THE FUTURE IS NOW - United Nations

THE FUTURE IS NOW

SCIENCE FOR ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2 19 GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT REPORT

THE FUTURE IS NOW

SCIENCE FOR ACHIEVING

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2 GLOBAL SUSTAINABLE

DEVELOPMENT REPORT

19

Note

In the outcome document of the Rio+20 Conference, in 2012, entitled "The future we want", and again in "Transforming our world: the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development", in 2015, United Nations Member States decided that the HighLevel Political Forum on Sustainable Development would be informed by the Global Sustainable Development Report. In the Ministerial Declaration of the 2016 Forum, Member States decided that the report would be produced quadrennially by an independent group of scientists appointed by the United Nations Secretary-General and comprising 15 experts representing a variety of backgrounds, scientific disciplines and institutions, with geographical and gender balance.

This report, The Future is Now: Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, is the first quadrennial Global Sustainable Development Report prepared by an independent group of scientists.

Independent Group of Scientists 2019

Co-chairs ? Peter Messerli (Switzerland), Centre for Development and Environment (CDE), University of Bern, Switzerland ? Endah Murniningtyas (Indonesia), National Development Planning Agency (Bappenas), Republic of Indonesia

Members ? Parfait Eloundou-Enyegue (Cameroon), Department of Development Sociology, Cornell University, USA ? Ernest G. Foli (Ghana), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Forestry Research Institute, Ghana ? Eeva Furman (Finland), Finnish environment institute (SYKE), Finland ? Amanda Glassman (USA), Center for Global Development, USA ? Gonzalo Hern?ndez Licona (Mexico), National Council for the Evaluation of Social Development Policy (CONEVAL),

Mexico ? Eun Mee Kim (Republic of Korea), Graduate School of International Studies, Ewha Womans University, Republic of

Korea. ? Wolfgang Lutz (Austria), Wittgenstein Centre for Demography and Global Human Capital, International Institute of

Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), Austria ? Jean-Paul Moatti (France), Research Institute for Development (IRD), France ? Katherine Richardson (Denmark), Sustainability Science Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark ? Muhammad Saidam (Jordan), Royal Scientific Society, Jordan ? David Smith (Jamaica), Institute for Sustainable Development, University of the West Indies (UWI) ? Jurgis Kazimieras Staniskis (Lithuania), Institute of Environmental Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology,

Lithuania ? Jean-Pascal van Ypersele (Belgium), Earth and Life Institute, Universit? catholique de Louvain, Belgium

Recommended citation: Independent Group of Scientists appointed by the Secretary-General, Global Sustainable Development Report 2019: The Future is Now ? Science for Achieving Sustainable Development, (United Nations, New York, 2019).

Cover design and graphics by Camilo J. Salomon

Copyright ? 2019 United Nations All rights reserved United Nations publication issued by the Department of Economic and Social Affairs

Reprinted 2019

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Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

Contents

Contents

FOREWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii PROLOGUE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv EXECUTIVE SUMMARY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xix

CHAPTER I THE TRANSFORMATIVE POWER OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1.1 Understanding sustainable development in the 2030 Agenda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1.2 Progress to date . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

1.3 Knowledge-based transformations for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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CHAPTER II TRANSFORMATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 2.1 Lever 1 ? Governance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 2.2 Lever 2 ? Economy and finance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 2.3 Lever 3 ? Individual and collective action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 2.4 Lever 4 ? Science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 2.5 Entry point 1 ? Human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 2.6 Entry point 2 ? Sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 2.7 Entry point 3 ? Food systems and nutrition patterns. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 2.8 Entry point 4 ? Energy decarbonization and universal access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 2.9 Entry point 5 ? Urban and peri-urban development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 2.10 Entry point 6 ? Global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 2.11 Shared responsibility for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

CHAPTER III SCIENCE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 3.1 The 2030 Agenda as a shared compass to harness advances in science and technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 3.2 Sustainability science . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 3.3 Partners for transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

