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Gagné’s 9 Events of Instruction (1996)

Gagné’s nine events of instruction is a good general step by step guide on how to deliver any educational session.

1. Gain attention of your learners. This is to create a state of ‘readiness’ in your learners for learning. Examples of how you might do this include: an analogy, anecdote, paradox, or article. You really need to ‘hook’ them firmly before any educational session otherwise why should they engage?

2. State session’s objectives. Provide an outline of your session plan in a visual form (e.g. mindmap or diagram) so that they can see where you are going and what to expect. It also provides a framework onto which they can hang new learning. You can also create powerful expectancies via your objectives which will hopefully ‘hook’ them further.

3. Stimulate recall of prior learning. Start off from a level playing field and establish what they already know so that you can use that as a springboard for new learning and weave into it any new learning.

4. Highlight key features. Emphasise the key messages in your session and signpost them in a variety of ways (e.g. through pictures, sounds etc.). This will maintain attention and aid recall.

5. Structure the learning. Break the learning into small manageable chunks always starting from the simple and gradually moving to the more complex. Check understanding periodically and be prepared to go back a step if there is any difficulty.

6. Encourage activity. Encourage learners to question, discuss and demonstrate. Help them create links and associations. This will a) tell you to what level they are learning from your session b) enable you to correct where necessary c) promote understanding and d) maintain attention through active participation.

7. Provide feedback. Once learners are actively involved (point 6), reinforce messages if they’re on the same wavelength as you but correct if they are not.

8. Assess performance. Evaluating progress helps you: a) check they have got the gist of what you’ve been trying to convey b) to strengthen any learning and c) to ensure you’ve done your job well. An evaluation form is just ONE way of doing this.

9. Enhance retention, learning transfer & signalling future learning – summarise the learning that has occurred and then set future homework to ensure the learning is transferred and applied into their real worlds. Good facilitators will arrange a further follow up session to see how that application has gone (fine tuning further if necessary).

References

1. Gagné, R. and K. Medsker (1996). The Conditions of Learning: Training Applications. Forth Worth: Harcourt Brace.

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