World History Fall Final Review - Mr. Kolodinski's History ...
World History Spring Final Review
Chapter 11 Main Ideas: WW1 Causes & Course & Results: Std. 10.5
|Causes |-(MINE) Militarism, Imperialism, Nationalism, Entangling Alliances such as Triple Alliance & Triple Entente all increased tensions|
| |+ Assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand (trigger event) + unreasonable & unmet Austrian Ultimatum + Russian mobilization + |
| |failed negotiations between G & R = war! |
| |-Central Powers (G, A-H, OE) vs. Allies (GB, F, R, Italy & later USA, Japan) |
|Course & Key Events |-Schlieffen Plan, neutral Belgium invaded by G, Stalemate, Western & Eastern Front (other fronts too) |
| |-Battles: Marne, Verdun, Somme, Gallipoli |
| |-GB blockades Germany, German U-Boats sink ships in Atlantic, US convoys protect ships |
| |-New Weapons: poison gas, machine guns, tanks, airplanes, flame thrower lead to high casualty & death rates |
| |-Russian Revolution leads to Russian exit, creation of Soviet Union (USSR) & Treaty of Brest – Litovsk (G & USSR) |
| |-US Entry because of Lusitania sinking + Unrestricted submarine warfare by G + Zimmerman Note… US entry tips balance of power in |
| |favor of Allies |
| |-Russia suffers huge casualties, ill equipped to fight modern war |
|Home Front |-Role of women (at home front) & colonial peoples (in colonies & at front) |
| |-Propaganda, war bonds & higher taxes fund war |
| |-Armenian genocide inside of OE 1915 |
|Paris Peace Conference 1919 |-Big Four = Wilson (US), Lloyd George (GB), Clemenceau (F) & Orlando (I), GB + F want to weaken G & $$, Italy wants land promised |
| |to them |
| |-Wilson’s Fourteen Points: self-determination, freedom of seas, no secret treaties, League of Nations |
| |-Treaty of Versailles: war guilt clause, G reparations, G lost land, G lost colonies, new nations created, borders change, empires|
| |disappear (Russian, Ottoman, German, Austro-Hungarian)… US rejects treaty & League of Nations |
Chapter 11 Main Ideas: Russian Revolution effect on WW1, plus its causes & consequences: Std. 10.5, 10.6 & 10.7
|Kerensky |-Tsar Nicholas II (Romanov) abdicated 1917 |
| |-Leader of Provisional Government after March (1917) Revolution |
| |-Pro-democracy |
| |-Chose to stay in WW1 |
|Lenin |-Leader of Bolsheviks & November (1917) Revolution, overthrew Kerensky, declares global communist revolution, leads to 1st Red |
| |Scare in USA |
| |-Believed in revolution by an “elite” group of professionals, not the people (Leninism) |
| |-Promised “Peace, Land & Bread” |
| |-Negotiated Treaty of Brest – Litovsk, R withdrew from WW1 & made peace with G by giving them land |
| |-Created Soviet Union (USSR), communist government and economy, renamed St Petersburg to Leningrad, moved capital to Moscow, |
| |eliminates enemies of communism |
| |-NEP = small level of capitalism in communist USSR |
|Russian Civil War |-Reds (Bolsheviks) led by Lenin / Stalin / Trotsky vs. Whites supported by the West, Reds win & distrust of West begins in earnest|
| |-Lenin dies = power struggle Stalin v. Trotsky, Stalin wins & Trotsky exiled |
Chapter 12 Main Ideas: Post-WW1 Nationalism & Rebellion (1920s & ‘30s): Std. 10.10
|India |-Mohandas K. Gandhi leads nationalist movement for independent India, Congress Party |
| |-Amritsar Massacre: GB kills peaceful protesters >> movement grows |
| |-Gandhi: nonviolent protest, civil disobedience >> boycotts + marches, Salt March |
|Latin America |-Mexican Revolution: Dictator Porfirio Diaz (“Order & Progress”) modernizes during 30 year rule but is cruel & corrupt (rich-poor |
| |gap + no land for the poor) > resigns > revolt |
| |-Madero reforms but assassinated by Huerta, becomes dictator (US does not accept him) |
| |-Pancho Villa + V. Carranza (north) + Emiliano Zapata (south) rebel v. Huerta (1913) |
