Gender Studies - Department of Sociology & Anthropology



University of Warwick

Department of Sociology

Module: International Perspectives on Gender, 2008/9

Convenor: Caroline Wright

Tutors: Caroline Wright, Dominic Pasura

Introduction

This module introduces students to the diverse manifestations of gender around the world in the 20th and 21st centuries. It uses case studies from Britain, Russia, China, South Africa, India, Iran and Ireland. Themes of nationalism, resistance, family, sexuality, religion and work are pursued in order to facilitate analytical connections between case studies. The module explores gender relations as socially and historically variable and emphasises the importance of disaggregating categories of female and male. Particular attention is paid to the symbolic importance of gender and the extent to which it is at the centre of religious and political ideologies that have dominated the last 100 years: colonialism; nationalism; socialism; religious fundamentalism. Attention is also paid to individual and collective resistance to and transformation of gender inequalities.

Autumn Term Lectures

Week 2 Introduction: What is Gender?

Week 3 Gender, School and Work in Contemporary Britain

Week 4 Gender, Family and Sexuality in Contemporary Britain

Week 5 Gender and State Socialism: The USSR

Week 6 Reading Week

Week 7 Gender and Post-Soviet Russia

Week 8 Gender and State Socialism: China

Week 9 Feminism, Orientalism and Nationalism

Week 10 South Africa: Apartheid and the articulation of gender, ‘race’ and class

Spring Term Lectures

Week 11 South Africa: Gender, resistance and the post-apartheid era

Week 12 Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism in India

Week 13 Gender and Post-colonial Nation-building in India

Week 14 Gender and Religious Fundamentalism

Week 15 Gender, Religion and the State in Iran

Week 16 Reading Week

Week 17 Multiple Meanings: Islamic women and the ‘veil’

Week 18 Women, the Nationalist Struggle and the Irish Free State

Week 19 Gender and Modernisation in the Irish Republic

Summer Term Lectures

Week 21 Revision Lecture

Week 22 Revision Lecture

Learning Outcomes

By the end of the module the student should have an understanding of:

1. the diverse social and cultural manifestations of gender in the twentieth and twenty first centuries in Britain, Russia, China, South Africa, India, Iran and Ireland

2. the complex ways in which individual capacities to exercise agency are differentiated by gender

3. the way in which gender is constructed in articulation with other social and cultural identities, such as ‘race’, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, religion

4. the relationship between gender and nationalism, and gender and orientalism

5. the diversity of social movements established to tackle unequal gender relations and the challenges they face

With reference to the above students should be able to:

1. understand and analyse the historical, social and political processes which underpin manifestations of gender in different parts of the world

2. locate, retrieve, process and evaluate a wide range of materials about gender manifestations internationally

3. participate effectively in seminars

4. draw on a range of sources to construct their own reasoned arguments

5. make scholarly presentations, verbal and written, on international perspectives on gender

Cognitive Skills

In the process of developing a substantive understanding of diverse international social and cultural manifestations of gender in the twentieth and twenty first centuries, students will also acquire the ability to:

1. assess critically comparative social and cultural manifestations of gender, the complex ways in which gender is constructed in articulation with other social and cultural identities, and the differential impacts this has on individual capacities to exercise agency

2. locate, retrieve, process and evaluate a wide range of materials about gender, ‘race’, ethnicity, age, sexuality, class, religion and nationality in the twenieth and twenty first centuries

3. evaluate competing and complementary theoretical frameworks for understanding the interaction of gender with other social and cultural identities

4. make scholarly presentations, verbal and written, on the substantive and theoretical issues covered in the module material

Teaching and Learning Methods (which enable students to achieve learning outcomes)

1. A framework of 16 lectures that establish the module’s outer limits and internal logic

2. Weekly seminars, over 16 weeks, for structured discussions, including student presentations on specific topics

3. Two class essays, with written feedback

4. Self-directed individual and collaborative study in the library and on the internet, in preparation for seminar discussion and presentations

5. Two weeks of revision classes in term 3, including two revision lectures

Assessment Methods (which measure the aforementioned learning outcomes and

determine the final mark for this module)

One 2,000 word essay (due Tuesday 28 April 2009) 33% AND

One three-hour examination in the Summer term 66%

Non-Assessed Work (used to provide feedback on your progress, completion is compulsory)

1. Due in at the start of your seminar in week 7 (week beginning 10 November 2008):

A class essay of 1,500 words, the title to be chosen from the list below:

a) How worried should we be that girls are outperforming boys in the UK schooling system?

b) ‘Equal opportunities in the workplace: fiction not fact’. Discuss.

c) How ‘symmetrical’ is the contemporary British family?

d) What is the crisis in the British family a crisis about? How is the crisis gendered?

e) Why might state socialism in the Soviet Union have been described as patriarchal?

2. Due in at the start of your seminar in week 17 (week beginning 16 February 2009):

A class essay of 2,000 words, the title to be chosen from the list below:

a) What impact has post-communism had on men and masculinities in Russia?

b) How is gender implicated in nationalist projects? Use particular examples in your answer.

c) ‘It is impossible to make sense of the lives of female domestic workers in apartheid South Africa without analysing the complex intersections of class, race and gender’. Discuss.

d) To what extent has the end of apartheid brought gender equality in South Africa?

e) Critically assess the symbolic and material roles of Indian women and men in the nationalist movement to overthrow British rule.

Core Readings

Core readings are identified for each topic and must be read before the relevant seminar. All the core readings are available electronically as well as in hard copy in the Library. Most are available via the Library’s dedicated site for e-resources for this module:



You will need to complete Web Sign-on to access the site, and then you simply look for the reference you require. You can read it on screen using Adobe Reader ( if you need to load it) and you should also print a copy to consult in your seminar.

Some of the core readings cannot be made available in this way because they are already available electronically, as electronic journal articles or e-books. In such cases, you will find the relevant link directly after the reference below. Depending on the interface, this may lead directly to the article, or to a download option, or to an invitation to identify the institution for access (University of Warwick). The article will be a pdf so you will need Adobe Reader (see above). You are recommended to save the pdf to your hard drive or data-stick (right click, select ‘save target as’, then choose a directory). You can then open the saved document, print it, search it etc. In the case of e-books, you will need to search within the book to find the chapter you want and may only be able to view on screen on a page-by-page basis; in this case you will need to make notes to bring to the seminar.

Additional Readings

All the additional readings listed below for each topic are available in the library and should be used when doing more in depth work, eg. for a seminar presentation, class essay, assessed essay or revision for exams.

Week 2 Introduction: What is Gender?

Seminar Think of an example you’ve come across whereby differences between

Questions women and men are explained on the basis of biology.

Does this account convince you? Why (not)?

What other factors might explain the differences? (eg. social/cultural)

Week 3 Gender, School and Work in Contemporary Britain

Seminar Is women’s experience of education in Britain different from men’s?

Questions

If so, how and why?

What’s the relationship between masculinity and paid work?

