Name: ____________________________ Period:



Name: ____________________________ Period: ___

APWH WORKBOOK

Unit Six: 1900 to the present

The 20th and 21st centuries

Due Date: April 13, 2011 Score: ____/30

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This packet will guide you through the sixth unit in AP World History and prepare you for the reading quizzes, vocabulary quizzes, essays, and the unit test on April 14, 2011

You must complete ALL of the pages in the workbook by yourself to get credit; incomplete or incorrect work will result in a zero for the whole packet.

Unit 6 Vocabulary Terms

Vocabulary Quiz #1:

1. Transnational or Multi-national corporation (p. 871)

2. Consumerism (mass consumer society) (p. 825)

3. Command Economy (p. 769)

4. Hyper Inflation (p. 749)

5. Great Depression (p. 772)

6. Fascism (p. 773-774)

7. Five-Year Plans (p. 767)

8. Import-Substitution Industrialization (p. 813)

Vocabulary Quiz #2:

1. Mandate System (p. 752)

2. Partition (p. 806)

3. Suburbanization (p. 761)

4. Decolonization (p. 830)

5. Non-Aligned Nations (p. 839)

6. Cold War (p. 829)

7. Proxy Wars (p. 830)

8. Genocide (pp. 788, 882-883)

Timeline of important events in the 20th Century

Directions: Annotate the following timeline by writing or drawing an important effect of each event

1915 end of Ottoman Empire; creation of secular republic of Turkey

1917 Russian Revolutions: Romanov Dynasty ended, USSR under Lenin

1918-1919 Influenza epidemic; Treaty of Versailles; League of Nations

1929 Global economy falters: debt crises & NY stock market crash

1931 Global economic Depression: Japanese invasion of Manchuria

1935 Italian invasion of Ethiopia

1937 Japanese invasion of China; Non-Aggression Pact

1939 German blitzkrieg in Poland

1941 Pearl Harbor; USA entry into WW2

1945 use of atomic bombs; beginning of Cold War (NATO&Warsaw Pact)

1947 Partition of India and Pakistan

1948 Arab-Israel conflict & creation of Israel as nation-state

1949 Chinese Communist Revolution – PROC & ROC

1950-1953 Korean War; division of Korean peninsula; growth of television broadcast

1954 Vietnamese defeat French at Dien Bien Phu; Guatemala coup

1956 de-Stalinization; nationalization of Suez Canal

1957 Ghana first African country to gain independence

1959 Cuban Communist Revolution; Great Leap Forward in China

1966-1976 Chinese Cultural Revolution

1967 Arab-Israel conflict (“Six-Day War”)

1968 Youth revolutions around the world; Olympics in Mexico

1973 Arab-Israel conflict (“Yom Kippur war”)

1979 Iranian Revolution; USSR invasion of Afghanistan

1987 1st Palestinian Intifada

1989 fall of Berlin Wall

1991 fall of USSR/1st Gulf war

1994 genocide in Rwanda/1st all race elections in S. Africa

Unit 5 test analysis:

|Themes |Take notes to prevent selecting the same wrong answers on the final exam |

|Interaction between humans and the | |

|environment | |

|Development and interaction of | |

|cultures | |

|State-building, expansion, and | |

|conflict | |

|Creation, expansion, and interaction | |

|of economic systems | |

|Development and transformation of | |

|social structures | |

Effects of Global Events of the Twentieth Century

|The World Wars Reduction of European influence leading to |

|decolonization |

|Rise of Fascist dictatorships |

|Increase in rights for women |

|The Cold War Globalization of diplomacy (United Nations) and |

|conflict (nuclear weapons and proxy wars) |

|Bipolar power system and Non-Aligned nations |

|Increase in military dictatorships and other kinds of |

|authoritarian regimes |

|Use of Olympics and space race to “fight” |

|Rise of Japanese economy |

|Expansion in communications technology (internet) |

|End of Cold War New patterns of nationalisms in Eastern Europe and |

|former Soviet Union after 1989 (Chapter 32) |

|Increase in global conflicts: Balkans |

|Rise of the Chinese economy |

|Rise in Indian economy |

Write a generalization about the effects of the global events of the twentieth century:

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Compare the causes and effects of the Mexican and Chinese revolutions:

Directions: First, highlight the similarities and underline the differences, and then write a comparative thesis statement.

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| |Political |Industrialization and |Causes of Revolution |Effects of Revolution |

| |Structure Before |Revolution: | | |

| |and During |Focus on the Role of | | |

| |Revolution |Railroads | | |

|Mexican |Porfirio Diaz, |1876 - 1910, 25,000 miles of |Unequal land ownership (1% owned 85% of |New Mexican constitution listing |

|Revolution |president, 1876 - |railways built |land); north of country much poorer than |civil and economic rights for all |

|(1910 - 1920) |1911 |Lines ran from haciendas |south |Mexicans |

| | |(plantations/commercial |Very small middle class | |

| |Francisco I. |agriculture) and mines to |Most agricultural cash crops for exports; |PRI political party institutionalized |

| |Madero, president,|U.S. border or to ports |peasants forced to buy food from |until 1990s as main political party in |

| | |Railroads also went from |landowner’s store |Mexico; representation of rural |

| |1911 - 1913 San |haciendas and mines to the |Discrimination against Indians |communities, unionized workers, |

| |Luis Potosi |capital |Catholic Church’s ownership of land and |and public employees; term limit for |

| | |Some rural workers |involvement in politics |presidents; land reform; national educational|

| |Victoriano Huerta,|(campesinos) became railway |Enlightenment ideas about political |system; nationalized railroads and oil |

| |president, |workers; communication among |participation | |

| |1913 - 1914 |working class improved |Foreign (British and US) investment in |Loss of political power for |

| | |Pancho Villa, Emiliano Zapata|industrialization including railroads |Catholic Church |

| |Venustiano |(Ayala Plan), and Venustiano |Civil war in Mexico | |

| |Carranza, |Carranza use railroads to |U.S. troops landed at Veracruz to support |2 million people died |

| |president |transport soldiers |Huerta | |

| |1914 - 1920 | |Women dissatisfied with lack of rights; | |

| | | |fought as soldiers with Zapata | |

| |General Obregon, | | | |

| |president | | | |

| |1920 - 1924 | | | |

| |Political |Industrialization and |Causes of Revolution |Effects of Revolution |

| |Structure Before &|Revolution: | | |

| |After Revolution |Focus on the Role of | | |

| | |Railroads | | |

|Chinese |Qing Dynasty, 1644|1896, 250 miles of track |Qing government large debt to foreign |End of dynastic system in 1911 |