| |-Huerta ousted, Carranza backstabs Villa + Zapata |
| |-Constitution (1917), Carranza is president, but minimal reform |
| |-PRI comes to power 1929, Lazaro Cardenas reforms land, education & nationalizes oil industry in 1930s |
| |-Economic nationalism throughout the region to keep control of resources away from US & other nations |
| |-Political instability in region, many coups, many dictators |
|Africa |-Pan-African movement opposes European imperialism, partial success |
| |-Apartheid established in South Africa: Legalized segregation where Minority whites rule over Majority Black / Colored people >> |
| |inequality & injustice |
| |-Negritude movement = African pride |
|Middle East |-Mandates ruled by European powers, new nations created with non-traditional boundaries |
| |-Mustafa Kamal (aka Ataturk) creates modern Turkey, secularized & modernized |
| |-Reza Khan takes power in Persia (Iran), supported by West & gives oil deals to West |
| |-Balfour Declaration: GB supports a Jewish state in Palestine (Zionist idea) |
| |-Pan-Arabism grows: Nationalist movement to create an Arab state in Middle East |
| |-Tension grows between Arabs, Jews, Europeans over land control |
|East Asia |-China: Early 1900s Boxer Rebellion leads to greater Western influence |
| |-Qing Dynasty collapses 1911, new & unclear path |
| |-Sun Yixian (“father of modern China”, aka Sun Yat-Sen) seeks to set up a republic under Three Principles of the People – |
| |Nationalism, Democracy & Economic Security, creates Guomindang (nationalist army) & rules in South, is ineffective due to internal|
| |& external pressures, steps down |
| |-Chaos, warlords in power in different regions |
| |-Mao Zedong emerges to lead Chinese communist movement; May Fourth Movement has support of peasants, women & Soviet Union. |
| |-Jiang Jieshi (aka Chiang Kai-Shek) emerges to lead Guomindang, seeks to destroy communist movement by attacking them, leads to |
| |civil war |
| |-Mao leads the Long March to avoid Guomindang, gains more support |
| |-Japan modernizes, “zaibatsu” takes leadership control |
| |-Japanese invasion of Manchuria, & then China leads to temporary truce, Jiang & Mao join forces vs. Japan, get support from the |
| |West |
|Jazz Age 1920s |-Prohibition in US leads to gangsters, speakeasies, smuggling |
| |-US economy booms, assembly line makes items cheaply, consumerism takes off & stock market soars as companies are growing; |
| |Consumer credit begins |
| |-Women gain right to vote (suffrage) in US & elsewhere, “flappers” are independent, sassy young women |
| |-Red Scare in US, fear of communist infiltration leads to anti-union actions, government limits on civil rights, deportations of |
| |suspected “reds”… US isolationism |
| |-Maginot Line built in France as defense; Kellogg-Briand Pact outlaws war, many nations sign but it has no way to be enforced = |
| |useless (; League of Nations begins, but without the US, US Senate rejects its rules |
| |-Lost Generation of authors – Hemingway, Fitzgerald, Stein – are disillusioned, critical of the 1920s decadence & WW1 |
| |-Harlem Renaissance: African-American cultural pride movement of style, music, art, literature (Langston Hughes, Zora Neale |
| |Hurston) |
| |-Science (Einstein’s Theory of Relativity, Marie Curie & radioactivity, Fleming’s discovery of penicillin); Freud’s psychoanalysis|
| |(id, ego & superego) 7 dream theory (Interpretation of Dreams book) |
| |-Germany suffers under terms of Treaty of Versailles: reparations, occupation & humiliation; Experiences hyper-inflation, then a |
| |recovery by mid-1920s |
|Great Depression |-Overproduction (farm & consumer products) + Over-speculation (people gambling on the stock market & real estate) + lax rules = |
| |Stock Market Crash 1929 |
| |-US calls loans in from Europe, Europe can’t pay, tariffs are raised, trade slows to nothing = global Depression |