Core Reading

Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 5 (‘Schooling – It’s a Girl’s World’)

Collinson, David and Jeff Hearn (1996) ‘“Men” at “work”: multiple masculinities/multiple workplaces’, in Mairtin Mac an Ghaill (ed.) Understanding Masculinities, Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 61-76

Additional Reading

Abbott, P. and Wallace, C. (1997 - 2nd edition) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, London: Routledge, ch. 4 (‘Education’)

Bradley, Harriet and Geraldine Healy (2008) Ethnicity and Gender at Work: Inequalities, Careers and Employment Relations, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 2 (‘Gender at Work’)

Coppock, Vicki, Deena Haydon and Ingrid Richter (1995) ‘Patronising Rita: The Myth of Equal Opportunities in Education’ in Vicki Coppock et al The Illusions of ‘Post-Feminism’: New Women, Old Myths, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 47-74

Coppock, Vicki, Deena Haydon and Ingrid Richter (1995) ‘More Work, Low Pay: The Myth of Equal Opportunities in the Workplace’, in Vicki Coppock et al The Illusions of ‘Post-Feminism’: New Women, Old Myths, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 75-105

Dex, Shirley and Heather Joshi, (1999) ‘Careers and Motherhood: Policies for Compatibility’ Cambridge Journal of Economics, Vol. 23, No.5, pp. 641-659

Goodwin, John (1998) Men’s Work and Male Lives: Men and Work in Britain, Aldershot: Ashgate

Jackson, C. (2002) ‘“Laddishness” as a self-worth protection strategy’, Gender and Education, Vol. 14, No. 1, pp. 37-51

Jenkins, Sarah (2004) Gender, Place And The Labour Market, Aldershot: Ashgate

Mac an Ghaill, M. (1994) The Making of Men: Masculinities, Sexualities and Schooling, Milton Keynes: Open University Press

McDowell, Linda (2003) Redundant masculinities?: Employment change and white working class youth, Malden: Blackwell Publications

McRobbie (2007) ‘Top Girls? Young women and the post-feminist sexual contract’, Cultural Studies, Vol. 21, Nos. 4-5, pp. 718-737

Mirza, H. S. (1992) Young, Female and Black, London: Routledge, chs 2-4

Myers, Kate and Hazel Taylor with Sue Adler and Diana Leonard (Eds) (2007) Genderwatch: Still watching, Stoke on Trent, Sterling: Trentham Books

Reay, D. (2001) ‘“Spice girls”, “nice girls”, “girlies”, and “tomboys”: gender discourses, girls’ cultures and femininities in the primary classroom’, Gender and Education, Vol. 13, No. 2, pp. 153-166

Skelton, Christine (1993) ‘Women and Education’, in Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson (eds) Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory & Practice, London: Macmillan, pp. 324-349

Walby, Sylvia (1997) Gender Transformations, London: Routledge, ch. 2 (‘Recent Changes in Gender Relations in Employment’)

Warren, Tracey (2000) ‘Diverse Breadwinner Models: A Couple-Based Analysis of Gendered Working Time in Britain and Denmark’, Journal of European Social Policy, Vol. 10, No. 4, pp. 349-371

Warrington, M., M. Younger and J. Williams (2000) ‘Student attitudes, image and the gender gap’, British Educational Research Journal, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 393-407

Witz, Anne (1993) ‘Women and Work’, in Diane Richardson and Victoria Robinson Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory & Practice, London: Macmillan, pp. 272-302

Week 4 Gender, Family and Sexuality in Contemporary Britain

Seminar What is a family? How would you describe it to someone from Mars?

Questions

How is the contemporary family gendered?

What is the ‘crisis’ in the British family? Why is there a ‘crisis’ in the family?

Core Reading

Abbott, Pam, Claire Wallace and Melissa Tyler (2005 – 3rd edition) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, London: Routledge, ch. 6 (‘The Family and the Household’)

Wright, Caroline and Gill Jagger (1999) ‘End of century, end of family? Shifting discourses of family “crisis”’, in Gill Jagger and Caroline Wright (eds) Changing Family Values, London: Routledge, pp. 17-37

Additional Reading

Abbott, Pam, Claire Wallace and Melissa Tyler (2005 – 3rd edition) An Introduction to Sociology: Feminist Perspectives, London: Routledge, ch. 8 (‘Sexuality’)

Abbott, Pam and Claire Wallace (1992) The Family and the New Right, London: Pluto Press

Adams, Carol (1990) The Sexual Politics of Meat: A feminist-vegetarian critical theory, Cambridge: Polity Press

Allen, Graham (ed.) (1999) The Sociology of the Family: A reader, Oxford: Blackwell

Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 3 (‘Families and Households’).

Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 7 (‘Sexuality, Power and Gender’)

Charles, Nickie (2002) Gender in Modern Britain, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 4 (‘Gendered Parenting’)

Dallos, Rudi and Roger Sapsford (1995) ‘Patterns of Diversity and Lived Realities’, in John Muncie et al (eds) Understanding the Family, London: Sage, pp. 125-170

Featherstone, Brid (2004) Family Life and Family Support: A Feminist Analysis, Basingstoke, New York: Palgrave Macmillan

Giddens, Anthony (1992) The Transformation of Intimacy, Cambridge: Polity Press

Gittins, Diana (1993) The Family in Question: Changing Households and Familiar Ideologies, London: Macmillan

Jackson, Stevi et al (eds) (1993) Women’s Studies: A Reader, ch. 6 (various authors), pp. 179-222

Jackson, Stevi (1993) ‘Women and the Family’, in Richardson, D. and Robinson, V. (eds) Introducing Women’s Studies: Feminist Theory & Practice, London: Macmillan, pp. 177-200

Jagger, Gill and Caroline Wright (eds) (1999) Changing Family Values, London: Routledge

Jones, Helen and Jane Millar (1996) The Politics of the Family, Aldershot: Avebury

Richardson, Diane (1993) ‘Sexuality and Male Dominance’, in Diane Richardson and Vicki Robinson (eds) Introducing Women’s Studies, London: Macmillan, pp. 74-98

Westwood, Sallie (1996) ‘“Feckless Fathers”: Masculinities and the British state’, in Mairtin Mac an Ghaill (ed.) Understanding Masculinities, Buckingham: Open University Press, pp. 21-34

Young, Michael D. and Peter Willmott (1973) The Symmetrical Family: A Study of Work and Leisure in the London Region, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul

Week 5 Gender and State Socialism: The USSR

Seminar What is the origin of women’s oppression, according to Marxist Questions thought?

What does Marxism prescribe to end women’s oppression?

To what extent did the communist state in Russia put Marxist theory on gender into practice? Give examples.

Core Reading

Charles, Nickie (1993) Gender Divisions and Social Change, Hemel Hempstead: Harvester Wheatsheaf, pp. 103-116

Voronina, Olga (1994) ‘The Mythology of Women’s Emancipation in the USSR as the Foundation for a Policy of Discrimination’, in Anastasia Posadskaya et al (eds) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 37-56

Additional Reading

Atkinson, Dorothy, Alexander Dallin and Gail Warshofsky Lapidus (eds) (1978) Women in Russia, Hassocks: Harvester Press

Attwood, Lynne (1990) The New Soviet Man and Woman: Sex-role Socialization in the USSR, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Bryson, Valerie (1992) Feminist Political Theory, London: Macmillan, ch. 7 ‘Marxist Feminism in Russia’, pp. 131-144

Edmondson, Linda (ed.) (2001) Gender in Russian History and Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave (chapters 6-10)

Goldman, Wendy (2002) Women at the Gates: Gender and Industry in Stalin’s Russia, Cambridge: Camridge University Press

Haynes, John (2003) New Soviet Man: Gender and Masculinity in Stalinist Soviet Cinema, Manchester: Manchester University Press

Ilic, Melanie (ed.) (2001) Women in the Stalin Era, Basingstoke: Palgrave

Issoupova, Olga (2000) ‘From Duty to Pleasure? Motherhood in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 30-54

