AP United States History Study Guide- The Gilded Age 1877-1898
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AP
?United
?States
?History
?Study
?Guide:
?The
?Gilded
?Age
?1877-?坼1898
?
Growth
?of
?industrial
?America
?
?
?? Reasons
?for
?rapid
?growth
?of
?the
?US
?economy
?1865-?坼1900
?
∫? Abundant
?raw
?materials
?每
?coal
?iron
?ore
?copper
?lead
?timber
?and
?oil
?
?
∫? Rapidly
?increasing
?labor
?supply
?as
?hundreds
?of
?thousands
?of
?immigrants
?
arrive
?in
?the
?country
?
?
∫? Labor
?saving
?inventions
?and
?technologies
?(440,000
?new
?patents
?from
?
1860-?坼1890)
?
∫? Business
?friendly
?government
?policies
?(takes
?tariffs
?laws)
?
Growth
?of
?the
?railroad
?
?
?? 35,000
?miles
?of
?railroad
?in
?1865
?to
?193,000
?miles
?by
?1900
?
?
?? As
?rail
?lines
?grew
?so
?did
?other
?industries
?(coal
?and
?steel
?production)
?
?? Government
?land
?grants
?enabled
?private
?companies
?to
?acquire
?land
?cheaply
?
?
?? During
?the
?civil
?war,
?the
?union
?pacific
?railroad
?was
?given
?a
?grant
?to
?create
?the
?
first
?transcontinental
?railroad
?
?
?? Train
?time
?would
?become
?the
?standard
?time
?for
?all
?Americans
?
?
?? Lead
?to
?the
?creation
?of
?complex
?financial
?and
?stock
?holders
?corporations
?
?
Transcontinental
?railroad
?
?
?? Union
?pacific
?railroad
?form
?Omaha
?Nebraska
?employed
?war
?veterans
?and
?
Irish
?immigrants
?
?
?? Central
?pacific
?railroad
?from
?Sacramento
?California
?employed
?white
?settlers
?
and
?over
?6,000
?Chinese
?immigrants
?
?
?? Met
?at
?promontory
?point
?Utah
?on
?may
?10
?1869
?
Andrew
?Carnegie
?
?
?? Born
?in
?Scotland
?(1835)
?and
?immigrated
?to
?the
?unites
?states
?
?
?? Worked
?his
?way
?up
?from
?poverty
?and
?began
?manufacturing
?steel
?in
?
Pittsburgh
?
?
?? Using
?new
?technology
?and
?shrewd
?business
?measures
?he
?quickly
?outpaced
?
his
?competitors
?
?
?? Used
?vertical
?integration
?to
?control
?all
?aspects
?of
?production
?
?
?? By
?1900
?Carnegie
?steel
?produces
?more
?steel
?than
?all
?of
?Britain
?
?
Standard
?oil
?
?
?? Oil
?was
?discovered
?in
?1859
?in
?Pennsylvania
?
?
?? By
?eliminating
?competition
?and
?using
?new
?technology
?Rockefeller
?was
?able
?to
?
control
?90%
?of
?US
?oil
?production
?
?
?? Standard
?oil
?controlled
?supply
?and
?prices
?of
?oil
?profits
?soared
?
?
?? Rockefeller
?retired
?with
?a
?fortune
?of
?$900
?million
?dollars
?
?
Horizontal
?integration
?每
?when
?you
?buy
?out
?the
?competition
?
?
Economic
?theories
?of
?the
?gilded
?age
?
?
?? Laissez
?faire
?
?
∫? Letting
?the
?economy
?work
?freely
?of
?government
?regulation
?and
?
intervention
?competition
?among
?businesses
?would
?produce
?improved
?
goods
?at
?low
?prices
?
?
?? Social
?Darwinism
?
?
Application
?of
?Charles
?Darwin
?natural
?selection
?to
?society
?and
?economy
?
※survival
?of
?the
?fittest§
?applied
?to
?the
?marketplace
?concentrating
?wealth
?
in
?the
?hands
?of
?the
?※fit§
?benefited
?everyone
?
?
?? Gospel
?of
?wealth
?
?
∫? Hard
?work
?and
?material
?success
?are
?signs
?of
?God＊s
?favor
?wealthy
?had
?a
?
god
?given
?responsibility
?to
?help
?those
?in
?need
?
?
v? Rise
?of
?the
?middle
?class
?
?? By
?1890
?richest
?10%
?controlled
?90%
?of
?the
?national
?wealth
?
?
?? In
?order
?to
?keep
?up
?the
?expanding
?industrialization
?middle
?management
?was
?
needed
?to
?coordinate
?operations
?
?
?? Expanding
?jobs
?for
?accountants
?salespersons
?doctors
?lawyers
?and
?
administrates
?