| |-US elects FDR who uses New Deal to try & solve the Depression’s high unemployment, lack of business & hopelessness |
| |-Germany elects Adolf Hitler who quickly changes Germany’s Weimar Republic into a NAZI dictatorship |
Chapter 13 Main Ideas: Rise of Totalitarianism 1920s & 30s: Std. 10.7
|Totalitarianism |-Style of government where it controls every aspect of the people’s lives |
| |-Uses fear, intimidation, threats, unfair laws |
| |-USSR, Nazi Germany, Fascist Italy are examples |
|Soviet Union under Stalin |-Five Year Plans = quotas, industrialization |
| |-De-Kulakization = eliminating small landowners (Kulaks) & seizing land |
| |-Collective Farms = government owned & controlled land, increase food production BUT sells food to get $$ to reinvest in industry |
| |-Famine (Ukraine) |
| |-Great Purges (1930s) eliminate dissenters & other “enemies of the state” who are perceived threats to Stalin by murder or gulag |
| |(prison in Siberia) |
|Italy under Mussolini |-Fascism = obedience to the State & its Leader, Mussolini called “Il Duce,” hates democracy & communism |
| |-Black Shirt March = seizure of power by Mussolini |
| |-Corporatism runs country, private business OK but controlled by State, self sufficiency is goal |
| |-Women are to be home, have children & raise obedient citizens of the State |
| |-Attacks Ethiopia (then later Albania), League of Nations condemns action |
| |-Joins the Axis Powers |
|Germany |-NAZI = fascism in Germany |
|under Hitler |-Brown Shirts = thugs who intimidate |
| |-Elected then seized power via Enabling Act after the Reichstag Fire |
| |-Nuremberg Laws: anti-Semitic laws, defined Jews, limited rights |
| |-Hated Jews & other undesirables (homosexuals, dissenters, union members, Slavic people, non-whites), preached Aryan Supremacy |
| |-Kristallnacht = 1st state sponsored, organized violence vs. Jews in Germany |
| |-Concentration Camps, some turn into Death Camps later |
| |-Broke Versailles Treaty by re-arming, annexing Austria (the Anschluss) |
| |-Assisted the Fascist Gen. Franco in Spanish Civil War… Guernica bombed by Nazis & Picasso creates a Cubist style painting about |
| |the event |
| |-Demanded the Sudetenland & got it when GB Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain “appeased” Hitler, Chamberlain claims “peace in our |
| |time” |
| |-Invaded Czechoslovakia & seized it |
| |-Nazi – Soviet Non-Aggression Pact 1939 prelude to invasion & division of Poland |
|Spain |-Spanish Civil War: Fascists v. others, Hitler & Mussolini support Franco, USSR supports government forces, US + F + GB remain |
| |neutral |
| |-Gen. Francisco Franco = Fascist, overthrows government & becomes dictator |
|Japan |-Japan modernized & built up military |
| |-Government controlled by the military led by Gen. Tojo |
| |-Japanese aggression v. Korea & China earlier |
| |-Invades Manchuria (northern China) 1931, League of Nations complains |
| |-Japan withdraws from L of N |
| |-Japan invades rest of China 1937, Rape of Nanjing |
Chapter 14 Main Ideas: WW2 & Immediate Aftermath 1940s: Std. 10.8 & 10.9
|Belligerents |-Axis (Germany, Italy & Japan) v. Allies (GB, F, USSR & later USA) |
|In European Theater |-Hitler invades Poland 9/1/1939 via “blitzkrieg”, USSR seizes half, plus Finland |
| |-Sitzkrieg = phony war |
| |-Hitler invades “low countries” (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) |
| |-Hitler invades Denmark, Norway, France and keeps expanding |
| |-Dunkirk = Hitler’s 1st mistake, GB + F troops escape |
| |-Hitler conquers rest of France, divides it, Vichy France created in south |
| |-Mussolini fails to conquers Balkans, Greece and Egypt |
| |-Hitler conquers Balkans & Greece |
| |-US neutral BUT supplies via “cash & carry”, the “destroyer deal”, then the Lend Lease Act where US becomes “arsenal of democracy”|
