University of California, Irvine



Table of Contents TOC \o "1-3" \u Section I: Country & Region Name of Variable PAGEREF _Toc242548277 \h 2Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI) PAGEREF _Toc242548278 \h 52.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions PAGEREF _Toc242548279 \h 62.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction PAGEREF _Toc242548280 \h 72.3 FGI Scales Item Wording PAGEREF _Toc242548281 \h 92.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Item PAGEREF _Toc242548282 \h 92.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by Year PAGEREF _Toc242548283 \h 132.4 FGI Data Process and Final Scores PAGEREF _Toc242548284 \h 25Section III: GLOBE Culture Database PAGEREF _Toc242548285 \h 293.1 Variable Sources and Definitions PAGEREF _Toc242548286 \h 303.2 Data Collection PAGEREF _Toc242548287 \h 323.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions PAGEREF _Toc242548288 \h 33Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture Database PAGEREF _Toc242548289 \h 364.1 Variable Sources and Definitions PAGEREF _Toc242548290 \h 374.2 Data collection PAGEREF _Toc242548291 \h 384.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank) PAGEREF _Toc242548292 \h 384.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program PAGEREF _Toc242548293 \h 384.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS) PAGEREF _Toc242548294 \h 384.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS) PAGEREF _Toc242548295 \h 384.3 Index Scores for Countries and Regions PAGEREF _Toc242548296 \h 39References PAGEREF _Toc242548297 \h 44Appendix A-1: Complete Matrix for 89 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..46Appendix A-2: Modified Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions…………………………………………………………………..47Appendix A-3: Matrix for 48 Countries & Regions (Sorted by Year)………………………………………………………….48Appendix B-1: FGI by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….52Appendix B-2: FGI by Year……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….53Appendix B-3: Hofstede’s by Country………………………………………………………………………………………………………54Appendix B-4: Hofstede’s by Year…………………………………………………………………………………………………………….55Appendix B-5: GLOBE………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………56Section I: Country & Region Name of VariableTable 1-1 Country & region name of variableSorted by lable valueSorted by countries & regions' namesCountry & Region NamesLabelCountry & Region NamesLabelAlbaniaALBAlbaniaALBArab CountriesARAArab CountriesARAArgentinaARG ArgentinaARG AustraliaAUS AustraliaAUS AustriaAUT AustriaAUT BelgiumBEL BangladeshBGDBangladeshBGDBelgiumBEL BulgariaBGRBoliviaBOLBoliviaBOLBrazilBRA BrazilBRA BulgariaBGRCanadaCAN CanadaCAN SwitzerlandCHE ChileCHL Switzerland (French-speaking)CHE (F)ChinaCHN ChileCHL ColombiaCOL ChinaCHN Costa RicaCRIColombiaCOL Czech RepublicCZE Costa RicaCRICzechiaCZCCzechiaCZCDenmarkDNK Czech RepublicCZE East AfricaEAFGermanyDEU EcuadorECUGermany (former East)DEU (E)EgyptEGY Germany (former West)DEU (W)El SalvadorSALDenmarkDNK EstoniaEST East AfricaEAFFinlandFIN EcuadorECUFranceFRA EgyptEGY GeorgiaGEOSpainESP GermanyDEU EstoniaEST Germany (former East)DEU (E)FinlandFIN Germany (former West)DEU (W)FranceFRA GreeceGRC United KingdomGBR GuatemalaGTMGeorgiaGEOHong KongHKG GreeceGRC HungaryHUN GuatemalaGTMIcelandISL Hong KongHKG IndiaIND HungaryHUN IndonesiaIDN IndonesiaIDN IranIRNIndiaIND IrelandIRL IrelandIRL IsraelISR IranIRNItalyITA IcelandISL JamaicaJAMIsraelISR JapanJPN ItalyITA JordanJOR JamaicaJAMKazakhstanKAZJordanJOR KuwaitKWTJapanJPN LuxembourgLUX KazakhstanKAZMalaysiaMYS South KoreaKOR MaltaMLTKuwaitKWTMexicoMEX LuxembourgLUX MoroccoMARMoroccoMARNamibiaNAMMexicoMEX NetherlandsNLD MaltaMLTNew ZealandNZL MalaysiaMYS NigeriaNGANamibiaNAMNorwayNOR NigeriaNGAPakistanPAKNetherlandsNLD PanamaPANNorwayNOR PeruPER New ZealandNZL PhilippinesPHL PakistanPAKPolandPOL PanamaPANPortugalPRT PeruPER QatarQATPhilippinesPHL RomaniaROM PolandPOL RussianRUS PortugalPRT SingaporeSGP QatarQATSlovakiaSVKRomaniaROM SloveniaSVN RussianRUS South AfricaZAF El SalvadorSALSouth Africa (black sample)ZAF (b)SingaporeSGP South Africa (white sample)ZAF (w)SurinameSURSouth KoreaKOR SlovakiaSVKSpainESP SloveniaSVN SurinameSURSwedenSWE SwedenSWE ThailandTHA SwitzerlandCHE TrinidadTTOSwitzerland (French-speaking)CHE (F)TurkeyTUR TaiwanTWN TaiwanTWN ThailandTHA UruguayURYTrinidadTTOUnited StatesUSA TurkeyTUR Venezuela, RBVEN United KingdomGBR VietnamVNMUnited StatesUSA West AfricaWAFUruguayURYYugoslaviaYUGVenezuela, RBVEN South AfricaZAF VietnamVNMSouth Africa (black sample)ZAF (b)West AfricaWAFSouth Africa (white sample)ZAF (w)YugoslaviaYUGZambiaZMBZambiaZMBZimbabweZWEZimbabweZWENote: Arabic speaking region (ARA): Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of data for individual countries.East African region (EAF): Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.West African region (WAF): Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 4 countries into one region.Section II: Facilitative Government Index (FGI)Contents of Section II2.1 FGI Variable Sources & Definitions2.2 Description of FGI Scale Construction2.3 FGI Scale Item Wording 2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Item 2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording – by Year2.4 FGI Data Process and final scores2.1 FGI Variable Sources & DefinitionsTable 2.1-1 FGI Variable Sources and DefinitionVariable NameFull NameData SourceDefinitionFGI1995Facilitative government index in 1995WEFIMD (1995)FGI: The degree to which government facilitates independent organization. It is a composite measure including the following items: 1. Protectionism; 2. Bureaucracy; 3. Bribing and corruption; 4. Justice; 5. Legal regulation of financial institutions; 6. Intellectual property rights. (This item is n.a. in the year 2005 and 2006.)FGI1996Facilitative government index in 1996IMD (1996)FGI1997Facilitative government index in 1997IMD (1997)FGI1998Facilitative government index in 1998IMD (1998)FGI1999Facilitative government index in 1999IMD (1999)FGI2000Facilitative government index in 2000IMD (2000)FGI2001Facilitative government index in 2001IMD (2001)FGI2002Facilitative government index in 2002IMD (2002)FGI2003Facilitative government index in 2003IMD (2003)FGI2004Facilitative government index in 2004IMD (2004)FGI2005Facilitative government index in 2005IMD (2005)FGI2006Facilitative government index in 2006IMD (2006)2.2 Description of FGI Scale ConstructionDue to problems with non-independence of items in the old FGI (World Bank items and the CPI item included data from the IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook), we redid the FGI using only the survey data from the World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development 1995 World Competitiveness Report (Geneva: EMF Foundation). We started with the 32 items that Rao (2005) had taken from IMD World Competitiveness yearbook. These items were chosen as items that might be connected to the concept of facilitative government, governance quality, and order in the economy. It is called FGI1995 in all publications. The 32 items are below:Table 2.2-1 FGI1995 – Original 32 ItemsParallel economy - impairs (1.10)Political risk rating (3.51)Economic risk taking (1.28)Fair Justice (3.52)Restructuring needed (1.29)Financial risk (4.25)Protectionism (2.42)Legal regulation is adequate (4.35)Foreigner treatment (2.44)Corporate credibility (6.20)Strategic alliances common (2.46)Organization of the workplace - efficient (6.28)Cross border venture controls? (2.47)Willingness to delegate (6.31)State interference? (3.17)Managerial rewards long-term (6.32)State control of enterprises (3.18)Employee turnover (6.35)Investment (3.19)Industrial relations (6.36)Price controls (3.20)Intellectual property (7.22)Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25)Women career opportunities (8.13)Transparency - govt communicates intentions (3.27)In-company training (8.38)Bureaucracy hinders (3.31)Retraining willingness (8.50)Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32)Worker motivation (8.51)Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48)Value competitiveness (8.56)Note: Numbers in parentheses refer to numbering system used in 1995. Numbers change each yearFactor analysis was performed on these items as follows: Requested all factors with eigenvalues > 1. Got 6 factors. Dropped all items not loading > .40 or cross loaing unless represented a core FGI concept. Got 5 factors. Dropped items not loading at least .40 on any factor. Got 5 factors. Dropped items that loaded strongly on a factor that additionally had only weak cross loading items. Got 4 factors. Dropped cross loading items (border controls and women’s opportunities). Got 4 factors. Dropped items loading strongly on factor that additionally had only weak cross loadings (foreigner treatment). Constrained to 2 factors. Dropped item (price controls) loading > 1.0 on a factorGot final two factors with clear loadings, getting Facilitative Government Index and Internal Organizational Effectiveness scales. Table 2.1-2 FGI1995 Factor Analysis Result – 10 itemsFacilitative Government Index 1995Component???12??Intellectual property (7.22) - 950.8810.045??Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 950.8420.072??State control of enterprises (3.18) - 950.8370.052??Political risk rating (3.51) - 950.826-0.124??Protectionism (2.42) - 950.795-0.181??State interference? (3.17) - 950.7780.189??Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 950.7540.175??Fair Justice (3.52) - 950.7270.162??Investment (3.19) - 950.7160.127??Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 950.6690.260alpha = .829?Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995????Value competitiveness (8.56) – 95-0.0690.887??Managerial rewards long-term (6.32) – 950.0190.876??Retraining willingness (8.50) – 95-0.0150.859??Fiscal policy encourages entrep. (3.48) – 95-0.1260.787??Corporate credibility (6.20) – 950.1710.715??In-company training (8.38) – 950.2150.680??Worker motivation (8.51) – 950.2630.642??Industrial relations (6.36) – 950.3670.622??Parallel economy - impairs (1.10) – 950.0360.621??Hiring & firing restrictions (3.25) – 95-0.0390.566??Strategic alliances common (2.46) – 950.2580.454alpha = .908Rotation Method: Oblimin with Kaiser Normalization.The eigenvalues for the two scales are:FGI1995 (Factor 1):?11.72Internal Organizational Effectiveness 1995 (Factor 2): 2.04From 1996 to 1998, the IMD Executive Opinion Survey was slightly modified from the 1995 survey. In the process, 4 items that had been included in 1995 that are part of our FGI were dropped from the IMD Survey. These 4 items are the four below:Investment (3.19) - 95Political risk rating (3.51) - 95State control of enterprises (3.18) - 95State interference (3.17) - 95This leaves only 6 items available to continue from the 1995 FGI. These 6 items are below: Table 2.1-3 FGI1995 item generation – 6 itemsProtectionism (2.42) - 95Bureaucracy hinders (3.31) - 95Improper practices - bribery or corruption (3.32) - 95Fair Justice (3.52) - 95Legal regulation is adequate (4.35) - 95Intellectual property (7.22) - 952.3 FGI Scales Item Wording2.3.1 FGI Scale Item Wording - by ItemBelow are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed. Table 2.3.1-1 Item Wording - ProtectionismYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale1995199619971998199920002001P95P96P97P98P99P00P01ProtectionismNational protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being imported2002P02Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.20032004P03P04Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.20052006P05P06Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Table 2.3.1-2 Item Wording - BureaucracyYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale1995199619971998199920002001B95B96B97B98B99B00B01BureaucracyBureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy hinders business development.20022003200420052006B02B03B04B05B06Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Table 2.3.1-3 Item Wording – Improper Practices / Bribing and CorruptionYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale199519961997C95C96C97Improper PracticesImproper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.1998C98Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.199920002001C99C00C01Bribing and corruptionBribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.20022003200420052006C02C03C04C05C06Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Table 2.3.1-4 Item Wording - JusticeYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale1995199619971998J95J96J97J98JusticeThere is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.1999200020012002200320042005J99J00J01J02J03J04J05Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.2006J06Justice is not fairly administered [in society].Justice is fairly administered [in society].Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Table 2.3.1-5 Item Wording – Legal Regulation of Financial InstitutionsYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale1995199619971998199920002001200220032004L95L96L97L98L99L00L01L02L03L04Legal Regulation of Financial InstitutionsLegal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.20052006----Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.Note: The item “Legal Regulation of Financial Institutions” is not included in the IMD Yearbook 2005 and 2006. Table 2.3.1-6 Item Wording – Intellectual Property / Patent and Copyright Protection / Intellectual Property RightsYearItem CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on Scale1995199619971998I95I96I97I98Intellectual PropertyIntellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.199920002001I99I00I01Patent and copyright protectionPatent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.2002I02Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.20032004I03I04Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].2005I05Intellectual property rights.Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.2006I06Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].Source: IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1995-2006.2.3.2 FGI Scale Item Wording - by YearBelow are exact wording of the IMD survey questionnaire items for the scale.Below also is the explanation of the survey collection method taken from the World Competitiveness Yearbook (1995 to 2006). Bold marks words that have changed.Table 2.3.2-1 Item Wording – FGI1995Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP95Protectionism (2.42)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB95Bureaucracy (3.31)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C95Improper practices (3.32)Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.J95Justice (3.52)There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.L95Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.35)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I95Intellectual property (7.22)Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.Source: World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.Table 2.3.2-2 Item Wording – FGI1996Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP96Protectionism (2.22)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB96Bureaucracy (3.21)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C96Improper practices (3.22)Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.J96Justice (3.32)There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.L96Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.17)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I96Intellectual property (7.08)Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Table 2.3.2-3 Item Wording – FGI1997Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP97Protectionism (2.3)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB97Bureaucracy (3.27)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C97Improper practices (4.20)Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) prevail in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not prevail in the public sphere.J97Justice (3.29)There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.L97Legal regulation of financial institutions (3.37)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I97Intellectual property (7.20)Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (1997). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1997. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Table 2.3.2-3 Item Wording – FGI1998Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP98Protectionism (2.30)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB98Bureaucracy (3.31)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C98Improper practices (3.34)Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) exist in the public sphere.Improper practices (such as bribing or corruption) do not exist in the public sphere.J98Justice (3.41)There is no confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.There is full confidence in the fair administration of justice in the society.L98Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.20)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I98Intellectual property (7.20)Intellectual property is inadequately protected in your country.Intellectual property is adequately protected in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (1998). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of C98 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 & 1997. (See Table 2.3.1-3)Table 2.3.2-4 Item Wording – FGI1999Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP99Protectionism (2.33)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB99Bureaucracy (3.34)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C99Bribing and corruption (3.36)Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.J99Justice (3.44)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L99Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.21)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I99Patent and copyright protection (7.26)Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (1999). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1999. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of C99 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I99 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Table 2.3.2-5 Item Wording – FGI2000Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP00Protectionism (2.33)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB00Bureaucracy (3.34)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C00Bribing & corruption (3.36)Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.J00Justice (3.42)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L00Legal regulation of financial institutions (4.21)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I00Patent & copyright protection (7.25)Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (2000). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2000. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of C00 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J00 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I00 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Table 2.3.2-6 Item Wording – FGI2001Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP01Protectionism (2.4.02)National protectionism prevents foreign products and services from being imported.National protectionism does not prevent foreign products and services from being importedB01Bureaucracy (2.3.15)Bureaucracy hinders business development.Bureaucracy does not hinder business development.C01Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)Bribing and corruption exist in the public sphere.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the public sphere.J01Justice (2.3.18)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L01Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.14)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I01Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)Patent and copyright protection is not enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is enforced in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (2001). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2001. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of C01 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, and changed in 1999 from 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J01 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I01 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Table 2.3.2-7 Item Wording – FGI2002Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP02Protectionism (2.4.03)Protectionism in your country negatively affects the conduct of business in your country.Protectionism in your country does not affect the conduct of business in your country.B02Bureaucracy (2.3.16)Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.C02Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.J02Justice (2.3.18)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L02Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.16)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I02Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced in your country.Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced in your country.Source: International Institute for Management Development (2002). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2002. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of P02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-1)The wording of B02 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)The wording of C02 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I02 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Table 2.3.2-8 Item Wording – FGI2003Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP03Protectionism (2.4.03)Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.B03Bureaucracy (2.3.16)Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.C03Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.J03Justice (2.5.01)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L03Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.18)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I03Patent and copyright protection (4.3.20)Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced [in your country].Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced [in your country].Source: International Institute for Management Development (2003). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2003. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of P03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)The wording of B03 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)The wording of C03 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I03 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Delete “in your country”. Table 2.3.2-8 Item Wording – FGI2004Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP04Protectionism (2.4.02)Protectionism in your economy negatively affects the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not negatively affect the conduct of your business.B04Bureaucracy (2.3.16)Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.C04Bribing and corruption (2.3.17)Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.J04Justice (2.5.01)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.L04Legal regulation of financial institutions (2.4.17)Legal regulation of financial institutions is inadequate for financial stability.Legal regulation of financial institutions is adequate for financial stability.I04Patent and copyright protection (4.3.19)Patent and copyright protection is not adequately enforced.Patent and copyright protection is adequately enforced.Source: International Institute for Management Development (2004). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2004. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of P04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-1)The wording of B04 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)The wording of C04 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I04 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2003 from 2002. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Table 2.3.2-10 Item Wording – FGI2005Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP05Protectionism (2.4.02)Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.B05Bureaucracy (2.3.15)Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.C05Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)Bribing and corruption exist in the economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in the economy.J05Justice (2.5.01)Justice is not fairly administered in society.Justice is fairly administered in society.I05Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced in your economy.Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced in your economy.Source: International Institute for Management Development (2005). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2005. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of P05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)The wording of B05 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)The wording of C05 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, and changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998. (See Table 2.3.1-4)The wording of I05 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-6)IMD 2005 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)Table 2.3.2-11 Item Wording – FGI2006Item CodeItem NameLow Score on ScaleHigh Score on ScaleP06Protectionism (2.4.02)Protectionism in your economy impairs the conduct of your business.Protectionism in your economy does not impair the conduct of your business.B06Bureaucracy (2.3.15)Bureaucracy hinders business activity.Bureaucracy does not hinder business activity.C06Bribing and corruption (2.3.16)Bribing and corruption exist in your economy.Bribing and corruption do not exist in your economy.J06Justice (2.5.01)Justice is not fairly administered [in society].Justice is fairly administered [in society].I06Intellectual property rights (4.3.19)Intellectual property rights are not adequately enforced [in your economy].Intellectual property rights are adequately enforced [in your economy].Source: International Institute for Management Development (2006). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 2006. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.Note:The wording of P06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, and changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004. (See Table 2.3.1-1)The wording of B06 changed in 2002 from 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 & 2001. (See Table 2.3.1-2)The wording of C06 changed in 1998 from 1995, 1996 &1997, changed in 1999 from 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, and changed in 2006 from 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-3)The wording of J06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, and changed in 2006 from 1999, 2000, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004 & 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-4)Delete “in society”.The wording of I06 changed in 1999 from 1995, 1996, 1997 & 1998, changed in 2002 from 1999, 2000 & 2001, changed in 2003 from 2002, changed in 2005 from 2003 & 2004, and changed in 2006 from 2005. (See Table 2.3.1-6)Delete “in your economy”.IMD 2006 does not include