?
v? Wage
?earners
?
?
?? By
?1900
?2.3
?of
?working
?Americans
?worked
?for
?wages
?
?
?? 10
?hours
?a
?day,
?6
?days
?a
?week
?
?
?? Law
?wages
?were
?not
?enough
?to
?live
?on
?
?
?? Women
?and
?children
?required
?to
?work
?in
?order
?to
?wupport
?family
?
?
?? Poor
?conditions
?and
?pay
?led
?to
?labor
?unions
?
?
v? Resistance
?to
?big
?business
?
?
?? In
?order
?to
?combat
?poor
?wage
?and
?working
?conditions
?the
?first
?national
?labor
?
unions
?develop
?
?
?? The
?national
?labor
?union
?(18660
?was
?the
?first
?national
?union
?which
?
organized
?workers
?in
?all
?states
?in
?different
?industries
?
?
?? Fought
?for
?8
?hour
?workday
?and
?higher
?wages
?
?
?? Knights
?of
?labor
?
?
∫? Developed
?in
?1869
?and
?fought
?for
?abolition
?of
?child
?labor
?and
?monopolies
?
?
∫? Loosely
?organized
?little
?control
?over
?local
?unions
?
?
?? American
?federation
?of
?labor
?(AP
?or
?L)
?
∫? Instead
?of
?broader
?reform
?focused
?on
?attaining
?higher
?wages
?and
?better
?
conditions
?
?
∫? Led
?by
?Samuel
?Gompers
?over
?1
?million
?members
?by
?1901
?
?
?? The
?most
?effective
?way
?for
?unions
?to
?accomplish
?their
?goal
?was
?through
?
strikes
?
?
?? The
?management
?however
?held
?most
?of
?the
?power
?and
?responded
?to
?strikes
?
in
?different
?ways
?
?
∫? The
?lockout
?每
?closing
?the
?factory
?before
?a
?strike
?can
?be
?organized
?
?
∫? Blacklist
?每
?names
?of
?pro-?坼union
?workers
?circulated
?
?
∫? Yellow
?dog
?contract
?
?-?坼
?workers
?must
?sign
?a
?contract
?not
?to
?join
?a
?union
?
?
∫? Private
?guards
?and
?militia
?
?
∫? Obtaining
?government
?injunctions
?to
?force
?the
?end
?of
?strikes
?
?
?? Great
?railroad
?strike
?of
?1877
?
?
∫? Shut
?down
?2/3
?of
?the
?country＊s
?rail
?lines
?
?
∫? 500,000
?workers
?from
?other
?industries
?soon
?joined
?in
?
?
∫? President
?Hayes
?used
?federal
?troops
?to
?stop
?union
?workforce
?
?
?? Haymarket
?bombing
?1886
?
?
∫? Knights
?of
?labor
?call
?for
?general
?strike
?of
?80,000
?workers
?in
?Chicago
?
?
∫?
During
?the
?meeting
?in
?Haymarket
?square
?police
?attempted
?to
?break
?up
?
the
?meeting
?when
?someone
?threw
?a
?bomb
?killing
?7
?police
?
?
∫? The
?bomb
?thrower
?was
?never
?found
?but
?8
?anarchist
?leaders
?were
?
convicted
?
?
∫? Many
?Americans
?believed
?unions
?were
?radical
?and
?violent
?led
?to
?the
?
downfall
?of
?the
?knights
?of
?labor
?
?
?? Homestead
?strike
?of
?1892
?
?
∫? Henry
?clay
?Frick
?was
?the
?manager
?of
?Carnegie
?steel
?plant
?in
?Pittsburgh
?
?
∫? Frick
?used
?the
?lockout
?strategy
?as
?well
?as
?hired
?strike
?breakers
?to
?work
?
the
?factory
?
?
∫? Finally
?state
?militia
?was
?brought
?in
?to
?end
?the
?strike
?
?
∫? Significantly
?damaged
?labor
?union
?effectiveness
?in
?the
?steel
?industry
?
?
?? Bullman
?strike
?
?
∫? George
?Pullman
?manufactured
?railway
?cars
?
?
∫? In
?response
?to
?the
?strike
?Bullman
?receives
?help
?form
?the
?railroad
?owners
?
as
?they
?link
?Pullman＊s
?cars
?to
?mail
?trains
?
?
∫? The
?supreme
?court
?orders
?the
?union
?to
?stop
?the
?strike
?and
?arrested
?those
?
who
?failed
?to
?comply
?
?
∫? The
?leader
?of
?the
?strike
?Eugene
?Debs
?concluded
?that
?more
?radical
?
solutions
?were
?needed
?and
?founded
?the
?American
?socialist
?party
?
?
Sherman
?anti-?坼trust
?act
?
