1. How and why are coastal environments different and dynamic?



Syllacon TEMPLATESSINGAPORE-CAMBRIDGE GCE O-LEVELPURE GEOGRAPHY OUTLINESYLLABUS 2236UPDATED 2013OverviewThemesTopicsChaptersCountPhysical Geography1. Coasts1-332. Living with Tectonic Hazards4-633. Variable Weather and Changing Climate7-93Human Geography4. Global Tourism10-1235. Food Resources13-1536. Health and Diseases16-183Coasts TOC \o "1-1" \h \z \u 1. How and why are coastal environments different and dynamic? PAGEREF _Toc373585678 \h 72. Why are coastal areas valuable? PAGEREF _Toc373585679 \h 83. How can we manage coastal areas in a sustainable manner? PAGEREF _Toc373585680 \h 9Living with Tectonic Hazards4. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards? PAGEREF _Toc373585681 \h 115. What landforms and associated tectonic phenomena are found at plate boundaries? PAGEREF _Toc373585682 \h 126. How do people prepare for and respond to earthquakes? PAGEREF _Toc373585683 \h 13Variable Weather and Changing Climate7. Why do different places experience different weather and climate? PAGEREF _Toc373585684 \h 158. What is happening to the Earth’s climate? PAGEREF _Toc373585685 \h 169. Is the weather becoming more extreme? PAGEREF _Toc373585686 \h 17Global Tourism10. How does the nature of tourism vary from place to place? PAGEREF _Toc373585687 \h 1911. Why has tourism become a global phenomenon? PAGEREF _Toc373585688 \h 2012. Developing tourism at what cost? PAGEREF _Toc373585689 \h 21Food Resources13. How and why has food consumption patterns changed since 1960s? PAGEREF _Toc373585690 \h 2314. What are the trends and challenges in production of food crops? PAGEREF _Toc373585691 \h 2415. How can the problem of food shortage be addressed? PAGEREF _Toc373585692 \h 25Health and Diseases16. What are the global patterns of health and diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373585693 \h 2717. What influences the spread and impact of infectious diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373585694 \h 2818. How can we manage the current and future spread of infectious diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373585695 \h 29Contents TOC \o "1-3" \h \z \u 1. How and why are coastal environments different and dynamic? PAGEREF _Toc373586006 \h 7(a) explain the dynamic nature of coastal environments PAGEREF _Toc373586007 \h 7(b) explain how waves are generated and the factors influencing them PAGEREF _Toc373586008 \h 7(c) explain wave refraction and the processes which occur when waves break PAGEREF _Toc373586009 \h 7(d) distinguish between the different types of waves and their associated coastal environments PAGEREF _Toc373586010 \h 7(e) explain the different coastal processes PAGEREF _Toc373586011 \h 7(f) describe and explain the formation of cliffs, headlands, caves, arches, stacks and shore platforms PAGEREF _Toc373586012 \h 7(g) describe and explain the formation of bays, beaches, spits and tombolos PAGEREF _Toc373586013 \h 72. Why are coastal areas valuable? PAGEREF _Toc373586014 \h 8(a) describe four key ecosystem services obtainable from coastal ecosystems PAGEREF _Toc373586015 \h 8(b) explain how the distinctive characteristics of coastal areas support a variety of human activities PAGEREF _Toc373586016 \h 8(c) describe the global distribution and characteristics of coral reef ecosystem PAGEREF _Toc373586017 \h 8(d) explain the value of coral reef ecosystem in the coastal environment PAGEREF _Toc373586018 \h 8(e) discuss the issues surrounding the destruction of coral reef ecosystem PAGEREF _Toc373586019 \h 8(f) describe the global distribution and characteristics of coral reef ecosystem PAGEREF _Toc373586020 \h 8(g) explain the value of coral reef ecosystem in the coastal environment PAGEREF _Toc373586021 \h 8(h) discuss the issues surrounding the destruction of coral reef ecosystem PAGEREF _Toc373586022 \h 8(i) identify and explain the threats to coastal areas PAGEREF _Toc373586023 \h 83. How can we manage coastal areas in a sustainable manner? PAGEREF _Toc373586024 \h 9(a) explain how coastal areas can be managed in a sustainable manner PAGEREF _Toc373586025 \h 9(b) evaluate the effectiveness of coastal protection measures PAGEREF _Toc373586026 \h 94. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards? PAGEREF _Toc373586027 \h 11(a) compare the different types of natural hazards PAGEREF _Toc373586028 \h 11(b) describe the internal structure of the Earth (core, mantle, crust) and tectonic plates PAGEREF _Toc373586029 \h 11(c) explain the movement of plates PAGEREF _Toc373586030 \h 11(d) describe the global distribution of tectonic plates and types of plate boundaries PAGEREF _Toc373586031 \h 115. What landforms and associated tectonic phenomena are found at plate boundaries? PAGEREF _Toc373586032 \h 12(a) discuss how plate movements influence the general distribution of landforms and associated phenomena PAGEREF _Toc373586033 \h 12(b) describe the characteristics of landforms and phenomena associated with plate movements PAGEREF _Toc373586034 \h 12(c) explain the causes of landforms and phenomena associated with plate movements PAGEREF _Toc373586035 \h 12(d) describe the structure of volcanoes PAGEREF _Toc373586036 \h 12(e) explain the shape and size of volcanoes PAGEREF _Toc373586037 \h 12(f) describe the benefits and risks of living in volcanic areas