|Revolution |- 1911 |built |governments due to indemnities from Opium |Republic established with a weak central |

|(1911 - 1928) |Republic of China,|1911, foreign railroad |Wars, Taiping and Boxer rebellions |government based on Confucian and democratic |

| |1912 - 1925, Sun |investors forced the Manchu |Foreign control over port cities |principles |

| |Yatsen, president,|government to approve a 10 |(Condition in Treaty of Nanjing, 1840) |Continued civil war among warlords (former |

| |but General Yuan |million British pound loan |Government failure to help peasants with |military governors) |

| |Shikai ruled from |for foreign construction of |famines due to flooding |-- Assets of peasants and landowners seized |

| |1912-1915 as |railroads from the interior |Government reform focused on restructuring|Versailles Treaty, 1919: the Japanese gained |

| |military dictator |to port cities |bureaucracy and education system not on |control over former German spheres of |

| |Republic of China,|Chinese investors angry about|land reform |influence in China; May Fourth Movement among|

| |Chiang Kaishek |the expropriation of a |Christian missionaries’ schools |urban youth and their teachers protested |

| |(Jiang Jieshi), |railroad they planned which |threatening power of gentry class |against the weakness of the country and |

| |1925-1949 ruled as|would start in Chengdu and go|Enlightenment ideas about political |desire to implement Enlightenment principles.|

| |authoritarian |to Hangzhou and Canton |participation |Civil war again: |

| |leader of |In Sichuan, Chinese workers, |Foreign investment in industrialization |Nationalists versus Communists fought over |

| |Nationalist Party |shop owners, students (male |including railroads |right for workers to organize unions and |

| | |and female), and secret |Civil war between military governors of |strike; use of foreign investment; |

| | |societies protested about the|provinces |organization of government; 1927 Nationalists|

| | |railroad loan; protestors | |drove Communists into southern provinces and |

| | |shot by local police | |then on the “Long March”; Japanese invasion |

| | |More protests spread to other| |in 1937 led to uneasy truce between |

| | |cities; Qing military under | |Communists and Nationalists. |

| | |General Yuan Shikai defected | | |

| | |to side of protestors | | |

WW1 Outline of Causes, Events, and Results (Chapter 28)

Causes: Alliance System and the Spark

• Triple Entente (England, France, Russia) + Serbia

Central Powers (Austria, Germany, Ottoman/Turkey) +Bosnia

assassination of the archduke by the Serbian terrorist group the Black Hand

Technology of the war

spurred by industrialization; profits to be made by capitalists in weapons, clothing, meat (Argentina)

machine guns led to trench warfare (600 bullets a minute)

chemical industry led to manufacture of deadly gases (mustard)

trench warfare led to use of barbed wire invented to settle American West for cattle ranching

balloons for spying and Zeppelins

high explosive shells for artillery

radios and telephones were the main ways of communication. These were very vital for the troops in trenches. Messenger dogs and pigeons were still used too.

tanks

planes (Red Baron) usually killed themselves when shooting, bullets returned back into the plane

submarines (UBoats)

Colonial Troops

Indians, Caribbean, and Africans on battlefields in France and in East Africa -- German colonies

Chinese sent volunteers to help behind the lines

Canadians, South Africans, Australians, and New Zealanders fought (Gallipoli, ANZAC day) 73,000/110,000 New Zealanders died (10% of their population)

Women

80,000 British women served in noncombat positions

Russian women fought in special battalions

Results

• Allies won

• Germany lost

• Colonial peoples emboldened

I. Review the following political terms – match the word with its definition

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Definitions

A. someone who believes in an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production.

B. someone who believes in the philosophy and social theory based on Karl Marx's materialist interpretation of class struggle in history and his predictions for a future classless, stateless society. Marx was inspired by the Enlightenment ideas about re-ordering society according to scientific precepts and was influenced by the German philosopher, Hegel’s ideas about change resulting from two opposing ideas or situations in conflict.

C. broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community

D. A member of the Russian Communist party, constituted in 1903 by a majority faction of the congress of the Russian Social Democratic party.

E. Owner of the means of production in an industrialized economy

F. Working class for industrialized economies

G. political system in which the monarch has complete authority

II. Events of the Russian Revolutions: Which of the following events do you think is the most important for world history? Why?

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• 1914: Russian government under Czar Nicholas II backed Serbia against Austria-Hungary.

• 1916: Russian dissatisfaction with high casualty rate led to Czar Nicholas II abdicating and the Russian parliament leading a revolution for a new government.

• Spring 1917: The Duma started a parliamentary democracy but stayed in the war and announced delayed new elections until after the war was over.

• Summer 1917: Germans offered Lenin safe passage to Russia

• Fall 1917: Lenin’s Communist group, the Bolsheviks overthrew the Duma, withdrew Russia from the war, and declared the success of a Communist revolution.

|This was Marx’s outline for how societies should progress to get to Communism: |Did Russia fit the Marxist model? |

| | |

|Marx’s Analysis of the Stages of History |Russian History |

|Stage One -- Prehistoric Period – Primitive Communism |Foragers |

|CHANGE; Agricultural Revolution |CHANGE: Transition to Settled Agriculture |

|Stage Two -- Ancient Period – Masters versus Slaves |Agricultural Economy |

|CHANGE: Slaves get angry and overthrow classical empires |CHANGE: Mongol rule |

|Stage Three -- Feudal Period – Lords versus Serfs |Russian Empire under Czars |

|CHANGE: Serfs get angry and overthrow feudalism | |

| |CHANGE: Czar Alexander II ended serfdom |

|Stage Four -- Capitalist Period/Fully Industrialized (most people earn wages) –|Limited industrialization with conditions improving for |

|Bourgeoisie in conflict with Proletariat |workers; most people were peasants and exports mostly |

| |agricultural goods |

|CHANGE: The Proletariat revolt violently against Worsening Conditions (Wages, | |

|Abuse, Conditions) and spontaneously overthrow the Bourgeoisie to take over |CHANGE: Russia entered World War I. The leaders of the |

|their factories and for a short while, the government. |Russian parliament, the Duma, overthrew Czar Nicholas II in |

|Marx predicted the factory workers in Great Britain would revolt first, but |Spring 1917 because Russians were suffering huge casualties |

|their conditions and wages improved in the 19th century. |in the war. |

|Dictatorship of the Proletariat – Workers in charge of the means of production |Germans offered safe passage to Russia to Lenin |

|through a temporary government. |CHANGE: Lenin and his group of trained revolutionaries |

| |overthrew the Duma in October 1917 and forced a Communist |

| |(Bolshevik) revolution to occur. |

| |Lenin established a Command Economy and Totalitarian State. |

III. Was the Russian Revolution of October 1917 a Marxist Revolution? Why or Why not?

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IV. What made the second Russian Revolution a Bolshevik revolution?