| |-Battle of Britain = Hitler tries to conquer GB from the air; GB RAF defends with help of RADAR; the Blitz = Nazi day & night |
| |bombing of London; Churchill leads GB through “its darkest hour”; Hitler’s fails = 2nd mistake |
| |-Hitler sends Gen. Rommel (Desert Fox) to North Africa to capture Suez Canal |
| |-Rommel stopped at El Alamein in Egypt, has to retreat, turn point in Africa |
| |-Operation Torch = Allied attack in North Africa, Hitler’s weak spot |
| |-Operation Barbarosa = Hitler invades USSR, 3rd mistake |
| |-Battle of Stalingrad = turn point in East, Hitler on defense now |
| |-D-Day 6/6/1944 = Gen. Eisenhower commanded invasion of Nazi occupied France, Allies overrun Hitler, France liberated, onward into|
| |G |
| |-German resistance movements (White Rose), attempts to kill Hitler (Valkyrie / Col. Von Stauffenberg & others) |
| |-Allied “carpet” & “fire” bombings of G |
| |-Battle of the Bulge = Hitler’s last offensive, lost |
| |-Hitler commits suicide, G surrenders, G occupied & divided into zones |
| |-V-E Day = 5/8/1945 |
|In Pacific Theater |-Japan conquers SE Asia when Hitler takes Europe |
| |-US embargos Japan, Japan angry, leads to… |
| |-Pearl Harbor attacked by Japan 12/7/1941 = US entry into WW2 |
| |-Japan expands, takes Philippines, Gen. MacArthur evacuates, Bataan Death March |
| |-Battle of Coral Sea = 1st time Japan stopped, aircraft carrier battle, planes |
| |-Battle of Midway = US defeats Japanese navy, cripples Japan by sinking 4 carriers, Japan in retreat |
| |-US Island Hopping, attack weaker islands & launch attacks toward Japan |
| |-Guadalcanal, Iwo Jima, Okinawa |
| |-US secret Manhattan Project develops A-bombs, dropped on Hiroshima & Nagasaki |
| |-V-J Day 9/2/1945, WW2 is finally over |
|Key Meetings |-Atlantic Charter = GB + USA state & clarify war goals |
| |-Casablanca Conference = GB + USA demand unconditional surrender from Germany |
| |-Tehran Conference = Big Three (FDR, WC & Stalin) agree to focus on Europe 1st, Soviets request 2nd front, US / GB delay & choose |
| |N. Africa, Soviets to keep eastern Poland after war |
| |-Yalta Conference = Big Three agree to divide & occupy Germany & Korea, free elections in eastern Europe after war, USSR to join |
| |war in Pacific after Nazi defeat |
| |-Potsdam Conference = |
| |-UN created in San Francisco (later moves to NYC) |
|Holocaust |-NAZI race theory = Anti-Semitism |
| |-Nuremberg Laws take away civil rights for Jews |
| |-Jewish Ghettoes created to kill by disease & starvation |
| |-Kristallnacht = State sponsored violence vs. Jews |
| |-Jews attempt to escape, many fail (unwelcome elsewhere, SS St. Louis,) |
| |-Deportation of Jews to camps in east (Poland mostly) |
| |-Einsatzgruppen = local mobile killing squads to “clean out” area of Jews |
| |-Jewish resistance like the Warsaw Ghetto uprising, uprisings in camps & guerilla warfare by escapees |
| |-Wannsee Conference = Nazis create Final Solution = gas chamber death camps like Auschwitz, Treblinka, Sobibor, etc. |
| |-Allies “discover” & liberate camps >> refugees, displaced persons, emigration |
| |-Nuremberg Trials v. Nazi leaders for war crimes & “crimes against humanity” |
|United Nations (UN) |-UN formed (’45 in San Francisco, moved to NYC later) to promote & preserve peace; Security Council + General Assembly + various |
| |organizations to support peace & development |
| |-UN creates Israel later (’48), immediate conflict with Arabs & Palestinians |
Chapter 15 Main Ideas: The Cold War 1945 - 1991: Std. 10.9
|Europe |-Cold War = high competition & tension era between US & USSR |
| |-US – USSR “arms race” = ABMs, ICBMs, WMDs |
| |-USSR creates a “buffer zone” of countries in East to protect itself from West |
| |-USSR expands influence, wants to ignite global communist revolt |
