Gender Studies - Department of Sociology & Anthropology
University of Warwick
Department of Sociology
Module: International Perspectives on Gender, 2012/13
Lecturers: Lyndsey Moon and Caroline Wright
Tutors: Nazia Hussein; Lyndsey Moon; Joanna Russell-Cuttell; Caroline Wright
Introduction
This module introduces students to the diverse manifestations of gender around the world in the 20th and 21st centuries. It uses case studies from Britain, Russia, China, South Africa, India, Iran and Ireland. Themes of nationalism, resistance, family, sexuality, religion and work are pursued in order to facilitate analytical connections between case studies. The module explores gender relations as socially and historically variable and emphasises the importance of disaggregating categories of female and male. Particular attention is paid to the symbolic importance of gender and the extent to which it is at the centre of religious and political ideologies that have dominated the last 100 years: colonialism; nationalism; socialism; religious fundamentalism. Attention is also paid to individual and collective resistance to and transformation of gender inequalities and to how contemporary gendered events in case study countries link to recent history.
Autumn Term
Week 2 Introduction: What is Gender?
Week 3 Gender, School and Work in Contemporary Britain
Week 4 Gender, Family and Sexuality in Contemporary Britain
Week 5 Gender and State Socialism: The USSR
Week 6 Gender and Post-Soviet Russia
Week 7 Gender, State Socialism and Capitalism: China
Week 8 Feminism, Orientalism and Nationalism
Week 9 South Africa: Apartheid, Resistance and the articulation of gender, ‘race’ and class
Week 10 South Africa: Gender and the post-apartheid era
Spring Term
Week 11 Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism in India
Week 12 Gender, Feminism and Post-colonial India
Week 13 Gender and Religious Fundamentalism
Week 14 Gender, Religion and the State in Iran
Week 15 Multiple Meanings: Islamic women and the ‘veil’
Week 16 Reading Week
Week 17 Women, the Nationalist Struggle and the Irish Free State
Week 18 Gender and Modernisation in the Irish Republic
Week 19 Gender and Global Capitalism: World market factories
Week 20 Women Working Worldwide: Taking on global capital
Summer Term
Two revision lectures, weeks to be arranged.
Learning Outcomes
By the end of the module the student should have an understanding of:
1. the diverse social and cultural manifestations of gender in the twentieth and twenty first centuries in Britain, Russia, China, South Africa, India, Iran and Ireland
2. the complex ways in which individual capacities to exercise agency are differentiated by gender
3. the way in which gender is constructed in articulation with other social and cultural identities, such as ‘race’, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, religion
4. the relationship between gender and nationalism, gender and orientalism and gender and economic globalisation
5. the diversity of social movements established to tackle unequal gender relations and the challenges they face
With reference to the above students should be able to:
1. understand and analyse the historical, social and political processes which underpin manifestations of gender in different parts of the world
2. locate, retrieve, process and evaluate a wide range of materials about gender manifestations internationally
3. participate effectively in seminars
4. draw on a range of sources to construct their own reasoned arguments
5. make scholarly presentations, verbal and written, on international perspectives on gender
Cognitive Skills
In the process of developing a substantive understanding of diverse international social and cultural manifestations of gender in the twentieth and twenty first centuries, students will also acquire the ability to:
1. assess critically comparative social and cultural manifestations of gender, the complex ways in which gender is constructed in articulation with other social and cultural identities, and the differential impacts this has on individual capacities to exercise agency
2. locate, retrieve, process and evaluate a wide range of materials about gender, ‘race’, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, religion and nationality in the twenieth and twenty first centuries
3. evaluate competing and complementary theoretical frameworks for understanding the interaction of gender with other social and cultural identities
4. make scholarly presentations, verbal and written, on the substantive and theoretical issues covered in the module material
Teaching and Learning Methods (which enable students to achieve learning outcomes)
1. A framework of 20 lectures that establish the module’s outer limits and internal logic
2. Weekly seminars, over 20 weeks, for structured discussions, including student presentations on specific topics
3. Two pieces of class work, with written feedback
4. Self-directed individual and collaborative study in the library and on the internet, in preparation for seminar discussion and presentations
5. A dedicated two week period of revision lectures and seminars in the Summer term
Assessment Methods
These measure the aforementioned learning outcomes and determine the final mark for this module.
One 2,000 word essay (due Tuesday 30 April 2013 before 2pm) 33% AND
One three-hour examination in the Summer term 67%
Non-Assessed Work
This is used to provide feedback on your progress, completion is compulsory.
1. Due in at the start of your seminar in week 7 (week beginning 12 November 2012):
Write a 1,000 word integrated summary of one of the following pairs of readings. Write in your own words, paraphrasing the readings and comparing and contrasting them. A few selective quotes may be used, and should be clearly marked as such using quotation marks and providing the page number(s). Make sure you follow the guidelines on presentation and referencing in the Undergraduate Handbook and PSP.
a) McRobbie A. (2007) ‘Top Girls? Young women and the post-feminist sexual contract’, Cultural Studies, Vol. 21, Nos. 4-5, pp. 718-737
Jackson, C. (2002) ‘“Laddishness” as a self-worth protection strategy’, Gender and Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 37-51
b) Reid, S.E. (2002) ‘Cold War in the kitchen: Gender and the de-Stalinization of consumer taste in the Soviety Union under Krushchev’, Slavic Review, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 211-252
Nakachi, M. (2006) ‘N.S.Krushchev and the 1944 Soviet Family Law: Politics, Reproduction and Language’, East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 40-68
2. Due in at the start of your seminar in week 17 (week beginning 18 February 2013):
A class essay of 2,000 words, the title to be chosen from the list below:
a) ‘Communism may weaken or decompose existing forms of male bias, but it may also intensify existing forms, or recompose new forms’. Discuss in relation to China.
b) How is gender implicated in nationalist projects? Use particular examples in your answer.
c) ‘It is impossible to make sense of the lives of female domestic workers in apartheid South Africa without analysing the complex intersections of class, race and gender’. Discuss.
d) To what extent has the end of apartheid brought gender equality and racial equality in South Africa?
e) Critically assess the symbolic and material roles of Indian women and men in the nationalist movement to overthrow British rule.
f) Have the ‘dreams of modernity’ been realised for women in India today?
Core Readings
Core readings are identified for each week and need to be read before the relevant seminar. All the core readings are available electronically as well as in hard copy in the Library. There are three types of electronic resources that are accessed via the Library: scanned in extracts; e-journal articles and e-books. Other resources can be accessed directly from the internet using the link provided.
You will need Adobe Reader to access resources electronically, and you can download it free if you don’t already have it on your machine:
Scanned in Extracts
These are chapters of books available via the Library’s dedicated site for e-resources for this module:
You will need to ensure that you are registered for the module via eMR in order to have access, and you must also Sign-in to the intranet site (see top menu bar, right-hand-side). Then you simply look for the reference you require (they are arranged alphabetically by author’s surname). It will open as a pdf and the chapter follows on from the Copyright Notice. You can read it on screen but you will also need to print a copy to bring to the class and you might also want to save a copy (for your own personal use only).
E-journal articles
The link provided will take you to the Library’s Classic Catalogue site for that e-journal. You will then need to select a database to access it through, checking that it has the relevant year. You will need to be logged in and then the database archive will open and you need to select the Vol. and/or No. of the journal and page down for the article. You can click to open the pdf, which may take a few seconds, but the interface and reliability does vary. It is recommended instead to save the pdf to your hard drive or data-stick (right click, select ‘save target as’, then choose a directory and give the file a meaningful name). You can then open the saved document, print it, search it etc.
E-books
The link provided after the reference in the reading list will take you to the Library’s Classic Catalogue site for that e-book. If you are on campus you click for access. If you are off-campus click ‘Log In’ (top left of the page), then ‘Athens Users, log in here’ (bottom of screen at the left) and you should be prompted for your normal Warwick login. Once you have opened the book you need to search for the relevant chapter. You can read this on-screen but if possible you must also print a copy to bring to the class. To print a Netbook make sure you have searched for the chapter using the box at the left-hand side, expanding sections as necessary to find it. Then select Print from the top banner and choose the option ‘Pages starting with the current page’, inserting the number of pages in the box and clicking OK (where possible, the number of pages is provided in square brackets as part of the reference in this reading list). This will prompt the creation of an Adobe document so click to Run and the chapter will then come up on your screen with an option to print. You can also save a copy using File, Save a Copy. You will notice that under the terms of University Access to Netbooks only a limited number of pages can be printed each hour, so you may need to access the e-book again later if other library users have used the quota. If you are unable to print the reference you must ensure that you have extra detailed notes to bring to the seminar.
Additional Readings
All the additional readings listed below for each topic are available in the library and should be used when you are doing more in depth work, eg. for a seminar presentation, class essay, assessed essay or revision for exams.
Autumn Term Reading List
Week 2 Introduction: What is Gender?
Seminar What’s the difference between sex and gender?
Questions
Have you met a gendered approach so far in your studies? If so, what difference did it make?
How convincing are explanations of differences between women and men that are based on biology? What about society and culture?
Core Reading (distributed in first lecture)
Marchbank, Jennifer and Gayle Letherby (2007) Introduction to Gender: Social Science Perspectives, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, (ch. 1 ‘Gendered Perspectives: Theoretical Issues’)
Additional Readings
Backett, Milburn and Linda McKie (2001) Constructing Gendered Bodies, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Butler, Judith (1990) Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, New York, London: Routledge
Butler, Judith (1993) Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex, New York, London: Routledge
Butler, Judith (2004) Undoing Gender, New York, London: Routledge
Cranny, Francis, Anne et al (2003) Gender Studies: Terms and Debates, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Daly, Mary (1979) Gyn/ecology: The metaethics of radical feminism, London: The Women’s Press
Dawkins, Richard (1989) The Selfish Gene, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Harrison, Wendy Cealey (2006) ‘The Shadow and the Substance: The sex/gender debate’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 35-52
Hines, Sally (2010) ‘Sexing Gender – Gendering Sex: Towards an Intersectional Analysis of Transgender’, in Yvette Taylor, Sally Hines and Mark E. Casey (Eds) Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 140-162
Holmes, Mary (2009) Gender and Everyday Life, London, New York: Routledge
Kerr, Joanna (Ed.) (1993) Ours by Right: Women’s Rights as Human Rights, London: Zed
McKenna, Wendy and Suzanne Kessler (2006) ‘Transgendering: Blurring the boundaries of gener’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 342-354
Oakley, Ann (1985) Sex, Gender and Society, Gower: Maurice Temple Smith
Pilcher, Jane and Imelda Whelehan (2004) Fifty Key Concepts in Gender Studies, London: Sage
Rich, Adrienne (1977) Of Woman Born, London: Virago
Rubin, Gayle (1975) ‘The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex’, in Rayna Reiter (Ed.) Toward an Anthropology of Women, New York: Monthly Review Press (reprinted in Linda Nicholson (Ed.) The Second Wave: A Reader in Feminist Theory, New York, London: Routledge, 1997)
Tobach, Ethel and Betty Rosoff (Eds) Challenging Racism and Sexism: Alternatives to genetic explanation, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York
Week 3 Gender, School and Work in Contemporary Britain
Seminar To what extent has male advantage and female disadvantage been
Questions reversed in UK schools?
What’s the relationship between masculinity and educational achievement? How does social class make a difference?
What’s the relationship between masculinity and paid work? How does social class make a difference?
To what extent are the current spending cuts falling disproportionately on women, and why?