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Changes and Continuities in Communism in Russia up to 1954

Summary of Marx’s Beliefs

• The COMMUNIST REVOLUTION would happen in a fully industrialized, capitalist country, most likely Great Britain.

• The proletariat workers would revolt SPONTANEOUSLY to destroy the horrible and deteriorating conditions in the factories and their low wages, and seize the means of production.

• The leaders of the proletariat would establish a “dictatorship of the proletariat,” (socialist state), in which the government controls the means of production

• Eventually, the socialist state would disappear, and COMMUNISM would emerge where there is only one class, the proletariat. Since there would be only one class, there would not be any class struggle and all of the proletariat would get what they need and would give what they could to the rest of society.

Explain how each of the following pieces of evidence represents a change or continuity in Communism, as a political ideology and as a political system.

1. Lenin believed that, even though Russia was not industrialized, he could train a small group of dedicated revolutionaries to FORCE a successful communist revolution that would then “spark” communist revolutions in other countries.

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2. Lenin’s revolution was led by a small group of educated elites, and relied on workers and soldiers to support the BOLSHEVIK leaders in their revolution against the provisional Russian government led by the Duma.

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3. In 1921, Lenin’s New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed farmers to own small plots of land and sell their surplus crops.

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4. After Lenin died, Stalin seized power, ended the NEP, and FORCED peasants to live on collective farms (collectives).

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5. Stalin’s command economy, in which the government owned all factories, farms, and other “means of production,” made all economic decisions for workers and factory managers.

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6. Stalin’s Five-Year Plans FORCED rapid industrialization in the USSR through development of industrial and agricultural production to “catch up” with the West.

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Directions: Write a thesis statement about the changes and continuities in communism from Marx to Stalin. (Were there more changes or more continuity? Why?)

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Mastery Objective:  Compare divergent ideas about world peace after WW1.

8 January, 1918: President Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points:

“What we demand in this war, therefore, is nothing peculiar to ourselves. It is that the world be made fit and safe to live in; and particularly that it be made safe for every peace-loving nation which, like our own, wishes to live its own life, determine its own institutions, be assured of justice and fair dealing by the other peoples of the world as against force and selfish aggression. All the peoples of the world are in effect partners in this interest, and for our

own part we see very clearly that unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us.

V. A free, open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable claims of the government whose title is to be determined.”

June 1919: Article 22 of the Treaty of Versailles

“To those colonies and territories which as a consequence of the late war have ceased to be under the sovereignty of the States which formerly governed them and which are inhabited by peoples not yet able to stand by themselves under the strenuous conditions of the modern world, there should be applied the principle that the well-being and development of such peoples form a sacred trust of civilisation and that securities for the performance of this trust should be embodied in this Covenant. The best method of giving practical effect to this principle is that the tutelage of such peoples should be entrusted to advanced nations who by reason of their resources, their experience or their geographical position can best undertake this responsibility, and who are willing to accept it, and that this tutelage should be exercised by them as Mandatories on behalf of the League.”

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Socratic Seminar on the 1920s – Chapter 28

Directions: Select one of the following choices and be prepared to explain why you would prefer to be that type of person (gender, economic class, ethnic background, marital status).

Who Would You Prefer to Be in the 1920s? Why? What age is this person?

• English Male department store manager in Liverpool, England

• Married Woman of Italian Heritage who’s a Meat Packing Factory Worker in Buenos Aires, Argentina

• Married Male of Polish Heritage who’s a Meat Packing Factory Worker in Chicago

• Single Japanese Woman Worker in Textile Factory in Tokyo

• Single Jewish-German Woman Worker in Textile Factory in Berlin

• White Male of Spanish Heritage Supervisor in Textile Factory that mostly employed single French women in Marseilles

• Male Clerk of Chinese Heritage in Cuban Import/Export Company

• Male Owner of Russian Heritage in Mexican Import/Export Company

• U.S. Male Investor of Scottish Heritage in Swift Meat Packing Factories in Brazil

• Housewife of French Heritage in Paris

• Housewife of Dutch Heritage in Cape Town, South Africa

• African-American soldier returned from WW1 to St. Louis

• Male Kikuyu Worker on a Kenyan tea plantation owned by a wealthy English woman

• African-American male writer in Paris

Now pick a leisure activity for the person you selected from the list above.

Amateur Football (soccer) Game

Tango Dance Club

Samba Dance Club

Silent Films

Jazz Music Club

Bicycle Race

Shopping at Department Stores

Polo Match

Rugby Match

Horse Races

College Baseball Game

Amusement Park

Boxing Match

Some questions for the seminar: (If you’re absent the day of the seminar, turn in your answers to these questions)

1. How did gender distinction in leisure continue to reinforce the 19th century Victorian “separate spheres” in the 1920s?

2. If you do not like any of the choices in the first list above, what other possibilities were there for the time period?

3. How did gender, economic status, ethnic background, and age affect your choices?

CAUSE #1 of Depression: _________________________________________________

CAUSE #2 of Depression: __________________________________________________

CAUSE #3 of Depression: __________________________________________________

When and Why Did Fascism Begin?

A world economic depression began in the 1920s and drastically increasing unemployment in the 1930s. The fractured world economy intensified political instability and ideological extremism. Demagogues used these times of economic distress to preach a variety of solutions that were generally anti-democratic. Single party totalitarian states emerged in Italy, Spain, Portugal, the USSR, Germany, Brazil, Argentina, China, and Japan.

The ideology of fascism originated in Italy to glorify the leaders and expand its size. In Germany, Nazism also featured the racist philosophy of Aryan supremacy and the subjugation of those not “Aryan”. Fascist governments in Spain, Portugal, China, and Brazil used the threat of local Communist parties to gain support from their people.  The military government in Japan justified its expansionist policies on the needs for industrialization. Fascists claimed they were creating a better type of “modern” person who would retain traditional values, including gender roles, and still build a strong industrialized economy.

 

Outline of General Characteristics of Fascism

I.  Personal Dictatorship

A.  One individual is identified as the true leader of the nation, even though there may be an oligarchy or military command structure.