?? In
?growing
?fear
?of
?unchecked
?power
?of
?the
?trust
?the
?middle
?class
?pushed
?for
?
restrictions
?
?
?? Congress
?passed
?the
?anti-?坼trust
?act
?in
?1890
?which
?prohibited
?trusts
?and
?
monopolies
?
?
?? Law
?was
?fairly
?ineffective
?until
?the
?early
?1900s
?
?
Western
?movement
?
?
?? Fueled
?by
?the
?discovery
?of
?gold
?and
?silver
?many
?states
?joining
?the
?settlers
?as
?
settlers
?flood
?to
?the
?west
?
?
?? Pike
?Peak
?gold
?rush
?and
?the
?Corn
?stock
?lode
?in
?1859
?produce
?hundreds
?of
?
millions
?of
?dollars
?in
?gold
?and
?silver
?
?
?? Boomtowns
?created
?overnight
?(saloons
?vigilante
?justice)
?but
?become
?ghost
?
towns
?as
?mines
?dry
?up
?
?
?? Towns
?that
?serve
?the
?mine
?become
?large
?prosperous
?cities
?(san
?Francisco
?
Sacramento
?and
?Denver)
?
Conservation
?
?
?? Radical
?mining
?and
?logging
?sparked
?the
?conservation
?movement
?
?
?? Yellowstone
?was
?the
?first
?national
?park
?(1872)
?and
?Yosemite
?(1890)
?
?? Laws
?developed
?form
?1870s
?and
?1890s
?saved
?millions
?of
?acres
?from
?
exploitation
?
?
?? Preservationists
?such
?as
?John
?Muir
?who
?created
?the
?Sierra
?club
?aimed
?at
?
preserving
?land
?areas
?form
?human
?interference
?
?
Chinese
?exclusion
?act
?
?
?? By
?1860s
?1/3
?of
?western
?miners
?were
?Chinese
?immigrants
?
?
?? In
?California
?a
?miners
?tax
?of
?$20
?a
?month
?was
?issued
?to
?any
?foreign
?born
?
miners
?
?
∫?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
?? In
?1882
?congress
?passed
?Chinese
?exclusion
?acts
?which
?prohibited
?further
?
immigration
?from
?china
?
?
?? Was
?the
?first
?act
?of
?congress
?to
?restrict
?immigration
?and
?Chinese
?immigration
?
would
?be
?restricted
?until
?1930s
?
?
Native
?American
?relationships
?
?
?? As
?Americans
?moved
?west
?conflict
?with
?great
?plains
?native
?Americans
?
increased
?
?
?? Gold
?was
?found
?in
?the
?black
?hills
?of
?the
?Lakota
?Sioux
?ancestral
?and
?holy
?land
?
?
?? Indian
?appropriation
?act
?of
?1871
?ended
?recognition
?of
?tribes
?and
?
independent
?nation
?and
?nullified
?previous
?treaties
?
?
?? US
?government
?continued
?attempts
?to
?violate
?native
?Americans
?on
?
reservations
?
?
?? Due
?to
?miners
?moving
?into
?the
?black
?hills
?the
?great
?Sioux
?war
?broke
?out
?in
?
1876
?
?
?? Led
?by
?sitting
?bull
?and
?crazy
?horse
?Sioux
?Indians
?leave
?the
?reservation
?and
?
carved
?warpath
?through
?the
?black
?hills
?
?
?? Battle
?of
?little
?big
?horn
?每
?George
?Custer
?leads
?600
?cavalry
?and
?is
?defeated
?
badly
?by
?crazy
?horse
?
?
Massacre
?at
?wounded
?knee
?
?? US
?army
?attempted
?to
?disarm
?Sioux
?native
?Americans
?near
?wounded
?knee
?
creek
?in
?south
?Dakota
?December
?1890
?
?? One
?native
?American
?was
?reluctant
?to
?give
?p
?his
?rifle
?and
?fight
?breaks
?out
?
?
?? Shots
?were
?fired
?and
?the
?Us
?army
?opens
?fire
?with
?small
?artillery
?and
?rifled
?
?
?? 200
?native
?American
?men
?women
?ad
?children
?were
?killed
?
?
Dawes
?severalty
?act
?
?
?? The
?tribes
?system
?was
?believed
?to
?be
?keeping
?native
?Americans
?form
?
becoming
?※civilized§
?and
?incorporated
?into
?the
?society
?
?
?? Passed
?in
?1887
?每
?divided
?reservations
?up
?into
?allotments
?for
?individual
?
families
?
?
?? Native
?Americans
?who
?occupied
?separated
?form
?their
?tribe
?and
?become
?
civilized
?and
?got
?to
?vote
?and
?were
?given
?citizenship
?
?
?? Much
?of
?the
?best
?reservation
?land
?was
?sold
?to
?white
?settlers
?