Core Reading (everybody to read two, one on Austerity/cuts plus one other)
Collinson, David and Jeff Hearn (1996) ‘“Men” at “work”: multiple masculinities/multiple workplaces’, in Mairtin Mac an Ghaill (Ed.) Understanding Masculinities, Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 61-76
Available as an E-extract:
Fawcett Society (2012) The Impact of Austerity on Women, Policy Briefing, Available online:
Jackson, Carolyn and Steven Dempster (2009) ‘“I sat back on my computer . . . with a bottle of whisky next to me”: constructing “cool” masculinity through “effortless” achievement in secondary and higher education’, Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 341-356
Available as an E-journal article:
Stephenson, Mary-Ann with James Harrison and Ann Stewart (2012) Getting off Lightly or Feeling the Pinch?: A human rights and equality impact assessment of the public spending cuts on older women in Coventry, Joint Report by the Centre for Human Rights in Practice, University of Warwick, and Coventry Women’s Voices, Available online:
Additional Reading
Bellamy, Kate and Sophie Cameron (2006) Gender Equality in the 21st century: Modernising the Legislation, Fawcett Society, Available online:
Bradley, Harriet and Geraldine Healy (2008) Ethnicity and Gender at Work: Inequalities, Careers and Employment Relations, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 2 (‘Gender at Work’)
Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 5 (‘Schooling – It’s a Girl’s World’)
Coppock, Vicki, Deena Haydon and Ingrid Richter (1995) ‘Patronising Rita: The Myth of Equal Opportunities in Education’ in Vicki Coppock et al The Illusions of ‘Post-Feminism’: New Women, Old Myths, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 47-74
Coppock, Vicki, Deena Haydon and Ingrid Richter (1995) ‘More Work, Low Pay: The Myth of Equal Opportunities in the Workplace’, in Vicki Coppock et al The Illusions of ‘Post-Feminism’: New Women, Old Myths, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 75-105
Crompton, Rosemary (2006) ‘Gender and Work’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp.253-271
Epstein, Debbie (Ed.) (1998) Failing boys?: Issues in gender and achievement, Buckingham: Open University Press
Epstein, Debbie, Sarah O’Flynn and David Telford (2003) Silenced Sexualities in Schools and Universities, Stoke on Trent: Trentham Books, ch. 2 (‘“Children should be…”: Normalising heterosexuality in the primary school’)
Goodwin, John (1998) Men’s Work and Male Lives: Men and Work in Britain, Aldershot: Ashgate
Guasp, April (2012) The School Report: The experience of gay young people in British schools in 2012, Stonewall, Available online:
(2).pdf
Jackson, C. (2002) ‘“Laddishness” as a self-worth protection strategy’, Gender and Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 37-51
Jenkins, Sarah (2004) Gender, Place And The Labour Market, Aldershot: Ashgate
Kelan, Elisabeth (2009) Performing Gender at Work, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Leathwood, Carole (2009) Gender and the Changing Face of Higher Education: A Feminized Future?, Maidenhead, New York: Society for Research into Higher Education/ Open University Press
Leonard, Diana (2006) ‘Gender, Change and Education’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 167-182
Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994) The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling, Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Marchbank, Jennifer and Gayle Letherby (2007) Introduction to Gender: Social Science Perspectives, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, ch. 13 (‘Education’)
Marchbank, Jennifer and Gayle Letherby (2007) Introduction to Gender: Social Science Perspectives, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, ch. 14 (‘Work and Leisure’)
McDowell, Linda (2003) Redundant masculinities?: Employment change and white working class youth, Malden: Blackwell Publications
McRobbie, A. (2007) ‘Top Girls? Young women and the post-feminist sexual contract’, Cultural Studies, Vol. 21, Nos. 4-5, pp. 718-737
Mirza, H. S. (1992) Young, Female and Black, London: Routledge, chs 2-4
Moreau, M.P., J. Osgood and A. Halsall (2008) ‘Equal Opportunities Policies in English Schools: Towards Greater Gender Equality in the Teaching Workforce?’, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 15, No. 6, pp. 53-578
Morgan, David (2006) ‘The Crisis in Masculinity’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 109-124
Myers, Kate and Hazel Taylor with Sue Adler and Diana Leonard (Eds) (2007) Genderwatch: Still watching, Stoke on Trent, Sterling: Trentham Books
Nathaniel, Miles (2008) The Double-Glazed Glass Ceiling: Lesbians in the Workplace, Stonewall, Available Online:
Odih, Pamela (2007) Gender and Work in Capitalist Economies, Maidenhead, New York: McGraw Hill/ Open University Press
Phipps, Alison and Geraldine Smith (2012) ‘Violence Against Women Students in the UK: Time to take action, Gender and Education, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 357-373
Powell, Abigail, Andrew Dainty and Barbara Bagilhole (2011) ‘A Poisoned Chalice? Why UK women engineering and technology students may receive more “help” than their male peers’, Gender and Education, Vol. 23, No. 5, pp. 585-599
Reay, D. (2001) ‘“Spice girls”, “nice girls”, “girlies”, and “tomboys”: gender discourses, girls’ cultures and femininities in the primary classroom’, Gender and Education, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 153-166
Riddell, Sheila (2005) ‘Pupils, Resistance and Gender Codes: A Study of Classroom Encounters’, in Becky Francis and Christine Skelton (Eds) A Feminist Critique of Education: Fifteen Years of Gender Education, London, New York: Routledge, pp. 11-24
Robinson, Sandra (2011) Gender Equality in the 21st Century: From confusion to consensus: Summary Report, Available online:
Scott, Jacqueline, Rosemary Crompton and Clare Lyonette (Eds) (2010) Gender Inequalities in the 21st Century: New barriers and continuing constraints, Cheltenham: Edward Elgar
Skelton, Christine and Becky Francis (2009) Feminism and the ‘Schooling Scandal’, London: Routledge
Stephenson, Mary-Ann and James Harrison (2011) Unravelling Inequality: A human rights and equality impact assessment of the public cuts on women in Coventry, Joint Report of the Centre for Human Rights in Practice, University of Warwick, and Coventry Women’s Voices, Available online:
Warren, Tracey (2000) ‘Diverse Breadwinner Models: A Couple-Based Analysis of Gendered Working Time in Britain and Denmark’, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 349-371
Warrington, M., M. Younger and J. Williams (2000) ‘Student attitudes, image and the gender gap’, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 393-407
Internet Resources
Equality and Human Rights Commission:
Equals? Join the big inequality debate:
Fawcett Society:
Stonewall: the lesbian, gay and bisexual charity:
Women’s Budget Group:
Week 4 Gender, Family and Sexuality in Contemporary Britain
Seminar What is a family? How would you describe it to someone from Mars?
Questions
How is the contemporary family gendered?
How do dominant discourses of sexuality impact negatively on women and on men?
What do the key findings of the Stonewall Report on Different Families tell us about children’s experiences of growing up with lesbian and gay parents?
Core Reading (everybody to read Guasp and then either Abbott et al or Marchbank and Letherby)
Abbott, Pam, Claire Wallace and Melissa Tyler (2005 – 3rd edition) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, London: Routledge, ch. 6 (‘The Family and the Household’)
Available as an E-extract:
Guasp, April (2010) Different Families: the experiences of children with lesbian and gay parents, Stonewall, Available online: (scroll down the list)
Marchbank, Jennifer and Gayle Letherby (2007) Introduction to Gender: Social Science Perspectives, Harlow: Pearson Education Limited, ch. 15 (‘Sexuality’)
Available as an E-extract:
Additional Reading
Abbott, Pam, Claire Wallace and Melissa Tyler (2005 – 3rd edition) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, London: Routledge, ch. 8 (‘Sexuality’)
Abbott, Pam and Claire Wallace (1992) The Family and the New Right, London: Pluto Press
Allen, Graham (Ed.) (1999) The Sociology of the Family: A reader, Oxford: Blackwell
Beasley, Chris (2005) Gender and Sexuality Studies: Critical Theories, Critical Thinkers, London, Thousand Oaks, Calif: Sage, ch. 10 (‘Sexuality Studies: An overview’)
Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 3 (‘Families and Households’).
Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 7 (‘Sexuality, Power and Gender’)
Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 4 (‘Gendered Parenting’)
Charles, Nickie (2008) Families in Transition: Social change, Family Formation and Kin Relationships, Bristol: The Policy Press
Dallos, Rudi and Roger Sapsford (1995) ‘Patterns of Diversity and Lived Realities’, in John Muncie et al (Eds) Understanding the Family, London: Sage, pp. 125-170
Featherstone, Brid (2004) Family Life and Family Support: A Feminist Analysis, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Giddens, Anthony (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press
Gittins, Diana (1993) The Family in Question: Changing Households and Familiar Ideologies, London: Macmillan
Guasp, April and Sam Dick (2012) Living Together: British Attitudes to Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual People in 2012, Stonewall, Available online:
Hines, Sally and Tam Sanger (Eds) (2010) Transgender Identities: Towards a social analysis of gender diversity, New York: Routledge
Ingraham, Chrys (Ed.) (2005) Thinking Straight: The power, the promise and the paradox of heterosexuality, New York, London: Routledge
Ingraham, Chrys (2006) ‘Thinking Straight, Acting Bent: Heteronormativity and homosexuality’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 307-321
Jackson, Stevi et al (Eds) (1993) Women’s Studies: A Reader, ch. 6 (various authors), pp. 179-222
Jackson, Stevi (1993) ‘Women and the Family’, in Richardson, D. and Robinson, V. (eds) Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory & Practice, London: Macmillan, pp. 177-200
Jagger, Gill and Caroline Wright (Eds) (1999) Changing Family Values, London: Routledge
Jones, Helen and Jane Millar (1996) The Politics of the Family, Aldershot: Avebury
Lewis, Jane (2010) Work-family Balance, Gender and Policy, Cheltenham, Northampton, MA.: Edward Elgar
Long, Monahan Long (2006) ‘Blending into Equality: Family diversity and gender convergence’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 287-304
Richardson, Diane (1993) ‘Sexuality and Male Dominance’, in Diane Richardson and Vicki Robinson (Eds) Introducing Women’s Studies, London: Macmillan, pp. 74-98
Taylor, Yvette (2010) ‘Complexities and Complications: Intersections of Class and Sexuality’, in Yvette Taylor, Sally Hines and Mark E. Casey (Eds) Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 37-55
Ungerson, Clare (2006) ‘Gender, Care and the Welfare State’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 272-286
Westwood, Sallie (1996) ‘“Feckless Fathers”: Masculinities and the British State’, in Mairtin Mac an Ghaill (Ed.) Understanding Masculinities, Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 21-34
Wright, Caroline and Gill Jagger (1999) ‘End of century, end of family? Shifting discourses of family “crisis”’, in Gill Jagger and Caroline Wright (Eds) Changing Family Values, London: Routledge, pp. 17-37
Young, Michael D. and Peter Willmott (1973) The Symmetrical Family: A Study of Work and Leisure in the London Region, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul
Internet Resources
End Violence Against Women:
Equality and Human Rights Commission:
Equals? Join the big inequality debate:
Refuge:
Stonewall: the lesbian, gay and bisexual charity:
Week 5 Gender and State Socialism: The USSR
Seminar What is the origin of women’s oppression, according to Marxist Questions thought?
What does Marxism prescribe to end women’s oppression?
To what extent was the Marxist prescription to end women’s oppression put into practice in the Soviet Union?
Were Soviet women equal to Soviet men? If not, why not?
Core Reading (everybody to read Charles plus one other)
Bucher, Greta (2000) ‘Struggling to Survive: Soviet Women in the Postwar Years’, Journal of Women’s History, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 137-159
Available as an E-journal article:
Charles, Nickie (1993) Gender Divisions and Social Change, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 103-116
Available as an E-extract:
Voronina, Olga (1994) ‘The Mythology of Women’s Emancipation in the USSR as the Foundation for a Policy of Discrimination’, in Anastasia Posadskaya et al (Eds) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 37-56
Available as an E-extract:
Additional Reading
Attwood, Lynne (1990) The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex-role Socialization in the USSR, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Bernstein, Frances Lee (2011) Dictatorship of Sex: Lifestyle advice for the Soviet masses, Dekalb: Northern Illinois University Press
Browning, Genia K. (1987) Women and Politics in the USSR: Consciousness raising and Soviet women’s groups, Brighton: Wheatsheaf
Bryson, Valerie (1992) Feminist Political Theory, London: Macmillan (ch. 7 ‘Marxist Feminism in Russia’)
Edmondson, Linda (Ed.) (2001) Gender in Russian History and Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave (chapters 6-10)
Ewing, E. Thomas. (2010) ‘Maternity and Modernity: Soviet women teachers and the contradictions of Stalinism’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 19, No. 3, pp. 451-477
Goldman, Wendy (2002) Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin’s Russia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Gudkov, Lev (2010) ‘Conditions Necessary for the Reproduction of “Soviet Man”’, Sociological Research, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 50-99
Haynes, John (2003) New Soviet Man: Gender and Masculinity in Stalinist Soviet Cinema, Manchester: Manchester University Press
Healey, Dan (2001) ‘Unruly Identities: Soviet Psychiatry Confronts the “Female Homosexual” of the 1920s’, in Linda Edmondson (Ed.) Gender in Russian history and culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 116-138
Ilic, Melanie (1996) ‘Women Workers in the Soviet Mining Industry: A case-study of labour protection, Europe-Asia Studies, Vol. 48, No. 8, pp. 1287-1401
Ilic, Melanie (Ed.) (2001) Women in the Stalin Era, Basingstoke: Palgrave
Issoupova, Olga (2000) ‘From Duty to Pleasure? Motherhood in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 30-54
Kay, Rebecca (Ed.) (2007) Gender, Equality and Difference During and After State Socialism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, Part 1 (‘Equal but Different: State Socialism and Women’s Roles in Public and Private Life’)
Katz, Katarina (2001) Gender, Work and Wages in the Soviet Union: A Legacy of Discrimination, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan
Kiblitskaya, Marina (2000) ‘Russia’s Female Breadwinners: The Changing Subjective Experience’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 55-70
Krylova, Anna (2010) Soviet Women in Combat: A history of violence on the Eastern Front, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press
Kukhterin, Sergei (2000) ‘Fathers and Patriarchs in Communist and Post-Communist Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 71-89
Malysheva, Marina (1992) ‘Feminism and Bolshevism’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (Eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 186-199
Mamonova, Tatyana with Sarah Matilsky (Eds) (1984) Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union, Oxford: Blackwell
McDermid, Jane (1998) Women and Work in Russia 1830-1930: A study in continuity through change, London: Longman
McDermid, Jane (1999) Midwives of the Revolution: Female Bolsheviks and Women Workers in 1917, London: UCL Press
Nakachi, M. (2006) ‘N.S. Krushchev and the 1944 Soviet Family Law: Politics, Reproduction and Language’, East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 40-68
Petrone, Karen (2010) ‘Between Exploitation and Empowerment: Soviet women negotiate Stalinism’, in Jie-Hyun Lim and Karen Petrone (Eds) Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 125-141
Reid, S.E. (2002) ‘Cold War in the kitchen: Gender and the de-Stalinization of consumer taste in the Soviety Union under Krushchev’, Slavic Review, Vol. 61, No. 2, pp. 211-252
Sanbom, Joshua A. (2003) Drafting the Russian Nation, De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press (ch. 4 ‘The Nationalization of Masculinity’)
Smith, Stephen Anthony (2008) Revolution and the People in Russia and China: A Comparative History, Cambridge, New York: Cambridge University Press, ch. 3 (‘After Patriarchy: Gender identities in the city’)
Usha, K.B. (2005) ‘Political Empowerment of Women in Soviet Union and Russia: Ideology and Implementation’, International Studies, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 141-165
Wood, Elizabeth (1997) The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Zhuk, Olga (1994) ‘The Lesbian Subculture: The Historical Roots of Lesbianism in the Former USSR’, in Anastasia Posadskaya et al (Eds) (1994) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 146-153
Week 6 Gender and Post-Soviet Russia
Seminar To what extent did the collapse of communism bring a crisis for
Questions Russian men, and for which men?
How have women fared in post-Communist Russia?
How was sexuality regulated in the Soviet state and how have attitudes to, and the regulation of, sexuality changed in the post-Soviet era?
