Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine



Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine

Volume 41, Issue 1

Abstracts

譯者：郭俊成 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Guo, Jun-Cheng, Vet, Taipei zoo

李安興 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Lee, An-Hsing, Vet, Taipei zoo

賴燕雪 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Lai, Yen-Hsueh Sera, Vet, Taipei zoo

王寶榮 臺北市立動物園獸醫師

Isis P.J. Wang, Vet, Taipei zoo

黃惠淳 台灣大學獸醫系學生

陳家敏 台灣大學獸醫系學生

邱詩軒 台灣大學獸醫系學生

蘇瑋翎 嘉義大學獸醫系學生

王昱婷 嘉義大學獸醫系學生

林鼎華 嘉義大學獸醫系學生

方軒芃 中興大學獸醫系學生

審稿：余珍芳 臺北市立動物園獸醫主任

Yu, Jane-Fang Jane, Chief of Vet, Taipei zoo

金仕謙 臺北市立動物園園長、獸醫師

Chin, Shih-Chien Jason, Director & Vet, Taipei zoo

Pages 1-6

TOXOPLASMOSIS IN MACROPODIDS: A REVIEW

Timothy J. Portas, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc.

Abstract: Toxoplasmosis is a well-described disease entity that causes significant morbidity and mortality in both captive and free-ranging macropodids. The clinical presentation of toxoplasmosis in macropodids is variable, which reflects the multiple body systems affected by this disease. Animals may die without exhibiting premonitory signs or after the acute development of nonspecific signs of illness. In more chronic cases, clinical signs include neurologic deficits, blindness, respiratory signs, and, in some cases, diarrhea. Histologic lesions can be extensive and affect the pulmonary parenchyma, cardiac and skeletal muscle, lymph nodes, spleen, gastrointestinal tract, adrenal glands, pancreas, central nervous system, liver, and kidney. An antemortem diagnosis can be challenging, although a range of serologic tests are available. Treatment is frequently unrewarding, although recent evidence suggests that the anti-protozoal drug atovaquone may be effective in treating acute cases and eliminating infection. Attempts to vaccinate macropodids against toxoplasmosis have been unsuccessful, and preventive measures are limited to preventing exposure to sporulated oocysts in the environment.

Key words: Macropodid, Toxoplasma gondii, toxoplasmosis, kangaroo, wallaby.

袋鼠的弓蟲症：回顧

翻譯：黃惠淳、李安興獸醫師

Timothy J. Portas, B.V.Sc., M.A.C.V.Sc.

摘要：弓蟲症在圈養和自由放養的袋鼠中，造成嚴重的發病率和死亡率，是個已經被詳細描述的疾病。袋鼠罹患弓蟲症的臨床表徵相當多變，顯示出身體許多系統都會被影響。動物可能在沒有症狀之下，或是在發展出非特異性的急性症狀之後死亡。在較慢性的病例中，臨床症狀包括神經症狀、失明、呼吸道症狀，有些病例還會發生腹瀉。組織病變相當廣泛，可能影響肺實質組織、心肌、骨骼肌、淋巴結、脾臟、消化道、腎上腺、胰臟、中樞神經系統、肝臟和腎臟。雖然有血清學的檢驗可供利用，但死前的確診相當困難。其治療常常沒有顯著成效，雖然近期有證據顯示抗原蟲藥－atovaquone，對於急性的案例可能有效，且可清除感染。曾試圖對袋鼠實施疫苗注射以對抗弓蟲症，但並不成功；防止動物暴露於環境中的芽孢化囊體的預防方法，其成效亦相當有限。

關鍵字：袋鼠類、弓漿蟲、弓漿蟲症、袋鼠、小型袋鼠(沙袋鼠)

Pages 7-16

EVIDENCE OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE IN FREE-SWIMMING, TOP-LEVEL MARINE PREDATORY FISHES

Jason K. Blackburn, M.S., Ph.D., Mark A. Mitchell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mary-Claire Holley Blackburn, B.S., D.V.M., Andrew Curtis, M.S., Ph.D., and Bruce A. Thompson, M.S., Ph.D.

Abstract: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria is a growing problem in both human and veterinary medicine. Several studies documented the presence of resistant bacteria in humans, livestock, and domestic animals; however, limited research is available on the presence of antibiotic drug resistance in wildlife species. A cross-sectional study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of resistant bacteria collected from wild-caught, marine predatory fishes. Seven species of sharks and a single teleost species were opportunistically sampled from six different study sites in coastal Belize, coastal and nearshore waters of Louisiana, the Florida Keys, and Martha’s Vineyard, Massachusetts. A total of 134 viable bacteria samples were isolated from the cloacal swabs of predatory fishes. Isolates were characterized by Gram-stain morphology and tested for resistance by using the Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Thirteen drugs (penicillin G, piperacillin, ticarcillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole) were selected for this study. Prevalence was calculated as the total number of isolates resistant to one or more drugs against the total number of samples in that study area or fish population. Sharks sampled in the Florida Keys exhibited the greatest resistance to a wide selection of drugs. Resistance to at least one drug was found in each of the six study sites and in all of the fish species sampled. Multidrug resistance was also documented in most of the study sites. Interspecific comparisons between redfish, Sciaenops ocellata, and sharks from Louisiana offshore waters (which represent species of the Carcharhinus genus) demonstrated a significantly higher prevalence in redfish, which may be because of the older age of the population. The findings of this study confirmed the presence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in marine predatory fishes from multiple taxa and multiple geographic locations.

Key words: Antibiotic resistance, bull shark, elasmobranchs, nurse shark, smooth dogfish, redfish.

野生高階海洋肉食性魚類具有抗藥性細菌的證據

翻譯：黃惠淳、李安興獸醫師

Jason K. Blackburn, M.S., Ph.D., Mark A. Mitchell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mary-Claire Holley Blackburn, B.S., D.V.M., Andrew Curtis, M.S., Ph.D., and Bruce A. Thompson, M.S., Ph.D.

摘要：細菌抗藥性的問題，在人類和獸醫醫學中正持續地增加。許多研究記錄了在人類、經濟動物和家畜中皆有存在抗藥性的細菌，但是對野生動物的細菌抗藥性研究卻相當少有。一個橫斷性的研究，以評估捕獲的海洋獵食性魚類，其抗藥性細菌的普及率。從貝里斯海岸、路易斯安那的海岸和近海、佛羅里達礁群島和麻塞諸塞六處，隨機對七種鯊魚和一種硬骨魚進行採樣。總共有134種細菌從獵食性魚類的洩殖腔棉棒採樣中分離出來。分離的菌株使用格蘭氏染色定性和利用 Kirby-Bauer 抗生素抗藥性試紙擴散法，以13種抗生素(penicillin G, piperacillin, ticarcillin, cefotaxime, ceftazidime, ceftiofur, amikacin, gentamicin, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol, and sulfamethoxazole)檢測。盛行率的計算方式是對藥物具抗藥性的菌株總數除以研究區域的樣本總數或魚的總數。從佛羅里達礁群島的鯊魚中，採樣到的菌株具有最廣的抗藥性。在六個研究地點和所有的採樣中，皆發現至少對一種藥物產生抗藥性，在大部分的研究地點也發現到多重抗藥性的存在。在紅魚、紅擬石首魚和路易斯安那近海鯊魚的種類間比較，紅魚呈現較高的抗藥性比率，可能與此族群的年齡較大有關。這個研究結果證實了抗藥性細菌存在於不同種類和不同區域的海洋獵食性魚類。

關鍵字：抗生素抗藥性、牛鯊、軟骨魚、護士鯊、星鯊、紅魚

Pages 17-21

HEMATOLOGIC AND PLASMA BIOCHEMISTRY VALUES IN

WHITE STORKS (CICONIA CICONIA)

Zoltán Szabó, D.V.M., Attila Beregi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Péter Vajdovich, Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.C.P., Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth, M.Sc., Eszter Mátrai, M.Sc., Péter Pazár, D.V.M., and Tibor Gaál, C.Sc., Dipl. E.C.V.C.P.

Abstract: Hematologic and plasma biochemistry parameters of the white stork (Ciconia ciconia) were studied. Blood samples were taken from a total of 80 adult white storks kept in captivity in Hungarian zoos and bird repatriation stations, between 2002 and 2006. Hematologic (packed cell volume, 46.3% ± 5.3%; hemoglobin concentration, 127.8 ± 20.4 g/L; red blood cell counts, 2.28 ± 0.35 1012/l/l; white blood cell counts, 21.6 ± 4.2 109/l/l; heterophils, 61.0% ± 9.8% [13.1 ± 3.2 x 109/L]; lymphocytes, 34.3% ± 9.1% [7.4 ± 2.5 x 109/L]; monocytes, 3.44% ± 2.3% [0.78 ± 0.57 x 109/L]; eosinophils 0.75% ± 0.91% [0.16 ± 0.21 x 109/L]; basophils 0.38% ± 0.56% [0.04 ± 0.07 x 109/L]) and plasma biochemistry values (aspartate aminotransferase, 267.5 ± 145.8 U/L; L-cglutamyltransferase, 47.6 ± 49.3 U/L; lipase, 70.3 ± 60.6 U/L; creatine kinase, 443.9 ± 182.2 U/L; lactate dehydrogenase, 880.4 ± 293.6 U/L; alkaline phosphatase, 177.5 ± 116.6 U/L; amylase, 917.6 ± 314.3 U/L; glutamate dehydrogenase, 7.3 ± 4.0 U/L; total protein, 45.2 ± 8.1 g/L; uric acid, 459.2 ± 254.3 μmol/L; and bile acids, 46.3 ± 20.5 μmol/L) were determined. The results obtained can be used as reference values, because there are no established values previously reported for adult white storks.

Key words: Bird, white stork, Ciconia ciconia, hematology, biochemistry.

東方白鸛的血液學和血清生化值

翻譯：黃惠淳、李安興獸醫師

Zoltán Szabó, D.V.M., Attila Beregi, D.V.M., Ph.D., Péter Vajdovich, Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.C.P., Zsolt Abonyi-Tóth, M.Sc., Eszter Mátrai, M.Sc., Péter Pazár, D.V.M., and Tibor Gaál, C.Sc., Dipl. E.C.V.C.P.

摘要：東方白鸛的血液學和血清生化值已被研究，血液樣本來自2002到2006年圈養在匈牙利動物園和鳥類檢疫站的80隻東方白鸛。血液學(血球容積：46.3% ± 5.3%；血紅素濃度：127.8 ± 20.4 g/L；紅血球計數：2.28 ± 0.35 1012/l/l；白血球計數：21.6 ± 4.2 109/l/l；異嗜球：61.0% ± 9.8% [13.1 ± 3.2 x 109/L；淋巴球：34.3% ± 9.1% [7.4 ± 2.5 x 109/L]；單核球：3.44% ± 2.3% [0.78 ± 0.57 x 109/L]；嗜酸性球：0.75% ± 0.91% [0.16 ± 0.21 x 109/L]；嗜鹼性球：0.38% ± 0.56% [0.04 ± 0.07 x 109/L])和血清生化值(天冬胺酸轉胺酶(aspartate aminotransferase) ：267.5 ± 145.8 U/L；左旋麩胺酸轉化酶(L-γ-glutamyltransferase)： 47.6 ± 49.3 U/L；解脂酶(lipase)：70.3 ± 60.6 U/L；肌肝酸酶(creatine kinase)：443.9 ± 182.2 U/L；乳酸去氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase)：880.4 ± 293.6 U/L；鹼性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase)：177.5 ± 116.6 U/L；澱粉酶(amylase)：917.6 ± 314.3 U/L；麩胺酸去氫酶(glutamate dehydrogenase)：7.3 ± 4.0 U/L；總蛋白質(total protein)：45.2 ± 8.1 g/L；尿酸(uric acid) ：459.2 ± 254.3 μmol/L；膽酸(bile acids)：46.3 ± 20.5 μmol/L)已被確立。這些結果可當作參考值，因為至今仍無成年東方白鸛這方面的報告數據。

關鍵字：鳥、東方白鸛、東方白鸛學名、血液學、生化學

Pages 22-27

HYPOAMINOACIDEMIA IS NOT ASSOCIATED WITH ULCERATIVE LESIONS IN BLACK RHINOCEROSES, DICEROS BICORNIS

Candice L. Dorsey, Ph.D., Patricia Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Andrea J. Fascetti, V.M.D., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.N., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Thomas Wood, Ph.D., and Janine L. Brown, Ph.D.