B.  The dictatorship has a religious quality with actions by the leaders said to be holy or extraordinary in some way.

 

II. Intense Nationalism

A.  The citizens must show patriotism for their country, which is a relatively new, modern nation-state.

B.  The policies of the government are militant, aggressive, and intolerant of differences or public debate.

   

III.  Forcible Suppression of Dissent

A.  censorship of the press and exclusion of foreign journalists

C.  increasing propaganda about how wonderful life is under the dictator

D.  secret police and severe treatment of political prisoners

E.  book burning

F.  government surveillance of citizens’ activities, including religion, culture, family  

 

Answer these Questions:

1. In what ways is fascism a “modern” type of political structure?

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2. Why are there different kinds of fascism in the 20th century? (e.g. not all were expansionist)

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3. What were people’s attitudes toward fascism?

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Alliance Systems in World War 2

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Write a thesis statement comparing the type of countries allied with the Axis and those with the Allies.

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Directions:

1. Identify the regions where events occurred: Europe, Asia, Africa, Latin America, Middle East

2. Put a star (*) next to events that raised tensions between the USA and USSR.

3. Put a pound sign (#) next to events that lowered tensions between the USA and USSR.

Timeline of the Cold War

1917: Allies supported the anti-Bolshevik side in the civil war

1945: February 4-11-- Yalta Conference (idea of U.N., divisions of postwar Europe, war with Japan, letting Chinese decide on type of government after the war)

1945: August 6 -- United States was the first to use an atomic bomb in war

1945: August 8 -- Russia enters war against Japan

1945: August 14 -- Japanese surrender

1946: March -- Winston Churchill’s speech in USA about Soviet domination of Eastern Europe being like an "Iron Curtain"; Truman Containment of Communist governments Doctrine

1947: March – USA and British work to prevent Communist Party victory in Greek elections

1947: June -- Marshall Plan helps Western European countries’ economies; CIA ousts democratically elected socialist Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq and installs the Shah as a monarch.

1948: February -- Communist governments established in Eastern Europe: Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Baltic States, Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania; apartheid in South Africa intensified

1949: July -- NATO ratified

1949: September – Communist government established in China

1949: September -- Soviets explode first atomic bomb

1950: June – 1953 July – Conflict in Korea ends with split of Korea at 38th parallel; Communist government in North Korea and military government in South Korea

1953: March – Stalin dies, NKVD Chief Beria executed; power struggle in USSR

1954: March -- KGB established

1954 -- CIA helps overthrow democratically elected socialist government in Guatemala

1954: July -- Vietnam split at 17th parallel; Communist government in North Vietnam

1955: May -- Warsaw Pact formed

1956: October - November – Soviets put down rebellions in Communist Hungary and Poland; New premier, Khrushchev, denounced Stalinist actions like purges, but continued to build Soviet military, demanded complete obedience from Soviet and Soviet-satellites populations, and promoted socialist revolutions in other parts of the world.  On the other hand, Khrushchev endorsed "peaceful coexistence" with the United States.

1957: October 4 – Russian spaceship, Sputnik, launched into orbit

1958: November -- Khrushchev demands withdrawal of NATO troops from Berlin

1959: January -- Cuba taken over by revolutionary Fidel Castro

1959: September -- Khrushchev visits United States; denied access to Disneyland

1960: May -- USA spy plane shot down over Soviet territory; Sino-Soviet split; democratically elected Prime Minister Patrice Lumumba of the Congo overthrown by military coup backed by Belgium and USA

1961: April – USA President Kennedy attempted invasion of Cuba-Bay of Pigs incident; USA places long-range missiles in Turkey pointed toward the USSR

1961: August 17 -- Construction of Berlin Wall begins separating eastern and western Germany

1962: -- USA involvement in Vietnam increased

1962: October -- Cuban Missile Crisis

1963: July -- Nuclear Test Ban Treaty ratified

1964: August -- Gulf of Tonkin incident leads to increased American troops in Vietnam

1965: April -- U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism

1965: July -- Announcement of dispatching of 150,000 U.S. troops to Vietnam

1967: June – War between Israel and Jordan, Syria, Egypt (with Iraqi and Saudi aid)

1968: January -- North Korea captured U.S.S. naval ship, Pueblo

1968: August -- Soviet troops crush Czechoslovakian revolt

1969: July 20 – USA spaceship Apollo 11 lands on the moon

1970: April -- President Nixon extends Vietnam War to Cambodia; USSR supports militaries in Iraq, Syria, and Egypt

1972: July -- SALT I (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) signed; Jamaican Prime Minister Michael Manley visits Cuba; USA President Nixon visits China

1973: January -- Cease fire in Vietnam between North Vietnam and United States

1973: September -- United States helps overthrow democratically elected socialist leader, Allende, in Chile

1973: October -- Egypt and Syria attack Israel; Egypt requests more Soviet aid

1975: April 17 – USA and allies withdraw troops from Vietnam; North Vietnam defeats South Vietnam; Castro sends Cuban troops to support Communists in Angola, etc.

1979: July -- SALT II signed

1979: November -- Shah of Iran overthrown; Iranian Hostage Crisis; Soviet troops sent to Afghanistan

1980: Solidarity Movement begins in Poland as a labor strike but expands to demands for political rights; US trains mujahideen in Afghanistan to fight against Soviet military; Beginning of eight-year war between Iraq and Iran; USA boycotts Olympics in USSR to protest Soviet invasion of Afghanistan

1982: USSR, USA, France, and Gulf States aid Iraqi military in war against Iran

1983: -- USA President Reagan proposes Strategic Defense Initiative

1983: October -- U.S. troops overthrow Soviet-friendly democratically elected regime in Grenada; support anti-Communist governments in El Salvador and Honduras

1985: -- Iran-Contra Affair (arms sold to Iran for its war against Iraq, profits used to support contras [anti-Communist insurgents] in Nicaragua)

1985: -- Mikhail Gorbachev ascends to power in Soviet Union

1986: -- Gorbachev ends economic aid to Soviet satellites

1986: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev resolve to remove all intermediate nuclear missiles from Europe

1986: November -- Iran-Contra Affair revealed to public

1987: October -- Reagan and Gorbachev agree to remove all medium and short-range nuclear missiles by signing treaty

1989: January -- Soviet troops withdraw from Afghanistan

1989: June -- China puts down protests for democracy [Tiananmen]; Poland becomes independent

1989: September – Communist leaders in Hungary lose power

1989: November -- Berlin Wall falls

1989: December -- Communist governments fall in Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, and Rumania; Soviet empire ends

1990: March -- Lithuania and other Baltic states become independent of the USSR; Czech Republic and Slovakia formed as independent states

1990: May 29 -- Boris Yeltsin elected to presidency of Russia; elections in Nicaragua; ban on ANC in South Africa lifted and ANC leaders including Nelson Mandela released from prison – apartheid ended

1990: October 3 -- Germany reunited

1991: April -- Warsaw Pact ends

1991: August -- End of Soviet Union; Cold War Ends

1994: Nelson Mandela elected as first black president of South Africa

 

Respond to the following question: “Analyze the effects of Cold War events on raising or lowering tensions between the governments of the USA and USSR during the Cold War.”