What does the trial and imprisonment of the female members of the feminist punk band Pussy Riot in August 2012 tell us about Russian gender and politics? [Read the Observer article below and supplement with your own internet research]
Core Reading (everybody to read two)
Ashwin, Sarah and Tatiana Lytkina (2004) ‘Men in Crisis in Russia: The Role of Domestic Marginalization’, Gender and Society, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 189-206
Available as an E-Journal article:
Elder, Miriam (2010) ‘Pussy Riot Trial Gives Russia the Image of a “Medieval Dictatorship”’, The Observer, 18 August, Available Online:
Omel’chenko, Elena (2000) ‘“My body, my friend?” Provincial Youth Between the Sexual and the Gender Revolutions’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 137-167
Available as an E-extract:
Rimashevskaiai, N. M. (2011) ‘Gender Asymmetries in Today’s Russia’, Russian Education & Society, Vol. 53, No. 10, pp. 3-22
Availabe as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Ashwin, Sarah (2002) ‘The Influence of the Soviet Gender Order on Employment Behavior in Contemporary Russia’, Sociological Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 21-37
Ashwin, Sarah (2006) Adapting to Russia’s New Labour Market: Gender and Employment Behaviour, Abingdon, New York: Routledge
Attwood, Lynne (2001) ‘Rationality versus Romanticism: Representations of Women in the Stalinist Press’ in Linda Edmondson (Ed.) Gender In Russian History And Culture Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 158-176
Attwood, Lynne (1996) ‘Young People, Sex and Sexual Identity’, in Hilary Pilkington (Ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 95-120
Baer, Brian James (2011) ‘Queer in Russia: Othering the other of the West’, in Lisa Downing and Robert Gillett (Eds) Queer in Europe: Contemporary case studies, Farnham; Burlington, VT: Ashgate
Borusiak, Liubov (2012) ‘Love, Sex and Partnership’, Russian Education & Society, Vol, 54, No. 8, pp. 36-71
Bridger, Sue and Rebecca Kay (1996) ‘Gender and Generation in the New Russian Labour Market’, in Hilary Pilkington (Ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 21-38
Bridger, Sue (2001) ‘The Heirs of Pasha: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Women Tractor Driver’ in Linda Edmondson (Ed.) Gender In Russian History And Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.194-211
Bridger, Sue, Rebecca Kay and Kathryn Pinnick (1996) No More Heroines? Russia, Women and the Market, London: Routledge
Buckley, Mary (Ed.) (1997) Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Clark, Carol L. and Michael P. Sacks (2004) ‘A View from Below: Industrial Restructuring and Women’s Employment at Four Russian Enterprises’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 523-545
Davidova, Nadia and Nataliya Tikhonova (2004) ‘Gender, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Contemporary Russia’, in Nick Manning and Nataliya Tikhonova (Eds) Poverty and social exclusion in the new Russia, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.174-196
Grogan, Louise and Katerina Koka (2010) ‘Young Children and Women’s Labour Force Participation in Russia, 1992-2004’, Economics of Transition, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 715-739
Hinote, B.P., W.C. Cockerham and P. Abbott (2009) ‘The specter of post-communism: Women and alcohol in eight post-Soviet states’, Social Science and Medicine, Vol. 68, No. 7, pp. 1254-1262
Ivanova, E. I. (2011) ‘Male Mortality in Russia’, Sociological Research, Vol. 50, No. 3, pp. 77-94
Kay, Rebecca (2000) Russian Women and their Organization: Gender, discrimination and grassroots women’s organizations, 1991-96, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Kay, Rebecca and Maxim Kostenko (2006) ‘Men in Crisis or in Critical Need of Support? Insights from Russia and the UK’, The Journal of Communication and Transition Politics, Vol. 22, No. 1, pp. 90-114
Kay, Rebecca (Ed.) (2007) Gender, Equality and Difference During and After State Socialism, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, Part 2 (‘(Re)-Negotiating Gender, Equality and Difference in the Post-Socialist Era: Rights, Participation and Marginalisation’)
Kiblitskaya, Marina (2000) ‘“Once we were kings” Male Experiences of Loss of Status at Work in Post-Communist Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 90-104
Kon, Igor (1993) ‘Sexual Minorities’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (Eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 89-115
Kon, Igor (2009) ‘Homophobia as a Litmus Test of Russian Democracy’, Sociological Research, Vol. 48, No. 2, pp. 43-64
Konstantinova, Valentina (1994) ‘No Longer Totalitarianism, But Not Yet Democracy: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in Russia’, in Anastasia Posadskaya (Ed.) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 57-73
Meshcherkina, Elena (2000) ‘New Russian Men: Masculinity Regained?’, in Sarah Ashwin (Ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 105-117
Pilkington, Hilary (1996) ‘“Youth Culture” in Contemporary Russia’, in Hilary Pilkington (Ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 189-215
Pilkington, Hilary (2010) Russia’s Skinheads: Exploring and rethinking subcultural lives, London, New York: Routledge
Remennick, Larissa I. (1993) ‘Patterns of Birth Control’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (Eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 349-357
Rotkirch, Anna, Anna Temkina and Elena Zdravomyslova (2007) ‘Who Helps the Degraded Housewife? Comments on Vladmir Putin’s Demographic Speech’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 349-357
Rueschemeyr, Marilyn and Sharon L. Wolchik (2009) Women in Power in Post-Communist Parliaments, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Rubchak, Marian J. (2001) ‘In Search of a Model: Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness in Ukraine and Russia’, European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 149-160
Shreeves, Rosamund (1992) ‘Sexual Revolution or “Sexploitation”? The Pornography and Erotica Debate in the Soviet Union’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (Eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 130-146
Sperling, Valerie (1999) Organizing Women in Contemporary Russia: Engendering Transition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Stella, Francesca (2010) ‘Researching “Lesbian” Identity in Urban Russia’, in Yvette Taylor, Sally Hines and Mark E. Casey (Eds) Theorizing Intersectionality and Sexuality, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 212-234
Stuchevskaia, O. (2010) ‘Harrassment and Russian Women’, Sociological Research, Vol. 49, No. 2, pp. 66-81
Turbine, Vikki and Kathleen Riach (2012) ‘The Right to Choose or Choosing What’s Right? Women’s Conceptualization of Work and Life Choice in Contemporary Russia’, Gender, Work and Organization, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 165-187
Waters, Elizabeth (1993) ‘Finding a Voice: The Emergence of a Women’s Movement’, in Nanette Funk and Magda Mueller (Eds) Gender Politics and Post-Communism, London: Routledge, pp. 287-302
Waters, Elizabeth (1993) ‘Soviet Beauty Contests’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (Eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 116-134
Wood, Elizabeth A. (1997) The Baba And The Comrade: Gender And Politics In Revolutionary Russia, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Zavyalova, Elena K. and Sofia V. Kosheleva (2010) ‘Gender Stereotyping and its Impact on Human Capital Development in Contemporary Russia’, Human Resource Development, Vol. 13, No. 3, pp. 341-349
Internet Resources
Committee of Soldiers’ Mothers of Russia:
United Nations in the Russian Federation Gender Theme Group:
Yabloko on the Women’s Movement in Russia:
Week 7 Gender, State Socialism and Capitalism: China
Seminar On what basis could it be argued that China underwent ‘patriarchal
Questions socialism’ after 1949? Justify your answer with evidence.
To what extent do rural Chinese women enjoy equality with men in contemporary China?
To what extent has China’s transition to a capitalist economy been gendered in its effects?
How can it be argued that the one child policy is both an abuse of women’s human rights and an unanticipated way to further gender equality?
Core Reading (everybody to read Christiansen and Rai, plus one other)
Berik, Gunseli, Xiao-yuan Dong and Gale Summerfield (2009) ‘China’s Transition and Feminist Economics’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 1-33
Available as an E-journal article:
Chen, Junjie and Gale Summerfield (2007) ‘Gender and Rural Reforms in China: A Case Study of Population Control and Land Rights Policies in Northern Liaoning’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 63-92
Available as an E-Journal article:
Christiansen, Flemming and Shirin Rai (1996) Chinese Politics and Society: An Introduction, London: Prentice Hall (ch. 12 ‘Women and Gender Issues in China’)
Available as an E-extract:
Liu, Fengshu (2006) ‘Boys as only-children and girls as only-children: Parental gendered expectations of the only child in the nuclear Chinese family in present-day China’, Gender and Education, Vol. 18, No. 5, pp. 491-505
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Brownell, Susan and Jeffrey N. Wasserstrom (Eds) (2002) Chinese Femininities, Chinese Masculinities: A Reader, Berkeley: University of California Press, chs 7 and 9
Bulte, Erwin, Nico Heerink and Xiaobo Zhang (2011) ‘China’s One-Child Policy and “the Mystery of Missing Women”: Ethnic Minorities and Male-Biased Sex Ratios’, Oxford Bulletin of Economics & Statistics, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 21-39
Charles, Nickie (1993) Gender Divisions and Social Change, Hemel Hempstead, pp. 120-128
Cook, Sarah and Dong Ziao-yuan (2011) ‘Harsh Choices: Chinese Women’s Paid Work and Unpaid Care Responsibilities under Economic Reform’, Development and Change, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 947-965
Cooke, Fang Lee (2005) HRM, Work and Employment in China, London: Routledge (ch. 6 ‘Gender Equality Policy and Practice in Employment’)
Croll, Elisabeth (1995) Changing Identities of Chinese Women: Rhetoric, Experience and Self-Perception in Twentieth-Century China, London: Zed Books
Croll, Elisabeth (1984) Chinese Women Since Mao, London: Zed Books
Davin, Delia (1996) ‘The Political and the Personal: Women’s Writing in China in the 1980s’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (Eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 63-75
Evans, Harriet (1997) Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant discourses of female sexuality and gender since 1949, Cambridge: Polity
Evans, Harriet (1992) ‘Monogamy and Female Sexuality in the People’s Republic of China’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (Eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 147-163
Fann, Rodge Q. (2003) ‘Growing Up Gay in China’, Journal of Gay and Lesbian Issues in Education, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 35-42
Gaetano, Arianne M. and Tamara Jacka (Eds) (2004) On the Move: Women and Rural-to-urban Migration in Contemporary China, New York: Columbia University Press
Gilmartin, Christina K. (1994) ‘The Origins of China’s Birth Planning Policy’, in Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Roffl and Tyrene White (Eds) Engendering China, London: Harvard University Press, pp. 251-278
Greenhalgh, Susan (2001) ‘Fresh Winds in Beijing: Chinese feminists speak out on the one-child policy and women’s lives’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 847-886
Greenhalgh, Susan (2008) Just One Child: Science and Policy in Deng’s China, Berkeley: University of California Press (see especially the Introduction)
Hong, Fan (1997) Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern China, London: Frank Cass
Honig, Emily (2000) ‘Iron Girls Revisited: Gender and the Politics of Work in the Cultural Revolution, 1966–76’, in Barbara Entwisle and Gail E. Henderson (Eds). Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households And Gender In China, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 97-110
Hopkins, Barbara E. (2007) ‘Western Cosmetics in the Gendered Development of Consumer Culture in China’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 287-306
Hsiung, Ping-Chun and Yuk-Lin Renita (1999) ‘Connecting the Tracks: Chinese Women's Activism Surrounding the 1995 World Conference on Women in Beijing’, in Mrinalini Sinha, Donna Guy and Angela Woollacott (Eds) Feminisms and Internationalism, Oxford: Blackwell
Jicai, Sha and Liu Qiming (Eds) (1995) Women’s Status in Contemporary China, Beijing: Peking University Press
Johnson, Kay A. (1983) Women, the Family and Peasant Revolution in China, London, Chicago: University of Chicago Press
Lee, Ching Kwan (1998) Gender and the South China Miracle: Two worlds of factory women, Berkeley: University of California Press
Li, Shuzhuo et al (2010) ‘Male Singlehood, Poverty and Sexuality in Rural China: An Exploratory Survey’, Population, Vol. 65, No. 4, pp. 679-693
Li, Xiaojiang (1994) ‘Economic Reform and the Awakening of Chinese Women’s Collective Consciousness’, in Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Roffl and Tyrene White (Eds) Engendering China, London: Harvard University Press, pp. 360-382
Liu, Bohong and Yani Li (2010) ‘Opportunities and Barriers: Gendered reality in Chinese higher education’, Frontiers of Education in China, Vol. 5, No. 2, pp. 197-221
Liu, Jieyu (2007) ‘Gender Dynamics and Redundancy in Urban China’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 125-158
Nie, Yilin and Robert Wyman (2005) ‘The One-Child Policy in Shanghai: Acceptance and Internalization’, Population and Development Review, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 313-336
Murphy, Rachel Tao and Xi Ran Lu (2011) ‘Son Preference in Rural China: Patrilineal Families and Socioeconomic Change’, Population and Development Review, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 665-690
Park, K.A. (1994) ‘Women and Revolution in China: The Sources of Constraints on Women’s Emancipation’, in Ann M. Tétreault (Ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 137-160
Pun, Ngai (2005) Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace, Durham: Duke University Press, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
Schaffer, Kay and Song Xianlin (2007) ‘Unruly Spaces: Gender, Women’s Writing and Indigenous Feminism in China’, Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 16, No. 1, pp. 17-30
Schoenhals, Michael (2010) ‘Sex in Big-Character Posters from China’s Cultural Revolution: Gendering the Class Enemy’, in Jie-Hyun Lim and Karen Petrone (Eds) Gender Politics and Mass Dictatorship, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 237-257
Song, Geng and Tracey K. Lee (2012) ‘“New Man” and “New Lad” with Chinese Characteristics? Cosmopolitanism, Cultural Hybridity and Men’s Lifestyle Magazines in China’, Asian Studies Review, Vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 345-367
United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1997) Women in China: A country profile, New York: United Nations
Wang, Zheng and Dorothy Ko (Eds) (2007) Translating Feminisms in China, Oxford: Blackwell
West, Jackie, Zhao Minghua, Chang Xiangqun and Cheng Yuan (Eds) (1999) Women of China: Economic and Social Transformation, London: Macmillan
White, King (2000) ‘The Perils of Assessing Trends in Gender Inequality in China’, in Barbara Entwisle and Gail E. Henderson (Eds) Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households And Gender In China, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 157-170
Wolf, Margery (1987) Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China, London: Methuen
Xiao, Suowei (2011) ‘The “Second-Wife” Phenomenon and the Relational Construction of Class-Coded Masculinities in Contemporary China’, Men and Masculinities, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 607-627
Xu, Feng (2009) ‘Chinese Feminisms Encounter International Feminisms’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 11, No. 2, pp. 196-215
Yang, Jie (2010) ‘The Crisis of Masculinity: Class, gender and kindly power in post-Mao China’, American Ethnologist, Vol. 37, No. 3, pp. 550-562
Yang, J. (2011) ‘Nennu and Shunu: Gender, Body Politics, and the Beauty Economy in China’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 333-358
Zhang, Lu (2009) ‘Chinese Women Protesting Domestic Violence: The Beijing Conference, International Donor Agencies, and the Making of a Chinese Woman’s NGO’, Meridians: Feminism, Race, Transnationalism, Vol. 9, No. 2, pp. 66-99
Zheng, Wang (2010) ‘Creating a Socialist Feminist Cultural Front: Women of China (1949-1966), China Quarterly, No. 204, pp. 827-849
Zhou, Chi Wang, Zhou Xiao and Therese Xu Hesketh (2012) ‘Son Preference and Sex-selective Abortion in China: Informing Policy Options’, International Journal of Public Health, Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 459-465
Internet Resources
All China Women’s Federation:
Association for the Advancement of Feminism:
Chinese Women’s Research Network:
Week 8 Feminism, Orientalism and Nationalism
Seminar How can the concept of Orientalism be applied to help make sense of representations of the ‘other’ in colonial India?