| |-US policy = containment of communism |
| |-Superpower = nuclear weapons (US in ‘45 & USSR by ‘49) |
| |-Iron Curtain nicknamed by Churchill, divided Communist East from West |
| |-Berlin divided & occupied, West Berlin “island” of democracy & free enterprise |
| |-West Germany (FRG) created, East Germany (GDR) created |
| |-West German “economic miracle” as FRG rebuilds economy & exports quality consumer products |
| |-Stalin blockaded Berlin, leads to Berlin Airlift, West Berlin saved |
| |-NATO formed ‘49, Warsaw Pact formed ‘55 |
| |-Marshall Plan ($$ aid to rebuild) ties Europe to US, grows US economy |
| |-Truman Doctrine = contain communism via aid & support = Greece & Turkey are 1st |
| |-Stalin dies ’53, Khrushchev leads USSR = hard-liner |
| |-Khrushchev crushed revolt in Hungary (’56), Europe clearly divided into E v. W |
| |-Berlin Wall (’61), JFK says “Ich bin ein Berliner”… US supports West Germany |
| |- Khrushchev ousted after Cuban Missile Crisis, hard-liner Brezhnev leads USSR |
| |- JFK & Khrushchev set up Hotline & sign Nuclear Test Ban Treaty to lessen tensions |
| |-1968 Brezhnev crushed revolt in Czechoslovakia = Brezhnev Doctrine |
| |-US President Nixon & Sec. of State Kissinger launch “détente” to ease tensions |
| |-Nixon visits USSR, SALT I treaty limits nuclear weapons |
| |-1980s: rise of Solidarity movement in Poland by Lech Walesa, communism weakens, Walesa becomes the first non-Communist president |
| |since WW2 |
| |-1989 revolts: Hungary, opens its borders to the West; Germany, fall of the Berlin Wall & eventually East & West re-unite (1990); |
| |Czechoslovakia has Velvet Revolution (non-violent) led by V. Havel & splits into Czech Republic & Slovakia; Romania has a violent |
| |revolt & executes its leader N. Ceaucsescu |
| |-Soviet Union falls apart in 1990s: Gorbachev is a reformer, “glasnost” & “perestroika” lead to difficulties, Gorbachev & |
| |President Reagan work on arms reduction because Reagan announces SDI, by end of 1991 USSR ceases to exist |
|Americas |-Bay of Pigs failure (’61): US sponsors revolt, tries to oust Castro, Castro Soviet missiles |
| |-Cuban Missile Crisis (’62), intensifies Cold War due to brinkmanship, Soviets back off |
| |-Nicaragua (‘80s): US supports dictators, then Contras v. Sandanistas (‘70s & 80s) |
| |-El Salvador (‘80s): US supports anti-communists, civil war leads to Salvadoran immigration |
|Africa |-US & USSR wage war through proxy by supporting different groups in the new nations of post-WW2 Africa |
|Asia |-Japan rebuilds after WW2 with US aid, “economic miracle” = booming economy of consumer products (‘60s & ‘70s) |
| |-Mao Zedong defeats Jiang Jieshi in Chinese Civil War (’49) due to peasant support, communist People’s Republic (mainland China) |
| |led by Mao & Jiang flees to Taiwan, sets up Nationalist China (democracy) |
| |-Domino theory + containment = US policy in Asia; SEATO formed |
| |-Korean War (‘50s): NK invades SK, UN Police Action led by US to drive out NK, Inchon Landing by Gen. MacArthur, China joins, |
| |stalemate, border remains 38th parallel, NK & SK still divided with tensions |
| |-Vietnam War (‘60s – early ‘70s): Ho Chi Minh seeks independence from France & forms Vietminh, US supports France, Vietminh defeat|
| |France at Dien Bien Phu, Geneva Conference (’54) divides Vietnam into N & S at 17th parallel, Ho Chi Minh leads NV, Ngo Dinh Diem |
| |leads SV, elections promised but never occur, Diem abuses many & is assassinated, Vietcong (VC = SV communists) wage guerilla war,|
| |US gets involved – advisors > escalation to ground troops + air attacks > Vietnamization > withdrawal > NV wins & makes Vietnam |
| |communist (still today) |
| |-Mao’s Communist China: Farms become “collectives” & religion eliminated; Great Leap Forward sets up communes but fails, leads to |