PAGEREF _Toc373586038 \h 12(g) discuss the impact of earthquakes on peopleliving in areas prone to this natural hazard PAGEREF _Toc373586039 \h 126. How do people prepare for and respond to earthquakes? PAGEREF _Toc373586040 \h 13(a) discuss the responses of people to earthquakes and tsunamis PAGEREF _Toc373586041 \h 13(b) assess the effectiveness of strategies in mitigating and responding to the effects of earthquakes and tsunamis PAGEREF _Toc373586042 \h 137. Why do different places experience different weather and climate? PAGEREF _Toc373586043 \h 15(a) differentiate between weather and climate PAGEREF _Toc373586044 \h 15(b) explain the daily and seasonal variations in temperature at a particular location PAGEREF _Toc373586045 \h 15(c) compare and explain the variations in temperature between different locationsExplain the differences in relative humidity in different locations PAGEREF _Toc373586046 \h 15(d) explain the formation of convectional rain and relief rain PAGEREF _Toc373586047 \h 15(e) explain how coastal temperatures are moderated by land and sea breezes PAGEREF _Toc373586048 \h 15(f) explain the formation of monsoon winds PAGEREF _Toc373586049 \h 15(g) describe and explain the distribution and characteristics of equatorial, monsoon and cool temperate climates PAGEREF _Toc373586050 \h 15(h) describe and explain the weather and climate of Singapore with reference to rainfall, relative humidity and temperature PAGEREF _Toc373586051 \h 158. What is happening to the Earth’s climate? PAGEREF _Toc373586052 \h 16(a) discuss climate change in the last 150 years PAGEREF _Toc373586053 \h 16(b) explain the greenhouse effect PAGEREF _Toc373586054 \h 16(c) discuss the natural causes of recent climate change PAGEREF _Toc373586055 \h 16(d) explain how human activities such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, rice cultivation and cattle farming increase greenhouse gases and lead to enhanced greenhouse effectExplain the impact of climate change such as sea level rise, extreme weather events and human health PAGEREF _Toc373586056 \h 16(e) describe the responses to climate change PAGEREF _Toc373586057 \h 169. Is the weather becoming more extreme? PAGEREF _Toc373586058 \h 17(a) describe the location and characteristics of tropical cyclones PAGEREF _Toc373586059 \h 17(b) discuss the impact of tropical cyclones on human lives and the environment PAGEREF _Toc373586060 \h 17(c) evaluate the effectiveness of measures adopted to mitigate and respond to the effects of tropical cyclones PAGEREF _Toc373586061 \h 1710. How does the nature of tourism vary from place to place? PAGEREF _Toc373586062 \h 19(a) describe and give examples of different types of tourism PAGEREF _Toc373586063 \h 19(b) explain why tourist activities are different at different places PAGEREF _Toc373586064 \h 19(c) discuss the roles of different groups in promoting tourism PAGEREF _Toc373586065 \h 1911. Why has tourism become a global phenomenon? PAGEREF _Toc373586066 \h 20(a) describe the trends of both domestic tourism and international tourism PAGEREF _Toc373586067 \h 20(b) describe the changing nature of global tourism PAGEREF _Toc373586068 \h 20(c) explain the growth of global tourismExplain why tourism is subject to regional fluctuations PAGEREF _Toc373586069 \h 2012. Developing tourism at what cost? PAGEREF _Toc373586070 \h 21(a) assess the impact of tourism on a country PAGEREF _Toc373586071 \h 21(b) explain how tourism can be made sustainable PAGEREF _Toc373586072 \h 21(c) compare the roles of various groups in taking care of the tourist areas PAGEREF _Toc373586073 \h 2113. How and why has food consumption patterns changed since 1960s? PAGEREF _Toc373586074 \h 23(a) describe variations in global food consumption patterns between DCs and LDCs over time PAGEREF _Toc373586075 \h 23(b) describe the changing food preferences in DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586076 \h 23(c) explain why variations exist and persist in food consumption between DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586077 \h 23(d) discuss the impact of variations in food consumption on individuals within DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586078 \h 2314. What are the trends and challenges in production of food crops? PAGEREF _Toc373586079 \h 24(a) describe and explain the trends in production of food crops since 1960s PAGEREF _Toc373586080 \h 24(b) discuss the factors affecting the intensity of food production and supplyDiscuss the effects of intensification of food production activities on water and soil quality PAGEREF _Toc373586081 \h 24(c) discuss why the production of genetically modified food crop varies between countries PAGEREF _Toc373586082 \h 24(d) discuss the causes of food shortage PAGEREF _Toc373586083 \h 2415. How can the problem of food shortage be addressed? PAGEREF _Toc373586084 \h 25(a) discuss strategies adopted to alleviate the problem of food shortage PAGEREF _Toc373586085 \h 25(b) evaluate the effectiveness of technology to solve the problem of food shortage PAGEREF _Toc373586086 \h 2516. What are the global patterns of health and diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373586087 \h 27(a) describe how the health of people varies between DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586088 \h 27(b) explain the variations in the