How can the concept of Orientalism be applied to help make sense of represenations of the ‘other’ in contemporary Afghanistan and Iraq?
What issues do critical perspectives on Orientalism raise for this module in terms of looking at gender relations across space, time and culture?
What is Nationalism? How is it gendered? How does it relate to sexuality?
Core Reading (everybody to read one on Orientalism and one on Nationalism)
Khalid, Maryam (2011) ‘Gender, Orientalism and Representations of the “Other” in the War on Terror’, Global Change, Peace & Security, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 15-29
Available as an E-journal article:
Liddle, Joanna and Shirin M. Rai (1993) ‘Between Feminism and Orientalism’, in Mary Kennedy et al (Eds) Making Connections: Women’s Studies, Women’s Movements, Women’s Lives, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 11-23
Available as an E-book:
Nagel, Joane (1998) ‘Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 242-269
Available as an E-journal article:
Yuval-Davis (1993) ‘Gender and Nation’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 621-632
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Abu-Lughod, Lila (2010) ‘Orientalism and Middle East Feminist Studies’, in Carole McCann and Seung-Kyung Kim (Eds) Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives, New York: Routledge, pp. 203-211
Afshar, Haleh (Ed.) (1987) Women, State, Ideology, London: Macmillan
Albanese, Patrizia (2006) Mothers of the Nation: Women, Families and Nationalism in Twentieth-century Europe, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Bannerji, Himani, Shashrzad Mohab and Judith Whitehead (2010) ‘Of Property and Propriety: The role of gender and class in Imperialism and Nationalism: A decade later’, Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 262-271
Bracewell, Wendy (2000) ‘Rape in Kosovo: masculinity and Serbian nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 536-90
Charles, Nickie and Helen Hintjens (Eds) (1998) Gender, Ethnicity and Political Ideologies, London, New York: Routledge (especially chs. 1-3)
Chaudhuri, Nupur and Margaret Strobel (1992) (Eds) Western Women and Imperialism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
de Groot, Joanna (1996) ‘Anti-colonial Subjects? Post-colonial Subjects? Nationalisms, Ethnocentrism and Feminist Scholarship’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (Eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 30-50
Dowler, Lorraine (2002) ‘Till Death Do Us Part: Masculinity, friendship, and nationalism in Belfast, Northern Ireland’, Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 53-71
Drezgic, Rada (2010) ‘Religion, Politics and Gender in the Context of Nation-State Formation: The case of Serbia’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 6, pp. 955-970
Einhorn, Barbara (Ed.) (1996) Links Across Differences: Gender Ethnicity and Nationalism, Women’s Studies International Forum Special Issue, Oxford: Pergamon
Einhorn, Barbara (2006) ‘Insiders and Outsiders: Within and beyond the gendered nation’, in Kathy Davis, Mary Evans and Judith Lorber (Eds) The Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies, London: Sage, pp. 196-213
Hasian, Marouf and Anne Bialowas (2009) ‘Gendered Nationalism, the Colonial Narrative, and the Rhetorical Significance of the Mother India Controversy’, Communication Quarterly, Vol. 57, No. 4, pp. 469-486
Hassim, Shireen (2004) ‘Nationalism, Feminism and Autonomy: The ANC in Exile and the Question of Women’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 433-455
Jad, Islah (2011) ‘Islamic Women of Hamas: Between feminism and nationalism’, Inter-Asia Cultural Studies, Vol, 12, No. 2, pp. 176-201
Jayawardena, Kumari (1982) Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World in the 19th and early 20th Centuries, The Hague: Institute of Social Studies
Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991) ‘Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation’, Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 429-443
Lewis, Reina (1996) Gendering Orientalism, London: Routledge
Meghana, Nayak (2006) ‘Orientalism and “Saving” US State Identity after 9/11’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 8, No. 1, pp. 42-61
Munn, Jamies (2008) ‘The Hegemonic Male and Kosovar Nationalism, 2000-2005’, Men and Masculinities, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 440-456
Owens, Patricia (2010) ‘Torture, Sex and Military Orientalism’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 7, pp. 1041-1056
Peterson, V. Spike (2000) ‘Sexing Political Identities /Nationalism as Heterosexism’, in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (Eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 54-80
Pettman, Jan Jindy (1996) Worlding Women, London: Routledge, pp. 45-63
Racioppi, L and See O’Sullivan (2000) ‘Engendering Nation and National Identity’ in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (Eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 18-34
Rai, Shirin (2002) Gender and the Political Economy of Development: From Nationalism to Globalization, Cambridge: Polity Press (ch. 1 ‘Gender, Nationalism and “Nation-Building”’)
Ranchod-Nilsson, Sita and Mary Ann Tetreault (Eds) (2000) Women, States and Nationalism: At home in the nation?, London: Routledge
Samavati, Hedayeh (2009) Egypt as a Woman: Nationalism, Gender, and Politics, Berkeley: University of California Press
Said, Edward (1995) Orientalism: Western conceptions of the Orient, London: Penguin (first published 1978)
Saraswati Sunindyo (1998) ‘When the Earth is Female and the Nation is Mother’, Feminist Review, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1-21
Sinha, Mrinalina (2010) ‘Gender and Nation’, in Carole McCann and Seung-Kyung Kim (Eds) Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives, New York: Routledge, pp. 212-231
Spivak, Gayatri (1988) ‘Can the subaltern speak?’ in Nelson, C. & Grossberg, L. (Eds)
Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Strobel, Margaret (2002) ‘Women’s History, Gender History, and European Colonialism’ in Gregory Blue, Martin Bunton and Ralph Croizier (Eds) Colonialism and the Modern World: Selected studies, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 51-70
Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi and Louise Ryan (2002) ‘Mother India/Mother Ireland: Comparative Gendered Dialogues of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Early 20th Century’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 301-313
Walby, Sylvia (1997) Gender Transformations, London: Routledge (ch. 10 ‘Woman and Nation’, pp. 180-196)
Waylen, Georgina (1996) Gender in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press
Wilton, Shauna (2012) ‘Bound from Head to Toe: The Sari as an Expression of Gendered National Identity’, Studies in Ethnicity and Nationalism, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 190-205
Yuval-Davis, Nira (1997) Gender and Nation, London: Sage (Ch. 2: ‘Women and the biological reproduction of the nation’)
Yuval-Davis, Nira (1989) (Ed.) Woman-Nation-State, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Week 9: South Africa: Apartheid, Resistance and the Articulation of gender, ‘race’ and class
Seminar What do the voices of black women domestic workers in South Africa Questions tell us about apartheid? [Think about work, family and relationships]
What impact has the migrant labour system had on gender and age hierarchies in black African families?
How did black Tswana women mobilize their identities as mothers and as Christians in the struggle against apartheid?
Core Reading (everybody to read Walker or Carton, plus one other)
Cock, Jacklyn (1989) Maids and Madams: Domestic Workers under Apartheid, London: The Women’s Press (2nd edition) (ch. 5 ‘Self Imagery’)
Available as an E-extract:
Carton, Benedict (2001) ‘Locusts Fall from the Sky: Manhood and Migrancy in KwaZulu’, in Robert Morrell (Ed.) Changing Men in Southern Africa, London, NY: Zed, pp.120-140
Available as an E-extract:
Stevenson, Judith (2011) ‘“The Mamas Were Ripe”: Ideologies of Motherhood and Public Resistance in a South African Township’, Feminist Formations, Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 132-163
Available as an E-journal article:
Walker, Cherryl (1990) Gender and the Development of the Migrant Labour System, c. 1850-1930’, in Cherryl Walker (Ed.) Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, Cape Town: David Philip, pp. 168-196
Available as an E-book:
Additional Reading
Barrett, Jane et al (1985) South African Women on the Move, London: Zed Books in association with CIIR and Pluto Press (ch. 4 ‘Union Women’)
Beall, Jo, Shireen Hassim and Alison Todes (1989) ‘A Bit on the Side? Gender Struggles in the Politics of Transformation in South Africa’, Feminist Review, No. 33, pp. 30-56
Beinart, William and Saul Dubow (Eds) (1995) Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa, London: Routledge
Berger, Iris (1992) Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980, London: James Currey
Bernstein, Hilda (1985) For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa, London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa
Bozzoli, Belinda (1983) ‘Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 87-96
Bozzoli, Belinda with Nkotsoe Mmantho (1991) Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy and Migrancy in South Africa, 1900-1983, London: James Currey
Breckenridge, Keith (1998) ‘The Allure of Violence: Men, Race and Masculinity on the South African Goldmines, 1900-1950’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 669-693
Campbell, Catherine (2001) ‘“Going Underground and Going After Women”: Masculinity and HIV Transmission amongst Black Workers in the Gold Mines’, in Robert Morrell (Ed.) Changing Men in Southern Africa, London, NY: Zed, pp. 275-286
Cohen, Robin, Yvonne G. Muthien and Abebe Zegeye (Eds) (1990) Repression and Resistance: Insider Accounts of Apartheid, London: Zell
Crankshaw, Owen (1997) Race, Class and the Changing Division of Labour Under Apartheid, London: Routledge
Donaldson, Shaun Riva (1997) ‘“Our Women Keep our Skies from Falling”: Women’s Networks and Survival Imperatives in Tshunyane, South Africa’, in Gwendolyn Mikell (Ed.) African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 257-275
Evans, Laura (2012) ‘South Africa’s Bantustans and the Dynamics of “Decolonisation”: Reflections on Writing Histories of the Homelands’, South African Historical Journal, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 117-137
Gaitskell, Deborah, Judy Kimble, Moira Maconachie and Elaine Unterhalter (1983) ‘Class, Race and Gender: Domestic Workers in South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, Nos 27/28, pp. 86-108
Gaitskell, Deborah and Elaine Unterhalter (1989) ‘Mothers of the Nation: A Comparative Analysis of Nation, Race and Motherhood in Afrikaner Nationalism and the African National Congress’, in Nira Yuval-Davis (Ed.) Woman-Nation-State, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 58-78
Guy, Jeff and M. Thabane (1991) ‘Technology, Ethnicity and Ideology: Basotho Miners and Shaft-Sinking on the South African Gold Mines’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 257-278
Hughes, Heather (2012) ‘Lives and Wives: Understanding African Nationalism in South Africa through a Biographical Approach’, History Compass, Vol. 10, No. 8, pp. 562-573
International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (1981) Women under Apartheid: In photographs and text, London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa
Jones, Tiffany (2008) ‘Averting White Male (Ab)normality: Psychiatric Representations and Treatment of “Homosexuality” in 1960s South Africa’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 34, No. 2, pp. 397-410
Kuzwayo, Ellen (1985) Call me Woman, London: Women’s Press
Lawson, Lesley (1986) Working Women in South Africa, London: Pluto
Lipman, Beata (1984) We Make Freedom: Women in South Africa, London: Pandora Press (ch. 6 ‘Women in the Trade Unions’ and ch. 9 ‘Women in Politics’)
Mandela, Nelson (1994) Long Walk to Freedom, London: Little Brown
Marks, Shula (Ed.) (1988) Not Either an Experimental Doll: The Separate Worlds of Three South African Women, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
Maylam, Paul (2001) South Africa’s Racial Past: The history and historiograpy of racism, segregation, and apartheid, Aldershot: Aldgate
McFadden, Patricia (1992) ‘Nationalism and Gender Issues in South Africa’, Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 510-520
Meena, R. (1992) Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, Harare: SAPES Books
Murray, Colin (1981) Families Divided: The impact of migrant labour in Lesotho, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Oosthuizen, Ann (Ed.) (1987) Sometimes When it Rains: Writings by South African Women, London: Pandora
Ramphele, Mamphele (1997) Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York
Tamboukou, Maria (2006) ‘Power, Desire and Emotion in Education: Revisiting the epistolary narratives of three women in apartheid South Africa’, Gender and Education, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 233-252
Urdang, Stephanie (1995) ‘Women in National Liberation Movements’, in Margaret J. Hay and Sharon Stichter (Eds) African Women South of the Sahara, Harlow, Essex: Longman (2nd ed.), pp. 213-224
Vincent, Louise (2000) ‘Bread and Honour: White working class women and Afrikaner nationalism in the 1930s’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 61-78
Warden, Nigel (2000) The Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, Oxford: Blackwell
Walker, Cherryl (1982) Women and Resistance in South Africa, London: Onyx Press
Walker, Cherryl (Ed.) (1990) Women and Gender in Southern Africa to 1945, Cape Town: David Philip
Internet Resources
History of the ANC:
History of the ANC Women’s League:
The Rivonia Trial:
Manifesto of Umkhonto we Sizwe:
History of Pan African Congress:
Women in South Africa’s liberation struggle:
Week 10: South Africa: Gender and the Post-apartheid era
Seminar What are the prospects for feminism in today’s South Africa?
How far has post-apartheid South Africa come in terms of achieving gender equality? What are the barriers to gender equality?
What roles are there for men in the ongoing struggle for gender equality in post apartheid South Africa and what are the prospects of them making a positive contribution?