| |starvation; Cultural Revolution (‘60s) led by the Red Guards (young people) quote Mao’s Little Red Book & persecute intellectuals |
| |& old elite |
| |-Mao’s China splits away from Soviet influence, takes own communist path |
| |-President Nixon visits Mao’s China, establishes cultural exchange programs |
| |-People’s Republic (communist) replaces Taiwan in UN Security Council (’71) |
| |-Deng Xiaoping begins to modernize communist People’s Republic (‘80s) by allowing small scale capitalism, opens doors for joint |
| |ventures & economic partnership with the West |
| |-Soviets invade Afghanistan (’79), US supports mujahedin, Soviets withdraw 1989 |
| |-1989: Tiananman Square protests seek democracy in China, crushed, ”Tank Man” |
|Middle East |-Suez Crisis in Egypt (’56), almost war but President Eisenhower gets GB + F to back down, avoids nuclear confrontation |
| |-Israel backed by US (democracy), Arab nations often backed by Soviets, various dictators supported by either US or USSR |
| |-US supports coup d’etat in Iran (‘50s) & ousts the nationalist Mossadeq (elected), puts Shah Reza Pahlavi in power, supports him;|
| |Shah westernizes Iran, Muslim Fundamentalist anger rises against Shah & US, Iran says US is “Great Satan” |
Chapter 16 & 17 Main Ideas: New Nations & Regional Conflicts: Std. 10.10
|Africa |-Former European colonies gain independence in phases after WW2, most unstable due to ethnic division, corruption & inexperience |
| |still today… leftovers of imperialism? |
| |-Kwame Nkrumah = Ghana; Jomo Kenyatta = Kenya; Nigeria = military dictators, failed Biafra rebellion; Algeria = Ben Bella & NLF |
| |drive out French; Congo (Zaire) = Mobutu Sese Seko corruption |
| |-South Africa ruled by “apartheid”; ANC formed for equality, Nelson Mandela in prison 27 years; Mandela released, F.W. de Klerk |
| |works with Mandela to end apartheid, Mandela becomes president |
| |Rwanda = Hutus try genocide vs. Tutsi minority, UN peacekeepers; create refugee issues |
| |Sudan: Arab dominated north tries genocide vs. others in Darfur (seeking independence), UN aid organized, but… |
|South Asia |-British India is partitioned into mostly Hindu India & Muslim Pakistan (’47), Gandhi upset, Muslim League leader Muhammad Ali |
| |Jinnah happy; violence erupts as people forced to migrate |
| |-Border disputes in the Kashmir (India, Pakistan & China) begin & continue today |
| |-India & Pakistan both are “non-aligned” nations, develop nuclear weapons |
| |-Bangladesh breaks away from Pakistan via civil war (‘70s) |
| |-Islamic Fundamentalism grows in Afghanistan as result of Soviet invasion, spreads throughout region; Taliban take over |
| |Afghanistan after Soviets leave, Taliban & Pakistan support Al Qaeda terrorist group |
| |-War on Terror after 9/11 results in US invading Afghanistan, ousting Taliban, hunting down Osama Bin Laden, finally withdrawing |
| |in 2013, Afghanistan unstable |
|Southeast Asia |-Myanmar under autocratic rule by military, Aung San Suu Kyi leads struggle for democracy after father dies at government’s hands |
| |-Indonesia fights for & wins independence from the Dutch & are ruled by dictators, Sukarno then Suharto, now has an unstable, |
| |Islamic based democracy |
| |-Philippines gain independence (’46), tied to US as former colony; Dictator F. Marcos rules, becomes true democracy in 80s, |
| |Corazon Aquino; stable but struggling nation |
| |-Four Tigers of Asia (South Korea, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan) have booming economies (1980s & beyond) |
|Middle East |-Israel fights & wins many wars: 1948 war after announcing independence, 1967 War where it seizes land, Yom Kippur War (’73), PLO |
| |terrorism, Intifada ongoing |
| |-Gaza Strip, West Bank, Golan Heights & Jerusalem = disputed areas |
| |-US brokers Camp David Accords (’79), Oslo Accords (’93) |