health of people between DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586089 \h 27(c) describe the variations in types of diseases between DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586090 \h 27(d) explain the main causes of death in DCs and LDCs PAGEREF _Toc373586091 \h 2717. What influences the spread and impact of infectious diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373586092 \h 28(a) compare and give examples of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks at different times in the past PAGEREF _Toc373586093 \h 28(b) describe and explain the transmission of malaria PAGEREF _Toc373586094 \h 28(c) describe the spread of malaria in the world PAGEREF _Toc373586095 \h 28(d) describe and explain the extent of spread of malaria in a selected country in Asia PAGEREF _Toc373586096 \h 28(e) discuss the impact of malaria in a selected countryDescribe and explain the transmission of HIV/AIDS PAGEREF _Toc373586097 \h 28(f) describe the spread of HIV/AIDS in the world PAGEREF _Toc373586098 \h 28(g) describe and explain the factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS in a selected country PAGEREF _Toc373586099 \h 28(h) discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS in a selected country PAGEREF _Toc373586100 \h 2818. How can we manage the current and future spread of infectious diseases? PAGEREF _Toc373586101 \h 29(a) discuss the challenges faced in managing the spread of infectious diseases PAGEREF _Toc373586102 \h 29(b) explain the re-emergence of malaria in several countries in the world PAGEREF _Toc373586103 \h 29(c) discuss measures that individuals, governments and organisations can take to manage the spread of infectious diseases PAGEREF _Toc373586104 \h 29(d) assess the effectiveness of measures taken by a country to contain the spread of the disease PAGEREF _Toc373586105 \h 29TOPIC 1: COASTSShould coastal environments matter?One third of the world’s population live in coastal areas, approximately 4% of Earth’s total land area. The study of coastal environments is especially crucial at a time when there is greater threat to coastal areas due to the rise in sea levels. Through the study of physical processes occurring incoastal areas and the resulting landform features, students will understand how dynamic and fragile coastal environments are. They will examine why coastal environments are highly valuable in supporting a variety of human activities. They will also study the challenges involved in making decisions pertaining to the management of issues that arise from increasing human interferences in coastal environments.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document1. How and why are coastal environments different and dynamic?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) explain the dynamic nature of coastal environments(b) explain how waves are generated and the factors influencing them(c) explain wave refraction and the processes which occur when waves break(d) distinguish between the different types of waves and their associated coastal environments(e) explain the different coastal processes(f) describe and explain the formation of cliffs, headlands, caves, arches, stacks and shore platforms(g) describe and explain the formation of bays, beaches, spits and tombolos2. Why are coastal areas valuable?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe four key ecosystem services obtainable from coastal ecosystems(b) explain how the distinctive characteristics of coastal areas support a variety of human activities(c) describe the global distribution and characteristics of coral reef ecosystem(d) explain the value of coral reef ecosystem in the coastal environment(e) discuss the issues surrounding the destruction of coral reef ecosystem(f) describe the global distribution and characteristics of coral reef ecosystem(g) explain the value of coral reef ecosystem in the coastal environment(h) discuss the issues surrounding the destruction of coral reef ecosystem(i) identify and explain the threats to coastal areas3. How can we manage coastal areas in a sustainable manner?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) explain how coastal areas can be managed in a sustainable manner(b) evaluate the effectiveness of coastal protection measuresTOPIC 2: LIVING WITH TECTONIC HAZARDSRisk or opportunity?Certain places in the world like those near plate boundaries are prone to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. Such natural hazards pose dangers to people who live there and have significant impact on their quality of life. In examining the spatial patterns of these natural hazards and why such patterns exist, students have to explore the concept of plate tectonics and understand how plate movements resulting from internal earth processes create mountain systems, some large-scale landform features and tectonic hazards around the world. They will examine how and why the impact of these tectonic hazards vary greatly from place to place and consider the decision-making process that leads people to adopt certain responses when deciding to live in hazard-prone areas. Although Singapore is not at the plate boundaries, we do experience tremors and effects associated with earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occurring in neighbouring countries. Through studying this topic, students will gain an appreciation of the constraints people face and the reasons behind the different choices people make in similar situations.