Kiblitskaya, Marina (2000) ‘Russia’s Female Breadwinners: The Changing Subjective Experience’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 55-70

Kukhterin, Sergei (2000) ‘Fathers and Patriarchs in Communist and Post-Communist Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 71-89

Malysheva, Marina (1992) ‘Feminism and Bolshevism’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 186-199

Mamonova, Tatyana with Sarah Matilsky (eds) (1984) Women and Russia: Feminist Writings from the Soviet Union, Oxford: Blackwell

McDermid, Jane (1998) Women and Work in Russia 1830-1930: A study in continuity through change, London: Longman

McDermid, Jane (1999) Midwives of the Revolution: Female Bolsheviks and Women Workers in 1917, London: UCL Press

Nakachi, M. (2006) ‘N.S.Krushchev and the 1944 Soviet Family Law: Politics, Reproduction and Language’, East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 20, No. 1, pp. 40-68

Sanbom, Joshua A. (2003) Drafting the Russian Nation, De Kalb: Northern Illinois University Press (ch. 4 ‘The Nationalization of Masculinity’)

Wood, Elizabeth (1997) The Baba and the Comrade: Gender and Politics in Revolutionary Russia, Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Zhuk, Olga (1994) ‘The Lesbian Subculture: The Historical Roots of Lesbianism in the Former USSR’, in Anastasia Posadskaya et al (eds) (1994) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 146-153

Week 6 Reading Week

There will be no lecture or seminars this week. Your first class essay is due in at the start of your seminar next week.

Week 7 Gender and Post-Soviet Russia

Seminar Are contemporary Russian men in crisis?

Questions To what extent is the crisis gendered?

How was sexuality regulated in the Soviet state and how have attitudes to, and the regulation of, sexuality changed in the post-Soviet era?

Core Reading

Ashwin, Sarah and Tatiana Lytkina (2004) ‘Men in Crisis in Russia: The Role of Domestic Marginalization’, Gender and Society, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 189-206



Omel’chenko, Elena (2000) ‘“My body, my friend?” Provincial Youth Between the Sexual and the Gender Revolutions’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 137-167

Additional Reading

Ashwin, Sarah (2002) ‘The Influence of the Soviet Gender Order on Employment Behavior in Contemporary Russia’, Sociological Research, Vol. 41, No. 1, pp. 21-37

Attwood, Lynne (2001) ‘Rationality versus Romanticism: Representations of Women in the Stalinist Press’ in Linda Edmondson (ed.) Gender In Russian History And Culture Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 158-176

Attwood, Lynne (1996) ‘Young People, Sex and Sexual Identity’, in Hilary Pilkington (ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 95-120

Bridger, Sue and Rebecca Kay (1996) ‘Gender and Generation in the New Russian Labour Market’, in Hilary Pilkington (ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 21-38

Bridger, Sue (2001) ‘The Heirs of Pasha: The Rise and Fall of the Soviet Women Tractor Driver’ in Linda Edmondson (ed.) Gender In Russian History And Culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp.194-211

Bridger, Sue, Rebecca Kay and Kathryn Pinnick (1996) No More Heroines? Russia, Women and the Market, London: Routledge

Buckley, Mary (ed.) (1997) Post-Soviet Women: From the Baltic to Central Asia, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Clark, Carol L. and Michael P. Sacks (2004) ‘A View from Below: Industrial Restructuring and Women’s Employment at Four Russian Enterprises’, Communist and Post-Communist Studies, Vol. 37, No. 4, pp. 523-545

Davidova, Nadia and Nataliya Tikhonova (2004) ‘Gender, Poverty and Social Exclusion in Contemporary Russia’, in Nick Manning and Nataliya Tikhonova (eds) Poverty and social exclusion in the new Russia, Aldershot: Ashgate, pp.174-196

Healey, Dan (2001) ‘Unruly Identities: Soviet Psychiatry Confronts the “Female Homosexual” of the 1920s’, in Linda Edmondson (ed.) Gender in Russian history and culture, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 116-138

Kay, Rebecca (2000) Russian Women and their Organization: Gender, discrimination and grassroots women’s organizations, 1991-96, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Kiblitskaya, Marina (2000) ‘“Once we were kings” Male Experiences of Loss of Status at Work in Post-Communist Russia’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 90-104

Kon, Igor (1993) ‘Sexual Minorities’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 89-115

Konstantinova, Valentina (1994) ‘No Longer Totalitarianism, But Not Yet Democracy: The Emergence of an Independent Women’s Movement in Russia’, in Anastasia Posadskaya (ed.) Women in Russia: A New Era in Russian Feminism, London: Verso, pp. 57-73

Meshcherkina, Elena (2000) ‘New Russian Men: Masculinity Regained?’, in Sarah Ashwin (ed.) Gender, State and Society in Soviet and Post-Soviet Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 105-117

Pilkington, Hilary (1996) ‘“Youth Culture” in Contemporary Russia’, in Hilary Pilkington (ed.) Gender, Generation and Identity in Contemporary Russia, London: Routledge, pp. 189-215

Remennick, Larissa I. (1993) ‘Patterns of Birth Control’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 349-357

Rotkirch, Anna, Anna Temkina and Elena Zdravomyslova (2007) ‘Who Helps the Degraded Housewife? Comments on Vladmir Putin’s Demographic Speech’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 14, No. 4, pp. 349-357

Rubchak, Marian J. (2001) ‘In Search of a Model: Evolution of a Feminist Consciousness in Ukraine and Russia’, European Journal of Women's Studies, Vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 149-160

Shreeves, Rosamund (1992) ‘Sexual Revolution or “Sexploitation”? The Pornography and Erotica Debate in the Soviet Union’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 130-146

Sperling, Valerie (1999) Organizing Women in Contemporary Russia: Engendering Transition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Waters, Elizabeth (1993) ‘Finding a Voice: The Emergence of a Women’s Movement’, in Nanette Funk and Magda Mueller (eds) Gender Politics and Post-Communism, London: Routledge, pp. 287-302

Waters, Elizabeth (1993) ‘Soviet Beauty Contests’, in Igor Kon and James Riordan (eds) Sex and Russian Society, London: Pluto, pp. 116-134

Wood, Elizabeth A. (1997) The Baba And The Comrade: Gender And Politics In Revolutionary Russia, Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Week 8 Gender and State Socialism: China

Seminar On what basis could it be argued that China underwent ‘patriarchal

Questions socialism’ after 1949? Justify your opinion with evidence.

To what extent do rural Chinese women enjoy equality with men in contemporary China?

