22-1 Study Guide
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/10
22-1 Study Guide
Reform in the Gilded Age, pp. 630-632
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
In the 1870s and 1880s, Americans were concerned about corruption in government. Many feared ¡°special
interests¡±¡ªbankers, industrialists, and other wealthy leaders¡ª had gained control of politicians.
One source of corruption was the spoils system. This practice had grown since the early 1800s. Now many
officeholders lacked the skills to do their jobs correctly. Some stole from the government. In 1881, President James
Garfield was killed by a disappointed office seeker. Garfield¡¯s murder sparked new efforts to end the spoils system.
Reformers called for action. Congress created the Civil Service Commission. The commission conducted tests so
that only qualified people got federal jobs. By 1900, it controlled about 40 percent of all federal jobs.
The government also tried to regulate big business. It set up the Interstate Commerce Commission, or ICC. The ICC
made sure that railroads did not engage in unfair practices, such as reducing competition or keeping prices high.
In 1890, Congress passed a law to regulate trusts. The Sherman Antitrust Act made it illegal for businesses to limit
competition. Although the government efforts were weak at first, attempts to control big business slowly gained strength.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
What two political concerns shaped politics during the Gilded Age?
Two political concerns that shaped politics of the Gilded Age were the spoils system and lack of
regulation of big business.
2.
What did President Hayes¡¯ investigation of the New York customhouse find?
President Hayes¡¯ investigation of the New York customhouse found hundreds of appointed officials
receiving high salaries but doing no work.
3.
What business practices did the Interstate Commerce Act ban?
The Interstate Commerce Act forbade unfair business of railroad companies practices such as
pools and rebates.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
Gilded Age (p. 630)
the period in American history lasting from the 1870s to the 1890s, marked by political corruption and extravagant spending
4.
Where did the term ¡°Gilded Age¡± come from? from the title of a book by Mark Twain and Charles Dudley
patronage (p. 631)
the practice of awarding government jobs to political supporters
5.
What did patronage often lead to? corruption
merit (p. 631)
ability
6.
Who thought that government jobs should be awarded on the basis of merit? President James Garfield
Civil Service Commission (p. 631)
government agency created by the Pendleton Act of 1883 to fill federal jobs on the basis of merit
7.
How does the Civil Service Commission determine a job candidate¡¯s merit for the job? by making candidates
take exams
civil service (p. 631)
all government jobs except elected offices and those in the military
interstate commerce (pp. 346, 632)
business that crosses state lines
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) (p. 632)
government agency organized to oversee railroad commerce
Sherman Antitrust Act (pp. 346, 632)
an 1890 law that banned the formation of trusts and monopolies in the United States
8.
What was the Sherman Antitrust Act supposed to protect (keep from being destroyed)? competition between
businesses
People
9.
Despite his past, what did Chester A. Arthur work for once he was President? reform the spoils system
10. What corrupt act did Collis Huntington do? tried to bribe members of Congress to kill a bill that was
unfavorable to his business interests
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/11
22-2 Study Guide
The Progressives, pp. 633-636
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
During the late 1800s, corruption had become common in many American cities. Many politicians demanded money
from businesses in exchange for city jobs. Reformers tried to replace corrupt officials with honest leaders. These
reformers were called Progressives. They believed that the problems of society could be solved. The late 1800s and early
1900s were called the Progressive Era.
The Progressives were helped by the press. Some reporters began to describe the horrible conditions in poor
areas of the cities. Others exposed the unfair practices of big businesses. These journalists became known as
muckrakers. They helped turn public opinion in favor of reform.
Progressives wanted the government to act for the good of the people. They especially promoted education and
democratic values. Many Progressives wanted voters to have more power. A number of states passed measures to
achieve this goal. Most states began to hold primaries. In the past, party leaders picked candidates. Other changes
included the initiative, referendum, and recall.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
How did political bosses corrupt city governments?
Political bosses corrupted city governments by taking payoffs from businesses (to give
them city work), stealing public funds, influencing officeholders, arranging for no-show
jobs, and exploiting the spoils system.
2.
How did muckrakers help change public opinion?
Muckrakers helped change public opinion by using their journalistic skills to expose social
ills and government corruption (e.g. writing books and articles, drawing political cartoons,
taking photographs). Their works shocked middle-class Americans, who responded by
demanding these problems be fixed.
3.
Explain three major goals of Progressive reformers.
Goals of the Progressives included limiting the power of big business, ending political
corruption, solving social ills, and giving voters more power.
