which have developed since rock and roll in the 1950s. There have been many stylistic changes in this period.Rock's Origins (1940s-1960s)Rock’s origins can be traced to the late 1940s, when the popular styles of the day, country music and blues, morphed into a new sound aided by electric guitars and a steady drumbeat. Pioneering rock artists of the 1950s such as Chuck Berry leaned heavily on classic blues structures while demonstrating a flair as natural-born entertainers. In contrast to the safe pop music of the era, rock’s aggressive attack suggested a sexual freedom that was shocking during that conservative age.Instruments:DrumsBasselectric guitarvocals(sometimes)?keyboardsPopPop music is music that is commercially recorded for a youthful audience and is much distinguishable from jazz and folk music. The word pop was first used in 1926 to refer to music with a popular appeal.Instruments:guitarbasspianodrumsamplifierscymbalselectric organselectric pianoselectric keyboardpolyphonic tape playback keyboardSoulSoul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music and white pop music. It started in the 1960s in the United States. Features of Soul Music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound.Soul music is a kind of music that mixes rhythm and blues, gospel music and white pop music. It started in the 1960s in the United States. Features of Soul Music are call and response, hand claps, body movement and a tense vocal sound. Ray Charles is said to be inventor of Soul with his song "I Got a Woman". Soul is energetic music with main subjects of lyrics being love, dance and life. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame states that soul is "music that arose out of the black experience in America through the transmutation of gospel and rhythm & blues into a form of funky, secular testifying."Instruments:Vocals and backing vocals (male and female)Electric GuitarPiano / Electric PianoElectric Organ / KeyboardsBassPercussionDrum KitHorn Section (Trumpet, Saxophones, and Trombone)String SectionR ‘n’ BR&B (rhythm and blues), a style of African-American music combining jazz and blues which emerged in the 1930s.The "Rhythm & Blues" term was created to replace the designation "race music," which until then was the standard catch-all phrase used in reference to most music made by blacks at the time. In the 1950s, Rhythm and Blues music was associated with black youth in honky-tonks and after-hours clubs, and it was often dismissed as a lowbrow style of art compared to Jazz's more highbrow form of black expression. As hip hop music arose and began to dominate the black social scene, R&B became thought of as "a bunch of love songs".By the 1970s, the term rhythm and blues expanded to become a blanket term that included both soul and funk forms of music. And today, the term can be used to loosely define most sung African-American urban music, even though soul and funk can be placed in categories of their own.The meaning behind the name is this: the "rhythm" part comes from the music's typical dependence on four-beat measures or bars and the liberal use of a backbeat, in which the second and fourth beats are accented in each measure. And the "blues" portion comes from the lyrics and melodies of the songs, which were often sad, or 'blue', especially during the music's emergence in the World War II era. Over time the name was shortened to R&B as a matter of convenience.It often uses these elements:tight drum programminglush disco-influenced string soundsslick production techniqueslush vocal arrangements often with close?harmonieship-hop influencesClose harmony?is where the notes of a chord are close together rather than spread over a wide range.R&B is characterised by soul-influenced acrobatic vocals.The vocals are often:semi-improvised?– created according to the mood of the momentmelismatic?– more than one note per syllablevirtuosic?– demanding a high level of technical skillInstruments:drumsbasspianoorganguitarsaxophonetrumpettromboneDiscoDisco is a style of pop music that was most popular from the mid-1970s to the early 1980s. People usually dance to disco music at bars called disco clubs. The word "disco" is also used to refer to the style of dancing that people do to disco music, or to the style of clothes that people wear to go disco dancing. Disco music was an up-tempo form of music which included elements of soul, funk and Latin music. It had a strong beat meant for dancing, a steady four-on-the-floor rhythm, and a big bass line, and orchestral instrumentation often included string sections. Disco is dance music too.InstrumentsStringsBrassmultiple percussionmultiple background vocalsGrimeGrime is a genre of electronic music that first began in London in the early 2000s. The genre evolved out of UK garage and is influenced by drum and bass, dancehall, ragga, and hip hop. Grime music can generally be defined by the beats per minute, generally around 130-145 BPM, and its aggressive electronic sound. Rapping is also an important part of grime.Pirate radios (illegal radio stations) were important in the early days of grime, as they were the only places that would play the genre before it was able to gain mainstream attention in the UK during the mid-2000s. Early important musicians would be Dizzee Rascal, Kano, Lethal Bizzle, and Wiley. Other important musicians include; P Money, Ghetts, Jme, Skepta, Stormzy and grime groups such as Boy Better Know, Newham Generals, Roll Deep, and Ruff Sqwad. In the mid-2010s, grime started to gain attention in Australia. The genre has been described as the "most significant musical development within the UK for decades."TangoTango music is a distinctive style of music that originated in late 18th and 19th century among the European immigrant and African slave populations of Argentina during the development of the modern tango dance. The styles that influenced this famous musical style have come from sources such as flamenco, polka, mazurika, hanabera, contradanse, valso criolo, milonga and candombe InstrumentsGuitarbandoneón (also known as “Tango accordion”) pianoviolinflutedouble bass. The rhythm of the modern tango holds the 2/4 or 4/4 beats per measure with two upbeats and two downbeats, with frequent use of accented notes, nostalgic lyrics, sudden changes in dynamics, use of slides (glissandi), often use of staccato (march-like phrases), intense but melancholic mood and freedom for improvisation that is fueled by its old jazz origins. Tango can be identified by its rhythmic characteristics. It has:four beats in a bara?syncopated ostinato?(repeated) rhythmaccented notesHere are the two main rhythms found in a tango:GospelHave you ever heard a song that moved you to the point where you wanted to tell all of your friends about it? Well, that's the type of feeling you may experience when listening to gospel music. By its very definition, the term?gospel?means 'good news.' Gospel music is one of the vehicles through which the ideals of Christianity have been spread to audiences all over the world.The era of "Gospel Music," a specific type of American black sacred music, began in the late nineteenth century. Its musical roots can be found in spirituals, work songs, slave songs, white Pentecostal hymns, and evangelistic congregational songs from the seventeenth, eighteenth, and nineteenth centuries. Gospel music also has evolved by integrating musical ideas and expressions from genres such as blues, jazz, rock, soul, classical, and country. Instruments:tambourineorganpianodrumsbass guitarJazzJazz is a type of music that originated in the southern states of America during the early 20th century. Over time, many different styles of jazz have developed, using all sorts of line-ups, from a single piano to a swing band. The main element that unites most of these styles is improvisation.Key features:Syncopation and swung rhythmsWalking bassScat singing – singing to nonsense syllables instead of words12-bar blues chord patternBlues scale – a major scale with flattened 3rd, 5th and 7th degreesComping – rhythmic chordal accompaniment on the pianoStabs – usually on brassGlissando – a slide from one note to anotherInstrumental breaksInstruments:voicesaxophonetrumpettrombonepianobassdrumsguitar ................
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