Core Reading

Chen, Junjie and Gale Summerfield (2007) ‘Gender and Rural Reforms in China: A Case Study of Population Control and Land Rights Policies in Northern Liaoning’, Feminist Economics, Vol. 13, Nos. 3-4, pp. 63-92



Christiansen, Flemming and Shirin Rai (1996) Chinese Politics and Society: An Introduction, London: Prentice Hall, ch. 12 (‘Women and Gender Issues in China’)

Additional Reading

Charles, Nickie (1993) Gender Divisions and Social Change, Hemel Hempstead, pp. 120-128

Cooke, Fang Lee (2005) HRM, work and employment in China, London: Routledge, ch. 6 (‘Gender Equality Policy and Practice in Employment’)

Croll, Elisabeth (1995) Changing Identities of Chinese Women: Rhetoric, Experience and Self-Perception in Twentieth-Century China, London: Zed Books

Croll, Elisabeth (1984) Chinese Women Since Mao, Zed

Davin, Delia (1996) ‘The Political and the Personal: Women’s Writing in China in the 1980s’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 63-75

Evans, Harriet (1997) Women and Sexuality in China: Dominant discourses of female sexuality and gender since 1949, Cambridge: Polity

Evans, Harriet (1992) ‘Monogamy and Female Sexuality in the People’s Republic of China’, in Shirin Rai, Hilary Pilkington and Annie Phizacklea (eds) Women in the Face of Change, London: Routledge, pp. 147-163

Gaetano, Arianne M. and Tamara Jacka (eds) (2004) On the Move: Women and Rural-to-urban Migration in Contemporary China, New York: Columbia University Press

Gilmartin, Christina K. (1994) ‘The Origins of China’s Birth Planning Policy’, in Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Roffl and Tyrene White (eds) Engendering China, London: Harvard University Press, pp. 251-278

Hong, Fan (1997) Footbinding, Feminism and Freedom: The Liberation of Women’s Bodies in Modern China, London: Frank Cass

Honig, Emily (2000) ‘Iron Girls Revisited: Gender and the Politics of Work in the Cultural Revolution, 1966 –76’, in Barbara Entwisle and Gail E. Henderson (eds). Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households And Gender In China, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 97-110

Jicai, Sha and Liu Qiming (eds) (1995) Women’s Status in Contemporary China, Beijing: Peking University Press

Johnson, Kay A. (1983) Women, the Family and Peasant Revolution in China, London, Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lee, Ching Kwan (1998) Gender and the South China Miracle: Two worlds of factory women, Berkeley: University of California Press

Li, Xiaojiang (1994) ‘Economic Reform and the Awakening of Chinese Women’s Collective Consciousness’, in Christina K. Gilmartin, Gail Hershatter, Lisa Roffl and Tyrene White (eds) Engendering China, London: Harvard University Press, pp. 360-382

Park, K.A. (1994) ‘Women and Revolution in China: The Sources of Constraints on Women’s Emancipation’, in Ann M. Tétreault (ed.) Women and Revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 137-160

Pun, Ngai (2005) Made in China: Women Factory Workers in a Global Workplace, Durham: Duke University Press, Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press

United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (1997) Women in China: A country profile, New York: United Nations

Wang, Zheng and Dorothy Ko (2007) Translating Feminisms in China, Oxford: Blackwell

West, Jackie, Zhao Minghua, Chang Xiangqun and Cheng Yuan (eds) (1999) Women of China: Economic and Social Transformation, London: Macmillan

White, King (2000) ‘The Perils of Assessing Trends in Gender Inequality in China’, in Barbara Entwisle and Gail E. Henderson (eds) Re-Drawing Boundaries: Work, Households And Gender In China, Berkeley: University of California Press, pp. 157-170

Wolf, Margery (1987) Revolution Postponed: Women in Contemporary China, London: Methuen

Week 9 Feminism, Orientalism and Nationalism

Seminar What is Orientalism? What impact has Orientalism had on western Questions feminism?

What issues do critical perspectives on Orientalism raise for this module in terms of looking at gender relations across space, time and culture?

What is Nationalism? How does rape figure in nationalist struggles?

Core Reading

Bracewell, Wendy (2000) ‘Rape in Kosovo: masculinity and Serbian nationalism’, Nations and Nationalism, Vol. 6, No. 4, pp. 536-90



Liddle, Joanna and Shirin M. Rai (1993) ‘Between Feminism and Orientalism’, in Mary Kennedy et al (eds) Making Connections: Women’s Studies, Women’s Movements, Women’s Lives, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 11-23



Additional Reading

Afshar, Haleh (ed.) (1987) Women, State, Ideology, London: Macmillan

Chaudhuri, Nupur and Margaret Strobel (1992) (eds) Western Women and Imperialism, Bloomington: Indiana University Press

de Groot, Joanna (1996) ‘Anti-colonial Subjects? Post-colonial Subjects? Nationalisms, Ethnocentrism and Feminist Scholarship’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies, London: Taylor and Francis, pp. 30-50

Einhorn, Barbara (ed.) (1996) Links Across Differences: Gender Ethnicity and Nationalism, Women’s Studies International Forum Special Issue, Oxford: Pergamon

Jayawardena, Kumari (1982) Feminism and Nationalism in the Third World in the 19th and early 20th Centuries, The Hague: Institute of Social Studies

Kandiyoti, Deniz (1991) ‘Identity and its Discontents: Women and the Nation’, Millenium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 20, No. 3, pp. 429-443

Nagel, Joane (1998) ‘Masculinity and Nationalism: Gender and Sexuality in the Making of Nations’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 21, No. 2, pp. 242-269

Peterson, V. Spike (2000) ‘Sexing Political Identities /Nationalism as Heterosexism’, in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 54-80

Pettman, Jan Jindy (1996) Worlding Women, London: Routledge, pp. 45-63

Racioppi, L and See O’Sullivan (2000) ‘Engendering Nation and National Identity’ in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 18-34

Said, Edward (1995) Orientalism: Western conceptions of the Orient, London: Penguin (first published 1978)

Saraswati Sunindyo (1998) ‘When the Earth is Female and the Nation is Mother’, Feminist Review, Vol. 58, No. 1, pp. 1-21

Strobel, Margaret (2002) ‘Women’s History, Gender History, and European Colonialism’ in Gregory Blue, Martin Bunton and Ralph Croizier (eds) Colonialism and the Modern World: Selected studies, Armonk: M.E. Sharpe, pp. 51-70

Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi and Louise Ryan (2002) ‘Mother India/Mother Ireland: Comparative Gendered Dialogues of Colonialism and Nationalism in the Early 20th Century’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 25, No. 3, pp. 301-313

Walby, Sylvia (1997) Gender Transformations, London: Routledge, ch. 10 (‘Woman and Nation’, pp. 180-196)

Waylen, Georgina (1996) Gender in Third World Politics, Buckingham: Open University Press

Yuval-Davis, Nira (1997) Gender and Nation, London: Sage

Yuval-Davis, Nira (1989) (ed.) Woman-Nation-State, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Week 10: South Africa: Apartheid and the articulation of gender, ‘race’ and class

Seminar What do the voices of black women domestic workers in South Africa Questions tell us about apartheid? (Think about work, family and

relationships)

What impact does the migrant labour system have on gender and age hierarchies in black African families?