Abstract: Ulcerative oral and skin lesions have become an issue of concern for the health of the managed black rhinoceros (rhino) (Diceros bicornis) populations. Lesions exhibited by the black rhino are clinically similar to those observed in other species with superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND). One biochemical alteration in dogs with SND is severe hypoaminoacidemia, and nearly all cases are fatal. The objective of this study was to determine if black rhinos with analogous lesions exhibit a similar hypoaminoacidemia. Amino acid concentrations were measured in monthly plasma samples collected for 1 yr from black rhinos with (n = 4) and without (n = 34) lesions clinically consistent with SND. The rhinos with skin and/or oral lesions were zoo born males, ages 2, 6, 17, and 23 yr, from four different facilities. Three rhinos recovered from skin (n = 2) and oral lesions (n = 1). However, the one male with both skin and oral lesions died with the disease. None of the affected black rhinos exhibited a decrease in any of the amino acids evaluated or for total amino acid concentrations (P > 0.05). Based on the absence of hypoaminoacidemia and the comparatively low mortality rate in rhinos with lesions, it appears that this syndrome is not entirely consistent with SND observed in other species. These data will be useful for future assessments of rhino nutritional status and other potential metabolic diseases.

Key words: Amino acids, black rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, hypoaminoacidemia, skin lesions, superficial necrolytic dermatitis.

黑犀牛的低氨基酸血症和潰瘍病灶無關

翻譯：黃惠淳、李安興獸醫師

Candice L. Dorsey, Ph.D., Patricia Dennis, D.V.M., Ph.D., Andrea J. Fascetti, V.M.D., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.N., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Thomas Wood, Ph.D., and Janine L. Brown, Ph.D.

摘要：在黑犀牛族群的健康管理上，口腔和皮膚的潰瘍灶已經成為令人關心的議題。黑犀牛呈現的病變，在臨床上類似於其他物種的表層壞死性皮膚炎(superficial necrolytic dermatitis, SND)。有SND的狗，有一項生化檢驗值的改變，就是嚴重的低氨基酸血症，且幾乎所有的病例皆致命。此項研究的目的即是要確定，如果黑犀牛有相似的病變，是否也會有低氨基酸血。每個月從有SND病變(n=4)和無SND病變(n=34)的黑犀牛收集血液樣本，測定血中氨基酸的濃度，持續一年。有皮膚或口腔病變的犀牛，來自四所動物園內所生的雄犀牛，年齡分別是2、6、17和23歲。這些犀牛有兩隻從皮膚病變中復原，有一隻從口腔病變中復原；但一隻同時有皮膚和口腔病變的犀牛死於此病。所有患此病的黑犀牛在任何氨基酸測定或總氨基酸含量上沒有出現下降的現象(P>0.05)。根據沒有低氨基酸血症和在患病犀牛相對低的死亡率，此症狀似乎並不全然和其他患有SND的物種一致。這些數據在未來評估犀牛的營養狀況和其他潛在的代謝疾病上相當有用。

關鍵字：氨基酸、黑犀牛、黑犀牛學名、低氨基酸血症、皮膚病變、表層壞死性皮膚炎

Pages 28-34

IMMOBILIZATION OF RED FOX (VULPES VULPES) WITH MEDETOMIDINE-KETAMINE OR MEDETOMIDINE-MIDAZOLAM AND ANTAGONISM WITH ATIPAMEZOLE

Yael Shilo, D.V.M., Roi Lapid, B.Sc., Roni King, D.V.M., Tali Bdolah-Abram, M.Sc., and Ana Epstein, D.V.M.

Abstract: Thirty-two free-ranging red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) were immobilized with one of three combinations: medetomidine (0.076 ± 0.017 mg/kg) and ketamine (2.1 ± 0.5 mg/kg; MK, n = 16), medetomidine (0.057 ± 0.008 mg/kg) and low-dose midazolam (0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg;MM-0.5, n = 10), or medetomidine (0.067 ± 0.012 mg/kg) and high-dose midazolam (1.3 ± 0.2 mg/kg; MM-1, n = 6) by i.m. injection. Induction and recovery times were recorded. Pulse, respiratory rate, body temperature, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and oxygen saturation were measured. Anesthesia depth indicators were observed. There was a significant difference between theMM-0.5 and the MM-1 groups regarding induction time, 8.1 ± 2.1 min and 5.0 ± 1.7 min, respectively. The MK induction time was 6.9 ± 2.5 min, which was not significantly different from the other two groups. All combinations provided effective immobilization for at least 20–25 min. During immobilization, there were significant differences regarding rectal temperature, which was higher in the MK group; and blood pressure, which was higher in the MM-1 group. After administration of atipamezole at 5 mg per 1 mg medetomidine given, there was a significant difference between the groups in recovery time; MK foxes were standing within 3.9 ± 1.7 min, MM-0.5 foxes within 10.6 ±

4.5 min, and MM-1 foxes within 10.2 ± 3.4 min. None of the combinations caused rough or prolonged recoveries. Subjectively, the MM groups had smoother and less ataxic recoveries than the MK group. In conclusion, the authors recommend the use of medetomidine at 0.07 mg/kg in combination with midazolam at 0.8 mg/kg or ketamine at 2 mg/kg for the immobilization of free-ranging red foxes. During immobilization, monitoring of body temperature and oxygenation is recommended.

Key words: Atipamezole, immobilization, ketamine, medetomidine, midazolam, red fox, Vulpes vulpes.

使用medetomidine-ketamine或medetomidine-midazolam的組合和其拮抗劑atipamezole來保定紅狐

翻譯：陳家敏、王寶榮獸醫師

Yael Shilo, D.V.M., Roi Lapid, B.Sc., Roni King, D.V.M., Tali Bdolah-Abram, M.Sc., and Ana Epstein, D.V.M.

摘要：對32隻野生的紅狐，分別使用三種藥物組合之一，以肌肉注射來保定。有16隻使用medetomidine(0.076 ± 0.017 mg/kg)和ketamine (2.1 ± 0.5 mg/kg) (簡稱為MK)；有10隻使用medetomidine(0.057 ± 0.008 mg/kg)和低劑量的midazolam(0.6 ± 0.1 mg/kg) (簡稱為MM-0.5)。有6隻的組合和第二組相同，使用medetomidine (0.067 ± 0.012 mg/kg)和高劑量midazolam(1.3 ± 0.2 mg/kg)，(簡稱為MM-1)。使用這三種組合保定時，分別記錄誘導麻醉和恢復的時間，並監測心跳、呼吸速率、體溫、血壓(包括收縮壓和舒張壓)、血氧狀態等生理狀態，同時觀察麻醉深度。經由這些觀察紀錄發現MM-0.5和MM-1這兩組在誘導麻醉的時間有顯著差異，MM-0.5這組為8.1±2.1分鐘、MM-1為5.0±1.7分鐘。MK組麻醉誘導時間為6.9±2.5分鐘，和其他兩組比起來沒有特別不同。三組都能有效保定動物至少20~25分鐘。但在測量肛塭時MK組比較高；血壓則是MM-1組較高。再投予解劑atipamezole劑量為每1毫克medetomidine給5毫克atipamizole之後，每組的恢復時間有很大的不同。MK組的平均在3.9±1.7分鐘之內，即可站立；MM-0.5組平均在10.6±4.5分鐘內；MM-1則在10.2±3.4分鐘內。沒有任何一組恢復得特別不平順或是造成恢復時間延長。但在主觀的比較上，MM組恢復得比MK組順利一些，也比較少出現共濟失調的現象。總結而論，作者建議使用medetomidine每公斤0.07毫克配合midazolam每公斤0.8毫克或搭配ketamine每公斤2毫克來保定野生的紅狐。同時，建議在麻醉保定時要監測體溫和血氧為佳。

關鍵字：Atipamezole、保定、ketamine、medetomidine、midazolam、紅狐、紅狐學名

Pages 35-43

FETAL ECHOCARDIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE BOTTLENOSE DOLPHIN (TURSIOPS TRUNCATUS)

Mark Sklansky, M.D., Michael Renner, D.V.M., Patricia Clough, Gregg Levine, D.V.M., Michelle Campbell, Rae Stone, D.V.M., Todd Schmitt, D.V.M., Ruey-Kang Chang, M.D., and Jayne Shannon-Rodriguez

Abstract: In humans, fetal echocardiography represents the most important tool for the assessment of the cardiovascular well-being of the fetus. However, because of logistic, anatomic, and behavioral challenges, detailed fetal echocardiographic evaluation of marine mammals has not been previously described. Because the application of fetal echocardiography to cetaceans could have both clinical and academic importance, an approach to evaluating the fetal dolphin’s cardiovascular status was developed with conventional, fetal echocardiographic techniques developed in humans. Eight singleton fetal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) were evaluated, each between 6 and 11 mo gestation; six fetuses underwent two fetal echocardiographic evaluations each, four at 3-mo intervals, and two at 0.5-mo intervals. Evaluations were performed without sedation, using conventional, portable ultrasound systems. Multiple transducers, probes, and maternal dolphin positions were used to optimize image quality. Fetal echocardiography included two-dimensional imaging and color flow mapping of the heart and great arteries, as well as pulsed Doppler evaluation of the umbilical artery and vein. Thorough evaluations of the fetal dolphins’ cardiovascular status were performed, with the greatest resolution between 8 and 9 mo gestation. With the use of published human fetal echocardiographic findings for comparison, fetal echocardiography demonstrated normal structure and function of the heart and great arteries, including the pulmonary veins, inferior vena cava, right and left atria, foramen ovale, tricuspid and mitral valves, right and left ventricles, ventricular septum, pulmonary and aortic valves, main pulmonary artery and ascending aorta, and ductus arteriosus. Pulsed Doppler techniques demonstrated normal umbilical arterial and venous waveforms, and color flow mapping demonstrated absence of significant valvar regurgitation. Fetal echocardiography, particularly between 8 and 9 mo gestation, can provide a safe and detailed assessment of the cardiovascular status of the fetal bottlenose dolphin.

Key words: Bottlenose dolphin, fetal echocardiography, fetal heart, fetal ultrasound, Tursiops truncatus.