Thesis Statement:

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THE PURPOSE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

The United Nations began in _______ as a strong association of free nations to maintain peace by providing a forum where disputes between nations could be discussed.  The U.N. was founded by fifty-one (51) nations. (In 2007, there are ____ member countries of the U.N.) During the Cold War between the _._._ and the _____ _____ the U.N. became an ideological ________________ for them.

HISTORY OF THE U.N. IDEA

U.S. President Franklin Roosevelt and his wife, Eleanor, pushed the idea of the U.N. throughout the last years of WW2.  In 1941, President Roosevelt stated the American goal of four freedoms for everyone in the world:

        Freedom of _______

        Freedom of _______

        Freedom from _________

        Freedom from _________

Then, several meetings led to the creation of the U.N.

The Atlantic Charter (_____).  President Roosevelt and British Prime Minister Churchill met on board a ship in the Atlantic and reiterated President Wilson's Fourteen Points:    a) no territorial gain, b) respect the right of all peoples to ________________________________________, c) hope that all men live in freedom from fear and want, d) urge all nations to abandon the use of ________ and e) seek to establish a 'system of general security'

Dumbarton Oaks Conference (1944).  ____, __________, _______, and China drew up U.N. Charter proposals.

Yalta Conference (February _____).  Roosevelt, Churchill, and Stalin decided procedures for voting in the Security Council and urged all nations to send representatives to the San Francisco meeting.

San Francisco Conference (April-June ______).  U.N. Charter created by representatives from fifty-one (51)  nations.  U.N. headquarters set up in ____________ ___________.

STRUCTURE OF THE UNITED NATIONS

I.  General Assembly:  Each member nation gets _____ vote at the annual meeting which lasts for about three months.  Any nation can introduce resolutions on topics of _________ to that nation.  A resolution needs _________ of the majority of nations to pass.  The General Assembly can be called into special session, which might happen if the Security Council fails to act on a world conflict because of a veto.  The General Assembly can recommend, by a _______ vote, that U.N. members take collective action, including the use of armed force. The U.N. does _____ have its own military force.  The U.N. military forces are contributed by _______   ________on a case by case basis.

II. Security Council:  The five permanent members are ____, _______, ________, _______, _______ and ten other seats are rotated to maintain equity among geographical regions.  The purpose of the Security Council is to maintain international ______ and _______.  It may (a) investigate disputes that could endanger world peace, (b) make recommendations for peaceful settlement of ongoing conflicts, and (c) if necessary, call upon U.N. member nations to take economic or _________ action against an aggressor nation.  The Security Council functions continuously.  Decisions by the Security Council on important matters require the affirmative vote of ______ members, including the five permanent members.  Thus, by a negative vote, any one of the Big Five can defeat a __________ ___________ decision, that is, exercise its veto power.  Abstention from voting by a permanent member is not considered a veto.

III.  Secretariat:  Secretary-General and his staff as well as the International Court of Justice (which consists of 15 judges who decide cases by majority vote; nations submitting disputes to the Court agree in advance to accept its decisions).

IV. Trusteeship Council:  originally set up to handle transition to independence for colonies

V.  Economic and Social Council:  is charged with improving economic, social, cultural, educational and health conditions in the world through UNICEF, the High Commissioner for Refugees, the U.N. Development Program, and the Commission on Human Rights.

VI.  Specialized Agencies:  UNESCO, ILO, FAO, WHO, IMF, ________ ____, etc.

POLITICS IN THE U.N.: COLD WAR ERA

Although the goal of the nations who created the U.N. was to reduce ________ between nations, the Cold War actually _________ them.  Because every nation got ____ vote in the General Assembly, and resolutions had to be passed with a ___- _____ majority, the United States and the Soviet Union tried to get nations to vote for American or Soviet resolutions. 

After the mass of former colonies became independent, however, they learned they could have a larger voice in the U.N. if they voted as ___ _______.  They named themselves the ____________________ ______________, because they did not want to follow the United States or the Soviet Union; they wanted to act as ____________ ____________ in the world.  The major leaders of the Nonaligned Movement were India's Jawaharlal Nehru, Yugoslavia's Tito, and Egypt's Gamal Abdal Nasser. 

Some liberal French journalists began referring to these nonaligned countries as the 'le tiers monde' to show that the former colonies rejected both the first world of uncaring and greedy capitalism and the second world of totalitarian socialism.  In the forum of the U.N. General Assembly, ________ - _________ nations' introduced resolutions against colonialism and imperialism.  The U.S. usually __________ or voted __________ the resolutions not wishing to offend western European nations like Portugal who still had colonies.  The U.S. itself came under attack for interfering in other countries political affairs for the benefit of U.S.-based multi-national corporations.

Summarize the main goals of the U.N.

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Summarize the role of the U.N. for member nations

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Summarize the main obstacles that keep the U.N. from solving world problems:

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Independence in the Eastern Hemisphere

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Write a generalization about when countries gained their independence in the 20th century.

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Legacies of Colonialism/Imperialism (Chapters 31 & 32)

| |patterns of economic development: identify national languages, types of educational system, and the level of |

| |industrialization by 1970 |

|Africa: focus on at | |

|least two countries | |

|Asia: focus on at | |

|least two countries | |

| |Be sure to include the development of industrialized countries around the Pacific Rim (e.g. Taiwan & Korea) |

|Middle East: focus on | |

|at least two countries| |

Compare Patterns of decolonization (chapter 31)

|Directions: |Identify at least two specific methods used in |Identify at least one Political, social, and economic result |

|write |independence struggles |after independence in each of these countries |

|dates of | | |

|independence | | |

|under the | | |

|country | | |

|name | | |

|India | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Ghana | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Kenya | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Algeria | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Vietnam | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Senegal | | |

| | | |

| | | |

History of the Middle East—use the word banks to fill in the blanks and make sure you understand the concepts behind the words in the word bank

8,000 BCE to 600 CE: Middle East

• Earliest evidence of domesticated ____________ and ____________

• Earliest evidence of sedentary villages: __________ and _______ ________

• Early Civilizations: __________________ and ancient ____________

• Start of two monotheistic religions: _________ and _____________.