What does the massacre of black miners by police in South Africa in August 2012 mean for the dream of a new, democratic, post-apartheid country? [Read the Guardian article below and supplement with your own internet research]
Core Reading (everybody to read Bhana and Mthethwa-Sommers, plus two others)
Bhana, Deevia and Shirley Mthethwa-Sommers (2010) ‘Feminisms Today: Still Fighting’, Agenda: A Journal About Women and Gender, Vol. 24, No. 83, pp. 2-7
Available as an E-journal article:
Dworkin, Shari, Christopher Colvin, Abbey Hatcher and Dean Peacock (2012) ‘Men’s Perceptions of Women’s Rights and Changing Gender Relations in South Africa’, Gender and Society, Vol. 26, No. 1, pp. 97-120
Available as an E-journal article:
Gumede, William (2012) ‘South Africa: Marikana is a turning point: The brutal exposure of South Africa's inequality may at last shock the governing elite out of its complacency’, The Guardian, 20 August, Available online:
Hames, Mary (2006) ‘Rights and Realities: Limits to women’s rights and citizenship after 10 years of democracy in South Africa’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 1313-1326
Available as an E-journal article:
Meer, Shamim S. M. (2007) ‘Experiences of Democracy in South Africa from a Feminist Perspective’, Development, Vol. 50, No. 1, pp. 96-103
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Alexander, Neville (2003) ‘The "moment of manoeuvre”: "race," ethnicity, and nation in postapartheid South Africa’, in Kaiwar Vasant and Mazumdar Sucheta (Eds) Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 180-195
Albertyn, Catherine (2011) ‘Law, Gender and Inequality in South Africa’, Oxford Development Studies, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 139-162
Amnesty International (2008) ‘I am at the lowest end of all’: Rural Women Living with HIV Face Human Rights Abuses in South Africa, London: Amnesty International, Available online:
Borer, Tristan Anne (2012) ‘Gendered War and Gendered Peace: Truth Comissions and Postconflict Gender Violence: Lessons from South Africa’, in Claire M. Ranzetti, Jeffrey L. Edleson and Raquel Kennedy Bergen (Eds) Companion Reader on Violence Against Women, Thousand Oaks, Calif.: Sage, pp. 113-135
Bosch, Tanja E. (2007) ‘In The Pink’, Feminist Media Studies, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 225-238
Budlender, Debbie and Francie Lund (2011) ‘South Africa: A Legacy of Family Disruption’, Development and Change, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 925-946
De Lange, Naydene, Claudia Mitchell and Deevia Bhana (2012) ‘Voices of Women Teachers About Gender Inequalities and Gender-based Violence in Rural South Africa’, Gender and Education, Vol. 24, No. 5, pp. 499-514
Du Toit, Loise (2005) ‘A Phenomenology of Rape: Forging a New Vocabulary for Action’ in Amanda Gouws (Ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 253-274
Geisler, G. (2000) ‘“Parliament is another Terrain of Struggle”: Women, Men and Politics in South Africa, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 605-630
Goldblatt, Beth (2006) ‘Evaluating the Gender Content of Reparations: Lessons from South Africa’, in Ruth Rubio-Marin (Ed.) What Happened to the Women?: Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations, New York: Social Science Research Council, pp. 48-91
Gouws, Amanda (Ed.) (2005) (Un)thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates in Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot; Burlington, VT: Ashgate
Gouws, Amanda (2010) ‘Feminism in South Africa Today: Have we lost the praxis?’, Agenda, Vol. 24, No. 83, pp. 13-23
Graybill, L. (2001) ‘The Contribution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Toward the Promotion of Women’s Rights in South Africa’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-10
Groenmeyer, Sharon (2011) ‘Intersectionality in Apartheid and Post-apartheid South Africa’, Gender Technology and Development, Vol. 15, No. 2, pp. 249-274
Hassim, Shireen (2006) Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press
Hassim, Shireen (2005) ‘Nationalism Displaced: Citizenship Discourses in the Transition’ in Amanda Gouws (Ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 55-70
Hassim, Shireen (2003) ‘Representation, Participation and Democratic Effectiveness: Feminist Challenges to Representative Democracy in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (Eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 81-109
Hassim, Shireen (2002) ‘“A Conspiracy of Women”: The Women’s Movement in South Africa’s Transition to Democracy’, Social Research, Vol. 69, No. 3, pp. 693-732
Hirschmann, D. (1998) ‘Civil Society in South Africa: Learning from Gender Themes’, World Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 227-238
Hunter, Mark (2010) Love in the Time of AIDS: Inequality, gender and rights in South Africa, Bloomington: Indiana University Press
King, Alison J. (2007) Domestic Service in Post-apartheid South Africa, Aldershot; Burlington, VT: Ashgate
Mbatha, Likhapha (2003) ‘Democratising Local Government: Problems and Opportunities in the Advancement of Gender Equality in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (Eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 188-212
McEwan Cheryl (2005) ‘Gendered Citizenship in South Africa: Rights and Beyond’ in Amanda Gouws (Ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 177-198
Meintjes, Sheila (2003) ‘The Politics of Engagement: Women Transforming the Policy Process – Domestic Violence Legislation in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (Eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 140-159
Morrell, Robert. (1998) ‘Of Boys and Men: Masculinity and Gender in Southern African Studies’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 605-630
Morrell, Robert (2005) ‘Men, Movements and Gender Transformation in South Africa’, in Lahoucine Ouzgane and Robert Morrell (Eds) African Masculinities: Men in Africa from the late nineteenth century to the present, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 270-288
Motsemme, Nthabiseng (2002) ‘Gendered Experiences of Blackness in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Social Identities, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 647-673
Pettifor, A., C. Macphail, A.D. Anderson and S. Maman (2012) ‘ “If I buy the Kellogg’s then he should [buy] the milk”: Young women’s perspectives on relationship dynamics, gender power and HIV risk in Johannesburg, South Africa’, Culture, Health and Sexuality, Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 477-490
Patel, Leila and Tessa Hochfeld (2011) ‘It buys food but does it change gender relations? Child Support Grants in Soweto, South Africa’, Gender and Development, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 229-240
Posel, Dorrit and Michael Rogan (2012) ‘Gendered Trends in Poverty in the Post-apartheid period, 1997-2006’, Development Southern Africa, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 97-113
Smuts, Letitia (2011) ‘Coming Out as a Lesbian in Johannesburg, South Africa: Considering Intersecting Identities and Social Spaces’, South African Review of Sociology, Vol. 42, No. 3, pp. 23-40
Steyn, M. (1998) ‘A New Agenda: Restructuring Feminism and South Africa’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 41-52
Swarr, Amanda Lock (2012) ‘Paradoxes of Butchness: Lesbian Masculinities and Sexual Violence in Contemporary South Africa’, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 961-986
Tshoaedi, Malehoko (2012) ‘(En)gendering the Transition in South Africa: The role of COSATU women activists’, Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa, Vol. 78, No. 1, pp. 1-26
Van Zyl, Mikki (2005) ‘Escaping Heteronormative Bondage: Sexuality in Citizenship’ in Amanda Gouws (Ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 223-254
Van Zyl, Mikki (2011) ‘Are Same-Sex Marriages UnAfrican? Same-Sex Relationships and Belonging in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Journal of Social Issues, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 335-357
Zulu, L. (1998) ‘Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 147-157
Internet Resources
(Sonke Gender Justice Network)
(Commission for Gender Equality)
(HIV and AIDS in South Africa)
(Domestic Violence in South Africa)
(Women’s Net South Africa)
(The Lesbian and Gay Equality Network)
Week 11: Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism in India
Seminar What was expected of women and of men in the Indian nationalist
Questions movement?
How active were Indian women in the struggle for independence and what were the consequences?
How did the nationalist movement in India mobilize the concept of gender equality?
How did the British colonial administration mobilize the concept of gender equality?
Core Reading (everybody to read Liddle and Joshi, plus at least one article by Thapar-Bjorkert)
Liddle, Joanna and Rama Joshi (1986) Daughters of Independence: Gender, Caste and Class in India, London: Zed Books, pp. 19-40
Available as an E-extract: [There are 2 files, Liddle 1986a and Liddle 1986b – read both]
Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1993) ‘Women as Activists; Women as Symbols: A Study of the Indian Nationalist Movement’, Feminist Review, No. 44, pp. 81-96
Available as an E-journal article:
Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1997) ‘The Domestic Sphere as a Political Site: A Study of Women in the Indian Nationalist Movement’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 493-504
Available as an E-journal article:
Thapar, Bjorkert, Suruchi (1998) Gender, Nationalism and the Colonial Jail: A study of women activists in Uttar Pradesh’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 583-615
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Anagol, Padma (2008) ‘Agency, Periodisation and Change in the Gender and Women’s History of Colonial India’, Gender and History, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 603-627
Anagol, Padma (2010) ‘Feminist Inheritances and Foremothers: The beginnings of feminism in modern India’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 19, No. 4, pp. 523-546
Ali, Azra Asghar (2000) The Emergence of Feminism Among Indian Muslim Women, 1920-1947, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bald, Suresht, R. (2000) ‘The Politics of Gandhi’s “feminism”: Constructing “Sitas” for Swaraj”’, in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 81-97
Banerjee, Sikata (2012) Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence and Empire in India and Ireland, 1914-2004, New York: New York University Press
Bhatia, Nandia (2003) ‘Fashioning Women in Colonial India’, Fashion Theory, Vol. 7, No. 3, pp. 327-344
Chakravarti, Uma (1990) ‘Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism, Nationalism and a Script for the Past’, in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds) Recasting Women: Essays in Indian Colonial History, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 27-87
Chatterjee, Partha (1993) The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, chs. 6 & 7
Chatterjee, Partha (1989) ‘The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question’, in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds) Recasting Women: Essays in Indian Colonial History, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press
Forbes, Geraldine (1996) Women in Modern India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (ch. 5 ‘Women in the Nationalist Movement’)
Hasan, Mushirul (Ed.) (2002) Inventing Boundaries: Gender, politics and the partition of India, New Delhi; Oxford: Oxford University Press
Kasturi, Leela and Vina Mazumdar (1994) (eds) Women and Indian Nationalism, Delhi: Vikas Publishing House
Paranjape, Makarand (2012) Making India: Colonialism, National Culture and the Afterlife of Indian English Authority, Dordrecht; New York: Springer (Ch. 6 ‘Subjects to Change: Gender Trouble and Women’s “Authority”’)
Raju, V. Rajendra (1994) Role of Women in India’s Freedom Struggle, New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House
Rao, Shakuntala (1999) ‘Woman-As-Symbol: The Intersections of Identity Politics, Gender, and Indian Nationalism’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 317-328
Sinha, Mrinalini (2000) ‘Refashioning Mother India: Feminism and Nationalism in Late-Colonial India’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 623-644
Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1996) ‘Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism. Women Activists in Uttar Pradesh, India’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies: Knowledge, Identity and Nationalism, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 203-219
Internet Resources
BBC History: From Empire to Independence: The British Raj in India 1858-1947
Week 12 Gender, Feminism and Post-colonial India
Seminar To what extent has independent India delivered Indian women’s
Questions ‘dreams of modernity’? To what extent has it delivered men’s such dreams?
How would you characterise the women’s movement in independent India up to the 1980s? What major challenges did it face?
What do recent demonstrations by women tell us about the prospects for Indian feminism today?
Does India deserve its billing as one of the worst places for women in the world?
Core Reading (everybody to read Forbes or Kapur or Berry, plus at least 2 Guardian articles)
Berry, Kim (2011) ‘Disowning Dependence: Single Women’s Collective Struggle for Independence and Land Rights in Northwestern India’, Feminist Review, Vol. 98, No. 1, pp. 136-152
Available as an E-journal article:
Forbes, Geraldine (1996) Women in Modern India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (ch. 8 ‘Women in Independent India’)
Available as an E-extract:
Kapur, Ratna (2012) ‘Pink Chaddis and SlutWalk Couture: The Postcolonial Politics of Feminism Lite’, Feminist Legal Studies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 1-20
Available as an E-Journal article:
. auk/record=b1739914~S1
Patnaik, Priti (2011) ‘India's census reveals a glaring gap: girls’, Guardian, 25 May 2011, Available online:
Pidd, Helen (2012) ‘Indian campaign confronts prevalence of female foeticide’, Guardian, 13 July 2012, Available online:
Pidd, Helen (2012) ‘Why is India so bad for women?’, Guardian, 23 July 2012
Available online:
Sen-Handley, Shreya (2012) ‘India is a massive country – you cannot reduce it to being “bad” for women’, Guardian, 27 July 2012
Available online:
Additional Reading
Banerjee, Nirmala (1998) ‘Whatever Happened to the Dreams of Modernity? The Nehruvian Era and Women’s Position’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25
Banerjee, Sikata (2012) Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence and Empire in India and Ireland, 1914-2004, New York: New York University Press
Bandyopadhyay, D. (2000) ‘Gender and Governance in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, July 29, pp. 2696-2699
Basu, Amrita (1992) Two Faces of Protest: contrasting modes of women’s activism in India, Oxford: Oxford University Press
Bradley, Tamsin (2006) Challenging the NGOs: Women, religion and western dialogues in India, London; New York: Tauris Academic Studies (ch. 3 ‘The Feminism of Indian Women’)
Bradley, Tamsin, Emma Tomalin and Mangala Subramaniam (eds) (2009) Dowry: Bridging the gap between theory and practice, London: Zed
Buch, Nirmala (1998) ‘State Welfare Policy and Women, 1950-1975’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25
Chaudhuri, Maitrayee (2004) Feminism in India, New Delhi: Women Unlimited / Kali for Women
Chopra, Radhika, Caroline Osella and Filippo Osella (eds) (2004) South Asian Masculinities: Context of change, sites of continuity, New Delhi: Women Unlimited
Dietrich, Gabriele (1992) Reflections on the Women’s Movement in India, New Delhi: Horizon India Books (ch. 1 ‘The Secular State, Freedom of Religion and Women’s Rights’)
Donner, Henrike (2008) Domestic Goddesses: Maternity, Globalization and Middle-class Identity in Contemporary India, Aldershot, Burlington, VT: Ashgate
Fernandes, Leela (1997) ‘Beyond Public Spaces and Private Spheres: Gender, Family, and Working-Class Politics in India’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 525-547
Gandhi, Nandita and Nandita Shah (1992) The Issues at Stake: Theory and Practice in the Contemporary Women’s Movement in India, New Delhi: Kali for Women
Ghosh, Devleena (2001) ‘Water out of fire: novel women, national fictions and the legacy of Nehruvian developmentalism in India’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 951-967
Irudayam, Aloysius S. J., Mangubhai, Jayshree P. and Lee, Joel G. (2011) Dalit Women Speak Out: Caste, class and gender violence in India, New Delhi: Zubaan
John, Mary E. (1999) ‘Feminisms and Internationalism: A Response from India’, in Mrinalini Sinha, Donna Guy and Angela Woollacott (Eds) Feminisms and Internationalism, Oxford: Blackwell
Kapadia, Karin (Ed.) (2002) The Violence of Development: The politics of identity, gender and social inequalities in India, London, New York: Zed Books
Kumar, Radha (1993) The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India 1800-1990, New Delhi: Kali for Women
Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee (1984) Silver Shackles: Women and Development in India, Oxford: Oxfam
Munshi, S. (1998) ‘Wife/mother/daughter-in-law: multiple avatars of homemakers in 1990s Indian advertising’, Media Culture & Society, Vol. 20, No. 4
Narain, Vrinda (2001) Gender and Community: Muslim Women’s Rights in India, Toronto: University of Toronto Press
Patel, Vibhuti (1988) ‘Emergence and Proliferation of Autonomous Women’s Groups in India: 1974-1984’, in Rehana Ghadially (ed.) Women in Indian Society, London: Zed, pp. 249-256
Premi, Mahendra K. (2001) ‘The Missing Girl Child’, Economic and Political Weekly, May 26, pp. 1875-1880
Puri, Jyoti (1999) Woman, Body, Desire in Post-colonial India: Narratives of Gender and Sexuality, New York: Routledge (ch.2 ‘Sex, Sexuality and the Nation-State’ and ch. 6 ‘Rethinking the Requirements of Marriage and Motherhood’)
Purushothaman, Sangeetha (1997) The Empowerment of Women in India: grassroots women's networks and the State, London: Sage
Rai, Shirin M. (2008) The Gender Politics of Development, London; New York: Zed (ch. 2 ‘Women and the post-colonial state’)
Rajan, Rajeswari Sunder (1993) Real and Imagined Women: Gender, culture and postcolonialism, London: Routledge (ch. 6 ‘Real and Imagined Women: Politics and/of Representation’)
Rani, Challapalli Swaroopa (1998) ‘Dalit Women’s Writing in Telugu’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25
Reddy, Deepa S. (2005) ‘At Home in the World: Women’s Activism in Hyderabad, India’, in June Nash (Ed.) Social Movements: An Anthropological Reader, Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 304-325
Robinson, Catherine A. (1999) Tradition and Liberation: The Hindu Tradition in the Indian Women’s Movement, Richmond: Curzon Press (Conclusion, pp. 175-199)
Roy, Mallarika S. (2009) ‘Magic Moments of Struggle. Women’s Memory of the Naxalbari Movement in West Bengal, India (1967-75)’, Indian Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 205-232
Roy, Srila (2009) ‘Melancholic Politics and the Politics of Melancholia: The Indian Women’s Movement’, Feminist Theory, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 341-357
Roy, Srila (2011) ‘Politics, Passion and Profesionalization in Contemporary Indian Feminism’, Sociology, Vol. 45, No. 4, pp. 587-602
Waldrop, Anne (2012) ‘Grandmother, Mother and Daughter: Changing agency of Indian, middle-class women, 1908-2008’, Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 46, No. 3, pp. 631-638
Week 13 Gender and Religious Fundamentalism
Seminar What is religious fundamentalism? How is it gendered?