瓶鼻海豚胎兒的心臟超音波評估

翻譯：陳家敏、王寶榮獸醫師

Mark Sklansky, M.D., Michael Renner, D.V.M., Patricia Clough, Gregg Levine, D.V.M., Michelle Campbell, Rae Stone, D.V.M., Todd Schmitt, D.V.M., Ruey-Kang Chang, M.D., and Jayne Shannon-Rodriguez

摘要：在人類，胎兒的心臟超音波是評估胎兒心血管是否健康最重要的依據。但是，人類在邏輯上、解剖上和行為與海洋哺乳類的差異，詳細地海洋哺乳動物胎兒心臟超音波評估從未被描述過。近來，胎兒心臟超音波在鯨魚類的應用，具有臨床和學術的重要性，以人類胎兒心臟超音波發展的技術，得以常態應用於海豚胎兒心臟超音波。在八隻單胎的母海豚，懷孕期分別在六個月到十一個月期間，其中有6個胎兒，各自接受兩次心臟超音波評估：其中4隻間隔三個月評估一次，2隻則間隔半個月。評估過程中不使用任何鎮靜藥物，而用傳統的的攜帶式超音波系統操作。藉由調整多頻傳感器、探頭和母海豚的姿勢，使影像達到最佳化。胎兒心臟超音波包含心臟和大動脈的二維影像和彩色血流影像圖，脈搏都普勒亦應用檢測臍動脈和靜脈。在完成胎兒心臟超音波評估後，影像的的解析度在母海豚懷孕到第八個月到九個月時最好。藉由已發表的人類胎兒心臟超音波影像來做比較，利用胎兒心臟超音波呈現心臟和大動脈的正常結構和功能、包含肺靜脈、下腔靜脈、左右心房、卵圓孔、三尖瓣、二尖瓣、左右心室、心室中膈、肺動脈和主動脈瓣膜、主要肺動脈、上行主動脈、開放性動脈導管等。藉由脈搏都普勒呈現正常臍靜脈和臍動脈的波形，以及彩色血流影像圖判斷正常胎兒心臟沒有出現瓣膜閉鎖不全形成的逆流。經由胎兒心臟超音波，能夠對懷孕八到九個月時的母瓶鼻海豚，進行胎兒的心血管狀況，提供安全又完整地評估。

關鍵字：瓶鼻海豚、胎兒心臟超音波、胎兒心臟、胎兒超音波、瓶鼻海豚學名

Pages 44-49

CLASSIFICATION AND PREVALENCE OF FOOT LESIONS IN CAPTIVE FLAMINGOS (PHOENICOPTERIDAE)

Adriana M. W. Nielsen, D.V.M., Søren S. Nielsen, D.V.M., Ph.D., Catherine E. King, M.Sc., and Mads F. Bertelsen, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

Abstract: Foot lesions can compromise the health and welfare of captive birds. In this study, we estimated the prevalence of foot lesions in captive flamingos (Phoenicopteridae). The study was based on photos of 1,495 pairs of foot soles from 854 flamingos in 18 European and two Texan (USA) zoological collections. Methodology for evaluating flamingo feet lesions was developed for this project because no suitable method had been reported in the literature. Four types of foot lesions were identified: hyperkeratoses, fissures, nodular lesions, and papillomatous growths. Seven areas on each foot received a severity score from 0 to 2 for each type of lesion (0 = no lesion, 1 = mild to moderate lesion, 2 = severe lesion). The prevalence of birds with lesions (scores 1 or 2) were 100%, 87%, 17%, and 46% for hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodular lesions, and papillomatous growths, respectively. Birds with severe lesions (score 2) constituted 67%, 46%, 4%, and 12% for hyperkeratosis, fissures, nodular lesions, and papillomatous growths, respectively. Hyperkeratosis and nodular lesions were most prevalent on the base of the foot and the proximal portion of the digits, likely reflecting those areas bearing the most weight. The second and fourth digits were most affected with fissures and papillomatous lesions; these areas of the foot appear to be where the most flexion occurs during ambulation. The study demonstrates that foot lesions are highly prevalent and widely distributed in the study population, indicating that they are an extensive problem in captive flamingos.

Key words: Flamingos, foot lesions, foot pad dermatitis, Phoenicopterus, prevalence.

圈養紅鶴(紅鶴屬)腳部病變的分類與盛行率調查

翻譯：陳家敏、王寶榮獸醫師

Adriana M. W. Nielsen, D.V.M., Søren S. Nielsen, D.V.M., Ph.D., Catherine E. King, M.Sc., and Mads F. Bertelsen, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

摘要：腳部病變會影響圈養鳥類的健康狀況和福祉。本研究為調查圈養紅鶴(紅鶴屬)腳部病變之盛行率。我們以854隻紅鶴，分別來自20個動物飼養中心，其中18個來自歐洲，2個來自美國德州的1495對的腳掌照片為基礎，調查圈養紅鶴中腳部病變的盛行率。過去的文獻沒有提到評估紅鶴腳部病變的適合方法，因此發展了一個方法來進行此次的調查。將病變分為四種類型：角化過度、裂隙、結節及乳頭狀瘤增生；腳掌則區分為七個部位，每個部位用0到2分來區分嚴重程度，0為沒有病變，1為病變在輕微到中度之間，2為嚴重病變。這次調查發現腳部有病變的鳥類，嚴重程度1分以上的，四種類型的病變盛行率分別是角化過度100%、裂隙87%、結節17%、乳頭狀瘤增生46%。其中，有嚴重病變的鳥，嚴重程度達2分的四種類型病變的盛行率，則分別為角化過度67%、裂隙46%、結節4%、乳頭狀瘤增生12%。其中角化過度和結節最常發生在腳掌的根部和趾頭的遠端，此反映出這些地方承受身體主要的重量。第二和第四趾最常出現裂隙和乳頭狀瘤增生，因為紅鶴在走路的時候常需要屈曲此兩趾。本研究顯示足部病變在這次研究族群中有很高的盛行率，且分佈廣泛。由此可見足部病變在圈養紅鶴是很普遍的健康問題。

關鍵字：紅鶴、腳部病變、腳掌皮膚炎、紅鶴屬、盛行率

Pages 50-62

COMPARISON OF THE ANESTHETIC EFFECTS OF ORAL TRANSMUCOSAL VERSUS INJECTABLE MEDETOMIDINE IN COMBINATION WITH TILETAMINE-ZOLAZEPAM FOR

IMMOBILIZATION OF CHIMPANZEES (PAN TROGLODYTES)

Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., Jennifer N. Langan, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Karen S. Kearns, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

Abstract: Seventeen adult chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) with an average age of 37 yr were immobilized with a combination of tiletamine-zolazepam (TZ) and medetomidine (MED) by one of two modes of delivery. Group A animals received the drug combination intramuscularly at 3 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Animals in group B received MED by oral transmucosal administration, meaning oral delivery with presumptive transmucosal absorption. MED at 0.1 mg/kg was mixed with marshmallow cre`me, and delivery was followed by 3 mg/kg of TZ intramuscularly. Chimpanzees from both groups were recovered after administration of atipamezole at 0.3 mg/kg intramuscularly. All chimpanzees were compliant with oral transmucosal drug administration, although two chimpanzees preferred oral MED mixed with applesauce. All animals exhibited some anxiety and excitatory behavior associated with darting, but this was reduced in group B, which was premedicated with oral transmucosal MED. The mean time from TZ administration to sedation sufficient for human contact was 16.4 and 14.7 min with and without oral transmucosal premedication, respectively. The mean time for recovery for those chimpanzees given oral transmucosal premedication was 13.8 min, which was significantly shorter than the time of recovery for the group not given oral premedication (P = 0.02). Oral transmucosal administration of MED provided light sedation in 16 of 17 chimpanzees to the level of arousable recumbency and a heavier sedation in one chimpanzee with no adverse side effects. TZ combined with MED by either oral transmucosal or injectable administration provided safe, heavy, long sedation with rapid, smooth, uneventful recoveries.

Key words: Anesthesia, chimpanzee, medetomidine, nonhuman primates, Pan troglodytes, tiletaminezolazepam.

比較以Medetomidine 併用Tiletamine-Zolazepam經兩種投藥途徑－口服經黏膜和注射進行黑猩猩保定麻醉的效果

翻譯：陳家敏、王寶榮獸醫師

Lisa M. Naples, D.V.M., Jennifer N. Langan, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Karen S. Kearns, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

摘要：對17隻平均年齡為37歲的成年黑猩猩，以Medetomidine(簡稱MED)搭配Tiletamine-Zolazepam(簡稱TZ)經由兩種投藥方式之ㄧ的途徑進行保定。本研究將動物分為AB兩組：A組使用TZ每公斤3毫克和MED每公斤0.05毫克，以肌肉注射。B組動物的MED每公斤0.1毫克，混合在棉花糖霜口服經黏膜吸收投予，再以肌肉注射TZ每公斤3毫克。AB兩組以肌肉注射每公斤3毫克的atipamezole之後甦醒。在口服的接受度，除了其中兩隻黑猩猩比較喜歡蘋果醬口味以外，其他所有黑猩猩都很適應混合棉花糖霜的口服投予。兩組黑猩猩在以吹箭注射之後，都顯得焦慮、興奮，出現狂奔的行為。但在B組(口服)比較沒那麼嚴重。兩組進入鎮靜狀態(能讓人類接觸)的平均時間，分別是A組14.7分鐘，B組16.4分鐘。平均恢復時間則是口服的B組13.8分鐘，明顯比A組快(P=0.02，具統計上意義)。本次實驗17隻黑猩猩，口服投予MED讓其中16隻呈現輕微鎮定的狀態(放鬆休息但能喚醒)，其中1隻進入較深層的鎮靜，但沒有副作用產生。TZ和口服或注射MED併用能提供安全、深層、長效鎮靜的效果，而且恢復得平穩、快速。

關鍵字：麻醉、黑猩猩、Medetomidine、非人靈長類、黑猩猩學名、Tiletaminezolazepam

Pages 63-68

VALIDATION OF A LESS INVASIVE BLOOD SAMPLING TECHNIQUE IN RABIES SEROLOGY USING REDUVIID BUGS (TRIATOMINAE, HEMIPTERA)

Ad C. Vos, Ph.D., Thomas Mu¨ller, Dr. Vet. Med, Larissa Neubert, and Christian C. Voigt, P.D. Dr. rer. Nat.

Abstract: During serologic rabies surveys, bleeding is often difficult or almost impossible in small or

endangered mammals such as bats. Therefore, the usefulness of an alternative, less invasive technique—that is, the use of blood-sucking reduviid bugs (Dipetalogaster maximus and Rhodnius prolixus)—was investigated. Bugs were used in combination with a conventional method (retro-orbitale bleeding) to obtain blood samples from the same individual NMRI-mice (Mus musculus) vaccinated against rabies. Rabies virus-neutralizing antibody (VNA) titers between paired blood samples obtained from the same mice were compared. The accuracy (between-method comparison), precision (repeatability of results), and robustness (influence of digestion on blood parameter) of the bug method was evaluated. VNA titers in the blood sample obtained from the bugs’ crops were equivalent to those from samples collected directly from the mice. No differences between samples taken from different bugs that had fed on the same mouse were noted. In addition, there were no changes in VNA titers in blood samples collected from the triatomine bugs for up to 4 hr after completion of the blood meal. This study demonstrates that the application of blood-sucking bugs offers a validated alternative for obtaining blood samples to determine rabies virus–neutralizing antibody titers and is highly suitable for animals with limited or no accessibility of veins by conventional sampling techniques.

Key words: Mus musculus, serology, Rhodnius prolixus, stress, blood collection, animal welfare.

應用錐鼻蟲（錐獵蝽亞科, 半翅目）作為低侵入性的狂犬病血清學血液採樣技術確效試驗

翻譯：邱詩軒、郭俊成獸醫師

Ad C. Vos, Ph.D., Thomas Mu¨ller, Dr. Vet. Med, Larissa Neubert, and Christian C. Voigt, P.D. Dr. rer. Nat.

摘要: 進行狂犬病血清學研究時，小型和瀕臨絕種的哺乳類血液樣本通常都有採集上的困難，例如蝙蝠。因此，一個侵入性較小的替代技術「吸血錐鼻蟲(Dipetalogaster maximus和Rhodnius prolixus)」的實用性在此被研究。此蟲被用來和傳統方法（眼窩採血）結合以從同一隻接種過狂犬病疫苗的NMRI小白鼠（家鼷鼠，Mus musculus）獲得血液樣本。進一步比較由同一隻小鼠取得的同組血液樣本中的狂犬病病毒中和抗體力價。 蟲法的準確度（方法間的比較）、精確度（結果的重複性）和穩健度（消化對血液生化值的影響）在此實驗中被評估。從錐鼻蟲採得之血液樣本中的病毒中和抗體力價，和從小鼠直接採得之樣本相等。相同小鼠以不同蟲體所採集得之樣本間並無不同。另外，吸血後四小時，從錐鼻蟲採得之血液樣本中的病毒中和抗體力價也沒有變化。本研究顯示吸血蟲的應用，提供了一個獲得血液樣本，檢測狂犬病病毒中和抗體力價的有效替代方法，而且非常適用於不易或無法以傳統採血技術由靜脈採樣的動物。

關鍵字：家鼷鼠(Mus musculus)、血清學、長紅錐蝽(Rhodnius prolixus)、緊迫、採血、動物福利

Pages 69-76

ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE INGUINAL REGION OF ADULT MALE LOGGERHEAD SEA TURTLES (CARETTA CARETTA)

Anthony Pease, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Gaëlle Blanvillain, M.S., David Rostal, Ph.D., David Owens, Ph.D., and Al Segars, D.V.M.