• ____________ Empires, ____________ Empire and then its successor in the east, the ______________ Empire

• Destruction of __________ Temples; Diaspora of _______ throughout the __________ Empire.

Word Bank: plants and animals Roman Byzantine Persian Jewish Jews Mesopotamia Egypt Jericho and Catal Huyuk Judaism Christianity

600 – 1450: Middle East

• Beginning of another monotheistic religion: ________________

• Creation of Muslim Empires from Arabian states and parts of __________ and __________ Empires: Abbasid, Fatimid, Islamic Spain

• Crusades: Roman Catholics controlled the ____ ______ for about a hundred years.

• Destruction of Abbasid Empire by the _____________ from Central Asia, though the __________ kept this invading group from taking over _____________.

Word Bank: Mamluk Byzantine Persian Holy Land Mongols Islam Egypt

1450 – 1750: Middle East

• Creation of the __________Empire from Byzantine and former Abbasid empires.

• ____________ Muslim rule and _______ policies toward other religious groups.

• Growing British and French Economic and Military Pressures on _______Empire

Word Bank: tolerant Ottoman

1750 – 1914: Middle East

• By the end of the 19th century the _______ indirectly controlled ___________

• WW1: Ottomans sided with the _________ Powers; British military recruited help from the ________ and _______ in __________ to fight against the Ottomans.

Word Bank: Palestine British Central Arabs Jews Egypt

1914 – 1947: Middle East

• League of _______ Mandates divided __________ Empire into Turkey and French and British-dominated territories

• After WW1, nationalism caused by _____________ 14 Points led to more demands for _____________________ by ________ nations (Egypt, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon) and by _________ (Zionism)

• 1954, USA CIA overthrew __________ Prime Minister Muhammad Mosedeq to stop nationalization of the _____ industry there; Shah reinstated _____________.

• UN _____________ in 19___ based on British recommendations for separate Jewish and ________ nation-states

Word Bank: Nations Iranian Ottoman Central Powers Wilson’s Jews Arab Partition 1947 self-determination oil monarchy

1948 – present: Arab-Israeli Conflicts and Agreements

• 1948: United Nations voted: 33 to 10 with 13 abstaining to recognize_____________ as a nation-state.

• 1948: First war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing financial and military support.

• 1952: Major Gamal Nasser overthrew King Faruk and ended British domination of ___________.

• 1956: Suez Crisis – Egypt versus Great Britain, ________, and Israel.

• 1958: General Qasim overthrew monarchy created by the British in _______, and then quit the anti-Communist Baghdad Pact.

• 1967: Second war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing financial and military support.

• 1970: With Syrian help, the Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) attempted coup d’etat against King Hussein of __________. PLO moved to ____________when the coup d’etat failed.

• 1971: Creation of OPEC, Organization of Petroleum __________ Countries.

• 1973: Third war between _______ and ______, ______, _______, with ______ and ______ _______ providing financial and military support; OPEC boycott against US.

• 1976: Egypt and Israel signed a __________ agreement. Egypt recognized Israel’s right to _______. Israel returned the ______ desert to Egypt.

• 1981: Egyptian President Sadat assassinated by _______________ in Egypt.

• 1982: PLO forced to leave _________ for Tunisia.

• 1987: First intifada, “_______ _____” in Arabic, goal was to end _________ occupation of _____ ______ and _____ ______.

• 1993: Oslo Accords -- -- interim period of Palestinian self-______; assassination of Israeli Prime Minister Yitzak Rabin by _______________ Israelis.

• 2000: Second intifada.

Word Bank: exporting peace France Israel Gaza Egypt Syria Trans-Jordan West Bank Iraq Saudi Arabia Lebanon Sinai “shaking off” exist anti-Israel groups anti-Arab rule

Iraq-Iran Conflicts

• 1979: Saddam Hussein selected by previous leader to be president of _______.

• 1979: Shah overthrown; Iranian leader Ayatollah Khomeni ordered the execution of many officers of the Iranian Imperial Army. 53 ________ hostages held for 444 days.

• 1980: Iraq under President Saddam _______ attacked Iranian airfields and launched ground assault: _______ launched air attacks on Iraq.

• 1981: Israel destroyed _________ installation near Baghdad in ________.

• 1982: Kurds in Iraq, supported by __________, sabotaged Iraqi military.

• 1982: Iran pushed _______ out of Iranian territory; ___________ helped Iraq.

• 1983: Iran began human wave ________ on mined fields. Iraq accepted delivery of _________ jets with Exocet _________.

• 1984: ______ used chemical __________ against Iranian troops. Tanker war against many ___ tankers in the Persian _____ cut Iranian oil exports in half.

• 1986: Iran-Contra affair revealed that President Reagan approved the secret sale of weapons to ________ to finance supply of weapons and training to paramilitary groups in Central America fighting against Communist ______________.

• 1988: After Iran agreed to truce, _______ mounted last ground offensive. One million men killed, and 1.7 million wounded. It was the ________ war in the 20th c.

Word Bank: missiles Iran Iraq Hussein longest USSR nuclear attacks French weapons oil Gulf Nicaragua

Persian Gulf War

• 1991, Iraqi President Saddam Hussein sent his military to invade _________ and launched Scud missiles against _____ and ___________; _____-sponsored coalition coordinated effort to force Iraq out of ___________

Word Bank: UN Israel Saudi Arabia Kuwait

KEY EVENTS FOR THE END OF THE COLD WAR (Chapter 32)

Directions: Annotate the timeline by identifying the POV[1] that the leaders of the governments of the USA and the USSR had on the following events.

Poland:  Solidarity Movement, 1980

July 1980, the Polish government was once again forced to raise food prices, and by mid-August more than 100,000 workers were on strike. The Gdansk shipyards were once again at the heart of the protest. On August 14, 1980, the workers successfully seized control of the yard and demanded the reinstatement of Lech Walesa, who had scaled the shipyard fence to join the workers inside. Quickly named their leader, Walesa knew that the best hope of success was to get other types of workers to join the shipyard workers in protest. Walesa chaired the Interfactory Strike Committee, which linked the shipyard workers with workers in 20 other striking factories in the Gdansk-Sopot-Gdynia area, and the committee issued a series of bold political demands.  By 1989, free elections were held in Poland and the Communist Party lost power.