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document4. Why are some areas more prone to tectonic hazards?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) compare the different types of natural hazards(b) describe the internal structure of the Earth (core, mantle, crust) and tectonic plates(c) explain the movement of plates(d) describe the global distribution of tectonic plates and types of plate boundaries5. What landforms and associated tectonic phenomena are found at plate boundaries?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) discuss how plate movements influence the general distribution of landforms and associated phenomena(b) describe the characteristics of landforms and phenomena associated with plate movements(c) explain the causes of landforms and phenomena associated with plate movements(d) describe the structure of volcanoes(e) explain the shape and size of volcanoes(f) describe the benefits and risks of living in volcanic areas(g) discuss the impact of earthquakes on peopleliving in areas prone to this natural hazard6. How do people prepare for and respond to earthquakes?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) discuss the responses of people to earthquakes and tsunamis(b) assess the effectiveness of strategies in mitigating and responding to the effects of earthquakes and tsunamisTOPIC 3: VARIABLE WEATHER AND CHANGING CLIMATEA continuing challenge?Variations in day-to-day weather are occurring all the time; they are an integral part of our lives. The average weather conditions of about 30 years is known as climate. Climate has changed in the past through natural causes on timescales ranging from millions to hundreds of years. However, in this topic, the study of climate change is confined to the changes taking place in the last 150 years. Changes in climate are often discussed as they impact human lives, livelihoods and nature’s life support systems. In recent years, severe weather events such as tropical cyclones appear to have become more intense. In studying this topic, students will examine the fundamental concepts and essential principles involved in the Earth’s weather and climate system. They will gain an understanding of the scientific basis of changing weather and climate and the complex inter-connections among the physical and biological components of the Earth system. Through the study, students will also appreciate that climate change poses challenges as well as opportunities.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document7. Why do different places experience different weather and climate?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) differentiate between weather and climate(b) explain the daily and seasonal variations in temperature at a particular location(c) compare and explain the variations in temperature between different locationsExplain the differences in relative humidity in different locations(d) explain the formation of convectional rain and relief rain(e) explain how coastal temperatures are moderated by land and sea breezes(f) explain the formation of monsoon winds(g) describe and explain the distribution and characteristics of equatorial, monsoon and cool temperate climates(h) describe and explain the weather and climate of Singapore with reference to rainfall, relative humidity and temperature8. What is happening to the Earth’s climate?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) discuss climate change in the last 150 years(b) explain the greenhouse effect(c) discuss the natural causes of recent climate change(d) explain how human activities such as deforestation, burning of fossil fuels, rice cultivation and cattle farming increase greenhouse gases and lead to enhanced greenhouse effectExplain the impact of climate change such as sea level rise, extreme weather events and human health(e) describe the responses to climate change9. Is the weather becoming more extreme?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe the location and characteristics of tropical cyclones(b) discuss the impact of tropical cyclones on human lives and the environment(c) evaluate the effectiveness of measures adopted to mitigate and respond to the effects of tropical cyclonesTOPIC 4: GLOBAL TOURISMIs tourism the way to go?Tourism is an important industry in many countries of the world. However, it has both advantages and disadvantages. The growth in tourism has impact on people and places and requires careful management in order to ensure that it is sustainable. In Singapore, tourism is an important sector of the economy and many students also aspire to work in the industry. Through examining this topic, students will gain a better understanding of the challenges faced in the global competition for the tourist dollar and management of tourist sites.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document10. How does the nature of tourism vary from place to place?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe and give examples of different types of tourism(b) explain why tourist activities are different at different places(c) discuss the roles of different groups in promoting tourism11. Why has tourism become a global phenomenon?