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The Battle of Ypres

The battle began in April and was created primarily as a means of diverting Allied attention from the Eastern Front, and as a means of testing the use of chlorine gas, it eventually concluded in failure in May.  As a consequence of the failure of this attack the German army gave up its attempts to take the town, choosing instead to demolish it through constant bombardment.  By the end of the war Ypres had been largely reduced to piles of rubble.

This was the second battle of WWI to take place at Ypres and is generally remembered today as marking the first use of gas on the Western Front.  Although introduced with minimal effect on the Russian Eastern Front at Bolimov by the Germans earlier in the war (where it was so cold the gas had frozen), and in conflict with the Hague Convention which outlawed gas warfare, its impact during Second Ypres was startlingly effective.

5,700 canisters containing 168 tons of chlorine gas were released at sunrise on 22 April against French Algerian and territorial division troops following a brief preliminary bombardment by 17-inch howitzers.  A veil of greenish-yellow mist could be clearly seen rolling across from the German front lines to the French positions.

The effectiveness of the gas attack was so complete that it surprised the German infantry who followed up the release of the chlorine gas.  The stunned Allied troops fled in panic towards Ypres, the heavy gas settling and clogging the trenches where it gathered. 

Covering four miles of trench lines, the gas affected some 10,000 troops, half of whom died within ten minutes of the gas reaching the front line.  Death was caused by asphyxiation.  Those who lived were temporarily blinded and stumbled in confusion, coughing heavily.  2,000 of these troops were captured as prisoners of war.

The two advancing Germans corps wearing primitive respirators paced warily through a clear seven kilometre gap in the Allied lines, wary of traps.  In planning the attack no reserves had been thought necessary, the German command considering it inconceivable that a major breakthrough could be achieved.

In consequence the actual breakthrough was not exploited to the full.  After advancing three kilometres into Allied lines the Germans halted under the hail of a scrambled British General Smith-Dorrien's Second Army counter-offensive.  Even so, the loss of high ground to the north significantly weakened the Allied position.

Large numbers of German troops were able to take up positions within the salient. One such area was known as Kitcheners’ Wood. On the night of April 22, the 10th and 16th Canadian Battalions launched a counter-attack to drive them out. Without the aid of reconnaissance, the Canadian battalions were forced to make a virtual blind charge over open ground to attack the Wood. Fighting with rifles, grenades and bayonets against German machine guns, the two battalions together suffered 75 percent casualties, but succeeded in re-capturing the position.

The Germans released a second batch of chlorine gas two days later, on 24 April, this time directed against Canadian troops situated north-east of Ypres and again prefaced by a sharp artillery bombardment.

Again the German forces gained ground against the unprotected Canadian troops, although fighting was fierce, spreading far south to Hill 60.  The novelty of gas warfare was wearing off, and the advancing German infantry sustained heavy losses from the defending Canadians, who had discovered a way to fight off the effects of gas.  A science teacher told the soldiers to urinate on their handkerchiefs or cotton first aid pads. The chemical reaction of the gas hitting the urine neutralized the effect. The Canadians were then able to fight and hold their ground. During this time the Canadians had suffered heavily, with 5,975 casualties, including 1,000 fatalities. Eventually the British military came to relieve the Canadians.

With the French and Canadians being pushed back, General Smith-Dorrien proposed a two and a half mile withdrawal closer to Ypres.  He felt that nothing short of a large-scale counter-offensive was likely to push the German forces back to their original positions.  The idea was met coolly by the Commander-in-Chief of the British Expeditionary Force (BEF), Sir John French, who effectively dismissed Smith-Dorrien by sending him home to England. 

Ironically Smith-Dorrien's replacement, General Herbert Plumer, also recommended a general withdrawal to the French.  The suggestion was this time accepted; taking place following a failed Allied counter-attack by two divisions presided over by French General Ferdinand Foch on 29 April.  The French executed the planned withdrawal on 1-3 May 1915.

A want of supplies and manpower obliged the Germans to call off the offensive; all that they could do was to bombard the town.  Even so, the German attacks had considerably reduced the size of the Allied salient.  The highest ground had been lost and it was no more than three miles across and five miles deep.

Losses during the Second Battle of Ypres are estimated at 69,000 Allied troops (59,000 British, 10,000 French), against 35,000 German, the difference in numbers explained by the use of chlorine gas.  The Germans' innovative use of gas set the trend for the rest of the war. Gas would shape the way war was fought with every soldier carrying a gas mask and new forms of gas being created.

Although roundly condemned by the Allies as barbaric and reprehensible, sentiments echoed by many neutral nations, the Allies quickly developed their own form of gas warfare, with the British releasing gas canisters at Loos at the end of September 1915 (although the prevailing wind turned and wafted the gas back into the British trenches).  All the allied countries had made extensive use of poison gas by the close of the war.

Questions:

1) Why is the battle of Ypres famous?

2) How much gas was used and what did it look like?

3) How did the gas affect the soldiers?

4) What was the role of the Canadians in the battle?

5) What was proposed to counter the effects of the gas?

6) What were the Canadian casualties like?

7) How did gas warfare re-shape battle tactics in WWI?

8) Even though the Allies condemned the use of gas warfare, why do you think they still used it soon after?

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