Lecture Notes - Jenks Public Schools
Lecture Notes - Key
Vertebrates
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Classes: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals
Adults have a backbone
Symmetry: bilateral
Support: endoskeletons
Circulatory System: closed
Nervous System: complex brains & sense organs
Respiratory System: efficient
Fishes
Classes: Hagfishes
Lampreys
Sharks, skates, rays - have cartilagenous skeleton
Bony fishes - have bony skeleton
Breathing: gills
As water passes over the gills, oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged through the capillaries.
Adaptations:
1. paired fins
Uses: balance, swimming, steering
2. lateral line system
Uses: senses objects & changes in environment
3. eyes
Uses: see objects, contrast between light & dark
Some fish have an extremely sensitive sense of smell.
Can detect small amounts of chemicals in the water.
4. scales
Description: thin, bony plates formed from skin
5. jaws
Advantages: can grasp & crush prey with great force
Allows greater variety in feeding
Sharks:
They are the most streamlined.
Feeding: predators
Bony Fish:
Adaptation: backbone has separate vertebrae
Advantage: great flexibility
Fish length ranges from 1 cm to 15 m.
Amphibians
Skin: thin & moist
Locomotion: 4 legs
Environment: adults terrestrial, need water for reproduction
Eggs: no protective membranes or shells
Need to be laid in water
Homeostasis: ectotherm
variable body temperature
Get heat from surroundings
If too hot or too cold - dormant
Development: metamorphosis
Stages: egg, aquatic larva, adult
Walking requires more energy from food
And more oxygen for aerobic respiration.
Heart: 3 chambers
3 groups: frogs, toads, salamanders
Feeding: predators
Food: invertebrates – insects & worms
Reptiles
Ex.: snakes, turtles, alligators, lizards
Environment: land
Skin: scaly
Reproduction: lay eggs on land
No aquatic larval stage
Adaptation: amniotic egg
Locomotion: legs
Adaptation: legs placed under body
Advantage: support & easier movement
Legs have claws
Heart: 3 or 4 chambers
Homeostasis: ectotherm
Feeding: turtles: herbivores (except snapping turtles)
Lizards: insects
Snakes: predators
kill by poison fangs or constricting prey
Sense organs:
1. heat-sensitive pits
2. keen sense of smell
Snakes smell by flicking tongue
3. Jacobson’s Organ
Function: identifies smells
Structural Adaptations:
Turtles: shell
Dorsal = carapace, ventral = plastron
Fused to vertebrae & ribs
2 layers: inner = bone, outer = keratin
No teeth, but powerful jaws
Crocodiles:
Size: largest-living reptiles
Powerful jaws, sharp teeth
Can kill by drowning prey and still breathe
Parenting: guard nest & young from predators
Lizards:
Environment: hot, dry climates
Birds
Environment: varied
Ex.: Antarctica, deserts, tropical rain forests
Adaptations:
1. feathers
Uses: insulation & flight
2. wings - modified front limbs
Flying takes energy
Heart: 4 chambers
Supplies cells with oxygen
Respiratory system: lungs & air sacs
Homeostasis: endotherms
Description: maintains body temperature internally
Keep warm by fluffing up feathers
Cool down by panting
Parenting: incubate eggs to keep them warm
Specific Adaptations to: environment and food
Ex.: beak shape
Mammals
Homeostasis: endothermic
2 Characteristics: hair, produce milk to feed young
5 Adaptations: diaphragm, 4-chambered heart, specialized teeth, modified limbs,
Highly developed brains
Advantages:
Hair: insulation & waterproofing
Cool off by panting, sweating
Milk: nourishes young until able to eat solid food
Diaphragm: aids flow of oxygen to lungs
4-chambered heart: separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated
Blood helps maintain homeostasis
Teeth: specialized for type of food
Cud chewing: hooved mammals – for breakdown of cellulose
Limbs: adapted for food gathering
Primates: opposable thumb
Highly developed brain: learning, memory
Chimps: use tools, work machines, use sign language
Classification: 3 subclasses
1. placental mammals
Give birth to fully functional young
Young develop in uterus in mother’s body
Advantage: protected from predators & environment during
early development
2. marsupials
Young develop in pouch on outside of mother’s body
Distribution: Australia
Ex.: kangaroo, koala
3. monotreme
Lays eggs
Distribution: Australia
Ex.: platypus, echidna
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