the item “legal regulation of financial institutions”. Thus we have only 5 FGI items here. (See Table 2.3.1-5)2.4 FGI Data Process and Final ScoresValues for each of the 6 scale items were first standardized using the data for all available countries. A mean value was calculated by adding these 6 standardized item values together for each country and dividing by 6. These mean values were standardized for the available countries to create the FGI values. The Table below list FGI scores for 1995-2006:Table 2.4-1 FGI Scores for Countries and Regions (1995-2006)LableCountry & Region NameFGI95FGI96FGI97FGI98FGI99FGI00FGI01FGI02FGI03FGI04FGI05FGI06ARG Argentina -0.40 -0.91 -0.36 -0.85 -0.77 -0.98 -0.98 -1.96 -1.97 -1.93 -1.62 -1.52 AUS Australia 1.15 0.94 0.87 1.05 1.05 1.11 1.30 1.05 1.12 1.40 1.15 1.14 AUT Austria 0.93 0.85 0.66 0.61 0.61 0.83 1.24 1.17 1.02 1.35 1.08 1.34 BEL Belgium 0.49 0.36 -0.06 -0.09 0.13 0.27 0.32 0.23 0.37 0.20 0.37 0.22 BRA Brazil -1.00 -1.22 -0.68 -0.73 -0.67 -0.70 -0.88 -0.44 -0.67 -0.85 -0.94 -1.18 CAN Canada 0.87 0.95 1.01 1.10 1.06 1.08 1.06 0.99 0.78 1.21 1.00 0.88 CHE Switzerland 1.15 0.76 0.92 1.05 1.01 1.02 1.07 1.10 1.01 0.76 0.99 0.89 CHL Chile 0.41 0.79 -0.11 0.02 0.58 0.43 0.52 0.56 0.53 0.71 0.67 0.49 CHN China -1.49 -1.14 -0.85 -0.93 -0.96 -1.16 -1.23 -0.83 -0.52 -0.65 -0.94 -0.42 COL Colombia -0.50 -0.69 -1.18 -1.19 -1.16 -1.27 -1.18 -0.86 -0.58 -0.33 -0.89 -0.69 CZE Czech Republic -0.89 -0.69 -0.88 -0.69 -1.04 -1.08 -0.71 -0.33 -0.38 -0.51 -0.35 -0.17 DEU Germany 0.87 0.80 0.76 0.84 0.81 0.86 0.97 0.66 0.60 0.57 0.71 0.60 DNK Denmark 1.44 1.48 1.63 1.51 1.58 1.58 1.43 1.50 1.53 1.68 1.71 1.71 EGY Egypt, Arab Rep. 0.14 　　　　　　　　　　　ESP Spain -0.15 -0.30 0.12 0.04 0.50 0.15 -0.01 0.05 0.01 0.24 0.00 -0.20 EST Estonia 　　　　　　0.39 0.38 0.60 0.62 0.55 0.64 FIN Finland 1.13 1.15 1.42 1.42 1.59 1.64 1.77 1.83 1.91 1.65 1.76 1.71 FRA France 0.08 0.24 0.19 0.09 0.17 0.12 -0.09 0.00 0.34 0.40 0.30 0.28 GBR United Kingdom 0.90 0.50 0.93 0.74 0.57 0.85 0.61 0.45 0.57 0.24 0.30 0.30 GRC Greece -0.59 -0.64 -0.40 -0.61 -0.39 -0.55 -0.14 -0.44 -0.28 -0.54 -0.71 -0.51 HKG Hong Kong 1.23 1.23 1.10 1.05 1.07 0.81 0.98 0.85 0.94 0.96 1.28 1.31 HUN Hungary -0.61 -0.53 -0.50 -0.30 -0.08 0.02 -0.20 -0.26 -0.17 -0.20 0.10 0.05 IDN Indonesia -1.02 -1.27 -1.01 -1.42 -1.82 -1.67 -1.87 -1.70 -1.93 -1.83 -1.60 -1.47 IND India -0.91 -0.88 -1.06 -1.00 -1.03 -1.11 -1.03 -1.12 -1.00 -0.61 -0.68 -0.55 IRL Ireland 0.95 0.92 1.06 1.15 0.89 1.02 1.04 0.85 0.68 0.53 0.73 0.98 ISL Iceland 0.30 0.45 0.37 0.67 0.55 0.68 0.94 0.81 1.38 1.11 1.43 1.55 LableCountry & Region NameFGI95FGI96FGI97FGI98FGI99FGI00FGI01FGI02FGI03FGI04FGI05FGI06ISR Israel 0.53 0.62 0.33 0.40 0.50 0.36 0.62 0.45 0.16 -0.01 0.20 0.07 ITA Italy -0.91 -0.91 -1.03 -0.70 -0.66 -0.86 -0.64 -0.57 -0.52 -0.91 -0.69 -0.72 JOR Jordan -0.41 　　　　　　　-0.06 0.09 0.20 0.06 JPN Japan -0.32 -0.57 -0.63 -1.04 -0.50 -0.38 -0.56 -0.49 -0.28 -0.21 0.15 0.35 KOR Korea, Rep. -0.76 -0.88 -1.30 -1.68 -1.47 -0.97 -0.82 -0.53 -0.83 -0.57 -0.03 -0.57 LUX Luxembourg 0.49 1.08 1.05 0.92 1.19 1.04 0.98 1.18 1.10 0.88 0.53 0.41 MEX Mexico -1.08 -0.97 -1.06 -0.99 -1.02 -0.87 -0.76 -0.95 -0.99 -1.24 -1.03 -1.20 MYS Malaysia 0.25 0.35 0.32 0.01 -0.29 -0.44 -0.77 0.13 0.44 0.36 -0.28 0.32 NLD Netherlands 1.00 0.99 1.12 1.22 1.09 1.43 1.31 1.17 0.84 0.90 1.04 0.89 NOR Norway 0.85 1.27 1.10 1.12 0.80 0.79 0.24 0.70 0.95 0.87 0.72 1.11 NZL New Zealand 1.69 1.44 1.70 1.56 1.40 1.33 1.28 1.15 1.26 1.10 1.20 1.13 PER Peru -0.30 　　　　　　　　　　　PHL Philippines -1.17 -0.88 -0.86 -0.60 -0.63 -0.88 -1.04 -1.35 -1.10 -1.23 -1.34 -1.37 POL Poland -1.63 -1.37 -1.31 -1.66 -1.16 -0.80 -1.20 -1.71 -1.53 -1.69 -1.61 -1.92 PRT Portugal -0.01 -0.21 -0.15 0.03 0.07 -0.28 -0.34 -0.43 -0.30 -0.22 -0.54 -0.65 ROM Romania 　　　　　　　　-1.40 -1.40 -1.60 -1.52 RUS Russian-2.27 -2.31 -2.49 -1.45 -2.30 -2.07 -1.72 -1.48 -1.79 -1.31 -1.75 -1.69 SCOScotland　　　　　　　　　　-0.13 0.01 SGP Singapore 1.72 1.52 1.50 1.45 1.45 1.45 1.41 1.49 1.43 1.40 1.48 1.36 SVK Slovak Republic 　　　　　　-1.22 -1.15 -0.85 -0.63 -0.58 -0.48 SVN Slovenia 　　　　-1.25 -1.15 -1.02 -0.87 -0.64 -0.84 -1.11 -0.87 SWE Sweden 1.24 1.18 0.75 1.07 1.11 1.18 1.40 1.35 1.19 1.16 0.99 1.06 THA Thailand -0.44 -0.66 -0.62 -1.18 -0.87 -0.89 -0.65 -0.47 -0.25 -0.24 -0.29 -0.52 TUR Turkey -1.12 -0.76 -0.61 -0.77 -0.62 -0.66 -1.00 -1.05 -0.95 -1.03 -0.45 -0.70 TWN Taiwan 0.03 -0.29 -0.51 0.05 0.01 -0.33 -0.24 -0.10 -0.12 0.16 0.38 -0.11 USA United States 0.74 0.51 0.80 0.70 0.55 0.71 0.74 0.81 0.47 0.66 0.61 0.56 VEN Venezuela, RB -2.22 -2.01 -1.76 -1.61 -1.30 -1.39 -1.16 -1.64 -2.04 -2.20 -2.20 -2.19 LableCountry & Region NameFGI95FGI96FGI97FGI98FGI99FGI00FGI01FGI02FGI03FGI04FGI05FGI06ZAF South Africa -0.37 -0.27 -0.27 -0.38 -0.36 -0.28 -0.16 -0.17 -0.09 -0.03 -0.24 -0.18 Section III: GLOBE Culture DatabaseContents of Section IIIVariable Sources and DefinitionsData collectionIndex scores for countries and regions3.1 Variable Sources and DefinitionsTable 3.1 GLOBE Culture Value Variable Sources and DefinitionsVariable NameFull NameData SourceAuthor DefinitionsUA_PUncertainty Avoidance PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society actually engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”FO_PFuture Orientation PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which an a society actually engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”PD_PPower Distance PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society actually engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”IC_PInstitutional Collectivism PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society actually engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.PO_PPerformance Orientation PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which a society engages in Performance Orientation practices.” Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”HO_PHumane Orientation PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which an organization engages in Humane Orientation practices.