Unit 14: The World Between the Wars (chap.27); APEH



After Versailles: Demands for Revision and EnforcementParisToward the Great Depression in EuropeWarren HardingnormalcyCasualties from the warGreat DepressionFinancial crisisCrisis in the production No major Western European country…Financial TailspinFranceCollect reparations from GermanyUnited StatesDebts1923DefaultFrench and Belgian occupied the Ruhr miningWeimar RepublicGeneral strikeCost of the Ruhr occupationAmerican investment capitalMay 1931KreditanstaltU.S. President Herbert HooverOne-year moratoriumLausanne ConferenceProblems in Agricultural CommoditiesMarket demandAgricultureGovernment held reserves of raw materials reached record levelsStagnation“Soft” domestic marketsDepression and Government Policy in Britain and France‘Governments’ ModerateLabour PartyGreat BritainKing George VRamsay MacDonaldLabourConservative ministryStanley BaldwinIrish StateDublinSinn FeinDail EireannIrish Republican Army (IRA)Irish Free StateNorthern IrelandUnited Kingdom of Great Britain…Free StateNeutral during WWIIFrench interwar..Popular FrontSocialistsSoviet government in RussiaFascist regime in ItalyNazi dictatorship in GermanyThe Soviet ExperimentBolshevik Revolution in RussiaCommunist Party of the Soviet UnionRevolutionMarxist-Leninist ideologyEpoch-making events…War CommunismLeon TrotskyChekaDictatorship of the proletariatWar CommunismWorkers and peasants“Peace, Bread, and Land”Mutinied at the KronstadtRed ArmyThe New Economic PolicyNew Economic PolicyIndustrial productionThe Third InternationalThe Third International of the European socialist movementCominternTwenty-one ConditionsSeparate communistStalin versus Trotsky1924TrotskyJoseph StalinLeft wingRapid industrializationVoluntary collectivizationPravadaStalinContinuation of Lenin’s NEPRelatively slow industrializationSupport“Socialism in one country”NationalizedExiled to SiberiaThe Decision for Rapid IndustrializationParty CongressRapid industrialization“Industrialization by political mobilization”Departure from NEPEnemiesFive-year plansState Planning CommissionGosplanLarge Factory labor forceResultsCollectivization of AgricultureGrain at prices…Scarcity of consumersFirst, they asserted that the traditional peasant holdings were too small to produce enough grain to meet the country’s needsSecond, they claimed that a class-enemy was responsible for the hoarding and for what they regarded as speculation in the grain tradeKulaksCollectivizationDekulakizationCollectivizationSabotaged CollectivizationStarved to death2 million were forced out of their homes…Prison campsUkraineRussian Orthodox ChurchHarsh treatmentBy 1937, over 90 percent of Soviet grain production…The PurgesThe Great PurgeAssassinationDecember 1, 1934Show trialsPolitburoIncreasing Stalin’s authorityEliminate any opposition“Centrally authorized chaos”“Old Bolsheviks”The Fascist Experiment in ItalyItalyFascistBenito MussoliniFascismThe Rise of MussoliniFasci di CombattimentoMilanDuceBenito MussoliniAvantiIl Popolo d’ItaliaExtreme nationalist writerGabriele D’AnnunzioThe Socialist PartyCatholic Popular PartyLocal squadsChamber of DeputiesBlack ShirtsMarch on RomeKing Victor Emmanuel IIIPrime ministerThe Fascist in PowerDictatorial authorityMussoliniControl of the Chamber of DeputiesRule by DecreeSingle-PartyLateran AccordTemporal RulerCatholicismGerman Democracy and DictatorshipThe Weimar RepublicWeimar RepublicSocial DemocratsVersailles TreatyHighly enlightenedReichstagArticle 48Possibility of presidential dictatorshipKapp PutschIn May 1921 the Allies presented a reparations bill…Invasion of the Ruhr and InflationEconomic woesGerman currency fellFrench invasion of the RuhrWeimar government Unemployment soon spread from the RuhrHitler’s Early CareerAdolf HitlerChristian Socialist PartyGerman nationalism Extreme Anti-SemitismHate MarxismFought in German armyIron CrossNationalist Socialist German Workers PartyNazisBlack SwastikaTwenty-Five PointsSocialistSubordinationStorm TrooperSA (Sturm Abteilung)Captain Ernst RoehmBrown-shirted uniformAgainst the Weimar RepublicGeneral Erich LudendorffUnsuccessful putschConvicted and sentenced to five years in prisonMein KampfFierce racial anti-SemitismOpposition to Bolshevism“living space”Natural targetsThe Stresemann YearsGustav StresemannReconstruction of the republicHjamlar SchactIn 1924 the Weimar Republic and the Allies renegotiated the reparation paymentsDawes PlanField Marshal Paul von HindenburgLocarnoLocarno Agreements of October 1925The spirit of conciliation Austen ChamberlainAristide BriandFrance supported Geramn membershipKellogg-Briand PactRenounce “War as an instrument of national policy”Young PlanGreat Depression of the 1930’sDepression and Political DeadlockHitler Comes to PowerHindenburgFranz von PapenAnother election was called in NovemberCivil WarAdolf Hitler became the Chancellor of GermanyHead of governmentSupport for HitlerHitler’s Consolidation of PowerThe crushing of alternative political groupsPurging of rivals within the Nazi PartyFire to the ReichstagEmergency DecreeEnabling ActNational Socialists1933, all major…President Hindenburg diedFührerAnti-Semitism and the Police StatePolice stateSS (Schutzstaffel)Heinrich HimmlerAttack on Jewish Economic LifeAnti-SemitismRacial LegislationNuremburg LawsKristallnachtKristallnachtThe Final SolutionRacial Ideology and the Lives of WomenGerman womenPreserving racial purity and giving birthRacially fit for it ................
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