Questions
How is right-wing Hindu nationalism gendered in contemporary India?
What can we learn about competing narratives of Indian womanhood by paying attention to the protests about the film Fire?
Why might western analyses of Islamic societies be described as orientalist?
Core Reading (everybody to read Moghissi and Saghal & Yuval-Davis, plus one other)
Banerjee, Sikata (2010) ‘Women, Muscular Nationalism and Hinduism in India: Roop Kanwar and the Fire Protests’, Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions, Vol. 11, Nos 3-4, pp. 271-287
Available as an E-journal article:
Berglund, Henrik (2011) ‘Hindu Nationalism and Gender in the Indian Civil Society’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 13, No. 1, pp. 83-99
Available as an E-journal article:
Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed, ch. 1 (‘Oriental Sexuality: Imagined and Real’, especially pp. 13-20)
Available as an E-extract:
Saghal, Gita and Nira Yuval-Davis (1992) ‘Introduction: Fundamentalism, Multiculturalism and Women in Britain’, in Gita Saghal and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds) Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago, pp. 1-25
Available as an E-extract:
Additional Reading
Afshar, Haleh (1993) ‘Development Studies and Women in the Middle East: The Dilemmas of Research and Development’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 3-17
Ansari, U. (2008) ‘“Should I go and pull her burqa off?”: Feminist compulsions, insider consent, and a Return to Kandahar’, Critical Studies in Media Communication, Vol. 25, No. 1, pp. 48-67
Bacchetta, Paola (1994) ‘“All our Goddesses are Armed”: Religion, resistance and revenge in the life of a militant Hindu nationalist woman’, in Kamla Bhasin, Ritu Menon and Nighat Said Khan (eds) Against All Odds: Essays on Women, Religion and Development from India and Pakistan, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 133-156
Banerjee, Sikata (2005) Make me a man!: Masculinity, Hinduism and Nationalism in India, Albany: State University of New York Press
Basu, Amrita (1998) ‘Hindu Women’s Activism in India and the Questions it Raises’, in Patricia Jeffery and Amrita Basu (eds) Appropriating Gender: Women’s Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia, London: Routledge, pp. 167-184
Brink, Judy and Joan Mencher (eds) (1997) Mixed Blessings: Gender and religious fundamentalism cross culturally, London: Routledge
Charrad, Mounira M. (2011) ‘Gender in the Middle East: Islam, State, Agency’, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 37, No. 1, pp. 417-437
Das, Runa (2004) ‘Encountering (cultural) nationalism, Islam and gender in the body politic of India’, Social Identities, Vol. 10, No. 3, pp. 369-398
Das, Rina (2006) ‘Encountering Hindutva, Interrogating Religious Fundamentalism and (En)gendering a Hindu Patriarchy in India’s Nuclear Politics’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 370-393
Das, Runa (2008) ‘Nation, Gender and Representations of (In)Securities in Indian Politics: Secular-Modernity and Hindutva Ideology’, The European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 15, No. 3, pp. 203-221
Dietrich, Gabriele (1994) ‘Women and Religious Identities in India after Ayodhya’, in Bhasin, Kamla, Ritu Menon and Nighat Said Khan (eds) Against All Odds: Essays on Women, Religion and Development from India and Pakistan, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 35-49
El-Saadawi, Nawal (1997) The Nawal El-Saadawi Reader, London: Zed (ch. 9 ‘Islamic Fundamentalism and Women’)
El-Solh, Camillia Fawzi and Judy Mabro (1994) ‘Introduction: Islam and Muslim Women’, in Camillia Fawzi and Judy Mabro (eds) Muslim Women’s Choices, Oxford: Berg, pp. 1-32
Franks, Myfanwy (2001) Women And Revivalism In The West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' In A Liberal Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave
Gerami, Shahin (1996) Women and Fundamentalism: Islam and Christianity, New York, London: Garland
Hansen, Thomas Blom (1996) ‘Recuperating Masculinity: Hindu Nationalism, Violence and the Exorcism of the Muslim “Other”’, Critique of Anthropology, Vol 16, No. 2, pp. 137-172
Howland, Courtney W. (2001) Religious Fundamentalism and the Human Rights of Women, New York: Palgrave
Kapur, Ratna and Brenda Cossman (1995) ‘Communalising Gender, Engendering Community’, in Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Butalia (eds) Women and the Hindu Right: A Collection of Essays, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 82-120
Mehdid, Malika (1993) ‘A Western Invention of Arab Womanhood: The “Oriental” Female’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 18-58
Moghissi, Haideh (2004) Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, London: Routledge (3 Volumes)
Saghal, Gita and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds) (1992) Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago
Sarkar, Tanika and Urvashi Butalia (eds) (1995) Women and the Hindu Right, New Delhi: Kali for Women
Sen, Ilina (1997) ‘Fundamentalist Politics and Women in India’, in Judy Brink and Joan Mencher (eds) Mixed Blessings: Gender and Religious Fundamentalism Cross Culturally, London: Routledge, pp. 209-220
Sethi, Manisha (2002) ‘Avenging Angels and Nurturing Mothers: Women in Hindu Nationalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 20, pp. 1545-1551
Sharify-Funk, Meena (2008) Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the politics of interpretation, Aldershot; Burlington, VT: Ashgate (ch. 2 ‘Mixed Messages and Multiple Agendas’)
Week 14 Gender, Religion and the State in Iran
Seminar What did the Revolution in Iran mean for women and femininities?
Questions
Are all contemporary Iranian women passive victims of Islamic fundamentalism?
What did the Revolution in Iran mean for men and masculinities?
To what extent do contemporary Iranian men benefit from Islamic fundamentalism, and to what extent are they victims of it?
Core Reading (everybody to read Barlow & Akbarzadeh and Gerami, plus at least one of the media articles)
Barlow, R. and S. Akbarzadeh (2008) ‘Prospects for Feminism in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 30, No. 1, pp. 21-40
Available as an E-journal article:
Barzin, Saeed (2012) ‘Iran’s women football fans dream of a return to the terraces’, BBC,16 May, available online:
Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (2012) ‘Iranian pair face death penalty after third alcohol offence’, Guardian, 25 June 2012, available online:
Gerami, Shahin (2003) ‘Mullahs, Martyrs, and Men: Conceptualizing Masculinity in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Men and Masculinities, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 257-274
Available as an E-journal article:
Sahraei, Fariba (2012) ‘Iranian University bans on women causes consternation’, BBC, 21 September, Available online:
Additional Reading
Afshar, Haleh (1996) ‘Islam and Feminism: An Analysis of Political Strategies’, in Mai Yamani (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 197-216
Afshar, Haleh (2000) ‘Women and Politics in Iran’, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 188-205
Afshar, Haleh (2007) ‘Muslim Women and Feminisms: Illustrations from the Iranian Experience’, Social Compass, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 419-434
El-Nimr, Raga’ (1996) ‘Women in Islamic Law’, in Mai Yamani (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 87-102
Channel 4 (1994) Islamic Conversations: Women and Islam [videorecording], London: Channel 4
Farhi, Farideh, (1994) ‘Sexuality and the Politics of Revolution in Iran’ in Ann M. Tétreault (ed.) Women and revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 252-271
Gerami, Shahin (1996) Women and Fundamentalism, London: Garland, ch. 4 (‘Egyptian Women’s Response to Discourse on Fundamentalism’, pp. 75-99)
Isam-Husain, Mahjabeen et al (2001) ‘What is the Status of Women under Islam?’, in Jennifer Hurley (ed.) Islam: Opposing Viewpoints, San Diego California: Greenhaven Press, pp. 75-101
Kandiyoti, Deniz (ed.) (1991) Women, Islam and the State, London: Macmillan
Kar, Mehranguiz (2001) ‘Women’s Strategies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999’, in Jane H. Bayes and Nayereh Tohidi (eds) Globalization, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 177-201
Mardi, Ali Akbar (2004) ‘The Iranian Women’s Movement: A Century Long Struggle’, The Muslim World, Vol. 94, pp. 427-448, Available online:
Mir-Hosseini, Ziba (1993) ‘Women, Marriage and the Law in Post-Revolutionary Iran’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 59-84
Moallem, Minoo (2003) ‘Cultural nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism: the case of Iran’, in Vasant Kaiwar and Mazumdar Sucheta (eds) Antinomies of modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, Durham: Duke University Press
Moghadam, M. (1993) Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner
Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed (ch. 6 ‘Fundamentalists in Power: Conflict and Compromise’)
Moghissi, Haideh (1994) Populism and Feminism in Iran: Women's struggle in a Male-defined Revolutionary Movement, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Moghissi, Haideh (2008) ‘Islamic Cultural Nationalism and Gender Politics in Iran’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp 541-554
Mojab, Shahrzad (2001) ‘Theorizing the Politics of “Islamic Feminism”’, Feminist Review, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 124-146
Najmabadi, Afsaneh (1991) ‘Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran’, in Deniz Kandiyoti (ed.) Women, Islam and the State, London: Macmillan, pp. 48-76
Paidar, Parvin (1995) Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-century Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Wadud, Amina (2006) Inside the Gender Jihad: Women’s Reform in Islam, Oxford: One World
Week 15 Multiple Meanings: Islamic women and the ‘veil’
In this week’s seminar we will have a debate for and against the ‘veil’, so as you do your reading you need to be thinking about the side you will be speaking for and against. The seminar questions below will also help you to prepare for the debate.
Seminar What is the ‘veil’, and why is that term inadequate?
Questions
Assess the arguments that the ‘veil’ disempowers Islamic women
Assess the arguments that the ‘veil’ empowers Islamic women
What difference does context make to the identities of women who ‘veil’ and to the meaning of the ‘veil’?