Abstract: The biology and reproductive anatomy of male loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) have been difficult to study. The principle method for evaluation of the coelomic cavity in both adult and juvenile male sea turtles is celioscopy. The purpose of this study was to describe the technique and structures seen when scanning the inguinal region of live, wild-caught, adult male loggerhead sea turtles and to compare these findings to those resulting from celioscopy and necropsy. Twenty-one adult male loggerhead sea turtles were collected by trawling in the Cape Canaveral shipping channel in April 2007. All turtles were placed in dorsal recumbency and imaged with a Sonosite 180 Vet Plus (Sonosite, Inc., Bothell, Washington 98021, USA) and a microconvex, 4–7-MHz curvilinear array probe. The inguinal region was divided into four quadrants: cranial, lateral, medial, and caudal. Celioscopy was performed on 13 turtles, and biopsies were obtained of the testes and the epididymides to confirm correct identification of the structures. In the cranial aspect of the inguinal region, the urinary bladder and large and small intestines were identified. In the lateral inguinal region, the lung and kidney were seen. In the medial aspect of the inguinal region, the testis and epididymis were routinely identified. In the caudal aspect of the inguinal region, the coxofemoral joint was seen. A small learning curve was required; however, correlation with celioscopy and biopsy showed that consistent, repeatable identification of caudal coelomic structures was easily achieved. Ultrasound provided an inexpensive, rapid, noninvasive method to evaluate the reproductive anatomy of live-captured, male loggerhead sea turtles.

Key words: Anatomy, Caretta, celioscopy, laparoscopy, loggerhead, ultrasound.

成年雄赤蠵龜鼠蹊部的超音波影像

翻譯：邱詩軒、郭俊成獸醫師

Anthony Pease, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Gaëlle Blanvillain, M.S., David Rostal, Ph.D., David Owens, Ph.D., and Al Segars, D.V.M.

摘要：雄赤蠵龜的生物學和生殖解剖構造一直以來都有研究上的困難。腹腔鏡是評估成年和幼年雄赤蠵龜體腔的主要方法。本研究的目的是描述掃描活的野生成年雄赤蠵龜鼠蹊部的技術和所見構造，並與腹腔鏡和屍解結果比較。二十一隻成年雄赤蠵龜於2007年4月，在卡納維爾角拖網捕得。所有赤蠵龜以背朝桌面的姿勢，以Sonosite 180 Vet Plus超音波儀(Sonosite, Inc., Bothell, Washington 98021, USA)，微凸4–7-MHz 曲線線性陣列探頭，進行超音波檢測。鼠蹊部劃分成四部分：前、外側、內側和後。十三隻赤蠵龜施行了腹腔鏡手術，以取得睪丸和副睪生檢採樣來作結構確認。在鼠蹊前部可見膀胱、大腸和小腸。鼠蹊外側部可見肺和腎。鼠蹊內側常有睪丸和副睪。後鼠蹊部可見髖關節。 雖然以超音波檢測需要一定程度的經驗，然而和腹腔鏡與生檢採樣的相關性顯示，此方法在作為後體腔的結構確認上，也同樣的容易，且可提供一致和可重複的結果。超音波提供一個便宜、快速、非侵入性的評估活野生雄赤蠵龜生殖解剖構造的方法。

關鍵字：解剖、赤蠵龜屬名、腹腔鏡、腹腔鏡檢查、赤蠵龜、超音波

Pages 77-82

PULMONARY CARCINOMA IN A GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS)

Christy Rettenmund, D.V.M., Kurt K. Sladky, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Daniel Rodriguez,

M.Z.V., Esp., Michael Petersen, D.V.M., Marie E. Pinkerton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Deepa Rao, B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D., Dipl. A.B.T.

Abstract: Pulmonary carcinoma was diagnosed in an 18+-year-old captive female great horned owl (Bubo virginianus). The owl presented with a history of progressive weakness and sudden onset of frank blood in the droppings. On physical examination, the owl had multiple white to yellow plaques in the oral cavity, decreased air sac sounds on the right side, dyspnea (during manual restraint), and reduced pectoral musculature. Whole-body radiographs revealed obliteration of the right-sided air sacs, a soft tissue plaque/density in the left caudal thoracic air sac, soft tissue opacity over the coelomic organs, and increased medullary opacity in the distal right humerus. The owl died during anesthetic recovery, and the body was submitted for necropsy. Although the clinical signs, physical examination results, radiographic signs, and gross pathology supported a diagnosis of mycotic infection, such as aspergillosis, histopathology confirmed pulmonary carcinoma with metastases to the air sacs and humerus.

Key words: Avian, Bubo virginianus, neoplasia, great horned owl, lung, pathology.

大鵰鴞(BUBO VIRGINIANUS)的肺癌

翻譯：邱詩軒、郭俊成獸醫師

Christy Rettenmund, D.V.M., Kurt K. Sladky, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Daniel Rodriguez,

M.Z.V., Esp., Michael Petersen, D.V.M., Marie E. Pinkerton, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Deepa Rao, B.V.Sc., M.S., Ph.D., Dipl. A.B.T.

摘要：一隻18歲多的圈養母大鵰鴞被診斷出肺癌。病史為漸進性虛弱和突然出現血便。理學檢查發現此大鵰鴞口腔有多發性白至黃色的斑塊、右側氣囊音變小、呼吸困難(在人工保定時)和胸部肌肉萎縮。全身X光片顯示右側氣囊消失、左後胸氣囊一個似軟組織密度的斑塊、體腔器官軟組織和右肱骨遠端髓質不透光性增加。大鵰鴞在麻醉恢復期死亡，遺體進行了屍解。雖然臨床症狀、理學檢查結果、X光片和大體病理皆支持黴菌感染的診斷，例如麴菌症，但組織病理證實為肺癌轉移到氣囊和肱骨。

關鍵字：鳥類、大鵰鴞學名、腫瘤、大角鴞、肺、病理

Pages 83-89

COXIELLA BURNETII ABORTION IN CAPTIVE DAMA GAZELLE (GAZELLA DAMA) IN THE UNITED ARAB EMIRATES

Christopher Lloyd, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Cert.Zoo.Med., M.R.C.V.S., Mark F. Stidworthy, M.A., Vet.M.B., Ph.D., F.R.C.Path., M.R.C.V.S., and Ulrich Wernery, Priv. Doz. Dr. Dr. habil.

Abstract: Five cases of late-stage abortion in dama gazelle (Gazella dama) occurred in the United Arab Emirates. Histopathologic and molecular diagnostics found the abortions to be associated with Coxiella burnetii infection. Examination of the herd 6 mo later revealed a significant number of serologically positive animals but failed to detect the antigen in genital swabs. There are few reports in the literature of C. burnetii abortion in nondomestic ungulates and no published reports from the United Arab Emirates.

Key words: Abortion, Coxiella burnetii, dama gazelle, Gazella dama, Q fever.

阿拉伯聯合大公國的圈養鹿羚之貝氏考克斯菌流產

翻譯：邱詩軒、郭俊成獸醫師

Christopher Lloyd, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., Cert.Zoo.Med., M.R.C.V.S., Mark F. Stidworthy, M.A., Vet.M.B., Ph.D., F.R.C.Path., M.R.C.V.S., and Ulrich Wernery, Priv. Doz. Dr. Dr. habil.

摘要： 發生在阿拉伯聯合大公國的五個鹿羚晚期流產病例。組織病理和分子學診斷發現流產和貝氏考克斯菌感染有關。六個月後檢查鹿羚群，顯示多數動物呈血清學陽性，但生殖道檢體無法偵測到抗原。關於非馴養的有蹄類哺乳動物的貝氏考克斯菌流產的文獻報告極度稀少，且於阿拉伯聯合大公國也無此案例的報告。

關鍵字：流產、貝氏考克斯菌學名、鹿羚學名、Q熱

Pages 90-94

ESOPHAGEAL HIATAL HERNIA IN THREE EXOTIC FELINES—LYNX LYNX, PUMA CONCOLORE, PANTHERA LEO

Bianca F. Hettlich, med. vet., Dipl. A.C.V.S., H. Phil Hobson, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.S., Julie Ducote´, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Neurology), Theresa W. Fossum, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.S., and James H. Johnson, D.V.M., MS, Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

Abstract: Hiatal hernia was diagnosed in three exotic felines—lynx (Lynx lynx), cougar (Puma concolore), and lion (Panthera leo). All cats had a history of anorexia. Thoracic and abdominal radiographs showed evidence of a soft tissue mass within the caudal mediastinum suggestive of a hiatal hernia in all animals. A barium esophagram was performed in one case. All animals underwent thoracic or abdominal surgery for hernia reduction. Surgical procedures included: intercostal thoracotomy with herniorrhaphy and esophagopexy (lynx and cougar), and incisional gastropexy (lion). Concurrent surgical procedures performed were gastrotomy for gastric foreign body removal and jejunostomy tube placement. Clinical signs related to the hiatal hernia disappeared after surgery and recurrence of signs was not reported for the time of follow-up.

Key words: hiatal hernia, Lynx lynx, Panthera leo, Puma concolore, radiographs, herniorrhaphy, gastropexy, surgery.

三種野生貓科動物－山貓、山獅和獅子的食道裂孔疝氣

翻譯：邱詩軒、郭俊成獸醫師

Bianca F. Hettlich, med. vet., Dipl. A.C.V.S., H. Phil Hobson, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.S., Julie Ducote´, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Neurology), Theresa W. Fossum, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.S., and James H. Johnson, D.V.M., MS, Dipl. A.C.Z.M.

摘要： 三種野生貓科動物－山貓、山獅和獅子被診斷出食道裂孔疝氣。每隻動物都有食慾缺乏的病史。胸部和腹部X光片顯示後縱膈內有軟組織團塊，代表所有動物都有裂孔疝氣。其中一個病例有食道鋇劑攝影檢查。所有動物接受胸部或腹部的疝氣復位手術。手術過程包括：肋間開胸手術與疝氣修補手術和食道固定術 (山貓和山獅)以及胃固定術(獅子)。同步作胃切開術來移除胃異物和放置空腸管。與裂孔疝脫有關的臨床症狀在手術後消失，且後續追蹤中並未有症狀復發的報告。

關鍵字：裂孔疝氣、山貓學名、獅子學名、山獅學名、X光片、疝氣修補手術、胃固定術、手術

Pages 95-103

MELANOCYTIC NEOPLASMS IN A BLACKRHINOCEROS (DICEROS BICORNIS) AND AN INDIAN RHINOCEROS (RHINOCEROS UNICORNIS)

Allison N. Wack, D.V.M., Christine L.Miller, D.V.M., Catherine E.Wood, D.V.M., MichaelM. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Holly J. Haefele, D.V.M.

Abstract: Melanocytic neoplasms were diagnosed in a captive black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) and a captive Indian rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) from different facilities. The first case was a 10-yr-old, captive-born male black rhinoceros that presented with a small firm cutaneous mass on the dorsal midline. Aspirate cytology results were suggestive of a melanocytic neoplasm, and histologic examination of the excised mass confirmed a welldifferentiated neoplasm with much pigment production, minimal anaplasia, and no mitotic figures. Several months after mass removal, a similar mass with identical histologic features was excised from the right medial thigh. The second case was a 28-yr-old, wild-born female Indian rhinoceros that presented with a draining wound at the coronary band of a rear digit. Histologic examination of a biopsy from this lesion revealed a melanocytic neoplasm with moderate cellular anaplasia, frequent mitoses, and scant pigment production. At necropsy, the tumor was found to ablate P3 and most deep tissues of the toe. No evidence of vascular invasion or metastasis was found. These two cases represent the only melanocytic neoplasms in Rhinoceridae reported in detail in the literature.

Key words: rhinoceros, Diceros bicornis, black rhinoceros, Rhinoceros unicornis, Indian rhinoceros, melanocytic neoplasm.