Core Reading

Cock, Jacklyn (1989) Maids and Madams: Domestic Workers under Apartheid, London: The Women’s Press (2nd edition) (ch. 5 ‘Self Imagery’)

Carton, Benedict (2001) ‘Locusts Fall from the Sky: Manhood and Migrancy in KwaZulu’, in Robert Morrell (ed.) Changing Men in Southern Africa, London, NY: Zed, pp.120-140

Additional Reading

Beinart, William and Saul Dubow (eds) (1995) Segregation and Apartheid in Twentieth-Century South Africa, London: Routledge

Berger, Iris (1992) Threads of Solidarity: Women in South African Industry, 1900-1980, London: James Currey

Bernstein, Hilda (1985) For their Triumphs and for their Tears: Women in Apartheid South Africa, London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa

Bozzoli, Belinda (1983) ‘Marxism, Feminism and South African Studies’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 87-96

Bozzoli, Belinda with Nkotsoe Mmantho (1991) Women of Phokeng: Consciousness, Life Strategy and Migrancy in South Africa, 1900-1983, London: James Currey

Breckenridge, Keith (1998) ‘The Allure of Violence: Men, Race and Masculinity on the South African Goldmines, 1900-1950’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 669-693

Campbell, Catherine (2001) ‘“Going Underground and Going After Women”: Masculinity and HIV Transmission amongst Black Workers in the Gold Mines’, in Robert Morrell (ed.) Changing Men in Southern Africa, London, NY: Zed, pp. 275-286

Cohen, Robin, Yvonne G. Muthien and Abebe Zegeye (eds) (1990) Repression and Resistance: Insider Accounts of Apartheid, London: Zell

Crankshaw, Owen (1997) Race, Class and the Changing Division of Labour Under Apartheid, London: Routledge

Donaldson, Shaun Riva (1997) ‘“Our Women Keep our Skies from Falling”: Women’s Networks and Survival Imperatives in Tshunyane, South Africa’, in Gwendolyn Mikell (ed.) African Feminism: The Politics of Survival in Sub-Saharan Africa, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 257-275

Gaitskell, Deborah, Judy Kimble, Moira Maconachie and Elaine Unterhalter (1983) ‘Class, Race and Gender: Domestic Workers in South Africa’, Review of African Political Economy, Nos 27/28, pp. 86-108

Guy, Jeff and M. Thabane (1991) ‘Technology, Ethnicity and Ideology: Basotho Miners and Shaft-Sinking on the South African Gold Mines’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 257-278

International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa (1981) Women under Apartheid: In photographs and text, London: International Defence and Aid Fund for Southern Africa

Kuzwayo, Ellen (1985) Call me Woman, London: Women’s Press

Lawson, Lesley (1986) Working Women in South Africa, London: Pluto

Lipman, Beata (1984) We Make Freedom: Women in South Africa, London: Pandora Press

Marks, Shula (ed.) (1988) Not Either an Experimental Doll: The Separate Worlds of Three South African Women, Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Maylam, Paul (2001) South Africa’s Racial Past: The history and historiograpy of racism, segregation, and apartheid, Aldershot: Aldgate

Meena, R. (1992) Gender in Southern Africa: Conceptual and Theoretical Issues, Harare: SAPES Books

Murray, Colin (1981) Families Divided: The impact of migrant labour in Lesotho, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Oosthuizen, Ann (ed.) (1987) Sometimes When it Rains: Writings by South African Women, London: Pandora

Warden, Nigel (2000) The Making of Modern South Africa: Conquest, Segregation and Apartheid, Oxford: Blackwell

Week 11: South Africa: Gender, resistance and the post-apartheid era

Seminar To what extent have women active in the anti-apartheid struggle in Questions South Africa been able to influence post-apartheid South Africa?

What role has the men’s movement played in the struggle for gender equality in post apartheid South Africa and how is it differentiated?

Core Reading

Geisler, G. (2000) ‘“Parliament is another Terrain of Struggle”: Women, Men and Politics in South Africa, Journal of Modern African Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, pp. 605-630





Morrell, Robert (2005) ‘Men, Movements and Gender Transformation in South Africa’, in Lahoucine Ouzgane and Robert Morrell (eds) African Masculinities: Men in Africa from the late nineteenth century to the present, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 270-288

Additional Reading

Alexander, Neville (2003) ‘The "moment of manoeuvre”: "race," ethnicity, and nation in postapartheid South Africa’, in Kaiwar Vasant and Mazumdar Sucheta (eds) Antinomies of Modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, Durham: Duke University Press, pp. 180-195

Barrett, Jane et al (1985) South African Women on the Move, London: Zed Books in association with CIIR and Pluto Press (ch. 4 ‘Union Women’)

Beall, Jo, Shireen Hassim and Alison Todes (1989) ‘A Bit on the Side? Gender Struggles in the Politics of Transformation in South Africa’, Feminist Review, No. 33, pp. 30-56

Du Toit, Loise (2005) ‘A Phenomenology of Rape: Forging a New Vocabulary for Action’ in Amanda Gouws (ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 253-274

Gaitskell, Deborah and Elaine Unterhalter (1989) ‘Mothers of the Nation: A Comparative Analysis of Nation, Race and Motherhood in Afrikaner Nationalism and the African National Congress’, in Nira Yuval-Davis (ed.) Woman-Nation-State, Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 58-78

Goldblatt, Beth (2006) ‘Evaluating the Gender Content of Reparations: Lessons from South Africa’, in Ruth Rubio-Marin (ed.) What Happened to the Women?: Gender and Reparations for Human Rights Violations, New York: Social Science Research Council, pp. 48-91

Graybill, L. (2001) ‘The Contribution of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission Toward the Promotion of Women’s Rights in South Africa’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 1-10

Hassim, Shireen (2006) Women’s Organizations and Democracy in South Africa: Contesting Authority, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Hassim, Shireen (2005) ‘Nationalism Displaced: Citizenship Discourses in the Transition’ in Amanda Gouws (ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 55-70

Hassim, Shireen (2004) ‘Nationalism, Feminism and Autonomy: The ANC in Exile and the Question of Women’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 30, No. 3, pp. 433-455

Hassim, Shireen (2003) ‘Representation, Participation and Democratic Effectiveness: Feminist Challenges to Representative Democracy in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 81-109

Hirschmann, D. (1998) ‘Civil Society in South Africa: Learning from Gender Themes’, World Development, Vol. 26, No. 2, pp. 227-238

Lipman, Beata (1984) We Make Freedom: Women in South Africa, London: Pandora Press (ch. 6 ‘Women in the Trade Unions’ and ch. 9 ‘Women in Politics’)

Mandela, Nelson (1994) Long Walk to Freedom, London: Little Brown

Mbatha, Likhapha (2003) ‘Democratising Local Government: Problems and Opportunities in the Advancement of Gender Equality in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 188-212

McEwan Cheryl (2005) ‘Gendered Citizenship in South Africa: Rights and Beyond’ in Amanda Gouws (ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 177-198

McFadden, Patricia (1992) ‘Nationalism and Gender Issues in South Africa’, Journal of Gender Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, pp. 510-520

Meintjes, Sheila (2003) ‘The Politics of Engagement: Women Transforming the Policy Process – Domestic Violence Legislation in South Africa’, in Anne Marie Goetz and Shireen Hassim (eds) No Shortcuts to Power: African Women in Politics and Policy Making, London, NY: Zed Books, pp. 140-159

Morrell, R. (1998) ‘Of Boys and Men: Masculinity and Gender in Southern African Studies’, Journal of Southern African Studies, Vol. 24, No. 4, pp. 605-630

Motsemme, Nthabiseng (2002) ‘Gendered Experiences of Blackness in Post-Apartheid South Africa’, Social Identities, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 647-673

Ramphele, Mamphele (1997) Across Boundaries: The Journey of a South African Woman Leader, New York: Feminist Press at the City University of New York

Steyn, M. (1998) ‘A New Agenda: Restructuring Feminism and South Africa’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 21, No. 1, pp. 41-52

Urdang, Stephanie (1995) ‘Women in National Liberation Movements’, in Margaret J. Hay and Sharon Stichter (eds) African Women South of the Sahara, Harlow, Essex: Longman (2nd ed.), pp. 213-224

Van Zyl, Mikki (2005) ‘Escaping Heteronormative Bondage: Sexuality in Citizenship’ in Amanda Gouws (ed.) (Un)Thinking Citizenship: Feminist Debates In Contemporary South Africa, Aldershot: Ashgate Publications, pp. 223-254

Walker, Cherryl (1982) Women and Resistance in South Africa, London: Onyx Press

Zulu, L. (1998) ‘Role of Women in the Reconstruction and Development of the New Democratic South Africa’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 24, No. 1, pp. 147-157

Week 12: Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism in India

Seminar What was expected of women and of men in the Indian nationalist

Questions movement?

