Theory and Research
Theory and Research
Terminology
Theory – a set of interrelated constructs (concepts), definitions, and propositions that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting the phenomena
A set of related statements that describes or explains phenomena in a systematic way
Concept: a word picture or mental idea of a phenomenon – can be concrete or abstract
Construct: a phenomenon that cannot be directly observed but must be inferred by certain concrete or less abstract indicators
Proposition: a statement of relationship between concepts
Model: a symbolic representation of some phenomenon
Conceptual model: concepts and propositions which state the relationship between concepts; nursing models usually include person, environment, health, and nursing
Paradigm
Definition: a world view; a way of looking at the work and reality
Categories:
Positivist: logical, objective reality
Naturalistic: reality is not fixed; multiple interpretations
Conceptual frameworks/theories related to nursing
Medical-biological
Psychoanalytic
Behavioristic
Social-interpersonal
Models often used in Nursing Research
Becker’s Health Belief Model
Lazarus & Folkman’s Theory of Stress and Coping
Azjen & Fishbein’s Theory Reasoned Action
Nursing Models
A specific set of concepts/propositions which characterize the discipline of nursing
The primary concepts are usually person, environment, health, and nursing
Person: individuals, families, or groups who are participants in nursing
Environment: person’s significant others and physical surroundings as well as cultural, political, social, etc.
Health: person’s well being at time of the nursing interaction
Nursing: Action taken by nurses
Florence Nightingale
Environmental Approach
- ventilation
- cleanliness
- purity of water
-diet
Virginia Henderson
Components of Basic Nursing Care
Nurse’s responsibility is to help patient with activities or provide conditions under which he can perform them unaided
Include physiological, psychological, spiritual needs
Martha Rogers
Science of Unitary Human Beings
Purpose of nursing is to help individual and groups achieve maximum well-being
Based on exchange of energy between humans and environment
Callista Roy
Adaptation Model
Health is based on adaptation
Nurses must promote adaptation
Imogene King
Theory of Goal Attainment
Based on General systems theory
Views patient as a personal system, as part of an interpersonal system, and as part of a social system
Betty Neuman
Neuman Systems model
Focuses on total person
Nurse utilizes primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention to assist patient in dealing with stressors
Hildegard Peplau
Theory of Interpersonal Relations
Based on work of Harry Stack Sullivan
Four phases:
orientation
identification
exploitation
resolution
Beginnings of nursing process
Dorothea Orem
Self-Care Deficit Theory
Nurse provides care based on patient’s ability to meet his/her own needs
wholly compensatory
partially compensatory
supportive-educative
Myra Levine
Conservation theory
Nurse assists patient to conserve resources:
- patient energy
- structural integrity
- personal integrity
- social integrity
Rosemarie Parse
Theory of Human Becoming
Derived from Roger’s theory
Central focus of nursing is the meaning of lived experiences and quality of life
N. J. Pender
Health Promotion Model
Based on concepts of health and motivation for health behavior
Health promotion and disease prevention should be the primary focus in health care
Not specifically a nursing model but often used by nurses
Jean Watson
Theory of Human Caring/Transpersonal Theory
Has a strong spiritual component
The goal of nursing is to help persons gain a higher degree of harmony with body, mind, and soul
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