黑犀牛及印度犀牛的黑色素細胞瘤

翻譯：蘇瑋翎

Allison N. Wack, D.V.M., Christine L.Miller, D.V.M., Catherine E.Wood, D.V.M., MichaelM. Garner, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., and Holly J. Haefele, D.V.M.

摘要：圈養於不同的單位的黑犀牛和印度犀牛被診斷出黑色素細胞瘤。第一例為一隻圈養下出生的10歲雄性黑犀牛，在其背中線的皮膚出現一堅實小團塊。經細針抽吸細胞學檢查結果，疑似為黑色素細胞瘤。切除的團塊經組織學檢查後證實為一分化良好、具有許多色素產生、極少的退行性變化，且不具有絲分裂呈相。在團塊移除的幾個月後，在右大腿內側切除了一個具有相同組織學特徵的類似團塊。第二例為一隻野外出生的28歲雌性印度犀牛，在後腳趾的冠狀帶有分泌性的傷口。病灶生檢的組織學檢查顯示為黑色素細胞瘤，具有中度的細胞退行性變化、頻繁的有絲分裂和缺乏色素產生。屍體剖檢後，腫瘤造成第3掌骨溶蝕，並侵襲腳趾大部分的深層組織。沒有侵犯血管或腫瘤轉移的證據。這兩例為文獻中唯一詳細記載犀牛科黑色細胞瘤的報告。

關鍵字：犀牛、黑犀牛學名、黑犀牛、印度犀牛學名、印度犀牛、黑色素細胞瘤

Pages 104-110

LYSOSOMAL STORAGE DISEASE IN TWO PRESUMED-RELATED SPRINGBOKS (ANTIDORCAS MARSUPIALIS)

Sébastien Laurent, D.V.M., Anne-Sophie Sabot, D.V.M., Marie-Anne Colle, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.P., and Alexandra Nicolier, D.V.M., Dipl. E.C.V.P.

Abstract: In April 2007, two newborn springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis) from a zoo of southern France were found dead. Necropsy was performed on the two animals and revealed arthrogryposis, mild facial structural abnormalities, and bilateral enlargement of the kidneys with concurrent hydronephrosis in both newborns. Histopathologically, extensive cytoplasmic vacuolation of neurons in the central nervous system, thyroid follicular epithelium, renal tubular epithelium, enterocytes, hepatocytes, and ruminal epithelial cells was the most remarkable lesion in both animals. By electron microscopy, the vacuoles were membrane bound and contained scattered membranous and granular material within a primarily electron-lucent background. Hence, a diagnosis of lysosomal storage disease was established, with gross, histological, and ultrastructural features suggestive of an inherited form of mannosidosis. This report documents the first case of lysosomal storage disease in springboks.

Key words: Antidorcas marsupialis, brain, kidney, lysosomal storage disease, mannosidosis, springbok.

兩隻假設有關連的跳羚 的溶小體貯積病

翻譯：蘇瑋翎

Sébastien Laurent, D.V.M., Anne-Sophie Sabot, D.V.M., Marie-Anne Colle, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.P., and Alexandra Nicolier, D.V.M., Dipl. E.C.V.P.

摘要：2007年四月，兩隻來自法國南部動物園的新生跳羚發生死亡。屍體剖檢發現這兩隻跳羚呈現關節彎曲、輕微面部結構異常、腎臟雙側性腫大併發水腎。組織病理學顯示兩隻跳羚特別是在中樞神經系統的神經原、甲狀腺濾泡上皮細胞、腎小管上皮細胞、腸細胞、肝細胞和瘤胃上皮細胞的病灶，呈現廣泛性細胞質空泡化最為顯著。電子顯微鏡下，空泡由膜包圍，且在低電子密度為主的背景內，含有散射膜和顆粒物質。因此，根據病理病變和超微結構特徵，診斷疑似為遺傳型的甘露糖苷貯積病。此報告為跳羚溶小體貯積病的第一例。

關鍵字：跳羚學名、腦、腎、溶小體貯積病、 甘露糖苷貯積病、跳羚

Pages 111-114

A CASE OF METASTATIC UTERINE ADENOCARCINOMA IN A SOUTHERN WHITE RHINOCEROS (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM)

Margaret Wilson, B.Sc., M.V.B., Robert Hermes, D.V.M., M.R.C.V.S., John Bainbridge, M.V.B.,

M.R.C.V.S., and Hugh Bassett, M.V.B., Ph.D., M.R.C.V.S.

Abstract: A 39-yr-old, acyclic, uniparous, female white rhinoceros with a history of recurrent vaginal bleeding was euthanized following a period of respiratory distress and ill-thrift. The rhinoceros’ uterus had previously been evaluated by ultrasound and diffuse endometrial hyperplasia and two benign uterine leiomyomas had been diagnosed. At necropsy examination, a large, infiltrative, metastatic uterine adenocarcinoma was found multifocally throughout the uterus, scattered within the peritoneal cavity, on the diaphragm, the splenic capsule, the pleural surface of the lung and mesenteric lymph nodes. A large volume (100 L) of ascites fluid was present in the abdominal and pleural cavities.

Key words: Adenocarcinoma, Ceratotherium simum simum, rhinoceros, uterus.

南方白犀牛 (CERATOTHERIUM SIMUM SIMUM) 的轉移性子宮腺癌

翻譯：蘇瑋翎

Margaret Wilson, B.Sc., M.V.B., Robert Hermes, D.V.M., M.R.C.V.S., John Bainbridge, M.V.B.,M.R.C.V.S., and Hugh Bassett, M.V.B., Ph.D., M.R.C.V.S.

摘要：一隻已無發情週期和無生產經驗的39歲白犀牛，反覆發生陰道出血的病史，在持續一段時間的呼吸緊迫和病程後被安樂死。這隻犀牛的子宮不久前經由超音波評估，診斷出有瀰漫性子宮內膜增生和兩個良性的子宮肌瘤。在屍體剖檢發現，大的、具浸潤性、轉移性的惡性子宮腺癌，多發局限性的散布於子宮，也散佈於腹膜腔內、橫膈膜、脾臟包膜、肺的胸膜表面和腸系膜淋巴結。大量腹水 (100L) 出現在腹腔和胸膜腔。

關鍵字：惡性腺癌、南方白犀牛學名、犀牛、子宮

Pages 115-120

IMMOBILIZATION AND INTRAVENOUS ANESTHESIA IN A SUMATRAN RHINOCEROS (DICERORHINUS SUMATRENSIS)

Chris Walzer, Dr. Med. Vet., Frank Go¨ritz, Dr. Med. Vet., Robert Hermes, Dr. Med. Vet., Sen Nathan, DVM, Petra Kretzschmar, Dr. Rer. Nat., and Thomas Hildebrandt, Dr. Med. Vet.

Abstract: This paper reports in detail, for the first time, on two anesthetic procedures performed on a 15-yr-old, 530 kg, adult male Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis). The anesthetic procedures were carried out in order to perform semen collection via electro-ejaculation, using well-established methods, and in order to examine and sample bilateral corneal opacities. Anesthesia for the first procedure was induced with a combination of 5 mg (0.0094 mg/kg) butorphanol tartrate and 5 mg (0.0094 mg/kg) detomidine hydrochloride administered intramuscularly. Subsequently, 0.74 mg (0.0014 mg/kg) etorphine and 3 mg (0.0057 mg/kg) acepromazine, with an additional 1.5 mg butorphanol (0.0028 mg/kg) and 1.5 mg (0.0028 mg/kg) detomidine, were administered intramuscularly. The second procedure was carried out using an intramuscular combination of butorphanol (0.019 mg/kg) and detomidine (0.019 mg/kg), followed by etorphine (0.0023 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.009 mg/kg). During the second procedure, the depth of anesthesia was managed with very small, supplemental intravenous doses of 50 mg ketamine (0.094 mg/kg). Sequential arterial blood gas analysis demonstrated respiratory acidosis with hypoxemia. Heart rate and respiratory rate ranged between 60–74 beats per minute (bpm), and 10–20 breaths per minute, respectively. Reversal after 100 min, with the intravenous administration of 150 mg (0.28 mg/kg) naltrexone and intravenous 20 mg (0.038 mg/kg) atipamezole, was uneventful and rapid, with the animal standing after 2 min. This combination provides satisfactory general anesthesia in this critically endangered species and will facilitate veterinary management of this species in captivity.

Key words: Anesthesia, blood gases, Dicerorhinus sumatrensis, management, Sumatran rhinoceros.

蘇門答臘犀牛保定和靜脈麻醉

翻譯：蘇瑋翎

Chris Walzer, Dr. Med. Vet., Frank Go¨ritz, Dr. Med. Vet., Robert Hermes, Dr. Med. Vet., Sen Nathan, DVM, Petra Kretzschmar, Dr. Rer. Nat., and Thomas Hildebrandt, Dr. Med. Vet.

摘要：此為第一份報告詳細記錄一隻15歲，530 Kg成年雄性的蘇門答臘犀牛兩次麻醉的過程。此次麻醉的流程為了利用電激來做精液採集及雙側角膜混濁的檢查和採樣。第一次麻醉過程是併用5 mg (0.0094 mg/kg) butorphanol tartrate和5 mg (0.0094 mg/kg) detomidine hydrochloride 肌肉注射進行誘導麻醉。隨後再肌肉注射 0.74 mg (0.0014 mg/kg) etorphine 及 3 mg (0.0057 mg/kg) acepromazine 和額外的1.5 mg butorphanol (0.0028 mg/kg) 及 1.5 mg (0.0028 mg/kg) detomidine。第二次麻醉過程利用肌肉注射butorphanol (0.019 mg/kg) 並用 detomidine (0.019 mg/kg)，接著給予etorphine (0.0023 mg/kg) 和 acepromazine (0.009 mg/kg)。在第二次麻醉的期間，以靜脈注射低劑量的50 mg ketamine (0.094 mg/kg)的劑量，來維持麻醉深度。連續動脈血液氣體分析顯示有呼吸性酸血症與低血氧症。心跳速率維持在每分鐘60－74下，而呼吸速率的維持在每分鐘10－20次。在麻醉100分鐘後，靜脈給予復甦劑150 mg (0.28 mg/kg) naltrexone 和 20 mg (0.038 mg/kg) atipamezole，過程平順且快速，且動物在2分鐘後能站立。使用合併藥物對此種嚴重瀕臨絕種的物種，提供了適當的全身麻醉，且有助於獸醫在人工飼養中管理此物種。

關鍵字：麻醉、血液氣體、蘇門答臘犀牛學名、管理、蘇門答臘犀牛

Pages 121-127

THYROID NEOPLASIA IN CAPTIVE RACCOONS (PROCYON LOTOR)

Stephanie L. McCain, D.V.M., Matthew C. Allender, D.V.M., M.S., Mark Bohling, D.V.M., Ph.D.,

Dipl. A.C.V.S., Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Federica Morandi, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.

Abstract: Two adult, spayed, female raccoons were diagnosed with thyroid neoplasia. One raccoon had a palpable, left-sided, nonfunctional thyroid adenocarcinoma which was treated with a thyroidectomy twice with local recurrence both times. After the second recurrence, pulmonary metastases were identified. A third thyroidectomy was performed, and a vascular access port was placed for administration of intravenous doxorubicin. The raccoon developed pancytopenia and became anorexic after chemotherapy, and the owner elected humane euthanasia. The second raccoon had nonpalpable, bilateral, functional follicular thyroid adenomatous hyperplasia and was treated with a right thyroidectomy and a partial left thyroidectomy, leaving behind the grossly normal portion of the left thyroid. However, the animal was still hyperthyroid after surgery and was then successfully managed with topical methimazole gel. Thyroid pathology has been documented in raccoons in Europe, but is not reported in the United States. Thyroid neoplasia in raccoons can occur as a nonfunctional adenocarcinoma, as is commonly reported in dogs, or as a functional adenoma, as is commonly reported in cats. Raccoons with adenocarcinomas should be evaluated for pulmonary metastasis. Methimazole gel may be a viable treatment option for raccoons with hyperthyroidism.

Key words: Hyperthyroidism, neoplasia, Procyon lotor, raccoon, thyroid.