Directions: Briefly answer the questions that follow based on the information in the textbook. You do not have to use
complete sentences. Write neatly. You are also responsible for knowing the meaning of all the terms.
political bosses (p. 633)
powerful politicians who control work done locally and demands payoffs from businesses
4.
Who was the infamous political boss of New York City in the 1860s and 1870s? William ¡°Boss¡± Tweed
muckraker (p. 634)
journalist who exposed corruption and other problems of the late 1800s and early 1900s
5.
What did Jacob Riis photograph and write about? life in the slums and tenements (How the Other
Half Lives)
6.
What did Ida Tarbell write about? the abuses of big business, e.g. about John D. Rockefeller and
the Standard Oil Trust
7.
What did Upton Sinclair write about? the unsanitary conditions in the meatpacking industry
Progressive (p. 634)
reformer in late 1800s and early 1900s who wanted to improve American life
8.
What did John Dewey think that schools should teach? democratic values by example
9.
What two things did John Dewey think students should do? ask questions and work together to solve
problems
public Interest (p. 634)
the good of the people
Wisconsin Idea (p. 635)
series of progressive reforms introduced in the early 1900s by Wisconsin Gov. Robert La Follette
primary (p. 635)
election in which voters chose their party¡¯s candidate for the general election
initiative (p. 636)
process by which voters can put a bill directly before the state legislature
referendum (p. 636)
process by which people vote directly on a bill
recall (p. 636)
process by which voters can remove an elected official from office
graduated income tax (p. 636)
tax on earnings, which charges different rates, for different income levels
10. What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution created a graduated income tax? Sixteenth Amendment
11. What Amendment to the U.S. Constitution the direct election of U.S. Senators? Seventeenth Amendment
Soc. St. 8B
Name _____________________________________ Date ________________ Per.___ Score ___/7
22-3 Study Guide
Progressives in the White House, pp. 638-643
When completed, this assignment will form a study guide for this section of the textbook. You should
make corrections as we go over the material in class and do a final check using the key posted online.
Below is a brief summary of the section to help you when you review. Reading the summary does not
replace reading the section nor can it be used to properly answer all the questions.
SUMMARY
When President William McKinley was assassinated in 1901, Vice President Theodore Roosevelt took office.
Roosevelt thought that trusts could be good or bad. He wanted the government to stop bad trusts. Bad trusts abused
workers or cheated the public. In 1902, he had the government bring a lawsuit against Northern Securities. The
lawsuit charged that the company was trying to limit trade. Such actions were illegal according to the Sherman
Antitrust Act. The Supreme Court agreed with Roosevelt. It ordered the trust to be broken up. The President then
took similar actions against other trusts.
President Roosevelt supported a number of other reforms. Unlike earlier Presidents, he sided with labor unions
in their disputes with big businesses. When he ran for President in 1904, Roosevelt promised Americans a Square
Deal. By this, he meant that all Americans should have the same opportunities to succeed. He sent government
inspectors into meatpacking houses. He attacked drug companies that made false claims. Roosevelt also believed in
conservation, the protection of natural resources. While Roosevelt was President, the government set aside 170,000
acres of land to create national parks.
Roosevelt¡¯s successor, William Howard Taft, had the support of Progressives until he agreed to raise tariffs.
Progressives also accused him of blocking conservation efforts. In the election of 1912, Roosevelt ran against Taft
and Woodrow Wilson. Because Roosevelt and Taft split the Republican vote, Wilson won.
Wilson¡¯s main goal was to increase competition in the economy. He persuaded Congress to create the Federal Trade
Commission, or FTC. The FTC had the power to investigate businesses and order them to stop using practices that
destroyed their competition. Wilson also supported laws that regulated banks.
Directions: First read the section in your text book. Then answer the questions and complete the tasks. Your
responses should incorporate the question or task, and should be written in complete sentences.
1.
Describe three accomplishments of Theodore Roosevelt¡¯s Square Deal.
President T. Roosevelt Square Deal accomplishments included doing away with some "bad"
trusts, regulating railroads, supporting laws strengthening inspection procedures for food
and drugs, putting limits on lumbering, and setting aside land for national parks.
2.
Why did the Republican Party split in the 1912 election?
The Republican Party split in 1912 because Taft lost the support of the Progressives over
the tariff and conservation issues. Roosevelt and the Progressives split off from Taft and
the mainstream Republican Party. Roosevelt ran for President as the Progressive Party
candidate.
3.
Identify two pieces of progressive legislation enacted during Wilson presidency.
Progressive legislation passed during Wilson's presidency includes setting up the Federal
Trade Commission and establishing the Federal Reserve.
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