CHAPTER IV CALL TO ACTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.1 Strengthening human well-being and capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127 4.2 Shifting towards sustainable and just economies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 4.3 Building sustainable food systems and healthy nutrition patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 4.4 Achieving energy decarbonization with universal access to energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 4.5 Promoting sustainable urban and peri-urban development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 4.6 Securing the global environmental commons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 4.7 Science and technology for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 4.8 Not incremental change but transformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135

AFTERWORD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 NOTES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159 ANNEXES

ANNEX I MINISTERIAL DECLARATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 ANNEX II ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203 ANNEX III REVIEW PROCESS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 ANNEX IV INDEPENDENT GROUP OF SCIENTISTS 2019 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215

BOXES

1-1 The Global Sustainable Development Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

1-2 Interactions among Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Figure source: Author's calculation. For further details, see the repository of Sustainable Develop-

ment Goals interactions on the Global Sustainable Development Report website.

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1-3 The Global Monitoring Framework . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Figure source: United Nations, 2019

1-4 Other assessments of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1-5 Tipping points . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

1-6 Small island developing States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

1-7 Least developed countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

1-8 The Global Sustainable Development Framework for knowledge-based transformations towards sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

2-1 Political equality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Figure source: Leininger, J., et al., 2019

2-2 The continuing significance of international financial cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

2-3 Cognitive capacity for sustainable development choices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

2-4 Adaptive collaborative management . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

2-5 Widespread deprivations in safely managed drinking water and sanitation services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

2-6 Climate change disproportionately affects the most vulnerable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

2-7 Ensuring refugees and migrants are counted and visible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

2-8 Tackling inequality is good for poverty reduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Figure source: Lakner, et al., 2019

2-9 Private-sector innovations towards better health . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

2-10 Shifting behaviour for better health in Indonesia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

2-11 Mitigating health emergencies using emerging technology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

2-12 Measuring multidimensional poverty at the national level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

2-13 Early childhood interventions build capabilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

2-14 Partnerships for access to health care in Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

2-15 Alternatives to GDP as a measure of progress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

2-16 Damage caused by fossil fuel subsidies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

2-17 Carbon pricing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

2-18 Just transition for coal workers and communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Global Sustainable Development Report 2019

2-19 Addressing the needs of the poor in a circular economy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

2-20 Stranded assets. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

2-21 Global surveillance system for crop diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2-22 ColdHubs solar-powered storage in Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

2-23 Belo Horizonte urban food policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

2-24 NutriFish in Bangladesh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

2-25 The water-food-energy-environment nexus in the Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

2-26 Expanding solar lighting and sustainable electricity access in urban and rural Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2-27 Holistic approach to promoting energy efficiency in Greece . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2-28 Nuclear energy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

2-29 Intersection of gender, health and energy in Indonesia: clean cooking initiatives and fiscal sustainability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

2-30 Future city growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

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2-31 Urban development opportunities in landlocked developing countries . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

2-32 Technology for sustainability in the cement industry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

2-33 Leaving no one behind: three transport examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

2-34 Architecture to reflect regional culture and advance the Sustainable Development Goals: examples from the Middle East . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

2-35 Inclusive urban planning: water management at Zaatari camp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

2-36 Sustainable Development Goals for resilient mountain communities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

2-37 Sustainable management of chemicals throughout their life cycle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100

2-38 Using technology to protect old-growth tropical rainforest in a small country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

2-39 Networked Sustainable Development Goals through a climate lens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102

2-40 Bhutan ? a carbon-negative country . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

2-41 Sustainable hydrology for fresh water as a common good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104

2-42 Example of a mechanism that mixes multiple pathways in regional cooperation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

2-43 Science diplomacy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105

2-44 Integrated pathways towards sustainable and equitable water access . . . . . . . . . . . . 106

2-45 Equitable land governance as an integrated pathway to sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108

3-1 Modes of scientific engagement with the Sustainable Development Goals . . . . . . . . 113

3-2 Decades of interdisciplinary research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114

3-3 Strengthening the science-policy interface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116

3-4 The digital revolution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118

3-5 Indigenous knowledge for sustainable development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

3-6 Open access to published scientific knowledge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122

3-7 Transboundary research partnerships . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

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