圈養浣熊的甲狀腺瘤

翻譯：蘇瑋翎

Stephanie L. McCain, D.V.M., Matthew C. Allender, D.V.M., M.S., Mark Bohling, D.V.M., Ph.D.,Dipl. A.C.V.S., Edward C. Ramsay, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Federica Morandi, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., and Kimberly M. Newkirk, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.

摘要：兩隻成年絕育的雌性浣熊被診斷出甲狀腺瘤。其中一隻浣熊左側有一個可觸摸的非功能性甲狀腺惡性腺癌，在兩次的局部復發後都進行甲狀腺切除術治療。在第二次復發後發現腫瘤轉移至肺部。在進行第三次甲狀腺切除術，且施行血管留置針靜脈給予 doxorubicin。在化學療法後浣熊出現全血球減少症，且出現厭食後，畜主決定進行人道安樂死。第二隻浣熊則有雙側無法觸及，具功能性的甲狀腺濾泡增生性腺瘤，在作了右邊甲狀腺切除和左邊部分的甲狀腺切除術，僅留下左邊部分看似正常的甲狀腺。然而，第二隻浣熊術後仍有甲狀腺機能亢進，但隨後以外用的methimazole 凝膠，成功地治療。在歐洲曾有文獻記載浣熊的甲狀腺病變，但在美國則沒有。浣熊的甲狀腺瘤可以為非功能性的惡性腺癌，如同常在犬隻被提出報告；或常見於貓的功能性腺瘤。患有惡性腺癌的浣熊，應該評估腫瘤有無肺部轉移。Methimazole 凝膠可能是治療患有甲狀腺機能亢進的浣熊，可選擇的治療方式。

關鍵字：甲狀腺機能亢進、腫瘤、浣熊學名、浣熊、甲狀腺

Pages 128-132

CEREBRAL XANTHOMATOSIS IN THREE GREEN WATER DRAGONS (PHYSIGNATHUS COCINCINUS)

Maya S. Kummrow, Dr. med. vet., Charlene N. Berkvens, D.V.M., Jean A. Pare´, D.M.V., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Dale A. Smith, D.V.M., D.V.Sc.

Abstract: Cerebral xanthomatosis was diagnosed in three female green water dragons (Physignathus cocincinus), all of which presented with progressive neurologic signs. No antemortem evidence for xanthomatosis was identified, but on postmortem examination cholesterol granulomas, composed of cholesterol clefts surrounded by macrophages and multinucleated giant cells, were found in the forebrain of each animal and were associated with significant displacement and pressure on the adjacent brain. Although the cause of xanthomatosis in these animals is unknown, nutrition and trauma may be involved in the pathogenesis of this condition.

Key words: Cerebrum, cholesterol, green water dragon, Physignathus cocincinus, xanthoma.

三隻綠水龍腦黃瘤病

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Maya S. Kummrow, Dr. med. vet., Charlene N. Berkvens, D.V.M., Jean A. Pare´, D.M.V., D.V.Sc., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Dale A. Smith, D.V.M., D.V.Sc

摘要：三隻雌性綠水龍被診斷腦黃瘤病，每隻各體皆有漸進性的神經症狀。死亡前並無發現任何黃瘤病的證據，但屍體解剖檢查，每隻動物前腦皆發現膽固醇肉芽腫，由膽固醇裂隙周圍圍繞著巨噬細胞及多核巨大細胞所組成，肉芽腫造成鄰近腦部明顯位移與壓迫。雖然造成這些動物發生黃瘤病的原因還未知，但營養以及創傷可能會與此疾病的發生有關。

關鍵字：大腦、膽固醇、綠水龍、綠水龍學名、黃瘤病

Pages 133-136

SEROLOGIC SURVEY FOR SELECTED INFECTIOUS DISEASES IN FREE-RANGING BRAZILIAN TAPIRS (TAPIRUS TERRESTRIS) IN THE CERRADO OF CENTRAL BRAZIL

Mariana Malzoni Furtado, D.V.M., Anah Tereza de Almeida Jácomo, Ph.D., Cyntia Kayo Kashivakura, D.V.M., Natália Mundim Tôrres, M.Sc., Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Luís Pereira de Souza, D.V.M., Ph.D., José Soares Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Zenaide Maria Morais, Adriana Cortez, D.V.M., Ph.D., Leonardo José Richtzenhain, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jean Carlos Ramos Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Leandro Silveira, Ph.D.

Abstract: From September 2000 to January 2002, a serologic survey was conducted in a population of free-ranging Brazilian tapirs (Tapirus terrestris) inhabiting Emas National Park and surrounding areas in Goia´ s state, central Brazil, as part of an ecologic study. Ten tapirs were immobilized with a tiletamine–zolazepam combination, and blood samples were collected. All sera were negative for Leptospira spp., Brucella abortus, and equine infectious anemia; and one of 10 animals was positive for Toxoplasma gondii. This report represents the first serologic survey for selected infectious diseases in a free-ranging population of Brazilians tapirs in central Brazil.

Key words: Brazilian tapir, free-ranging tapir, infectious diseases, Tapirus terrestris, Toxoplasma gondii, wild mammal.

巴西中部賽拉都野生巴西貘特定傳染性疾病血清學調查

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Mariana Malzoni Furtado, D.V.M., Anah Tereza de Almeida Jácomo, Ph.D., Cyntia Kayo Kashivakura, D.V.M., Natália Mundim Tôrres, M.Sc., Maria Fernanda Vianna Marvulo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Alessandra Mara Alves Ragozo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Luís Pereira de Souza, D.V.M., Ph.D., José Soares Ferreira Neto, D.V.M., Ph.D., Silvio Arruda Vasconcellos, D.V.M., Ph.D., Zenaide Maria Morais, Adriana Cortez, D.V.M., Ph.D., Leonardo José Richtzenhain, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jean Carlos Ramos Silva, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Leandro Silveira, Ph.D.

摘要：從2000年9月至2002年1月巴西中部哥伊亞斯州艾瑪斯國家公園及周邊地區野生的巴西貘族群進行血清學調查，作為生態學研究的一部分。十隻貘以tiletamin、ezolazepam混合麻醉保定並採血。所有樣本血清的鉤端螺旋體、布氏桿菌和馬傳染性貧血皆為陰性；而10隻動物中有1隻的弓蟲檢測呈陽性。此為巴西中部放養巴西貘族群特定傳染病血清學調查的第一篇報告。

關鍵字：巴西貘、野生貘、傳染性疾病、巴西貘學名、弓蟲學名、野生哺乳動物

Pages 137-139

CHRONIC HEART FAILURE DUE TO SEVERE ENDOCARDIOSIS IN A GAMBIAN GIANT POUCHED RAT (CRICETOMYS GAMBIANUS)

Kerstin Müller, D.V.M., Ph.D., Britta Horn, D.V.M., Guido Fritsch, D.V.M., Friederike Range, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Robert Klopfleisch, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.

Abstract: A 1.5-yr-old captive male Gambian giant pouched rat (Cricetomys gambianus) died after suffering from anorexia, weakness, and dyspnea for 3 wk. Thoracic radiographs of thorax and abdomen and computed tomography showed a severe biventricular enlargement of the heart and a moderate hepatomegaly. Necropsy revealed a severe, bilateral hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and dilation of the right ventricle due to multifocal bilateral, valvular endocardiosis of all atrioventricular valves and acute hepatic congestion. Histologically, the atrioventricular valves were multifocally thickened by a marked endocardiosis with stromal accumulation of Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive, mucinous material. Although common in dogs, endocardiosis has not been described in Nesomyidaes. As in other affected species, the pathogenesis of endocardiosis in this species remains unclear.

Key words: Pouched rat, endocardiosis, mitral valve disease.

一隻甘比亞巨頰囊大鼠因嚴重心瓣膜病產生慢性心衰竭

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Kerstin Müller, D.V.M., Ph.D., Britta Horn, D.V.M., Guido Fritsch, D.V.M., Friederike Range, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Robert Klopfleisch, Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P.

摘要：一隻1.5歲圈養雄性甘比亞巨頰囊大鼠，出現厭食、虛弱和呼吸困難三週後死亡。胸、腹腔放射線影像學及電腦斷層掃描顯示嚴重心臟雙側心室腫大和中度肝腫大。屍體剖檢顯示嚴重雙側肥大性心肌病以及右心室擴大，導致所有房室瓣出現局部多發、雙側、瓣膜性心內膜病變，以及急性肝臟鬱血。組織學檢查房室瓣多發局部性增厚，出現明顯地心瓣膜病，在基質堆積呈現碘酸-希夫氏染色(Periodic acid-Schiff , PAS)陽性的黏液性物質。雖然心瓣膜病在狗很常見，但並不曾在馬島鼠科（Nesomyidae）動物被報告過，如同其他受影響的物種，這種心瓣膜病的致病源在這種動物仍不清楚。

關鍵字：頰囊大鼠、心瓣膜病、二尖瓣疾病

Pages 140-143

RESPONSE TO VACCINATION WITH A COMMERCIAL INACTIVATED RABIES VACCINE IN A CAPTIVE COLONY OF BRAZILIAN FREE-TAILED BATS (TADARIDA BRASILIENSIS)

Amy S. Turmelle, Ph.D., Louise C. Allen, Ph.D., Barbara A. Schmidt-French, M.S., Felix R. Jackson, M.S., Thomas H. Kunz, Ph.D., Gary F. McCracken, Ph.D., and Charles E. Rupprecht, V.M.D., Ph.D.

Abstract: A captive colony of Brazilian free-tailed bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) was vaccinated with a commercial monovalent inactivated rabies virus (RABV) vaccine (RABVAC 1). Baseline rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA) and the response to vaccination were measured in 50 bats. Rabies VNA was detected in the plasma of 64% (27/42) of bats that had been vaccinated 1 yr prior, but only 19% (8/42) had levels considered adequate. Rabies VNA was detected in the plasma of 63% (5/8) of bats with no record of previous vaccination, suggesting natural RABV exposure before captivity. All bats demonstrated a VNA response by 10 days postvaccination, and baseline titer significantly predicted humoral response to vaccination. No adverse reactions to vaccination or clinical signs of RABV infection were observed in the bats during a 6-mo observation period. Annual vaccination may maintain immunity against RABV infection in captive colonies of bats.

Key words: Bat, rabies virus, Tadarida brasiliensis, vaccination, virus neutralizing antibodies.

圈養巴西無尾蝙蝠族群接種商業化不活化狂犬病疫苗的反應

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Amy S. Turmelle, Ph.D., Louise C. Allen, Ph.D., Barbara A. Schmidt-French, M.S., Felix R. Jackson, M.S., Thomas H. Kunz, Ph.D., Gary F. McCracken, Ph.D., and Charles E. Rupprecht, V.M.D., Ph.D.

摘要：一群圈養巴西無尾蝙蝠接種商業化單價不活化狂犬病病毒(RABV)疫苗(RABVAC 1)。檢測50隻蝙蝠的狂犬病病毒中和抗體(VNA)基底值與疫苗接種的反應。一年前接種疫苗的蝙蝠，64%(27/42)血清中測得狂犬病VNA，但只有19%(8/42)達適當的抗體力價。在先前沒有疫苗接種紀錄的蝙蝠中， 63%(5/8)血清中測得狂犬病VNA，推測可能在圈養前，曾經自然暴露於RABV。所有蝙蝠在疫苗接種10天後有VNA反應，基底力價明顯地預測了體液免疫對疫苗接種的反應。在6個月的觀察期中，蝙蝠沒有任何疫苗接種的副作用或RABV感染的臨床症狀。圈養蝙蝠每年定期疫苗接種可維持抵抗RABV感染的免疫力。

關鍵字： 蝙蝠、狂犬病病毒、無尾蝙蝠學名、疫苗接種、病毒中和抗體

Pages 144-147

STANDARDIZED PROTOCOLS FOR PLASMA CLEARANCE OF IOHEXOL ARE NOT APPROPRIATE FOR DETERMINATION OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATES IN ANESTHETIZED CALIFORNIA SEA LIONS (ZALOPHUS CALIFORNIANUS)

Sophie E. Dennison, B.V.M. & S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Frances M. D. Gulland, Vet. M.B., Ph.D., and

W. Emmett Braselton, Ph.D.

Abstract: Plasma clearance of iohexol was evaluated in eight anesthetized California sea lions (Zalophus californianus), without evidence of renal dysfunction, to determine if the one-compartment model and the sample protocol used in dogs and cats could be applied to this species. Nonlinearity between samples in 75% (6/8) of sea lions voided those results. An additional two anesthetized sea lions were sampled at 5, 30, 45, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 360 min post iohexol injection and semi-logarithmic curves calculated. Plasma iohexol clearance values calculated by one-, two-, and noncompartment models were in poor agreement, suggesting that the standardized protocol described for dogs and cats cannot simply be applied to California sea lions, probably due to the effects of the dive reflex induced during anesthesia.