How active were Indian women in the struggle for independence?

How did the nationalist movement in India mobilize the concept of gender equality?

How did the British colonial administration mobilize the concept of gender equality?

Core Reading

Liddle, Joanna and Rama Joshi (1986) Daughters of Independence: Gender, Caste and Class in India, London: Zed Books, pp. 19-40

Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1997) ‘The Domestic Sphere as a Political Site: A Study of Women in the Indian Nationalist Movement’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 20, No. 4, pp. 493-504



Additional Reading

Bald, Suresht, R. (2000) ‘The Politics of Gandhi’s “feminism”: Constructing “Sitas” for Swaraj”’ in Sita Ranchod-Nilsson and Mary Ann Tétreault (eds) Women, States, And Nationalism: At Home In The Nation?, London: Routledge, pp. 81-97

Chakravarti, Uma (1990) ‘Whatever Happened to the Vedic Dasi? Orientalism, Nationalism and a Script for the Past’, in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds) Recasting Women: Essays in Indian Colonial History, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, pp. 27-87

Chatterjee, Partha (1993) The Nation and Its Fragments: Colonial and Postcolonial Histories, Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, chs. 6 & 7

Chatterjee, Partha (1989) ‘The Nationalist Resolution of the Women’s Question’, in Kumkum Sangari and Sudesh Vaid (eds) Recasting Women: Essays in Indian Colonial History, New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press

Forbes, Geraldine (1996) Women in Modern India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (ch. 5 ‘Women in the Nationalist Movement’)

Kasturi, Leela and Vina Mazumdar (1994) (eds) Women and Indian Nationalism, Delhi: Vikas Publishing House

Raju, V. Rajendra (1994) Role of Women in India’s Freedom Struggle, New Delhi: Discovery Publishing House

Rao, Shakuntala (1999) ‘Woman-As-Symbol: The Intersections of Identity Politics, Gender, and Indian Nationalism’, Women’s Studies International Forum, Vol. 22, No. 3, pp. 317-328

Sinha, Mrinalini (2000) ‘Refashioning Mother India: Feminism and Nationalism in Late-Colonial India’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 26, No. 3, pp. 623-644

Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1996) ‘Gender, Colonialism and Nationalism. Women Activists in Uttar Pradesh, India’, in Mary Maynard and June Purvis (eds) New Frontiers in Women’s Studies: Knowledge, Identity and Nationalism, London: Taylor & Francis, pp. 203-219

Thapar-Bjorkert, Suruchi (1993) ‘Women as Activists; Women as Symbols: A Study of the Indian Nationalist Movement’, Feminist Review, No. 44, pp. 81-96

Week 13 Gender and Post-colonial Nation-building in India

Seminar How did the new Indian state address the ‘woman question’ after

Questions independence (1947-1980s)?

How has the Nehruvian approach to gender equality been explained? What are its limitations?

How would you characterise the women’s movement in India during this period? What major challenges did it face?

Core Reading

Banerjee, Nirmala (1998) ‘Whatever Happened to the Dreams of Modernity? The Nehruvian Era and Women’s Position’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25

Forbes, Geraldine (1996) Women in Modern India, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (ch. 8 ‘Women in Independent India’)

Additional Reading

Bandyopadhyay, D. (2000) ‘Gender and Governance in India’, Economic and Political Weekly, July 29, pp. 2696-2699

Buch, Nirmala (1998) ‘State Welfare Policy and Women, 1950-1975’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25

Dietrich, Gabriele (1992) Reflections on the Women’s Movement in India, New Delhi: Horizon India Books (ch. 1 ‘The Secular State, Freedom of Religion and Women’s Rights’)

Fernandes, Leela (1997) ‘Beyond Public Spaces and Private Spheres: Gender, Family, and Working-Class Politics in India’, Feminist Studies, Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 525-547

Gandhi, Nandita and Nandita Shah (1992) The Issues at Stake: Theory and Practice in the Contemporary Women’s Movement in India, New Delhi: Kali for Women

Ghosh, Devleena (2001) ‘Water out of fire: novel women, national fictions and the legacy of Nehruvian developmentalism in India’, Third World Quarterly, Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 951-967

Kumar, Radha (1993) The History of Doing: An Illustrated Account of Movements for Women’s Rights and Feminism in India 1800-1990, New Delhi: Kali for Women

Mukhopadhyay, Maitrayee (1984) Silver Shackles: Women and Development in India, Oxford: Oxfam

Munshi, S. (1998) ‘Wife/mother/daughter-in-law: multiple avatars of homemakers in 1990s Indian advertising’, Media Culture & Society, Vol. 20, No. 4

Patel, Vibhuti (1988) ‘Emergence and Proliferation of Autonomous Women’s Groups in India: 1974-1984’, in Rehana Ghadially (ed.) Women in Indian Society, London: Zed, pp. 249-256

Premi, Mahendra K. (2001) ‘The Missing Girl Child’, Economic and Political Weekly, May 26, pp. 1875-1880

Puri, Jyoti (1999) Woman, Body, Desire in Post-colonial India: Narratives of Gender and Sexuality, New York: Routledge, ch.2 (‘Sex, Sexuality and the Nation-State’) and ch. 6 (‘Rethinking the Requirements of Marriage and Motherhood’)

Purushothaman, Sangeetha (1997) The Empowerment of Women in India: grassroots women's networks and the State, London: Sage

Rajan, Rajeswari Sunder (1993) Real and Imagined Women: Gender, culture and postcolonialism, London: Routledge, ch. 6 (‘Real and Imagined Women: Politics and/of Representation’)

Rani, Challapalli Swaroopa (1998) ‘Dalit Women’s Writing in Telugu’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 25

Robinson, Catherine A. (1999) Tradition and Liberation: The Hindu Tradition in the Indian Women’s Movement, Richmond: Curzon Press (Conclusion, pp. 175-199)

Week 14 Gender and Religious Fundamentalism

Seminar What is religious fundamentalism? How is it gendered?

Questions

To what extent does right-wing Hindu nationalism conform to the characteristics of religious fundamentalism?

Why might western analyses of Islamic societies be described as orientalist?