| |-Lebanon Civil War, Muslim v. Christian (‘70s); Hezbollah develops, tension with Israel |
| |-Iranian Revolution deposes Shah, the Ayatollah Khomeini sets up Islamic Republic under Fundamentalist Shia leadership; US embassy|
| |stormed, takes US hostages for 444 days (’79) |
| |-US supports Saddam Hussein dictatorship in Iraq = stability; US supports the kingdom of Saudi Arabia & others despite harsh rule |
| |in exchange for military bases in Persian Gulf to protect energy flow to the West |
| |-Iran-Iraq War (‘80s) |
| |-Persian Gulf War (1990) after Saddam Hussein invades US ally Kuwait; coalition forces drive out Iraq, establish No-Fly Zone after|
| |to protect Kurds (Hussein tried genocide against them) |
| |-War on Terror after 9/11 results in US invading Iraq in search of WMDs, ousts Hussein, US occupation drags on for 10 years, Iraq |
| |unstable; US battles Taliban in Afghanistan + Al Qaeda, US shaky relationship with Afghanistan & Pakistan, US hunts down & kills |
| |Osama Bin Laden (9/11 mastermind), US withdraws from Afghanistan, outcome still to be determined in 2013 |
|Europe |-Internal conflicts in No. Ireland between Protestants & Catholics, IRA leads terrorism against GB, Good Friday Agreement (‘98) |
| |calms down the violence |
| |-Chechnya (Muslim region in Russia’s Caucusus area) tries to break free (late ‘90s), Russia crushes revolts violently, Chechans |
| |turn to terrorism |
| |-Yugoslavia (multi-ethnic & multi-religious nation created after WW1) falls apart after death of the dictator Tito, Serbia tries |
| |to dominate other areas, Civil War erupts in Bosnia (‘90s), ethnic cleansing occurs, NATO & UN intervenes, Dayton Accords (’93); |
| |Kosovo (ethnic Albanians) seeks independence from Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic of Serbia tries to crush, UN intervenes, ongoing |
| |issues |
| |-German Unification (’91), no more East & West |
| |-European Union (EU) begins and grows over time, adding former communist nations after end of Cold War; Starts with EEC (tariff |
| |free common market) & develops the Euro (common currency), but not ALL European nations use it |
| |-NATO expands to include former Warsaw Pact nations after fall of USSR |
|Latin America |-Juan Peron reforms Argentina but abuses rights & has mixed results > military takeover |
| |-Military Dictatorships abuse human rights in various nations – Chile, Nicaragua, etc. |
Chapter 18 & 19 Main Ideas: Developing World & Globalization: Std. 10.10
|Third World |-Former colonies of Europeans in Africa, Americas, Asia |
| |-Poor, low literacy, cultural (women’s rights & child labor) & political issues hold back development & economic growth |
| |-Mother Teresa helps poor in India |
| |-OAS formed to help resolve issues in the Americas |
|Population & Health Issues |-China’s One-Child policy to slow down overpopulation, human rights violator |
| |-HIV / AIDS spreads, especially in Africa & other poor areas; Swine Flu, Avian Flu, Malaria & other diseases spread with easy |
| |access to transportation, travel & increased globalization |
| |-Migration for opportunity, to escape conflict (political revolts, drug wars or human rights issues) |
|Environment Issues |-Desertification, de-forestation, global warming, pollution, energy crisis, clean water access are current issues to be resolved; |
| |Movements & government policy to manage the conflicting interests of people’s & nations |
|Economic Issues |-Globalization leads to “outsourcing” of jobs, child labor; Fair Trade movement |
| |-Agri-business changes farming practices and land use, good & bad |
| |-Technology separates world into “haves” & “have nots”; Internet access changes everything so that electricity access is a huge |
| |goal for Third World nations |
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