Theory and Research



Theory and Research

Terminology

Theory – a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena

A set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way

Concept: a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon – can be concrete or abstract

Construct: a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed but must be inferred by certain concrete or less abstract indicators

Proposition: a statement of relationship between concepts

Model: a symbolic representation of some phenomenon

Conceptual model: concepts and propositions which state the relationship between concepts; nursing models usually include person, environment, health, and nursing

Paradigm

Definition: a world view; a way of looking at the work and reality

Categories:

Positivist: logical, objective reality

Naturalistic: reality is not fixed; multiple interpretations

Conceptual frameworks/theories related to nursing

Medical-biological

Psychoanalytic

Behavioristic

Social-interpersonal

Models often used in Nursing Research

Becker’s Health Belief Model

Lazarus & Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping

Azjen & Fishbein’s Theory Reasoned Action

Nursing Models

A specific set of concepts/propositions which characterize the discipline of nursing

The primary concepts are usually person, environment, health, and nursing

Person: individuals, families, or groups who are participants in nursing

Environment: person’s significant others and physical surroundings as well as cultural, political, social, etc.

Health: person’s well being at time of the nursing interaction

Nursing: Action taken by nurses

Florence Nightingale

Environmental Approach

- ventilation

- cleanliness

- purity of water

-diet

Virginia Henderson

Components of Basic Nursing Care

Nurse’s responsibility is to help patient with activities or provide conditions under which he can perform them unaided

Include physiological, psychological, spiritual needs

Martha Rogers

Science of Unitary Human Beings

Purpose of nursing is to help individual and groups achieve maximum well-being

Based on exchange of energy between humans and environment

Callista Roy

Adaptation Model

Health is based on adaptation

Nurses must promote adaptation

Imogene King

Theory of Goal Attainment

Based on General systems theory

Views patient as a personal system, as part of an interpersonal system, and as part of a social system

Betty Neuman

Neuman Systems model

Focuses on total person

Nurse utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to assist patient in dealing with stressors

Hildegard Peplau

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Based on work of Harry Stack Sullivan

Four phases:

orientation

identification

exploitation

resolution

Beginnings of nursing process

Dorothea Orem

Self-Care Deficit Theory

Nurse provides care based on patient’s ability to meet his/her own needs

wholly compensatory

partially compensatory

supportive-educative

Myra Levine

Conservation theory

Nurse assists patient to conserve resources:

- patient energy

- structural integrity

- personal integrity

- social integrity

Rosemarie Parse

Theory of Human Becoming

Derived from Roger’s theory

Central focus of nursing is the meaning of lived experiences and quality of life

N. J. Pender

Health Promotion Model

Based on concepts of health and motivation for health behavior

Health promotion and disease prevention should be the primary focus in health care

Not specifically a nursing model but often used by nurses

Jean Watson

Theory of Human Caring/Transpersonal Theory

Has a strong spiritual component

The goal of nursing is to help persons gain a higher degree of harmony with body, mind, and soul

................
................

In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.

Google Online Preview   Download