?
?? Due
?to
?disease
?and
?poverty
?native
?Americans
?numbered
?only
?200,000
?by
?
1900
?
?
The
?new
?south
?
?
?? Developed
?by
?henry
?Grady
?the
?※new
?south§
?values
?a
?self
?sufficient
?southern
?
economy
?based
?on
?modern
?capitalism
?industrial
?growth
?and
?improved
?
transportation
?
?
?? The
?South＊s
?route
?of
?economic
?expansion
?surpassed
?the
?rest
?of
?the
?country
?in
?
population
?industry
?and
?railroads
?
?
?? By
?1900
?
∫? Birmingham
?Alabama
?becomes
?a
?lead
?steel
?producer
?
?
∫? Memphis
?TN
?becomes
?a
?leading
?timber
?produced
?
?
∫? Richmond
?VA
?becomes
?a
?leading
?tobacco
?producer
?
?
Southern
?poverty
?
?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
v?
?? Despite
?rapid
?industrialization
?due
?to
?late
?start
?and
?a
?poorly
?educated
?
workforce
?the
?south
?was
?plagued
?by
?poverty
?
?
?? Industrial
?workers
?wage
?was
?half
?of
?the
?national
?average
?
?
?? With
?little
?expansion
?in
?education
?especially
?in
?technical
?and
?engineering
?
schools
?southern
?workers
?missed
?out
?on
?many
?economic
?opportunities
?
?
Agriculture
?
?
?? Southern
?economy
?still
?tried
?to
?the
?production
?of
?cotton
?which
?continued
?to
?
expand
?post
?war
?
?
?? Leading
?scientist
?George
?Washington
?Carver
?helped
?diversify
?southern
?
agriculture
?by
?promoting
?the
?growth
?of
?peanuts
?sweet
?potatoes
?and
?
soybeans
?
?
?? The
?famers
?southern
?alliance
?and
?the
?colored
?farmers
?national
?alliance
?push
?
for
?political
?reforms
?but
?racial
?problems
?kept
?form
?making
?significant
?change
?
?
Segregation
?
?
?? Playing
?on
?racial
?fear
?so
?whites
?politicians
?learned
?they
?would
?exert
?power
?
by
?discriminating
?against
?blacks
?
?
?? Segregation
?become
?popular
?in
?the
?postwar
?south
?as
?a
?way
?of
?separating
?
blacks
?from
?whites
?in
?public
?areas
?
?
Plessy
?v.
?Ferguson
?
?
?? In
?1896
?Louisiana
?supreme
?court
?upheld
?Louisiana
?law
?requiring
?※separate
?
but
?equal
?accommodations
?for
?whites
?and
?blacks
?on
?railroads§
?
?? In
?response
?the
?southern
?states
?passed
?multiple
?Jim
?Crow
?laws
?which
?
required
?almost
?all
?public
?places
?be
?segregated
?including
?bathrooms
?drinking
?
fountains
?park
?benches
?and
?other
?facilities
?
?
Civil
?rights
?refused
?
?
?? Literacy
?tests,
?poll
?taxes
?grandfather
?clauses
?stopped
?blacks
?from
?voting
?
?
?? Blacks
?were
?often
?given
?harsher
?punishments
?for
?crimes
?
?
?? Discrimination
?also
?kept
?them
?out
?from
?skilled
?and
?industrial
?jobs
?stunting
?
black
?ability
?to
?move
?into
?the
?middle
?class
?
?? During
?1890s
?mobs
?lynched
?over
?1400
?blacks
?
?
Response
?to
?segregation
?
?
?? Ida
?B.
?Wells
?used
?the
?newspaper
?to
?campaign
?against
?lynching
?and
?Jim
?Crow
?
laws
?
?
?? Booker
?T.
?Washington
?founded
?Tuskegee
?university
?and
?all
?black
?industrial
?
and
?agricultural
?school
?
?
?? Washington＊s
?emphasized
?racial
?harmony
?and
?economic
?cooperation
?which
?
earned
?him
?praise
?for
?many
?whites
?including
?Carnegie
?and
?Theodore
?
Roosevelt
?
?
Agriculture
?
?
?? As
?farming
?technology
?and
?techniques
?increased
?the
?price
?of
?crops
?were
?
driven
?down
?often
?forcing
?smaller
?farmers
?into
?debt
?or
?sharecropping
?
?
?? Industrial
?businesses
?and
?taxes
?often
?didn＊t
?help
?American
?farmers
?
?
Interstate
?commerce
?act
?1886
?
?
?? In
?an
?effort
?to
?help
?farmers
?the
?ICC
?regulated
?interstate
?railroads
?and
?
required
?them
?to
?keep
?their
?prices
?reasonable
?and
?just
?
?
................
................
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