Lecture Notes - Jenks Public Schools



Lecture Notes - Key

Vertebrates

Phylum: Chordata

Subphylum: Vertebrata

Classes: Fishes, Amphibians, Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Adults have a backbone

Symmetry: bilateral

Support: endoskeletons

Circulatory System: closed

Nervous System: complex brains & sense organs

Respiratory System: efficient

Fishes

Classes: Hagfishes

Lampreys

Sharks, skates, rays - have cartilagenous skeleton

Bony fishes - have bony skeleton

Breathing: gills

As water passes over the gills, oxygen and carbon dioxide are

exchanged through the capillaries.

Adaptations:

1. paired fins

Uses: balance, swimming, steering

2. lateral line system

Uses: senses objects & changes in environment

3. eyes

Uses: see objects, contrast between light & dark

Some fish have an extremely sensitive sense of smell.

Can detect small amounts of chemicals in the water.

4. scales

Description: thin, bony plates formed from skin

5. jaws

Advantages: can grasp & crush prey with great force

Allows greater variety in feeding

Sharks:

They are the most streamlined.

Feeding: predators

Bony Fish:

Adaptation: backbone has separate vertebrae

Advantage: great flexibility

Fish length ranges from 1 cm to 15 m.

Amphibians

Skin: thin & moist

Locomotion: 4 legs

Environment: adults terrestrial, need water for reproduction

Eggs: no protective membranes or shells

Need to be laid in water

Homeostasis: ectotherm

variable body temperature

Get heat from surroundings

If too hot or too cold - dormant

Development: metamorphosis

Stages: egg, aquatic larva, adult

Walking requires more energy from food

And more oxygen for aerobic respiration.

Heart: 3 chambers

3 groups: frogs, toads, salamanders

Feeding: predators

Food: invertebrates – insects & worms

Reptiles

Ex.: snakes, turtles, alligators, lizards

Environment: land

Skin: scaly

Reproduction: lay eggs on land

No aquatic larval stage

Adaptation: amniotic egg

Locomotion: legs

Adaptation: legs placed under body

Advantage: support & easier movement

Legs have claws

Heart: 3 or 4 chambers

Homeostasis: ectotherm

Feeding: turtles: herbivores (except snapping turtles)

Lizards: insects

Snakes: predators

kill by poison fangs or constricting prey

Sense organs:

1. heat-sensitive pits

2. keen sense of smell

Snakes smell by flicking tongue

3. Jacobson’s Organ

Function: identifies smells

Structural Adaptations:

Turtles: shell

Dorsal = carapace, ventral = plastron

Fused to vertebrae & ribs

2 layers: inner = bone, outer = keratin

No teeth, but powerful jaws

Crocodiles:

Size: largest-living reptiles

Powerful jaws, sharp teeth

Can kill by drowning prey and still breathe

Parenting: guard nest & young from predators

Lizards:

Environment: hot, dry climates

Birds

Environment: varied

Ex.: Antarctica, deserts, tropical rain forests

Adaptations:

1. feathers

Uses: insulation & flight

2. wings - modified front limbs

Flying takes energy

Heart: 4 chambers

Supplies cells with oxygen

Respiratory system: lungs & air sacs

Homeostasis: endotherms

Description: maintains body temperature internally

Keep warm by fluffing up feathers

Cool down by panting

Parenting: incubate eggs to keep them warm

Specific Adaptations to: environment and food

Ex.: beak shape

Mammals

Homeostasis: endothermic

2 Characteristics: hair, produce milk to feed young

5 Adaptations: diaphragm, 4-chambered heart, specialized teeth, modified limbs,

Highly developed brains

Advantages:

Hair: insulation & waterproofing

Cool off by panting, sweating

Milk: nourishes young until able to eat solid food

Diaphragm: aids flow of oxygen to lungs

4-chambered heart: separates oxygenated blood from deoxygenated

Blood helps maintain homeostasis

Teeth: specialized for type of food

Cud chewing: hooved mammals – for breakdown of cellulose

Limbs: adapted for food gathering

Primates: opposable thumb

Highly developed brain: learning, memory

Chimps: use tools, work machines, use sign language

Classification: 3 subclasses

1. placental mammals

Give birth to fully functional young

Young develop in uterus in mother’s body

Advantage: protected from predators & environment during

early development

2. marsupials

Young develop in pouch on outside of mother’s body

Distribution: Australia

Ex.: kangaroo, koala

3. monotreme

Lays eggs

Distribution: Australia

Ex.: platypus, echidna

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