Core Reading (share these out within your groups for the debate; you could also do some internet research (eg the Guardian website) to access recent coverage of the issue)
Afshar, Haleh (2008) ‘Can I See Your Hair? Choice, Agency and Attitudes: The Dilemma of Faith and Feminism for Muslim Women who Cover’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 411-427
Available as an E-journal article:
Franks, Myfanwy (2001) Women And Revivalism In The West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' In A Liberal Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave, ch. 5 (‘Modesty Codes and the Veil’)
Available as an E-extract:
Tissot, Sylvie (2011) ‘Excluding Muslim Women: From Hijab to Niqab, from School to Public Place’, Public Culture, Vol. 23, No. 1, pp. 39-46
Available as an E-journal article:
Watson, Helen (1994) ‘Women and the Veil: Personal Responses to Global Process’, in Akbar S. Ahmed and Hastings Donnan (eds) Islam, Globalization and Post-modernity, London: Routledge, pp. 141-159
Available as an E-extract:
Wagner, Wolfgang, Ragini Sen, Risa Permanadeli and Caroline Howarth (2012) ‘The Veil and Muslim Women’s Identity: Cultural Pressures and Resistance to Stereotyping’, Culture and Psychology, Vol. 18, No. 4, pp. 521-541
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Ahmed, Leila (1992) Women and Gender in Islam, London: Yale University Press (see especially ch. 8 ‘The Discourse of the Veil’ and ch. 11 ‘The Struggle for the Future)
Azza, Karam M. (1998) Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary feminisms in Egypt, Basingstoke: Macmillan
Azzam, Maha (1996) ‘Gender and the Politics of Religion in the Middle East’, in Yamani Mai (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 217-230
Bhimji, F. (2009) ‘Identities and agency in religious spheres: a study of British Muslim women’s experience’, Gender Place and Culture, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 365-380
Bilje, Sirma (2010) ‘Beyond Subordination vs. Resistance: An Intersectional Approach to the Agency of Veiled Muslim Women’, Journal of Intercultural Studies, Col. 31, No. 1, pp. 9-28
Dialmy, A. (2008) ‘Antinomies of wearing a veil’, Social Compass, Vol. 55, No. 4, pp. 561-580
Enloe, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases, London: Pandora, pp. 52-54 (extract on Nationalism and the Veil)
Gerami, Shahin (1996) Women and Fundamentalism, London: Garland (ch. 4 ‘Egyptian Women’s Response to Discourse on Fundamentalism’)
Ghosh, Anindita (Ed.) (2008) Behind the Veil: Resistance, Women and the Everyday in Colonial South Asia, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan
Harrison, Cassian (2001) Beneath the veil [videorecording], London: Channel 4
Hopkins, Peter E. (2007) ‘Young Muslim men’s experiences of local landscapes after 11 September 2001’ in Cara Aitchison, Peter Hopkins and Mei-Po Kwan (Eds) Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, gender and belonging, Aldershot; Burlington V.T.: Ashgate, pp. 189-200
McAuliffe, Cameron (2007) ‘Visible Minorities: Constructing and Deconstructing the “Muslim Iranian” diaspora’, in Cara Aitchison, Peter Hopkins and Mei-Po Kwan (Eds) Geographies of Muslim Identities: Diaspora, gender and belonging, Aldershot; Burlington V.T.: Ashgate, pp. 29-56
Martino, Wayne Rezai-Rashti and M. Goli (2011) ‘The Politics of Veiling, Gender and the Muslim Subject: On the limits and possibilities of anti-racist education in the aftermath of September 11’, Discourse: Studies in the Cultural Politics of Education, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 417-431
Moghadam, Valentine M. (ed.) (1994) Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies, London: Zed
Moghissi, Haideh (2004) Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, London: Routledge (3 Volumes) (See Especially Vol. II, Section 4.2)
Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed (ch. 2 ‘From Orientalism to Islamic Feminism’, especially pp. 42-47)
Roald, Anne Sofie (2001) Women in Islam: The Western Experience, London: Routledge (ch. 12 ‘Islamic Female Dress’)
Sanghera, Gurchathen S. and Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert (2012) ‘Let’s Talke About… Men’: Young British Pakistani Muslim Women’s Nattatives about Co-Ethnic Men in “Postcolonial” Bradford’, Interventions: International Journal of Postcolonial Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 591-612
Shami, Seteney et al (1990) Women in Arab society: Work patterns and gender relations in Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, Oxford: Berg
Sharify-Funk, Meena (2008) Encountering the Transnational: Women, Islam and the politics of interpretation, Aldershot; Burlington, VT: Ashgate (ch. 7 ‘Muslim Women as Self/Other: The Politics of Identity’)
Shukrallah, Hala (1994) ‘The Impact of the Islamic Movement in Egypt’ Feminist Review, No. 47, pp. 15-32
Souaiaia, Ahmed E. (2008) Contesting Justice: Women, Islam, law, and society, Albany: State University of New York Press
Winter, Bronwyn (2008) Hijab and the Republic: Uncovering the French headscarf debate, Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press
Internet Resources
Muslim Women’s Network UK:
Women’s Islamic Initiative in Spirituality and Equality:
Women in Islam:
Week 16 Reading Week
There will be no lecture or seminars this week. Your class essay is due next week.
Week 17 Women, the Nationalist Struggle and the Irish Free State
Seminar In what ways were women involved and in what ways were they
Questions excluded from the struggle for Irish Independence?
Why were women pushed back into the domestic sphere after Independence was achieved?
To what extent was the Irish state that was created after independence a Catholic state?
How can it be argued that a gendered double standard lay at the heart of the Irish state’s approach to sexuality?
Is it possible to talk about religious fundamentalism with regard to the Irish Free State/Republic?
Core Reading (everybody to read at least two)
Crowley, Una and Rob Kitchen (2008) ‘Producing “decent” girls: Governmentality and the Moral Geographies of Sexual Conduct in Ireland, 1922-1937’, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 355-372
Available as an E-journal article:
Valiulis, Maryann Gialanella (1995) ‘Power, Gender and the Irish Free State’, Journal of Women’s History, Vol 6, No 4/ Vol 7, No 1 (Winter/Spring), pp. 117-137
Available as an E-journal article:
Ward, Margaret (1998) ‘National Liberation Movements and the Question of Women’s Liberation: the Irish Experience’, in Claire Midgley (ed.) Gender and Imperialism, Manchester University Press, pp. 104-122
Available as an E-extract:
Additional Reading
Banerjee, Sikata (2012) Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence and Empire in India and Ireland, 1914-2004, New York: New York University Press
Brown, Terence (1981) Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922-1979, London: Fontana Press
Clear, Caitriona (2000) Women of the House: Women’s Household Work in Ireland, 1922-1961, Ballsbridge: Irish Academic Press
Connolly, Linda (2003) The Irish women's Movement: From Revolution to Devolution, Dublin: Lilliput Press
Connolly, Eileen (2003) ‘Durability and Change in State Gender Systems: Ireland in the 1950s’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65-86
Coulter, Carol (1993) The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland, Cork: Cork University Press
Cullen, Mary and Maria Luddy (eds) (2001) Female Activists: Irish Women and Change, 1900-1960, Dublin: Woodfield Press
Finnegan, Richard B. and James L. Wiles (2003) Women and Public Policy in Ireland: A Documentary History, 1922-1997, Dublin: Irish Academic Press
Gardiner, Frances (1993) ‘Political Interest and Participation of Irish Women 1922-1992: The Unfinished Revolution’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp 45-78
Hill, Myrtle (2003) Women in Ireland: A Century of Change, Belfast: Blackstaff
Kelleher, Margaret and James H. Murphy (eds) (1997) Gender Perspectives in Nineteenth Century Ireland: Public and Private Spheres, Dublin: Irish Academic Press
Keogh, Dermot (1994) Twentieth Century Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
Lee, Joseph (1989) Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press
Morrison, Eve (2008) ‘The Bureau of Military History and Female Republican Activism, 1913-23’, in Maryann Gialenella Valiulis (Ed.) Gender and Power in Irish History, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, pp. 59-83
Nugent, J. (2008) ‘The Sword and the Prayerbook: Ideals of Authentic Irish Manliness’, Victorian Studies, Vol. 50, No. 4, pp. 587-613
Owens, Rosemary Cullen (2005) A Social History of Women in Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan
Radosh, P. (2009) ‘Colonial Oppression, Gender, and Women in the Irish Diaspora’, Journal of Historical Sociology, Vol. 22, No. 2, pp. 269-289
Redmond, Jennifer (2010) ‘“One man one job”: The marriage ban and the employment of women teachers in Irish primary schools’, Paedagogica Historica, Vol. 46, No. 5, pp. 639-654
Ryan, Louise (2002) Gender, Identity and the Irish Press, 1922-1937: Embodying the Nation, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon
Sawyer, Roger (1993) We are but Women: Women in Ireland’s History, London: Routledge
Smith, James M. (2004) ‘The Politics of Sexual Knowledge: The Origins of Ireland’s Containment Culture and the Carrigan Report (1931)’, Journal of the History of Sexuality, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 208-233
Valiulis, Maryann Gialenella (2008) ‘Virtuous Mothers and Dutiful Wives: The Politics of Sexuality in the Irish Free State’, in Maryann Gialenella Valiulis (Ed.) Gender and Power in Irish History, Dublin: Irish Academic Press, pp. 100-114
Ward, Margaret (1991) The Missing Sex: Putting Women into History, Dublin: Attic Press
Ward, Margaret (2001) ‘Gendering the Union: Imperial feminism and the ladies’ land league’, Women’s History Review, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 71-92
Weihman, Lisa (2004) ‘Doing My Bit for Ireland: Transgressing Gender in the Easter Uprising’, Eire-Ireland, Vol, 39, Nos 3/4, pp. 228-249
Internet Resources
The Irish Archives: Women and Feminism:
Week 18 Gender and Modernisation in the Irish Republic
Seminar To what extent have discourses of Irish womanhood changed since the
Questions 1960s, and to what extent have they remained the same?
To what extent have discourses of Irish manhood changed since the 1960s, and to what extent have they remained the same?
How much credit can the women’s movement take for reducing inequalities between men and women in Ireland? What other factors need to be taken into account?
Do women in contemporary Ireland enjoy reproductive rights?
Core Reading (everybody to read Connolly and O’Toole and either O’Sullivan or Galligan and Ryan, plus at least one media article)
Connolly, Linda and Tina O’Toole (2005) Documenting Irish Feminisms: The Second Wave, Dublin: Woodfield Press (ch. 2 ‘The Politics of the Body: Fertility Control and Reproduction’)
Available as an E-extract:
Holland, Kitty (2012) ‘Savita Halappanavar's death may stir Ireland to change over abortion’, The Observer, 17 November 2012, Available online:
Galligan, Yvonne and Nuala Ryan (2001) ‘Implementing the Beijing Commitments in Ireland’, in Jane H. Bayes and Nayereh Tohidi (Eds) Globalization, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 87-106
Available as an E-extract:
O’Sullivan, Sara (2012) ‘“All Changed, Changed Utterly”? Gender Role Attitudes and the Feminisation of the Irish Labour Force’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 223-232
Available as an E-journal article:
O’Toole, Emer (2012 ‘This Irish Feminist Zeitgeist is Ready for the Challenge’, Guardian, 8 June 2012, Available online:
Additional Reading
Anderson, K. (2010) ‘Irish Secularization and Religious Identities: Evidence of an Emerging New Catholic Habitus, Social Compass, Vol. 57, No. 1, pp. 15-39
Banerjee, Sikata (2012) Muscular Nationalism: Gender, Violence and Empire in India and Ireland, 1914-2004, New York: New York University Press
Beale, Jenny (1986) Women in Ireland: Voices of Change, London: Macmillan Education Ltd
Byrne, Anne and Madeleine Leonard (1997) (eds) Women and Irish Society: A Sociological Reader, Dublin: Beyond the Pale Publications
Connolly, Linda (2002) The Irish Women’s Movement: From Revolution to Devolution, Basingstoke: Palgrave
Curtin, Chris, Pauline Jackson and Barbara O’Connor (1987) Gender in Irish Society, Galway University Press
Ferriter, Diarmaid (2008) ‘Women and Political Change in Ireland since 1960’, Eire-Ireland, Vol. 43, Nos 1/2, pp. 179-204
Finnegan, Richard B. and James L. Wiles (2003) Women and Public Policy in Ireland: A Documentary History, 1922-1997, Dublin: Irish Academic Press
Gilmartin, Mary and Allen White (2011) ‘Interrogating Medical Tourism: Ireland, Abortion and Mobility Rights’, Signs, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 275-280
Girvin, Brian (2008) ‘Church, State and Society in Ireland since 1960’, Eire-Ireland, Vol. 43, Nos 1/2, pp. 74-98
Hill, Myrtle (2003) Women in Ireland: A Century of Change, Belfast: Blackstaff
Johnson, C.A.B. and T.G. Morrison (2007) ‘The presentation of masculinity in everyday life: Contextual variations in the masculine behaviour of young Irish men’, Sex Roles, Vol. 57, Nos 9-10, pp. 661-674
Laire, Caitriona Ni (2001) ‘A Matter of Life and Death? Men, Masculinities and Staying “Behind” in Rural Ireland’, Sociologia Ruralis, Vol. 41, No. 2, pp. 220-236
McDonnell, O. and J. Allison (2006) ‘From biopolitics to bioethics: Church, state, medicine and assisted reproductive technology in Ireland, Sociology of Health and Illness, Vol. 28, No. 6, pp. 817-837
McWilliams, Monica (1993) ‘The Church, the State and the Women’s Movement in Northern Ireland’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp. 79-99
Meaney, Geraldine (1993) ‘Sex and Nation: Women in Irish Culture and Politics’, in Ailbhe Smyth (eds) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp. 215-230
Moore, Elena (2012) ‘From Traditional to Companionate Marriages: Women’s changing experience of marriage and divorce in Ireland’, Families, Relationships and Society, Vol. 1, No. 3, pp. 345-360
O’Conner, Pat (1998) Emerging Voices: Women in Contemporary Irish Society, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, ch 9 (‘Ireland: a country for women?’)
Reilly, N. (2007) ‘Linking local and global feminist advocacy: Framing women’s rights as human rights in the Republic of Ireland, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 30, No. 2, pp. 114-133
Richardson, Noel and Paula Carroll (2009) ‘Getting Men’s Health onto a Policy Agenda – Charting the development of a National Men’s Health Policy in Ireland’, Journal of Men’s Health, Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 105-113
Rossiter, Ann (1993) ‘Bringing the Margins into the Centre: A Review of Aspects of Irish Women’s Emigration’, in Ailbhe Smyth (eds) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp.177-202
Smith, James M. (2008) Ireland’s Magdelen Laundries and the Nation’s Architecture of Containment, Manchester: Manchester University Press
Smyth, Ailbhe (1993) ‘The Women’s Movement in the Republic of Ireland 1970-1990’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp 245-269
Stevens, Lorna, Steven Broan and Paula Maclaren (2000) ‘Gender, Nationality and Cultural Representations of Ireland: An Irish Woman’s Place?’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 405-421
Internet Resources
Choice Ireland (pro legalising abortion):
Irish Feminist Network:
Men’s Health Forum in Ireland:
National Women’s Council of Ireland:
National Youth Council of Ireland:
Pro-Life Campaign (anti-abortion):
Week 19: Gender and Global Capitalism: World market factories
Seminar How is global capitalism gendered? How is it also ‘raced’ and classed?
Questions
How can the position of women workers in global capitalism be
explained? How much does it differ from the position of men workers?