Key words: Renal dysfunction, renal disease, kidney, iodinated contrast medium, contrast media reaction.

血漿碘海醇廓清力標準化操作流程不適合決定麻醉中加州海獅的腎絲球體過濾速率

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Sophie E. Dennison, B.V.M. & S., Dipl. A.C.V.R., Frances M. D. Gulland, Vet. M.B., Ph.D., and W. Emmett Braselton, Ph.D.

摘要：測定八隻沒有腎功能障礙徵兆的麻醉加州海獅對碘海醇(iohexol) 血漿廓清力，探討以犬貓配比的模式及樣本條件可否適用於此物種。75%(6/8)海獅樣本於非線性之間的結果為無意義的數據；其餘兩隻麻醉海獅在注射碘海醇後5、30、45、60、120、180、240和360分鐘進行採樣，並以半對數曲線計算結果。以一、二和非配比模式所計算的血漿碘海醇廓清力結果並不一致，表示運用於犬貓標準化操作流程無法直接用於加州海獅，可能是因為麻醉期間誘發潛水反射的效果。

關鍵字：腎功能障礙、腎病、腎臟、碘造影劑、對比影像反應

Pages 148-151

HISTOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF THE UROPYGIAL GLAND OF THE OSPREY (PANDION HALIAETUS)

Ismail S. Harem, D.V.M., Ph.D., Melek Kocak-Harem, D.V.M., Ph.D., Tolunay Turan-Kozlu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Yesim Akaydin-Bozkurt, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ebru Karadag-Sari, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Hikmet Altunay, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: This study was performed to determine the histologic structure of the uropygial gland in an osprey. The gland was composed of two elongated lobes which were enclosed in a capsule of connective tissue. Each lobe of the gland had a large central cavity with one excretory duct. The secretory tubules consisted of four cell types: basal, intermediate, secretory, and degenerative. The intermediate cells in the osprey were few in number and did not form a layer, while secretory and degenerative cells consist of 2–3 strata, indicating a high level of lipogenesis. The membranes and peripheral cytoplasm of degenerative cells located in the base of the lobes revealed calcium

(Ca2+) deposition and an intense acidophilic reaction.

Key words: Histology, structure, calcium, osprey, Pandion haliaetus, preen gland.

魚鷹尾脂腺的組織結構

翻譯：王昱婷、賴燕雪獸醫師

Ismail S. Harem, D.V.M., Ph.D., Melek Kocak-Harem, D.V.M., Ph.D., Tolunay Turan-Kozlu, D.V.M., Ph.D., Yesim Akaydin-Bozkurt, D.V.M., Ph.D., Ebru Karadag-Sari, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Hikmet Altunay, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：本研究的目的在查明魚鷹尾脂腺的組織結構。尾脂腺由兩個被結締組織被膜包覆的長條葉狀結構所組成，每葉中有一個大的中央腔室伴隨一條分泌管。分泌管由4種細胞類型組成：基底細胞、中間細胞、分泌細胞及退化細胞。魚鷹的中間細胞數量少且不會形成層狀結構，而分泌細胞及退化細胞則由2-3層細胞組成的結構，顯示具旺盛的脂質生成作用。位於結構底部的退化細胞的細胞膜及周圍細胞質可見鈣(Ca2+)沈積以及明顯的嗜酸性反應。

關鍵字：組織學、結構、鈣、魚鷹、魚鷹學名、尾脂腺

Pages 152-157

TREATMENT OF AN AMELANOTIC MELANOMA USING RADIATION THERAPY IN A LESSER MADAGASCAR HEDGEHOG TENREC (ECHINOPS TELFAIRI)

Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Pedro Dominguez, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Kim Hanzlik, D.V.M., James G. Sikarskie, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dalen Agnew, D.V.M.,

Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ingrid Bergin, V.M.D., M.S., Dipl. A.C.L.A.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Scott D.

Fitzgerald, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dipl. A.C.P.V., Barbara E. Kitchell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Internal Medicine and Oncology), and Elizabeth McNiel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Oncology), Dipl. A.C.V.R. (Radiation Oncology)

Abstract: A 15-yr-old, male lesser Madagascar hedgehog tenrec (Echinops telfairi) presented with a mass caudal to the right ear. Cytology suggested a sarcoma. Surgical removal was attempted. Histology was consistent with a soft tissue sarcoma. The mass recurred within 331 days post operation. Radiation therapy was initiated. Computed tomography was used for staging in conjunction with three-dimensional computerized treatment planning software to permit accurate lesion localization and to optimize normal tissue sparing. A total dose of 6,480 cGy was administered in 24 fractions over 46 days. Transient hind limb paresis developed during the course of the radiation therapy, but resolved after 7 days with prednisone treatment. Minimal acute radiation toxicity was observed. The mass responded with at least a 90% reduction in volume following radiation treatment. The animal survived 266 days from the initiation of treatment. On necropsy, a small mass and granulation tissue were found at the site of the initial neoplasm, indicating good regional control of the tumor; however, extensive metastases to the spleen and liver were present. Immunohistochemically, the original, recurrent, and metastatic populations were strongly positive for HMB 45 and weakly positive for S-100, and the final diagnosis was metastatic amelanotic melanoma.

Key words: Insectivore, melanoma, radiation therapy, sarcoma, tenrec.

馬達加斯加小刺蝟之無黑色素黑色素瘤的放射線治療

翻譯：林鼎華

Tara M. Harrison, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Pedro Dominguez, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Kim Hanzlik, D.V.M., James G. Sikarskie, D.V.M., M.S., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Dalen Agnew, D.V.M.,

Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Ingrid Bergin, V.M.D., M.S., Dipl. A.C.L.A.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Scott D.

Fitzgerald, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Dipl. A.C.P.V., Barbara E. Kitchell, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Internal Medicine and Oncology), and Elizabeth McNiel, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M. (Oncology), Dipl. A.C.V.R. (Radiation Oncology)

摘要：一隻15歲雄性的馬達加斯加小刺蝟，在右耳末端出現一腫塊，細胞學檢查結果為惡性肉瘤。嚐試以手術切除，於組織學檢查此腫塊由軟組織肉瘤構成。此腫塊於手術切除後331天復發。開始進行放射線治療，並使用電腦斷層掃描3D影像，準確地定位病灶及正確組織界線。在46天內進行24次，總劑量超過6480 cGy。在進行放射線治療期間出現暫時的後肢輕癱，在給予固醇類藥物後7天恢愎；可見輕微的急性放射線毒性反應是存在的。腫塊在進行治療後至少減少了90%的體積。在治療後，該個體共存活266天。屍體剖檢時，在發現腫瘤的位置找到一個小腫塊及肉芽組織，顯示放射線治療對腫瘤的侷限性效果良好，但在脾、肝有大範圍的腫瘤轉移。免疫組織化學染色下為好發性、原發性、轉移性，對HMB-45呈強陽性、S-100呈弱陽性，最終診斷為無色素性黑色素瘤。

關鍵字：食蟲類、黑色素瘤、放射線治療、惡性肉瘤、刺蝟

Pages 158-160

ARCANOBACTERIUM PYOGENES SEPTICEMIA IN A SOUTHERN PUDU (PUDU PUDA) FOLLOWING UTERINE PROLAPSE

David F. Twomey, M.V.B., M.R.C.V.S., Jonathan D. Boon, Ghislaine Sayers, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., and Alex Schock, Ph.D., F.R.C.Path., M.R.C.V.S.

Abstract: A 14-year-old female pudu (Pudu puda) developed a uterine prolapse after unassisted parturition. The length of time between the prolapse and replacement of the organ was not known but was less than 24 hr. When the prolapse was first noticed, uterine tissue appeared undamaged and was immediately cleaned with antiseptic solution, handled carefully during replacement, and prophylactic antibiotic and anti-inflammatory drugs were given. The pudu appeared clinically normal until 4 days postpartum, when she developed clinical signs of tenesmus, dysuria, and a purulent discharge from the vulva. Despite further treatment, the animal was found dead 10 days postpartum, even though it had not shown any other signs of systemic illness. Gross and histologic lesions supported a diagnosis of septicemia secondary to metritis. Arcanobacterium pyogenes was isolated from lung, liver, and uterine exudate.

Key words: Pudu, Pudu puda, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, septicemia, uterine prolapse, death.

智利巴鹿(pudu puda)之子宮脫垂繼發化膿性溶血桿菌(arcanobacterium)敗血症

翻譯：林鼎華

David F. Twomey, M.V.B., M.R.C.V.S., Jonathan D. Boon, Ghislaine Sayers, B.V.Sc., M.Sc., M.R.C.V.S., and Alex Schock, Ph.D., F.R.C.Path., M.R.C.V.S.

摘要：14歲的雌性智利巴鹿於未助產下產仔，產後發生子宮脫垂。無法確定在脫垂後多久的時間內將子宮復位，但可知少於24小時。於第一次發現時脫垂時，子宮無明顯外傷，馬上使用抗菌溶液進行清洗，小心的進行子宮復位，給予消炎藥及預防性抗生素。但病畜於四天後出現裡急後重、排尿困難、於陰部可見膿樣分泌物。儘管有更進一步的治療，但病畜仍於產後十天死亡，無其他明顯的系統性病徵。傷口在肉眼及組織學下可支持診斷為子宮炎繼發敗血病，於肺、肝、子宮的滲出液可分離出溶血桿菌Arcanobacterium pyogenes。

關鍵字：智利巴鹿、智利巴鹿學名、溶血桿菌學名、敗血症、子宮脫垂、死亡

Pages 161-164

TREATMENT OF HYPOXEMIA DURING ANESTHESIA OF BROWN

BEARS (URSUS ARCTOS)

Åsa Fahlman, D.V.M., Vet. Med. Lic., Ph.D., John Pringle, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Dipl. E.C.E.I.M., Jon M. Arnemo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jon E. Swenson, Ph.D., Dr. habil., Sven Brunberg, and Go¨rel Nyman, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.A.A.

Abstract: This study assessed whether arterial oxygenation could be increased by treatment with intranasal oxygen supplementation in brown bears (Ursus arctos) with hypoxemia during anesthesia with medetomidinezolazepam-tiletamine. Arterial blood samples were collected anaerobically from the femoral artery before and during oxygen supplementation. An oxygen flow rate of 2–5 L/min administered intranasally to brown bears weighing 12–120 kg markedly increased arterial oxygenation. Intranasal oxygen supplementation proved to be a simple and efficient method for treatment of hypoxemia in anesthetized bears.

Key words: Arterial blood gases, brown bear, hypoxemia, immobilization, oxygen supplementation, Ursus arctos.

棕熊於麻醉時低血氧症之治療

翻譯：林鼎華

Åsa Fahlman, D.V.M., Vet. Med. Lic., Ph.D., John Pringle, D.V.M., D.V.Sc., Ph.D., Dipl. A.C.V.I.M., Dipl. E.C.E.I.M., Jon M. Arnemo, D.V.M., Ph.D., Jon E. Swenson, Ph.D., Dr. habil., Sven Brunberg, and Go¨rel Nyman, D.V.M., Ph.D., Dipl. E.C.V.A.A.