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”IGC_PIn-Group Collectivism PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society actually engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.GE_PGender Egalitarianism PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society actually engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”A_PAssertiveness PracticesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which a society engages in Assertiveness practices” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”UA_VUncertainty Avoidance ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in Uncertainty Avoidance practices. Uncertainty Avoidance: “the extent to which members of collectives seek orderliness, consistency, structure, formalized procedures, and laws to cover situations in their daily lives.”FO_VFuture Orientation ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which a society should engages in Future Orientation practices.” Future Orientation: “the extent to which members of a society or an organization believe that their current actions will influence their future, focus on investment in their future, believe that they will have a future that matters, believe in planning for developing their future, and look far into the future for assessing the effects of their current actions.”PD_VPower Distance ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in Power Distance practices. Power Distance: “the degree to which members of an organization or society expect and agree that power should be shared unequally.”IC_VInstitutional Collectivism ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in Institutional Collectivism practices. Institutional Collectivism: the degree to which organizational and societal institutional practices encourage and reward collective distribution of resources and collective action.PO_VPerformance Orientation ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in Performance Orientation practices. Performance Orientation: “the degree to which a community encourages and rewards innovation, high standards, and performance improvement.”HO_VHumane Orientation ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)“The values of respondents regarding how humane-orientated they would like their organizations to be.” Humane Orientation: “Descriptions of ideas and values and prescriptions for behavior associated with the dimension of culture.”IGC_VIn-Group Collectivism ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in In-Group Collectivism practices. In-Group Collectivism: “the degree to which individuals express pride, loyalty and cohesiveness” in their organizations or families.GE_VGender Egalitarianism ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)The extent to which a society should engages in Gender Egalitarian practices. Gender Egalitarian: the degree to which a society seeks to “minimize differences between the roles of females and males in homes, organizations, and communities.”A_VAssertiveness ValuesHouse, et al. (2004)“The extent to which a society exhibits Assertiveness values.” Assertiveness: “the degree to which individuals in organizations or societies are assertive, tough, dominant and aggressive in social relationships.”3.2 Data Collection“Data were collected from 62 countries during the interval between 1994 and 1997.” (House, 2004, p.xxii)The GLOBE culture index contains 9 core dimensions: Uncertainty Avoidance, Future Orientation, Power Distance, Institutional Collectivism, Performance Orientation, Humane Orientation, In-Group Collectivism and Gender Egalitarian. Each of them is measured from two aspects: a) the practices (“As Is”); b) the values (“Should Be”).3.3 Index Scores for Countries and RegionsTable 3.3 GLOBE Index Scores for Countries and RegionsCountry & Region1994-1997PO_PPO_VFO_PFO_VGE_PGE_VAS_PAS_VICL_PIC_VIGC_PIGC_VPD_PPD_VHO_PHO_VUA_PUA_VALB4.81 5.63 3.86 5.42 3.71 4.19 4.89 4.41 4.54 4.44 5.74 5.22 4.62 3.52 4.64 5.34 4.57 5.37 ARG 3.65 6.35 3.08 5.78 3.49 4.98 4.22 3.25 3.66 5.32 5.51 6.15 5.64 2.33 3.99 5.58 3.65 4.66 AUS 4.36 5.89 4.09 5.15 3.40 5.02 4.28 3.81 4.29 4.40 4.17 5.75 4.74 2.78 4.28 5.58 4.39 3.98 AUT 4.44 6.10 4.46 5.11 3.09 4.83 4.62 2.81 4.30 4.73 4.85 5.27 4.95 2.44 3.72 5.76 5.16 3.66 BOL3.61 6.05 3.61 5.63 3.55 4.75 3.79 3.73 4.04 5.10 5.47 6.00 4.51 3.41 4.05 5.07 3.35 4.70 BRA 4.04 6.13 3.81 5.69 3.31 4.99 4.20 2.91 3.83 5.62 5.18 5.15 5.33 2.35 3.66 5.68 3.60 4.99 CAN*4.49 6.15 4.44 5.35 3.70 5.11 4.05 4.15 4.38 4.17 4.26 5.97 4.82 2.70 4.49 5.64 4.58 3.75 CHE 4.94 5.82 4.73 4.80 2.97 4.92 4.51 3.21 4.06 4.69 3.97 4.94 4.90 2.44 3.60 5.54 5.37 3.16 CHE (F)4.25 5.98 4.27 4.79 3.42 4.69 3.47 3.78 4.22 4.31 3.85 5.35 4.86 2.80 3.93 5.62 4.98 3.83 CHN 4.45 5.67 3.75 4.73 3.05 3.68 3.76 5.44 4.77 4.56 5.80 5.09 5.04 3.10 4.36 5.32 4.94 5.28 COL 3.94 6.42 3.27 5.68 3.67 5.00 4.20 3.43 3.81 5.38 5.73 6.25 5.56 2.04 3.72 5.61 3.57 4.98 CRI4.12 5.90 3.60 5.20 3.56 4.64 3.75 4.05 3.93 5.18 5.32 6.08 4.74 2.58 4.39 4.99 3.82 4.58 DEU (E)4.09 6.09 3.95 5.23 3.06 4.90 4.73 3.23 3.56 4.68 4.52 5.22 5.54 2.69 3.40 5.44 5.16 3.94 DEU (W)4.25 6.01 4.27 4.85 3.10 4.89 4.55 3.09 3.79 4.82 4.02 5.18 5.25 2.54 3.18 5.46 5.22 3.32 DNK 4.22 5.61 4.44 4.33 3.93 5.08 3.80 3.39 4.80 4.19 3.53 5.50 3.89 2.76 4.44 5.45 5.22 3.82 ECU4.20 6.32 3.74 5.94 3.07 4.59 4.09 3.65 3.90 5.41 5.81 6.17 5.60 2.30 4.65 5.26 3.68 5.16 EGY 4.27 5.90 3.86 5.80 2.81 3.18 3.91 3.28 4.50 4.85 5.64 5.56 4.92 3.24 4.73 5.17 4.06 5.36 ESP 4.01 5.80 3.51 5.63 3.01 4.82 4.42 4.00 3.85 5.20 5.45 5.79 5.52 2.26 3.32 5.69 3.97 4.76 FIN 3.81 6.11 4.24 5.07 3.35 4.24 3.81 3.68 4.63 4.11 4.07 5.42 4.89 2.19 3.96 5.81 5.02 3.85 FRA 4.11 5.65 3.48 4.96 3.64 4.40 4.13 3.38 3.93 4.86 4.37 5.42 5.28 2.76 3.40 5.67 4.43 4.26 GBR 4.08 5.90 4.28 5.06 3.67 5.17 4.15 3.70 4.27 4.31 4.08 5.55 5.15 2.80 3.72 5.43 4.65 4.11 GEO3.88 5.69 3.41 5.55 3.55 3.73 4.18 4.35 4.03 3.83 6.19 5.66 5.22 2.84 4.18 5.60 3.50 5.24 GRC 3.20 5.81 3.40 5.19 3.48 4.89 4.58 2.96 3.25 5.40 5.27 5.46 5.40 2.39 3.34 5.23 3.39 5.09 GTM3.81 6.14 3.24 5.91 3.02 4.53 3.89 3.64 3.70 5.23 5.63 6.14 5.60 2.35 3.89 5.26 3.30 4.88 HKG 4.80 5.64 4.03 5.50 3.47 4.35 4.67 4.81 4.13 4.43 5.32 5.11 4.96 3.24 3.90 5.32 4.32 4.63 HUN 3.43 5.96 3.21 5.70 4.08 4.63 4.79 3.35 3.53 4.50 5.25 5.54 5.56 2.49 3.35 5.48 3.12 4.66 Country & Region1994-1997PO_PPO_VFO_PFO_VGE_PGE_VAS_PAS_VICL_PIC_VIGC_PIGC_VPD_PPD_VHO_PHO_VUA_PUA_VIDN 4.41 5.73 3.86 5.70 3.26 3.89 3.86 4.72 4.54 5.18 5.68 5.67 5.18 2.69 4.69 5.16 4.17 5.23 IND 4.25 6.05 4.19 5.60 2.90 4.51 3.73 4.76 4.38 4.71 5.92 5.32 5.47 2.64 4.57 5.28 4.15 4.73 IRL 4.36 5.98 3.98 5.22 3.21 5.14 3.92 3.99 4.63 4.59 5.14 5.74 5.15 2.71 4.96 5.47 4.30 4.02 IRN4.58 6.08 3.70 5.84 2.99 3.75 4.04 4.99 3.88 5.54 6.03 5.86 5.43 2.80 4.23 5.61 3.67 5.36 ISR 4.08 5.75 3.85 5.25 3.19 4.71 4.23 3.76 4.46 4.27 4.70 5.75 4.73 2.72 4.10 5.62 4.01 4.38 ITA 3.58 6.07 3.25 5.91 3.24 4.88 4.07 3.82 3.68 5.13 4.94 5.72 5.43 2.47 3.63 5.58 3.79 4.47 JPN 4.22 5.17 4.29 5.25 3.19 4.33 3.59 5.56 5.19 3.99 4.63 5.26 5.11 2.86 4.30 5.41 4.07 4.33 KAZ3.57 5.41 3.57 5.05 3.84 4.75 4.46 3.84 4.29 4.04 5.26 5.44 5.31 3.15 3.99 5.62 3.66 4.42 KOR 4.55 5.25 3.97 5.69 2.50 4.22 4.40 3.75 5.20 3.90 5.54 5.41 5.61 2.55 3.81 5.60 3.55 4.67 KWT3.95 6.03 3.26 5.74 2.58 3.45 3.63 3.76 4.49 5.15 5.80 5.43 5.12 3.17 4.52 5.06 4.21 4.77 MAR3.99 5.76 3.26 5.85 2.84 3.74 4.52 3.44 3.87 5.00 5.87 5.68 5.80 3.11 4.19 5.51 3.65 5.32 MEX 4.10 6.16 3.87 5.86 3.64 4.73 4.45 3.79 4.06 4.92 5.71 5.95 5.22 2.85 3.98 5.10 4.18 5.26 MYS 4.34 6.04 4.58 5.89 3.51 3.78 3.87 4.81 4.61 4.87 5.51 5.85 5.17 2.97 4.87 5.51 4.78 4.88 NAM3.67 6.40 3.49 6.12 3.88 4.25 3.91 3.91 4.13 4.38 4.52 6.07 5.29 2.86 3.96 5.40 4.20 5.13 NGA3.92 6.27 4.09 6.04 3.01 4.24 4.79 3.23 4.14 5.03 