Core Reading

Basu, Amrita (1998) ‘Hindu Women’s Activism in India and the Questions it Raises’, in Patricia Jeffery and Amrita Basu (eds) Appropriating Gender: Women’s Activism and Politicized Religion in South Asia, London: Routledge, pp. 167-184

Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed, ch. 1 (‘Oriental Sexuality: Imagined and Real’, especially pp. 13-20)

Saghal, Gita and Nira Yuval-Davis (1992) ‘Introduction: Fundamentalism, Multiculturalism and Women in Britain’, in Gita Saghal and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds) Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago, pp. 1-25

Additional Reading

Afshar, Haleh (1993) ‘Development Studies and Women in the Middle East: The Dilemmas of Research and Development’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 3-17

Bacchetta, Paola (1994) ‘“All our Goddesses are Armed”: Religion, resistance and revenge in the life of a militant Hindu nationalist woman’, in Kamla Bhasin, Ritu Menon and Nighat Said Khan (eds) Against All Odds: Essays on Women, Religion and Development from India and Pakistan, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 133-156

Das, Rina (2006) ‘Encountering Hindutva, Interrogating Religious Fundamentalism and (En)gendering a Hindu Patriarchy in India’s Nuclear Politics’, International Feminist Journal of Politics, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 370-393

Dietrich, Gabriele (1994) ‘Women and Religious Identities in India after Ayodhya’, in Bhasin, Kamla, Ritu Menon and Nighat Said Khan (eds) Against All Odds: Essays on Women, Religion and Development from India and Pakistan, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 35-49

El-Saadawi, Nawal (1997) The Nawal El-Saadawi Reader, London: Zed (ch. 9 ‘Islamic Fundamentalism and Women’)

El-Solh, Camillia Fawzi and Judy Mabro (1994) ‘Introduction: Islam and Muslim Women’, in Camillia Fawzi and Judy Mabro (eds) Muslim Women’s Choices, Oxford: Berg, pp. 1-32

Franks, Myfanwy (2001) Women And Revivalism In The West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' In A Liberal Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave

Hansen, Thomas Blom (1996) ‘Recuperating Masculinity: Hindu Nationalism, Violence and the Exorcism of the Muslim “Other”’, Critique of Anthropology, Vol 16, No. 2, pp. 137-172

Kapur, Ratna and Brenda Cossman (1995) ‘Communalising Gender, Engendering Community’, in Tanika Sarkar and Urvashi Butalia (eds) Women and the Hindu Right: A Collection of Essays, New Delhi: Kali for Women, pp. 82-120

Mehdid, Malika (1993) ‘A Western Invention of Arab Womanhood: The “Oriental” Female’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 18-58

Moghissi, Haideh (2004) Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, London: Routledge (3 Volumes)

Saghal, Gita and Nira Yuval-Davis (eds) (1992) Refusing Holy Orders: Women and Fundamentalism in Britain, London: Virago

Sarkar, Tanika and Urvashi Butalia (eds) (1995) Women and the Hindu Right, New Delhi: Kali for Women

Sen, Ilina (1997) ‘Fundamentalist Politics and Women in India’, in Judy Brink and Joan Mencher (eds) Mixed Blessings: Gender and Religious Fundamentalism Cross Culturally, London: Routledge, pp. 209-220

Sethi, Manisha (2002) ‘Avenging Angels and Nurturing Mothers: Women in Hindu Nationalism’, Economic and Political Weekly, April 20, pp. 1545-1551

Week 15 Gender, Religion and the State in Iran

Seminar What did the Revolution in Iran mean for women and femininities?

Questions

Are contemporary Iranian women passive victims of Islamic fundamentalism?

What did the Revolution in Iran mean for men and masculinities?

Core Reading

Afshar, Haleh (1996) ‘Islam and Feminism: An Analysis of Political Strategies’, in Mai Yamani (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 197-216

Gerami, Shahin (2003) ‘Mullahs, Martyrs, and Men: Conceptualizing Masculinity in the Islamic Republic of Iran’, Men and Masculinities, Vol. 5, No. 3, pp. 257-274



Additional Reading

Afshar, Haleh (2007) ‘Muslim Women and Feminisms: Illustrations from the Iranian Experience’, Social Compass, Vol. 54, No. 3, pp. 419-434

Afshar, Haleh (2000) ‘Women and Politics in Iran’, European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 12, No. 1, pp. 188-205

El-Nimr, Raga’ (1996) ‘Women in Islamic Law’, in Mai Yamani (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 87-102

Channel 4 (1994) Islamic Conversations: Women and Islam [videorecording], London: Channel 4

Farhi, Farideh, (1994) ‘Sexuality and the Politics of Revolution in Iran’ in Ann M. Tétreault (ed.) Women and revolution in Africa, Asia, and the New World, Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, pp. 252-271

Gerami, Shahin (1996) Women and Fundamentalism, London: Garland, ch. 4 (‘Egyptian Women’s Response to Discourse on Fundamentalism’, pp. 75-99)

Isam-Husain, Mahjabeen et al (2001) ‘What is the Status of Women under Islam?’, in Jennifer Hurley (ed.) Islam: Opposing Viewpoints, San Diego California: Greenhaven Press, pp. 75-101

Kandiyoti, Deniz (ed.) (1991) Women, Islam and the State, London: Macmillan

Kar, Mehranguiz (2001) ‘Women’s Strategies in Iran from the 1979 Revolution to 1999’, in Jane H. Bayes and Nayereh Tohidi (eds) Globalization, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 177-201

Mir-Hosseini, Ziba (1993) ‘Women, Marriage and the Law in Post-Revolutionary Iran’, in Haleh Afshar (ed.) Women in the Middle East, London: Macmillan, pp. 59-84

Moallem, Minoo (2003) ‘Cultural nationalism and Islamic fundamentalism: the case of Iran’, in Vasant Kaiwar and Mazumdar Sucheta (eds) Antinomies of modernity: Essays on Race, Orient, Nation, Durham: Duke University Press

Moghadam, M. (1993) Modernizing Women: Gender and Social Change in the Middle East, Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner

Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed, ch. 6 (‘Fundamentalists in Power: Conflict and Compromise’)

Moghissi, Haideh (1994) Populism and Feminism in Iran: Women's struggle in a Male-defined Revolutionary Movement, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Mojab, Shahrzad (2001) ‘Theorizing the Politics of “Islamic Feminism”’, Feminist Review, Vol. 69, No. 1, pp. 124-146

Najmabadi, Afsaneh (1991) ‘Hazards of Modernity and Morality: Women, State and Ideology in Contemporary Iran’, in Deniz Kandiyoti (ed.) Women, Islam and the State, London: Macmillan, pp. 48-76

Paidar, Parvin (1995) Women and the Political Process in Twentieth-century Iran, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Wadud, Amina (2006) Inside the Gender Jihad: Women’s Reform in Islam, Oxford: One World

Week 16 Reading Week

There will be no lecture or seminars this week. Your class essay is due next week and this is also an opportunity to prepare for the debate on Islam and the ‘veil’.

Week 17 Multiple Meanings: Islamic women and the ‘veil’

Seminar What is the ‘veil’, and why is that term inadequate?

Questions

Assess the arguments that the ‘veil’ disempowers Islamic women

Assess the arguments that the ‘veil’ empowers Islamic women

Core Reading

Franks, Myfanwy (2001) Women And Revivalism In The West: Choosing 'Fundamentalism' In A Liberal Democracy, Basingstoke: Palgrave, ch. 5 (‘Modesty Codes and the Veil’)

Watson, Helen (1994) ‘Women and the Veil: Personal Responses to Global Process’, in Akbar S. Ahmed and Hastings Donnan (eds) Islam, Globalization and Post-modernity, London: Routledge, pp. 141-159

Additional Reading

Afshar, Haleh (2008) ‘Can I See Your Hair? Choice, Agency and Attitudes: The Dilemma of Faith and Feminism for Muslim Women who Cover’, Ethnic and Racial Studies, Vol. 31, No. 2, pp. 411-427

Ahmed, Leila (1992) Women and Gender in Islam, London: Yale University Press (see especially ch. 8 ‘The Discourse of the Veil’ and ch. 11 ‘The Struggle for the Future)

Azza, Karam M. (1998) Women, Islamisms and the State: Contemporary feminisms in Egypt, Basingstoke: Macmillan