摘要：本研究評估鼻內管給予氧氣，是否可以有效提升於medetomidinezolazepam-tiletamine協同麻醉中，出現低血氧症的棕熊，其動脈血液中的含氧量。動脈血液樣本，取自氧氣供給前、後的股動脈血做比較。氧氣的流速為2-5 L/min可明顯提高體重為12-120 公斤的棕熊動脈血含氧量。在棕熊麻醉時出現低血氧症時，鼻內管給氧確是簡單而有效的治療方式。

關鍵字：動脈血液氣體、棕熊、低血氧症、麻醉保定、氧氣供應、棕熊學名

Pages 165-168

SYSTEMIC NEOSPOROSIS IN A WHITE RHINOCEROS

Angkana Sommanustweechai, D.V.M., Montakan Vongpakorn, D.V.M., M.Sc., Tanit Kasantikul, D.V.M., Jedsada Taewnean, D.V.M., Boripat Siriaroonrat, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mitchell Bush, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Nopadon Pirarat, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: Neosporosis was diagnosed in a 16- year-old female white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) that died suddenly without clinical signs. Histopathology revealed disseminated protozoan tachyzoites in liver, adrenal cortex, kidney, and intestine, with morphology compatible with either Toxoplasma or Neospora. The organism was identified as Neospora caninum with the use of primary rabbit anti–N. caninum antibody immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. The exact source of infection remains unknown, but it is suspected that N. caninum oocysts were ingested from the soil.

Key words: Ceratotherium simum, Neospora caninum, neosporosis, systemic, white rhinoceros.

白犀牛之全身性新孢蟲症

翻譯：林鼎華

Angkana Sommanustweechai, D.V.M., Montakan Vongpakorn, D.V.M., M.Sc., Tanit Kasantikul, D.V.M., Jedsada Taewnean, D.V.M., Boripat Siriaroonrat, D.V.M., Ph.D., Mitchell Bush, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and Nopadon Pirarat, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：一隻16歲雌性白犀牛突然死亡且沒有臨床症狀，被診斷為新孢子蟲病。

由組織病理學檢查中發現，此類原蟲的快速增殖體感染此病畜的肝、腎皮質、腸。觀察其形態，可以推斷不是弓漿蟲感染就是新孢蟲。最後利用聚合脢連鎖反應和源自於兔子的抗新孢蟲抗體組織免疫化學染色，確診為犬型新胞蟲。確切感然原因不確定，但懷疑是經由食入土壞而感染。

關鍵字：白犀牛學名、犬型新胞蟲、新胞蟲症、全身性、白犀牛

Pages 169-173

FOURNIER’S GANGRENE SYNDROME IN A CHIMPANZEE (PAN TROGLODYTES)

Danelle M. Okeson, D.V.M., Judilee Marrow, D.V.M., James W. Carpenter, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl.

A.C.Z.M., Laura J. Armbrust, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R., John M. Ragsdale, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P.,

and Emily Klocke, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.S.

Abstract: A 37-yr-old male chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) was evaluated for intermittent diarrhea, scrotal swelling, and lethargy of 2 days duration. Physical examination revealed marked swelling of the scrotum and perineal tissues with mild pitting edema and crepitus. Computed tomography revealed a mixed gas and soft-tissue density extending from the caudal ventral subcutaneous tissues caudally to the scrotum and perineal tissues. Surgical exploration and castration were performed to establish drainage, and culture revealed a polymicrobial infection. A diagnosis of scrotal and fascial plane abscessation consistent with Fournier’s gangrene was made. Although castration with open drainage was performed, the animal died 36 hr after surgery. Postmortem examination and histopathology revealed necrotizing fasciitis of the penis, vaginal tunic, and subcutaneous perineal and perianal tissues.

Key words: chimpanzee, Fournier’s gangrene, necrotizing fasciitis, Pan troglodytes.

黑猩猩之Fournier’s壞疽症候群

翻譯：林鼎華

Danelle M. Okeson, D.V.M., Judilee Marrow, D.V.M., James W. Carpenter, M.S., D.V.M., Dipl.

A.C.Z.M., Laura J. Armbrust, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.R., John M. Ragsdale, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P.,

and Emily Klocke, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.S.

摘要：一隻37歲的雄性黑猩猩出現間歇性下痢、陰囊腫大、嗜睡二天。理學檢查發現明顯的陰囊腫大、週邊組織出現捻髮音及凹陷性水腫。電腦斷層顯示在陰囊、週邊組織及其腹側、末端皮下組織出現混和氣體及軟組織透射性影像。進行手術開創及睪丸摘除，並持續引流；進行培養後發現多種微生物感染。因有陰囊及筋膜面膿瘍，診斷為Fournier’s壞疽。 即使進行去勢及開創引流，病畜仍然在術後36小時死亡。屍體解剖及組識病理檢查顯示陰莖、週邊組織、圍肛組織、鞘膜的筋膜面壞死。

關鍵字：黑猩猩、Fournier’s壞疽、壞死性筋膜炎、黑猩猩學名

Pages 174-177

COMPLICATION ASSOCIATED WITH ABDOMINAL SURGICAL IMPLANTATION OF A RADIO TRANSMITTER IN AN AMERICAN BADGER (TAXIDEA TAXUS)

Jessica H. Quinn, Ph.D., Patricia M. Gaffney, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Kirsten Gilardi, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Michael Murray, D.V.M., David A. Jessup, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and

Christine K. Johnson, V.M.D., Ph.D.

Abstract: Radio telemetry has greatly advanced the understanding of wild animal ecology. Telemetry studies must ensure that placement of transmitters does not influence the health and behavior of study animals. Here, 10 American badgers (Taxidea taxus) were implanted with beeswax-coated abdominal radio transmitters under general anesthesia and tracked for an average of 14 mo. Behavior and movements of all badgers indicated successful short-term recovery from implantation; however, three mortalities were observed between 5 mo and 15 mo after capture. Cause of death could not be determined for two badgers due to decomposition of the carcasses. A third badger that was recovered in good postmortem condition died from sepsis secondary to a transmitter-related omental torsion. This study indicates that there is some risk associated with abdominally implanted radio transmitters in badgers. Future studies involving implanted transmitters in mammals should focus on identifying safe and effective telemetry devices that do not affect the health of study animals.

Key words: American badger, omental adhesion, peritoneal implant, telemetry, Taxidea taxus.

以外科植入無線電發射器在美國獾引起之併發症

翻譯：林鼎華

Jessica H. Quinn, Ph.D., Patricia M. Gaffney, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Kirsten Gilardi, D.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., Michael Murray, D.V.M., David A. Jessup, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.Z.M., and

Christine K. Johnson, V.M.D., Ph.D.

摘要：無線電遙測對於野生動物生態研究有極大的幫助。遙測研究必須確保發射器的植入不會影響動物的健康及行為。10隻美國獾在麻醉狀態下被植入以蜂蠟保覆的無線電發射器，其平均追踨時間為14個月。所有的獾從行為可以知道在術後短時間就恢復。但有三隻獾在抓到後的5個月至15個月死亡。其中二隻因為屍體狀態不佳，所以無法確認死因，另一隻的屍體保存良好，經判定死於因發射器植入所引起之大網膜扭轉，繼發的敗血病。本研究指出一些發射器植入仍是存在風險的。未來研究哺乳動物時，若有涉及無線電發射器的植入時，必須注意在不影響動物的健康及發射器能有效的作用的狀況下進行研究。

關鍵字：美國獾、大網膜沾黏、腹膜植入物、遙測、美國獾學名

Pages 178-180

SKIN LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH DEMODEX SP. IN A LLAMA (LAMA PERUANA)

Kyung-Yeon Eo, D.V.M., Dongmi Kwak, D.V.M., Ph.D., Taekyun Shin, D.V.M., Ph.D., Yong-Gu Yeo, D.V.M., Kyu-Yong Jung, D.V.M., Ph.D., Seong-Chun Kwon, D.V.M., Ph.D., Seungjoon Kim, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Oh-Deog Kwon, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: A 2.5-yr-old female llama (Lama peruana) with skin lesions was presented to the Animal Health Center in Seoul Grand Park Zoo, Korea. Mites of the genus Demodex in the absence of other mites or fungi were identified from the lesions by skin scrapings. The bodies were elongated, tapered, and 200–280 µm in length; four pairs of stumpy legs were present at the front of the body, and the striated opisthosoma constituted about half of the body length. Histologic examination of the skin biopsy showed typical folliculitis, hyperkeratinization of epidermis, and infiltration of inflammatory cells, consisting mainly of eosinophils and monocytes, in dermis. Although mites were undetected in the dilated hair follicles, the histologic features are consistent with descriptions of infestation by Demodex spp. This is believed to be the first case of skin lesions associated with Demodex sp. in L. peruana. Incidental findings were previously described in a different species of llamas (Lama glama) without any recognized symptoms. Treatment with amitraz (0.025%) eliminated the mites and resolved the clinical signs.

Key words: Amitraz, Demodex, Lama peruana, llama, mange.

駱馬由毛囊蟲引起的皮膚病灶

翻譯：方軒芃

Kyung-Yeon Eo, D.V.M., Dongmi Kwak, D.V.M., Ph.D., Taekyun Shin, D.V.M., Ph.D., Yong-Gu Yeo, D.V.M., Kyu-Yong Jung, D.V.M., Ph.D., Seong-Chun Kwon, D.V.M., Ph.D., Seungjoon Kim, D.V.M., Ph.D., and Oh-Deog Kwon, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要：一隻2.5歲有皮膚病灶的駱馬，被送到韓國首爾動物園的動物健康中心，在其刮取的皮屑樣本中並未發現其他蟎或黴菌感染，卻發現毛囊蟲屬的蟎類，。蟲體瘦長、一頭尖且細，200-280微米長；身體前部具四對粗短的足、後部具條紋且占體長一半。皮膚組織切片結果發現典型毛囊炎、表皮過度角化及真皮層中炎症細胞浸潤，其炎症細胞主要為嗜酸性球及單核球。雖然未在擴張的毛囊中發現蟎，但組織病理檢查結果之特徵與毛囊蟲感染相符。此案例為駱馬毛囊蟲感染造成皮膚病的首例。過去曾記錄，在不同種類的美洲駝中，偶然發現卻沒有任何類似的症狀。以0.025%的三亞蟎（amitraz）治療，將蟎清除並解除了臨床症狀

關鍵字：三亞蟎、毛囊蟲、駱馬學名、駱馬、蟎

Pages 181-183

CRYPTOCOCCUSGATTIIVGI INASPINNERDOLPHIN (STENELLA LONGIROSTRIS) FROM HAWAII

David S. Rotstein, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Kristi West, Ph.D., Gregg Levine, D.V.M., Shawn R. Lockhart, Ph.D., Stephen Raverty, D.V.M., Ms.C., Ph.D., D.A.C.V.P., Muhammad G.

Morshed, Ph.D., and Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D.

Abstract: A spinner dolphin (Stenella longirostris) was found stranded in Hawaii with cutaneous nodules and enlarged lymph nodes. Numerous Cryptococcus gattii VGI yeast were observed in multiple organs with minimal inflammation. This case represents the first reported infection of C. gattii in a dolphin from Hawaii.

Key words: cryptococcosis, Cryptococcus gattii VGI, granulomatous, Hawaii, Stenella longirostris.

夏威夷飛旋海豚之隱球菌感染

翻譯：方軒芃

David S. Rotstein, D.V.M., M.P.V.M., Dipl. A.C.V.P., Kristi West, Ph.D., Gregg Levine, D.V.M., Shawn R. Lockhart, Ph.D., Stephen Raverty, D.V.M., Ms.C., Ph.D., D.A.C.V.P., Muhammad G.

Morshed, Ph.D., and Teri Rowles, D.V.M., Ph.D.

摘要： 在夏威夷一隻擱淺的飛旋海豚發現皮膚結節及淋巴結腫大。許多有輕微炎症反應的器官中觀察到許多酵母菌樣的隱球菌。此病例為夏威夷海豚隱球菌感染的首例報告。

關鍵字：隱球菌感染、隱球菌學名、肉芽腫、夏威夷、飛旋海豚學名

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