5.55 5.48 5.80 2.69 4.10 6.09 4.29 5.60 NLD 4.32 5.49 4.61 5.07 3.50 4.99 4.32 3.02 4.46 4.55 3.70 5.17 4.11 2.45 3.86 5.20 4.70 3.24 NZL 4.72 5.90 3.47 5.54 3.22 4.23 3.42 3.54 4.81 4.20 3.67 6.21 4.89 3.53 4.32 4.49 4.75 4.10 PHL 4.47 6.31 4.15 5.93 3.64 4.58 4.01 5.14 4.65 4.78 6.36 6.18 5.44 2.72 5.12 5.36 3.89 5.14 POL 3.89 6.12 3.11 5.20 4.02 4.52 4.06 3.90 4.53 4.22 5.52 5.74 5.10 3.12 3.61 5.30 3.62 4.71 PRT 3.60 6.40 3.71 5.43 3.66 5.13 3.65 3.58 3.92 5.30 5.51 5.94 5.44 2.38 3.91 5.31 3.91 4.43 QAT3.45 5.96 3.78 5.92 3.63 3.38 4.11 3.80 4.50 5.13 4.71 5.60 4.73 3.23 4.42 5.30 3.99 4.82 RUS 3.39 5.54 2.88 5.48 4.07 4.18 3.68 2.83 4.50 3.89 5.63 5.79 5.52 2.62 3.94 5.59 2.88 5.07 SAL3.72 6.58 3.80 5.98 3.16 4.66 4.62 3.62 3.71 5.65 5.35 6.52 5.68 2.68 3.71 5.46 3.62 5.32 SGP 4.90 5.72 5.07 5.51 3.70 4.51 4.17 4.41 4.90 4.55 5.64 5.50 4.99 3.04 3.49 5.79 5.31 4.22 SVN 3.66 6.41 3.59 5.42 3.96 4.83 4.00 4.59 4.13 4.38 5.43 5.71 5.33 2.57 3.79 5.25 3.78 4.99 SWE 3.72 5.80 4.39 4.89 3.84 5.15 3.38 3.61 5.22 3.94 3.66 6.04 4.85 2.70 4.10 5.65 5.32 3.60 THA 3.93 5.74 3.43 6.20 3.35 4.16 3.64 3.48 4.03 5.10 5.70 5.76 5.63 2.86 4.81 5.01 3.93 5.61 TUR 3.83 5.39 3.74 5.83 2.89 4.50 4.53 2.66 4.03 5.26 5.88 5.77 5.57 2.41 3.94 5.52 3.63 4.67 TWN 4.56 5.74 3.96 5.20 3.18 4.06 3.92 3.28 4.59 5.15 5.59 5.45 5.18 3.09 4.11 5.26 4.34 5.31 USA 4.49 6.14 4.15 5.31 3.34 5.06 4.55 4.32 4.20 4.17 4.25 5.77 4.88 2.85 4.17 5.53 4.15 4.00 VEN 3.32 6.35 3.35 5.79 3.62 4.82 4.33 3.33 3.96 5.39 5.53 6.17 5.40 2.29 4.25 5.31 3.44 5.26 ZAF (b)4.66 4.92 4.64 5.20 3.66 4.26 4.36 3.82 4.39 4.30 5.09 4.99 4.11 3.65 4.34 5.07 4.59 4.79 Country & Region1994-1997PO_PPO_VFO_PFO_VGE_PGE_VAS_PAS_VICL_PIC_VIGC_PIGC_VPD_PPD_VHO_PHO_VUA_PUA_VZAF (w)4.11 6.23 4.13 5.66 3.27 4.60 4.60 3.69 4.62 4.38 4.50 5.91 5.16 2.64 3.49 5.65 4.09 4.67 ZMB4.16 6.24 3.62 5.90 2.86 4.30 4.07 4.38 4.61 4.74 5.84 5.77 5.31 2.43 5.23 5.53 4.10 4.67 ZWE4.24 6.45 3.77 6.07 3.04 4.46 4.06 4.60 4.12 4.87 5.57 5.85 5.67 2.67 4.45 5.19 4.15 4.73 Data source: House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications. Part IV: Empirical Findings.Note: Canada (CAN): Data are collected in English-speaking areas in Canada.House et al. (2004) also provides the response bias corrected GLOBE index scores for 60 countries and regions. (Table B.2 in Hofstede (2004)) This index removes the culturally based response bias through a statistical standardization correction procedure. However, we use the original data set instead of the corrected one for the following reasons:The corrected values are impossible to interpret.The corrected values are ipsative, and thus it is difficult to make between-group comparisons.The corrected index is based on the assumption that the cultural response bias is attributable to the entire sample. Section IV: Hofstede’s Culture DatabaseContents of Section IV Variable Sources and Definitions Data Collection4.2.1 1962-1973 IBM data bank4.2.2 1971 Yugoslavia survey program4.2.3 Around 1985 Chinese Value Survey4.2.4 1997 European Media and Marketing Survey Index Scores for Countries and Regions4.1 Variable Sources and DefinitionsTable 4.1 Hofstede Culture Value Variable Sources and DefinitionsVariable NameFull NameData SourceAuthor DefinitionsPDIPower DistanceHofstede (1980, 2001)The extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally.UAIUncertainty AvoidanceHofstede (1980, 2001)The extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situation.IDVIndividualism/CollectivismHofstede (1980, 2001)Individualism stands for a society in which the ties between individuals are loose: Everyone is expected to look after him/herself and her/his immediate family only. Collectivism stands for a society in which people from birth onwards are integrated into strong, cohesive in-groups. Which throughout people’s lifetime continue to protect them in exchange for unquestioning loyalty.MASMasculinity/FeminityHofstede (1980, 2001)Masculinity stands for a society in which social gender roles are clearly distinct: Men are supposed to be assertive, tough, and focused on material success; women are supposed to be more modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life. Feminity stands for a society in which social gender roles overlap: Both men and women are supposed to be modest, tender, and concerned with the quality of life.LTOLong Term OrientationHofstede (2001)Long term orientation stands for the fostering of virtues oriented towards future rewards, in particular, perseverance and thrift. Its opposite pole, short term orientation, stands for the fostering of virtues related to the past and present, in particular, respect for tradition, preservation of “face” and fulfilling social obligation.4.2 Data collection4.2.1 1967-1973: IBM international attitude survey program (IBM data bank)“The company’s international employee attitude survey program between 1967 and 1973 in two survey rounds produced answers to more than 116,000 questionnaires from 72 countries in 20 languages.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41)Initial analysis of the IBM data: “The initial analysis was limited to 40 countries with more than 50 respondents each.” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41) “For reason of stability of data, ecological correlations and factor analyses were limited to 40 countries.” (Hofstede, 1980, p. 54) Reanalysis of the IBM data in 1982 adds 10 more countries (Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Panama, Salvador, South Korea, and Uruguay) and 3 regions (Arab countries, East Africa, and West Africa). (Hofstede, 2001, p. 41, p. 44)4.2.2 1971: Yugoslavia survey program“In 1971 an opportunity arose to include data from Yugoslavia… It is thus possible to add the Yugoslav data to our list...” (Hofstede, 1980, pp. 62-63)“When Yugoslavia disintegrated in 1991, I reanalyzed the Yugoslav data on file and was able to split them into Croatia (Zagreb branch office), Serbia (Beograd branch office), and Slovenia (Ljubljana head office).”4.2.3 Around 1985: Chinese Value Survey (CVS)“The new dimension, long- versus short-term orientation, was found in the answers of student samples from 23 countries around 1985 to the Chinese Value Survey (CVS)…” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 351)4.2.4 1997: European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS)“The EMS 97 covered…16 European countries, of which 15 were part of the IBM set, but only 4 of CVS set. The EMS 97 represented the first larger-scale use of the LTO questions on new respondents.” (Hofstede, 2001, p355)4.3 Index Scores for Countries and RegionsTable 4.3-1 Hofstede’s Culture Index Scores for Countries and Regions over the YearsCountry & Region1967-1973Around 19851989199319941997Year N. A.PDIUAIIDVMASLTO1MASMASMASLTO2PDIUAIIDVMASLTOARA380683853ARG49864656AUS3651906131AUT1170557931BGD44080602055BEL6594755438BLG570853040BRA6976384965CAN3948805223CHE3458687040CHE (F)70706458CHL63862328CHN611866803020COL67801364CRI35861521CZC75774585713DEU (W)356567663131DNK1823741646EAF86452274125ECU7867863ESP5786514219Country & Region1967-1973Around 19851989199319941997Year N. A.PDIUAIIDVMASLTO1MASMASMASLTO2PDIUAIIDVMASLTOEST930406060FIN3359632641FRA6886714339GBR3535896625GRC601123557GUA95101637HKG6829255796HUN104682808850IDN78481446IND7740485661IRN58594143IRL2835706843ISR13815447ITA5075767034JAM45133968JPN5492469380KOR116085183975LUX1240706050MEX81823069MLT1356965947MAR1468537046MYS104362650NGA16NLD3853801444NOR315069844NZL2249795830Country & Region1967-1973Around 19851989199319941997Year N. A.PDIUAIIDVMASLTO1MASMASMASLTO2PDIUAIIDVMASLTOPAK557014500PAN95861144PER64871642PHL9444326419POL153268936064PRT63104273130ROM1642909030RUS1736939539SAL66941940SGP748204848SUR1885924737SVK19104515211038SVN2071882719SWE312971533THA6464203456TTO2147551658TUR66853745TWN5869174587URY611003638USA4046916229VEN81761273VNM227030204080WAF237754204616YUG76882721ZAF49496566ZWE25Source: Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications. Exhibit A5.1 (p. 500), Exhibit A5.2 (p. 501), Exhibit A5.3 (p. 502), Exhibit 7.1 (p. 356) and Exhibit 7.3 (p. 357).Notes:LTO scores in this column are based on Chinese Value Survey (CVS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.1, p. 356.LTO scores in this column are based on European Media and Marketing Survey (EMS). See Hofstede (2001) Exhibit 7.3, p. 357.Arabic-speaking region (ARA): include Egypt, Lebanon, Libya, Kuwait, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Republic. Hofstede was forced to treat the 7 countries as one area due to the loss of individual country data.Bangladesh (BGD): Data collection time is not available. Scores are “based on descriptive information” (Hofstede , 2001, p. 502).Bulgaria (BLG): Data collection time is not available. Scores are based on descriptive information and observation. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)China (CHN): MAS score based on the Wacoal survey in which 50 subjects in Beijing were interviewed in 1993. (Hofstede, 1996).The PDI, UAI, IND data collection time is not available. These dimensions are “based on observation and an extensive literature” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502).Czechia (CZC): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).East African Region (EAF): include Kenya, Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Zambia. The number of respondents in each occupational category in these countries was very small, so Hofstede put the 5 countries into one region.Estonia (EST): MAS score based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on observation (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502) and data collection time is not available.Hungary (HUN): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).South Korea (KOR): The LTO data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Lunxembourg (LUX): Scores are based on “observation and clustering in European Union data” and the data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Malta (MLT): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Morocco (MAR): UAI and MAS scores are Arabic-speaking region (ARA) scores. The IDV and PDI data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Poland (POL): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Romania (ROM): MAS score is based on data collected in 1994 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “observation, and descriptive data,” and the data collection time is not available. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502)Russia (RUS): MAS score is based on data collected in 1989 (Hofstede et al., 1996). Other dimensions are based on “raw data from unpublished studies by Bollinger(1988) and Bradley (1998), observation and descriptive data” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available. Surinam (SUR): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001). Slovakia (SVK): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Slovenia (SVN): Scores are based on reanalysis of IBM data after the disintegration of Yugoslavia. (Hofstede, 2001, p. 501).Trinidad (TTO): Data collection time is not available in Hofstede (2001).Vietnam (VNM): Scores are based on “observation and descriptive information” (Hofstede, 2001, p. 502), and data collection time is not available.West African Region (WAF): include Ghana, Nigeria, and Sierra Leone. ReferencesHofstede, G. H. (1980). Culture’s consequences: international differences in work-related values. Beverly Hills & London: Sage Publications.Hofstede, G. H. (1996). Gender stereotypes and partner preferences of Asian women in masculine and feminine cultures. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 27, 533-546.Hofstede, G. H. (2001). Culture’s consequences: comparing values, behaviors, institutions, and organizations across nations (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage Publications.Hofstede, G. H., Kolman, L., Nicolescu, O., & Pajumaa, I. (1996). Characteristics of the ideal job among students in eight countries. In H. Grad, A. Blanco, & J. Georgas (Eds.), Key issues in cross-cultural psychology (pp. 199-216). Lisse, Netherlands: Swets & Zeitlinger.House, R., Javidan, M., Hanges, P., & Dorfman, P. (2002). Understanding cultures and implicit leadership theories across the globe: An introduction to project GLOBE. Journal of World Business, 37(1), 3.House, Robert J., et al. (Ed.) (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations: the GLOBE study of 62 societies. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications.Rao, A., Pearce, J., & Xin, K. (2005). Governments, reciprocal exchange and trust among business associates. Journal of International Business, 36, 104-118.World Economic Forum and Institute for Management Development (1995). The World Competitiveness Report 1995. Geneva, Switzerland: EMF Foundation.International Institute for Management Development (1996). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1996. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (1997). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1997. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (1998). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (1999). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2000). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2001). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2002). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2003). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2004). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2005). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD.International Institute for Management Development (2006). IMD World Competitiveness Yearbook 1998. Lausanne, Switzerland: IMD. ................
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