What impact does employment by global capitalism have on women’s status, both at home and at work?
Factory work was the first to be out-sourced globally, but now service work has followed, including care work. To what extent are the gendered dynamics of this outsourcing the same, and to what extent are they diferent?
Core Reading (everybody to read at least two)
Barrientos, Stephanie and Diane Perrons (1999) ‘Gender and the Global Food Chain: A Comparative Study of Chile and the UK’, in Haleh Afshar and Stephanie Barrientos (eds) Women, Globalization and Fragmentation in the Developing World, London: Macmillan, pp. 150-173
Available as an E-extract:
Mirchandani, Kiran (2011) ‘Gendered Hierarchies in Transnational Call Centres in India’, in Debra Howcroft and Helen Richardson (Eds) Work and Life in the Global Economy, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 78-98
Available as an E-book:
Pearson, Ruth (2004) ‘Women, Work and Empowerment in a Global Era’, IDS Bulletin, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 117-124
Available as an E-journal article:
Silva, Elizabeth (2010) ‘Maids, Machines and Morality in Brazilian Homes’, Feminist Review, Vol. 94, No. 1, pp. 20-37
Available as an E-journal article:
Additional Reading
Acharya, Meena (2008) ‘Socio-Economic Transformation under Globalization: The case of Nepalese women’, in Carolyn M. Elliott (Ed.) Global Empowerment of Women: Responses to Globalization and Politicized Religions, London; New York: Routledge, pp. 57-76
Arizpe, Lourdes and Josefina Aranda (1986) ‘Women Workers in the Strawberry Agribusiness in Mexico’, in E. Leacock and H. Safa (eds) Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor by Gender, London: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 174-193
Baylies, Carolyn and Caroline Wright (1993) 'Female Labour in the Textile and Clothing Industry of Lesotho', African Affairs, Vol. 92, No. 369, pp. 577-591
Boje, D.M. (1998) ‘Nike, Greek Goddess of Victory or Cruelty? Women’s Stories of Asian Factory Life’, Journal of Organizational Change Management, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 461-482
Chen, M., J. Sebstad and L. O’Connell (1999) ‘Counting the Invisible Workforce: The Case of Homebased Workers’, World Development, Vol. 27, No. 3, pp. 603-610
Chow, Esther Ngan-Ling (2008) ‘Migrant Factory Workers in South China: Opportunities and Constraints’, in Carolyn M. Elliott (Ed.) Global Empowerment of Women: Responses to Globalization and Politicized Religions, London; New York: Routledge, pp. 77-100
Collins, Jane L. (2002) ‘Mapping a Global Labor Market: Gender and Skill in the Globalizing Garment Industry’, Gender and Society, Vol. 16, No. 6, pp. 921-940
Dedeoglu, Saniye (2009) ‘Visible Hands – Invisible Women: Garment Production in Turkey’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 16, No. 4, pp. 1-32
Dyer, Sarah, Linda McDowell and Adina Batnitzky (2010) ‘The Impact of Migration on the Gendering of Service Work: The case of a West London hotel’, Gender, Work & Organization, Vol. 17, No. 6, pp. 635-657
Elson, Diane and Ruth Pearson (1981) '"Nimble Fingers Make Cheap Workers": An Analysis of Women's Employment in Third World Export Manufacturing', Feminist Review, No. 7, pp. 87-109
Fernandez-Kelly, Maria Patricia (1983) For We Are Sold, I and My People, New York: State University of New York Press
Heyzer, Noeleen (1986) Working Women in South-East Asia: Development, subordination and emancipation, Milton Keynes: Open University Press
Howcroft, Debra and Helen Richardson (2008) ‘Gender Matters in the Global Outsourcing of Service Work’, New Technology, Work & Employment, Vol. 23, Nos. 1-2, pp. 44-60
Kabeer, Naila (2000) The Power to Choose: Bangladeshi Women and Labour Market Decisions in London and Dhaka, London: Verso
Kim, Seung-Kyung (1997) Class Struggle or Family Struggle? The Lives of Women Factory Workers in South Korea, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
Marchand, Marianne and Anne Sisson Runyan (Eds) (2011) Gender and Global Restructuring: Sightings, Sites and Resistances, London, New York: Routledge
Ngai, Pun (2005) Made in China: Women Factory Workers in the Global Workplace, Durham, NC: Duke University Press; Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press
Ngai, Pun (2007) ‘Gendering the Dormitory Labor System: Production, Reproduction, and Migrant Labor in South China’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 239-258
Orton, Liz, Stephanie Barrientos and Sharon McClenaghan (2001) ‘Paternalism and Gender in South African Fruit Employment: Change and Continuity’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 24, Nos 3-4, pp. 469-478
Pearson, Ruth (1992) ‘Gender Issues in Industrialization’, in Tom Hewitt et al (eds) Industrialization and Development, Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 222-247
Razavi, S. (1999) ‘Export-oriented Employment, Poverty and Gender: Contested Accounts’, Development and Change, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 653-683
Rousseau, Nicole (2009) Black Women’s Burden: Commodifying black reproduction, New York: Palgrave Macmillan (ch. 10 ‘Global Capitalism in the Electronic Age’)
Theobald, S. (2002) ‘Gendered Bodies: Recruitment, Management and Occupational Health in Northern Thailand’s Electronic Factories’, Women and Health, Vol. 35, No. 4, pp. 7-26
Safa, H. (1986) 'Runaway Shops and Female Employment: The Search for Cheap Labor', in E. Leacock and H. Safa (eds) Women's Work: Development and the Division of Labor by Gender, London: Bergin and Garvey, pp. 58-71
Sahle, Eunice N. (2008) ‘Gender, States and Markets in Africa’, in Joseph Mensah (Ed.) Neoliberalism and Globalization in Africa, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 71-92
Selwyn, B. (2010) ‘Gender Wage Work and Development in North East Brazil, Bulletin of Latin American Research, Vol. 29, No. 1, pp. 51-70
Wolf, Diane L. (1994) Factory Daughters: Gender, household dynamics and rural industrialization in Java, Berkeley: University of California Press
Wright, Caroline and Diane Elson (1996) ‘Gender Issues in Contemporary Industrialization: An Annotated Bibliography’, Working Papers in Comparative Labour Studies, No. 10, University of Warwick.
Available online:
Yeats, Nicola (2011) ‘Going Global: The Transnationalization of Care’, Development and Change, Vol. 42, No. 4, pp. 1109-1130
Week 20: Women Working Worldwide: Taking on global capital
Seminar Are women workers ‘docile’? Why have they been characterised as
Questions such?
Assess the prospects for trade union organization to improve the lot of workers worldwide.
Assess the prospects for codes of conduct and ‘fair trade’ labels to improve the lot of workers worldwide.
To what extent does economic justice for global workers depend on cultural justice?
How much do you know/care about the ‘labour behind the label’ of everyday products (eg. your clothes, mobile phone)?
Core Reading (everybody to read at least two academic articles, plus at least one media/campaigning item)
Birch, Simon (2012) ‘How activism forced Nike to change its ethical game’, Guardian, 6 July 2012, available online:
Fougner, Tore and Ayca Kurtoglu (2011) ‘Transnational Labour Solidarity and Social Movement Unionism: Insights from and beyond a women workers’ strike in Turkey’, British Journal of Industrial Relations, Vol. 49, Issues Supplement 2 (July), pp. 353-375
Available as an E-journal article:
Gabbatt, Adam (2012) ‘Foxconn workers on iPhone 5 line strike in China, rights group says’, Guardian, 5 October 2012, Available online:
Hale, Angela and Linda M. Shaw (2001) ‘Women Workers and the promise of Ethical Trade in the Globalised Garment Industry: A Serious Beginning?, Antipode, Vol. 33, No. 3, pp. 510-530
Available as an E-journal article:
Hutchens, Anna (2010) ‘Empowering Women through Fair Trade? Lessons from Asia’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 449-467
Available as an E-journal article:
War on Want (2007) Fashion Victims: The true cost of cheap clothes at Primark, Asda and Tesco, Available online:
Wright, Caroline and Gilma Madrid (2007) ‘Contesting Ethical Trade in Colombia's Cut-Flower Industry: A Case of Cultural and Economic Injustice’, Cultural Sociology, Vol. 1, No. 2, pp. 255-275
Available online:
Additional Reading
Anitha, Sundari, Ruth Pearson and Linda McDowell (2012) ‘Striking Lives: Multiple Narratives of South Asian Women’s Employment Identity and Protest in the UK, Ethnicities, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 754-775
Bacon, C.M. (2010) ‘A Spot of Coffee in Crisis: Nicaraguan smallholder cooperatives, fair trade networks and gendered empowerment, Latin American Perspectives, Vol. 37, No. 2, pp. 50-71
Baruah, E. (2004) ‘Earning their keep and keeping what they earn: A critique of organizing strategies for South Asian women in the informal sector, Gender Work and Organization, Vol. 11, No. 6, pp. 605-626
Bowes, John (Ed.) (2011) The Fair Trade Revolution, London, New York: Pluto
Chhachhi, Amrita and Renee Pittin (eds) (1996) Confronting State, Capital and Patriarchy: Women Organizing in the Process of Industrialization, Basingstoke: Macmillan
China Labor Watch (2012) Beyond Foxconn: Deplorable Working Conditions Characterize Apple’s Entire Supply Chain, Available online:
Cooke, Fang Lee (2011) ‘Gender Organizing in China: A study of female workers’ representation needs and their perceptions of union efficacy’, International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 22, No. 12, pp. 2558-2574
Cunnison, Sheila and Jane Stageman (1993) Feminizing the Unions: Challenging the Culture of Masculinity, Aldershot: Avebury
Desai, Manisha (2007) ‘Transnational Solidarity: Women’s Agency, Structural Adjustment and Globalization’, in J. Timmons Roberts and Amy Bellone Hite (Eds) The Globalization and Deveopment Reader, Malden, MA; Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 403-419
Gibbs, T. (2005) ‘Union boys in caps leading factory girls astray? The politics of labour reform in Lesotho’s “feminised” garment industry, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 31, No. 1, pp. 95-115
Hensman, Rohini (2003) ‘Trade Unions and Women’s Autonomy: Organisational strategies of women working in India’, in Fiona Colgan and Sue Ledwith (Eds) Gender Diversity and Trade Unions: International Perspectives, London, New York: Routledge, pp. 95-112
Hossfeld, K.J. (1990) ‘“Their Logic Against Them”: Contradictions in Sex, Race and Class in Silicon Valley’, in K. Ward (ed.) Women Workers and Global Restructuring, New York: Ithaca
Kabeer, Naila (2004) ‘Globalization, Labor Standards, and Women’s Rights: Dilemmas of Collective (In)action in an Interdependent World’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 3-35
Kapoor, A. (2007) ‘The SEWA way: Shaping another future for informal labour’, Futures, Vol. 39, No. 5, pp. 554-568
Klein, Naomi (2000) No logo: taking aim at the brand bullies, London: Flamingo
Lyon, Sarah (2008) ‘We want to be equal to them: Fair-trade coffee certification and gender equity within organization’, Human Organization, Vol. 67, No. 3, pp. 258-268
Mather, C. (1985) ‘“Rather Than Make Trouble, It’s Better Just to Leave”’, in H. Afshar (ed.) Women, Work and Ideology in the Third World, London: Tavistock, pp. 153-180
McArdle, Louise and Pete Thomas (2012) ‘Fair enough? Women and Fair Trade’, Critical Perspectives on International Business, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 277-294
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Macdonald, Kate and Shelley Marshal (Eds) (2010) Fair Trade, Corporate Accountability and Beyond: Experiments in globalizing justice, Farnham, Burlington: Ashgate
Mitter, Swasti (1986) Common Fate Common Bond: Women in the Global Economy, London: Pluto Press (ch. 4 ‘Women working worldwide’)
Mohanty, Chandra (2003) Feminism Without Borders, Durham, London: Duke University Press (ch. 9 ‘Women Workers and the Politics of Solidarity’, pp. 139-168)
Moore, Fiona (2007) ‘What Women Really Want: Gender, Ethnicity and Job Expectations on an Automobile Factory Assembly Line’, in Deborah F. Bryceson, Judith Okely and Jonathan Webber (Eds) Identity and Networks: Fashioning gender and ethnicity across cultures, New York: Berghan Books, pp. 197-213
Nicholls, Alex and Charlotte Opal (2004) Fair Trade: Market-driven ethical consumption, London: Sage
Pearson, Ruth (2007) ‘Beyond Women Workers: Gendering CSR’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 4, pp. 731-749
Reynolds, Laura T., Douglas L. Murray and John Wilkinson (2007) Fair Trade: The challenges of transforming globalization, London, New York: Routledge
Sarkar, K. and S.K. Bhowmik (1998) ‘Trade Unions and Women Workers in Tea Plantations’, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 33, No. 52, pp. L50-L52
Tiano, Susan (1994) Patriarchy on the line: Labor, gender, and ideology in the Mexican maquila industry, Philadelphia: Temple University Press
Wilson, Kalpana (2011) ‘“Race”, Gender and Neoliberalism: Changing Visual Representations of Development’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 32, No. 2, pp. 315-331
Women Working Worldwide (ed.) (1991) Common Interests: Women Organising in Global Electronics, London: Women Working Worldwide
Wright, Caroline (2004) 'Consuming Lives, Consuming Landscapes: Interpreting Advertisements for Cafédirect Coffees', Journal of International Development, Vol. 16, No. 5, pp. 665-680
Wright, Caroline (2010) 'Fair Trade Food: Connecting Producers and Consumers', in Debra Gimlin and David Inglis (Eds.) Food and Globalization, Oxford, NY: Berg, pp. 139-157
Zaman, H. (2001) ‘Paid Work and Socio-political Consciousness of Garment Workers in Bangladesh’, Journal of Contemporary Asia, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 145-160
Internet Resources
Fair Trade
The Fair Trade Organisation
Cafédirect
Fairtrade Labelling Organisations Intl
Divine Chocolate Company
Traidcraft
Equal Exchange
Ethical Trade
Ethical Trading Initiative
Ethical Consumer
Women Working Worldwide
Clean Clothes Campaign
Corporate Watch
Multinational Monitor
China Labour Watch
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