Source:

News Reports in China, 1980

Newspapers in English and other foreign languages contained stories about the Polish Solidarity Movement, but the official Chinese press did not publicize the events.

World Nuclear Disarmament Movement, 1950s – 1980s

Public protests by civilians and petitions led by scientists and cultural figures pressured US President Reagan and Soviet premier Gorbachev to reconsider the former policies of “peace through strength.”

Glasnost and Perestroika in the USSR, 1985 -1991

Gorbachev finally rose to the top party spot in March 1985. Almost from the start, he strove for significant reforms, so that the system would work more efficiently and more democratically. Hence the two key phrases of the Gorbachev era: "glasnost" (openness) and "perestroika" (reform). Hoping to shift resources to the civilian sector of the Soviet economy, Gorbachev also began to argue in favor of an end to the arms race with the West. In 1989, he made a speech to the UN saying, "By agreement with our allies in the Warsaw Pact, we have made the decision to withdraw six tank divisions from the GDR, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary, and to disband them by 1991."  He also agreed that multi-party democracies could form in Eastern European countries that deserved "self determination."  By December 1991, Boris Yeltsin, parliamentary leader of the Russian Republic and then elected president, made Gorbachev and the USSR irrelevant.

Berlin Wall: 1989 torn down by East and West Berliners.

East Germany, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Baltic states, Rumania, Bulgaria, Ukraine, Armenia, states in Central Asia, etc.:  As borders opened, mass migrations began to the nearest nation that was quickly overthrowing their Communist Party dictatorships.  Some changes in political structures happened peacefully, e.g. the Velvet Revolution in Czechoslovakia that led to the creation of two nations: the Czech Republic and Slovakia.  Other political changes happened violently, e.g. the bloody overthrow of Romania's Nicolae Ceausescu.  The physical environment in much of Eastern Europe was ruined by unchecked chemical pollution of the air and water, so people migrating were escaping totalitarian governments, stagnant economies, and polluted environments.

Tiananmen Square and the Democracy Movement in China

In April 5, 1989, students organized a meeting in Tiananmen Square, the main

public space in Beijing. Part of the meeting was to memorialize Hu Yaobang, a

government official who had shown sympathy for the student movement. The

students called for freedom of the press and other political reforms. Some students created models of the Statue of Liberty while others defied the army, including one unarmed student who stood in front of a tank by himself. After a month of student-occupation of the square, the government sent troops to disperse the students who refused to move. Local citizens helped the students resist martial law. On June 3, 1989, Deng Xiaoping ordered troops to clear the square, and hundreds of protestors were killed. Leaders of the movement were sent to labor camps.

Nicaragua

In 1990, Daniel Ortega, Communist president of Nicaragua, decided to hold free elections within Nicaragua. This controversial decision occurred for several reasons.  First, the collapse of the Soviet Union had left Nicaragua seemingly without allies. International pressure was mounting, and many countries were imposing heavy economic sanctions on Nicaragua. Second, the contra war, going on for more than a decade, was getting unbearable to Nicaraguans, who wanted nothing but peace, and a chance to succeed in global markets. For these reasons Ortega gave the presidency up to elections—a noble act that put him in front of the race for president. He lost though, by a small margin, to Violeta Barrios de Chamorro, previously of the junta, who had split off and formed the political party National Union of Opposition (UNO). Chamorro became president, and was immediately faced with an endless amount of conflicts to resolve.

Cuban President Fidel Castro, 1999:

"The United States won the Cold War. Of course, it was very well assisted by the Soviet Union. [....] I trust that solidarity will prevail over xenophobia and racism, that generosity will prevail over selfishness." 

Source:

Directions: Write a Thesis Statement on the events that led to the end of the Cold War:

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Directions: Underline each event mentioned in the film and put a check in the margin if Nelson Mandela had a direct role in the event.

Timeline for South Africa

1815 – Congress of Vienna -- British government gained territory in southern Africa from Dutch.

1885 – Berlin Conference (Europeans divided up Africa for direct colonization.)

1912 – Founding of African National Congress (ANC), a non-violent civil rights organization that worked to promote the interests of black Africans

1914 – Soldiers from African colonies served in European armies during WW1.

1935 – Italian Fascist leader Benito Mussolini invaded Ethiopia. Haile Selassie, Emperor of Ethiopia, appealed to the League of Nations but got no help.

1939 -- Soldiers from African colonies served in European armies during WW2.

1944 – Nelson Mandela, Walter Sisulu, Oliver Tambo founded the ANC Youth League.

1948 – Nationalist Party came to power in South Africa and installed more stringent segregation, calling it apartheid.

1955 – ANC published its Freedom Charter demanding that the South African end apartheid and represent all of the people living in the country.

1957 – Independence of the British colony of Ghana

1960s – 1990s – Independence of over 50 other African nations.

1960 – Treason Trial by South African government sent Nelson Mandela and other leaders of the ANC to jail for life.

1973:  Labor unions dominated by Black South Africans launch strikes in Natal and gain popularity and leadership.

1976 – Soweto massacre of school children protesting the compulsory language requirement of Afrikaans, the white language of Dutch descendants in South Africa

1977:  Steve Biko, leader of the Black Consciousness Movement, was arrested and brutally murdered by South African police.  Militant Black South Africans had the slogan "no education without liberation," and refused to participate in the segregated, inferior "Bantu" education system, and often prevented others from going to school.

1980s – Economic and social boycott by wealthy nations like the USA of the white South African government (e.g. the white South African athletes weren’t allowed to participate in the Olympics or other international sports competitions.)

1983:  Indians and "Coloreds" given representation in separate parliaments; Black South Africans opposed tokenism.

1986:  Pres. Botha declared state of emergency; over 30,000 people detained.

1989:  P.W. Botha resigned.  de Klerk became president.

1990:  de Klerk lifted the ban on the ANC and released Nelson Mandela and other ANC leaders from prison; apartheid laws repealed; negotiations led to one person, one vote.  Violence escalated between the ANC and Inkatha, a Zulu political organization.

1993:  an interim constitution anticipated national elections.

1994 – Mandela elected president in first all-race elections.