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe the trends of both domestic tourism and international tourism(b) describe the changing nature of global tourism(c) explain the growth of global tourismExplain why tourism is subject to regional fluctuations12. Developing tourism at what cost?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) assess the impact of tourism on a country(b) explain how tourism can be made sustainable(c) compare the roles of various groups in taking care of the tourist areasTOPIC 5: FOOD RESOURCESIs technology a panacea for food shortage?Food is an important resource issue in contemporary society. This topic focuses on food consumption, production and distribution patterns in societies. It looks at the perplexing problem of why there is hunger in some societies while others enjoy excess food provision that results in obesity and food wastage. Students will examine the role and impact of technology in raising yields to combat the food shortage problem. In the light of growing world population and the challenges of environment sustainability, solutions to the issue of hunger may be in continuing the intensification of farming practices in the midst of global climate change, changing the food supply and distribution chains or population control.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document13. How and why has food consumption patterns changed since 1960s?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe variations in global food consumption patterns between DCs and LDCs over time(b) describe the changing food preferences in DCs and LDCs(c) explain why variations exist and persist in food consumption between DCs and LDCs(d) discuss the impact of variations in food consumption on individuals within DCs and LDCs14. What are the trends and challenges in production of food crops?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe and explain the trends in production of food crops since 1960s(b) discuss the factors affecting the intensity of food production and supplyDiscuss the effects of intensification of food production activities on water and soil quality(c) discuss why the production of genetically modified food crop varies between countries(d) discuss the causes of food shortage15. How can the problem of food shortage be addressed?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) discuss strategies adopted to alleviate the problem of food shortage(b) evaluate the effectiveness of technology to solve the problem of food shortageTOPIC 6: HEALTH AND DISEASESAre we more vulnerable than before?This topic deals with the health of people around the world and the main diseases that affect them. According to the WHO, health is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. However, in this topic, the focus is only on physical well-being. It examines how people’s interactions with the environment increase their susceptibility to disease and early mortality. It is concerned with the location and spatial spread of selected major diseases, the disease transmission cycles and intervention strategies to reduce disease burden. It examines the causes underlying the spread of diseases, such as poverty, lack of access to medical services, and the physical environment like weather changes that influence the speed and agents of spread. Through the study, students will appreciate that people in different environments have unequal access to resources and face varying risks of succumbing to poor health and diseases. They will also appreciate the need to exercise individual and collective responsibility in responding to infectious diseases.Extracted from GEOGRAPHY GCE ORDINARY LEVEL (2014) Syllabus Document16. What are the global patterns of health and diseases?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) describe how the health of people varies between DCs and LDCs(b) explain the variations in the health of people between DCs and LDCs(c) describe the variations in types of diseases between DCs and LDCs(d) explain the main causes of death in DCs and LDCs17. What influences the spread and impact of infectious diseases?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) compare and give examples of epidemic and pandemic outbreaks at different times in the past (b) describe and explain the transmission of malaria(c) describe the spread of malaria in the world(d) describe and explain the extent of spread of malaria in a selected country in Asia(e) discuss the impact of malaria in a selected countryDescribe and explain the transmission of HIV/AIDS(f) describe the spread of HIV/AIDS in the world(g) describe and explain the factors contributing to the spread of HIV/AIDS in a selected country(h) discuss the impact of HIV/AIDS in a selected country18. How can we manage the current and future spread of infectious diseases?Learning Outcomes:Candidates should be able to:(a) discuss the challenges faced in managing the spread of infectious diseases(b) explain the re-emergence of malaria in several countries in the world(c) discuss measures that individuals, governments and organisations can take to manage the spread of infectious diseases(d) assess the effectiveness of measures taken by a country to contain the spread of the disease ................
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