Azzam, Maha (1996) ‘Gender and the Politics of Religion in the Middle East’, in Yamani Mai (ed.) Feminism and Islam, Reading: Ithaca Press, pp. 217-230

Enloe, Cynthia (1989) Bananas, Beaches and Bases, London: Pandora, pp. 52-54 (extract on Nationalism and the Veil)

Gerami, Shahin (1996) Women and Fundamentalism, London: Garland, ch. 4 (‘Egyptian Women’s Response to Discourse on Fundamentalism’)

Harrison, Cassian (2001) Beneath the veil [videorecording], London: Channel 4

Moghadam, Valentine M. (ed.) (1994) Gender and National Identity: Women and Politics in Muslim Societies, London: Zed

Moghissi, Haideh (2004) Women and Islam: Critical Concepts in Sociology, London: Routledge (3 Volumes) (See Especially Vol. II, Section 4.2)

Moghissi, Haideh (1999) Feminism and Islamic Fundamentalism: The Limits of Postmodern Analysis, London: Zed, ch. 2 (‘From Orientalism to Islamic Feminism’, especially pp. 42-47)

Roald, Anne Sofie (2001) Women in Islam: The Western Experience, London: Routledge, ch. 12 (‘Islamic Female Dress’)

Shami, Seteney et al (1990) Women in Arab society: Work patterns and gender relations in Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, Oxford: Berg

Shukrallah, Hala (1994) ‘The Impact of the Islamic Movement in Egypt’ Feminist Review, No. 47, pp. 15-32

Week 18 Women, the Nationalist Struggle and the Irish Free State

Seminar In what ways were women involved and in what ways were they

Questions excluded from the struggle for Irish Independence?

Why were women pushed back into the domestic sphere after Independence was achieved?

To what extent was the Irish state that was created after independence a Catholic state?

Is it possible to talk about religious fundamentalism with regard to the Irish Free State/Republic?

Core Reading

Valiulis, Maryann Gialanella (1995) ‘Power, Gender and the Irish Free State’, Journal of Women’s History, Vol 6, No 4/ Vol 7, No 1 (Winter/Spring), pp. 117-137

Ward, Margaret (1998) ‘National Liberation Movements and the Question of Women’s Liberation: the Irish Experience’, in Claire Midgley (ed.) Gender and Imperialism, Manchester University Press, pp. 104-122

Additional Reading

Brown, Terence (1981) Ireland: A Social and Cultural History 1922-1979, London: Fontana Press

Clear, Caitriona (2000) Women of the House: Women’s Household Work in Ireland, 1922-1961, Ballsbridge: Irish Academic Press

Connolly, Linda (2003) The Irish women's Movement: From Revolution to Devolution, Dublin: Lilliput Press

Connolly, Eileen (2003) ‘Durability and Change in State Gender Systems: Ireland in the 1950s’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 65-86

Coulter, Carol (1993) The Hidden Tradition: Feminism, Women and Nationalism in Ireland, Cork: Cork University Press

Crowley, Una and Rob Kitchen (2008) ‘Producing “decent” girls: Governmentality and the Moral Geographies of Sexual Conduct in Ireland, 1922-1937’, Gender, Place and Culture, Vol. 15, No. 4, pp. 355-372

Cullen, Mary and Maria Luddy (eds) (2001) Female Activists: Irish Women and Change, 1900-1960, Dublin: Woodfield Press

Finnegan, Richard B. and James L. Wiles (2003) Women and Public Policy in Ireland: A Documentary History, 1922-1997, Dublin: Irish Academic Press

Gardiner, Frances (1993) ‘Political Interest and Participation of Irish Women 1922-1992: The Unfinished Revolution’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp 45-78

Hill, Myrtle (2003) Women in Ireland: A Century of Change, Belfast: Blackstaff

Kelleher, Margaret and James H. Murphy (eds) (1997) Gender Perspectives in Nineteenth Century Ireland: Public and Private Spheres, Dublin: Irish Academic Press

Keogh, Dermot (1994) Twentieth Century Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan

Lee, Joseph (1989) Ireland 1912-1985: Politics and Society, Cambridge University Press

Owens, Rosemary Cullen (2005) A Social History of Women in Ireland, Dublin: Gill and Macmillan

Ryan, Louise (2002) Gender, Identity and the Irish Press, 1922-1937: Embodying the Nation, Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellon

Sawyer, Roger (1993) We are but Women: Women in Ireland’s History, London: Routledge

Ward, Margaret (1991) The Missing Sex: Putting Women into History, Dublin: Attic Press

Weihman, Lisa (2004) ‘Doing My Bit for Ireland: Transgressing Gender in the Easter Uprising’, Eire-Ireland, Vol, 39, Nos 3/4, pp. 228-249

Week 19 Gender and Modernisation in the Irish Republic

Seminar How did discourses of Irish womanhood affect women’s material lives?

Questions

To what extent were the effects of modernisation in Ireland gender-specific?

What was the role of women in changing Irish culture/society?

Is Ireland a country for women?

Core Reading

Galligan, Yvonne and Nuala Ryan (2001) ‘Implementing the Beijing Commitments in Ireland’, in Jane H. Bayes and Nayereh Tohidi (eds) Globalization, Gender and Religion: The Politics of Women’s Rights in Catholic and Muslim Contexts, New York, Basingstoke: Palgrave, pp. 87-106

O’Conner, Pat (1998) Emerging Voices: Women in Contemporary Irish Society, Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, ch 9 (‘Ireland: a country for women?’)

Additional Reading

Beale, Jenny (1986) Women in Ireland: Voices of Change, London: Macmillan Education Ltd

Byrne, Anne and Madeleine Leonard (1997) (eds) Women and Irish Society: A Sociological Reader, Dublin: Beyond the Pale Publications

Connolly, Linda (2002) The Irish Women’s Movement: From Revolution to Devolution, Basingstoke: Palgrave

Curtin, Chris, Pauline Jackson and Barbara O’Connor (1987) Gender in Irish Society, Galway University Press

Ferriter, Diarmaid (2008) ‘Women and Political Change in Ireland since 1960’, Eire-Ireland, Vol. 43, Nos 1/2, pp. 179-204

Finnegan, Richard B. and James L. Wiles (2003) Women and Public Policy in Ireland: A Documentary History, 1922-1997, Dublin: Irish Academic Press

Girvin, Brian (2008) ‘Church, State and Society in Ireland since 1960’, Eire-Ireland, Vol. 43, Nos 1/2, pp. 74-98

Hill, Myrtle (2003) Women in Ireland: A Century of Change, Belfast: Blackstaff

McWilliams, Monica (1993) ‘The Church, the State and the Women’s Movement in Northern Ireland’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp. 79-99

Meaney, Geraldine (1993) ‘Sex and Nation: Women in Irish Culture and Politics’, in Ailbhe Smyth (eds) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp. 215-230

Rossiter, Ann (1993) ‘Bringing the Margins into the Centre: A Review of Aspects of Irish Women’s Emigration’, in Ailbhe Smyth (eds) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp.177-202

Smyth, Ailbhe (1993) ‘The Women’s Movement in the Republic of Ireland 1970-1990’, in Ailbhe Smyth (ed.) Irish Women’s Studies Reader, Dublin: Attic Press, pp 245-269

Stevens, Lorna, Steven Broan and Paula Maclaren (2000) ‘Gender, Nationality and Cultural Representations of Ireland: An Irish Woman’s Place?’, European Journal of Women’s Studies, Vol. 7, No. 4, pp. 405-421

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