Internationalization of popular culture and reactions to global pop culture (Chapter 33)

| |Directions: Jot down a few notes about each of these developments in global and regional cultures |

|Interactions between elite |Summarize the main ideas of Artistic Modernism (Dada) – Europe, North America, East Asia |

|and popular culture and art|[pic] |

| |[pic] |

| |Research to find the geographic origin of one of these types of music in the 20th century: Jazz, |

| |Salsa, Reggae, Hip Hop; and then explain how technology helped that music to spread to other specific |

| |countries or regions |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

|Global cultural forces, |Give some examples of American fast food, video games, television shows, and/or films that spread to |

|influence of multinational |other countries (name of American product and then where and how it spread) |

|corporations on |[pic] |

|the spread of popular |[pic] |

|culture, and patterns of |[pic] |

|resistance | |

| |Give some examples of fundamentalist religious rejection of American consumer culture (Christian, |

| |Muslim or Hindu) |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

| |[pic] |

Write a thesis statement about the varying reactions to the spread of a global culture

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Compare the effects of 20th Century Political Revolutions on Women

|Revolutionary ideology |Briefly list some ways that women’s lives at home and work were affected by the following types of|

| |governments |

|Marxism/Communism in the Soviet Union of | |

|Socialist Republics (Russia) pp. 769-771 | |

| | |

| | |

|Neo-Liberalism in Latin America | |

|pp. 854 - 855 | |

| | |

| | |

|Theocracy in the Islamic Republic of Iran| |

|p. 852 - 853 | |

| | |

| | |

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Explain why industrialized countries’ populations leveled off, but less industrialized countries’ populations continued to increase, especially after 1950. (Chapter 32, pp. 862 – 867)

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Review Sheet for Unit 6 Test: 1914 -- present

Directions: Write a few notes about each of these topics

Technology and Demographic Changes

List Environmental stresses caused by production of war materials during World War 2

Effects of the influenza epidemic of 1918-1919

Identify new technologies developed for World Wars

Causes of population increases during the 20th century

Causes and effects of migration to large cities, especially in countries with lower rates of industrialization

Effects of computers and automobiles

Effects of video, cassette tapes, faxes, Internet

Cultural and Intellectual Changes and Continuities

Effects of the spread of American popular culture

Cause of the industrialization jumps in Pacific Rim states

Effects of Dependency Theory

Changes in Political Structures and Attitudes Toward Governments:

De-colonization: Violent and nonviolent techniques used to gain independence

Effects of Women’s participation in revolutionary and independence movements

Effects of Gandhi

List African attitudes toward European colonial governments

Cause of the 1948 war in the former British colony of Palestine

Effects of 1967 Arab-Israeli War

Type of new governments in India and Pakistan/Partition

Similarities of colonies under French control

List Major problem created by European colonizers in Africa

Who was Jomo Kenyatta?

Differences between Ghanian and Algerian struggles

Effects of Attitude of racial superiority embedded in Apartheid system in South Africa

Cold War

Effects of Winston Churchill’s Iron Curtain speech

Effect of the Cold War on Africa

Causes and Effects of Suez Crisis

Effects of U.S. intervention in Latin America

Causes and Effects of Fidel Castro

Compare overthrow of Iranian Prime Minister Mossadeq and the Chilean President Allende

Causes and Effects of Nonaligned Movement

Differences between Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeni

Causes and Effects of Proxy combatants

Causes and Effects of rising Japanese economy

Causes and Effects of Great Leap Forward

Causes and Effects of Chinese Cultural Revolution

Causes and Effects of Soviet involvement in Afghanistan and the U.S.A. involvement in Vietnam

Causes and Effects of Meiji economic strategy, Stalin’s Five-Year Plan

Conditions in Third World nations

Causes and Effects of NATO and WARSAW PACT

End of Cold War

Causes and Effects of Polish Solidarity

Causes and Effects of Balkan Wars

World Wars

Role of the Black Hand

Effects of Wilson’s Fourteen Points

Effects of Autarky

Causes and Effects of Fascism

Effects of Colonial soldiers in the wars

Causes and Effects of The Long March of the Chinese Communists

Social and Gender Changes

Women in the Soviet Union

Where and when do women receive the right to vote?

Middle class expanded in industrialized countries and in large urban areas in less industrialized countries

Cause of Anti-immigrant feelings

-----------------------

[1] POV = Point of View, what is the opinion about the topic and what is the cause of that opinion?

-----------------------

HEARD:

 "fit and safe to live in"

 "peace-loving nations live their own lives"

 "assured of justice and fair dealing"

 HEARD:

 "Unless justice be done to others it will not be done to us."

 "determine their own institutions"

REACTION: USA Congress refused to ratify the Treaty, so the USA did not join League of Nations

Circle the Country or Organization Name: China, Vietnam, Egypt, Pan-African Congress

Annotate the face to indicate near the ears the parts of Wilson’s 14 Points they heard applying to them in particular. Show near the eyes what they saw the British and French do to them in the Treaty of Versailles. And, put in the mouth what their reactions were.

Effects of Industrialization

Business Cycle: Booms and Busts

Expansion of the Middle Class globally in industrialized economies, but unequal distribution of wealth persisted

Economies of all nation-states linked to global economy.

USA farmers couldn’t repay loans for seeds and equipment. Other farmers cut costs by not buying new tools

Effects of WW1 on Global Economy

Banks in industrialized countries demanded repayment of loans from stock buyers, factory owners, farmers. Factories and businesses closed due to lack of credit.

As some banks failed in industrialized countries, there was a rush by rich and middle class people to withdraw their accounts; more banks failed.

USA businesses took over markets in Latin America the British and French had controlled before the war

Too much food on world market; prices dropped reducing profits for farmers.

Expansion of manufacturing and food exports from all over the Americas

Allies demand for reparations payments led German government to print too much money which caused hyperinflation and massive loss of savings for the middle class.

1920s Global Economy

Global factory production higher than consumption; some factories closed, others laid off workers.

Consumer demand increased but not enough for the amount of goods produced, because factory wages were low

The initial euphoria after the war led to easy credit offered by banks globally; purchases of stocks dramatically increased.

Some USA banks failed.

USA banks lent money to USA farmers and factory owners who expanded production during the war

Too many people tried to sell stocks they had bought on credit. The NY Stock Exchange crashed first, and then stock exchanges in other countries crashed.

Import Substitution

Autarky

Fascism

Welfare State Programs

Economic and Political Responses to the Great Depression

WW2

Immediate Economic effects:

Little economic improvement because reduced world trade limited expansion of jobs and production

Banks could not recover without international investment

Effects of Economic and Political Responses in the 1930s

Tariffs

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