Australian Centre on Quality of Life



Australian Centre on Quality of Life Bulletin Archive ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/14: 040419 to Vol 3/26: 270619ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/26: 270619 Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of Life: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: Devised by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Wilson</Author><Year> 1984</Year><RecNum>1698</RecNum><DisplayText>(Wilson, 1984)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1698</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1424836302">1698</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Wilson, E. O.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Biophilia</title></titles><dates><year> 1984</year></dates><pub-location>Cambridge, Mass.</pub-location><publisher>Harvard University Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Wilson, 1984), the Biophilia Hypothesis proposes that humans have an innate tendency to affiliate with nature, most particularly the natural environment. This tendency is regarded as a product of our evolution, especially the long period spent as hunter-gatherer societies. During this period, it is proposed, our brains became attuned to processing and evaluating information from the natural environment, and this shaped our cognitive and emotional functions ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gullone</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>1699</RecNum><DisplayText>(Gullone, 2000)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1699</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1424837454">1699</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gullone, E.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The biophilia hypothesis and life in the twenty first century: Increasing mental health or increasing pathology?</title><secondary-title> Journal of Happiness Studies</secondary-title></titles><pages>293-321</pages><volume>1</volume><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Gullone, 2000).The hypothesis suggests that this period of evolution conferred more than the brain functions necessary for simple survival, extending into processes concerned with aesthetic, intellectual and spiritual meaning and satisfaction ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kellert</Author><Year>1997</Year><RecNum>1700</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kellert, 1997; Vargas, 2017)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1700</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1424837945">1700</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kellert, S. R.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>From Kinship to Mastery</title></titles><dates><year>1997</year></dates><pub-location>Washington D.C</pub-location><publisher>Island Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Vargas</Author><Year>2017</Year><RecNum>3008</RecNum><record><rec-number>3008</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1492848596">3008</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book Section">5</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Vargas, A M.</author></authors><secondary-authors><author>Martinez, L.</author></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title>Urban green areas to improve human wellbeing</title><secondary-title>Bulletin of the Public Policy Observatory in Cali; Policy Brief #17: Life satisfaction: Measurement and its implications for public policy formulation</secondary-title></titles><pages>52-53</pages><dates><year>2017</year></dates><pub-location>Colombia</pub-location><publisher>Universidad Icesi in Cali</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kellert, 1997; Vargas, 2017). Thus, it follows, that the move of humans into the ‘unnatural’ environment of cities will bring deleterious effects for human functioning.However, the empirical evidence for the biophilia hypothesis is slight. The literature mainly comprises poorly designed studies, conducted by researchers who are committed to the cause, and so find what they are looking for. This deficit is exemplified by the attached paper (Trostrup, et al, 2019) who report a systematic review of this literature, discovering 1,909 relevant publications, of which only 5 meet their, fairly standard, methodological requirements for validly designed intervention studies. But even these five contain fatal flaws.While systematic reviews can be useful devices, the one by Trostrup exemplifies that, even when the review methodology is well executed, the authors’ conclusions can be wrong. In the current review, their error is due to the acceptance of inappropriate control groups. All properly constructed intervention studies require both an experimental and a control group. Then, the effectiveness of the intervention (an experimental ‘exposure to nature’) can be estimated against a ‘control condition’ (an intervention that does not contain ‘exposure to nature’). However, great care must be taken to ensure that both forms of intervention are equivalent in terms of other conditions known to exert an effect on the measures of outcome. And this where the Trostrup review comes unstuck.In the reviewed papers, the intervention outcomes are various self-report measures of wellbeing. Moreover, such measures are known to be especially sensitive to the presence of meaningful interpersonal relationships and a sense of achieving something interesting (Cummins, 2018). Thus, in order to estimate the effectiveness of ‘nature exposure’ in benefiting self-report measures, the exposure and the control groups must experience equivalent exposure to relationship formation and a sense of achieving. They do not.Reference: Trostrup, C. H., Christiansen, A. B., St?len, K. S., Nielsen, P. K., & Stelter, R. (2019). The effect of nature exposure on the mental health of patients: a systematic review. Quality of Life Research, 28, 1695–1703.Author’s summary: Conclusion - A significant effect of nature on mental well-being of patients with somatic disease was found. Comment on Trostrup et al. (2010)Of the five studies examined, four can be discounted because the exposure and the control groups had differential access to relationship formation and achieving something interesting. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cimprich</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>3871</RecNum><DisplayText>Cimprich and Ronis (2003)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3871</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1561198745">3871</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cimprich, B.</author><author>Ronis, David L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An environmental intervention to restore attention in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer</title><secondary-title>Cancer Nursing</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Cancer nursing</full-title></periodical><pages>284-292</pages><volume>26</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2003</year></dates><isbn>0162-220X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Cimprich and Ronis (2003). Intervention: 120 min per week of self-chosen outdoor restorative activity for 5 weeks. Control: standard hospital treatment. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Watzek</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>3872</RecNum><DisplayText>Watzek et al. (2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3872</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1561199001">3872</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Watzek, Dorte</author><author>Mischler, Eugen</author><author>Sonam, Dorji</author><author>Gubler-Blum, Barbara</author><author>Abbatiello, Claudia</author><author>Radlinger, Lorenz</author><author>Verra, Martin L</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Effectiveness and economic evaluation of therapeutic nordic walking in patients with psychosomatic disorders: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial</title><secondary-title>Psychology Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychology Research</full-title></periodical><pages>665-675</pages><volume>6</volume><number>11</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Watzek et al. (2016). Intervention: therapeutic Nordic walking in nature. Control: standard hospital treatment. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Hitzig</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3873</RecNum><DisplayText>Hitzig, Alton, Leong, and Gatt (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3873</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1561264874">3873</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hitzig, S. L.</author><author>Alton, Charlene</author><author>Leong, Nicole</author><author>Gatt, Katherine</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The evolution and evaluation of a therapeutic recreation cottage program for persons with spinal cord injury</title><secondary-title>Therapeutic Recreation Journal</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Therapeutic Recreation Journal</full-title></periodical><pages>218-233</pages><volume>46</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0040-5914</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Hitzig, Alton, Leong, and Gatt (2012) Intervention: a therapeutic cottage program lasting 4 days engaged in a variety of outdoor activities on land and in water. Control: did not participate in the program. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Rosenberg</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>3874</RecNum><DisplayText>Rosenberg, Lange, Zebrack, Moulton, and Kosslyn (2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3874</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1561264998">3874</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Rosenberg, R. S.</author><author>Lange, Whitney</author><author>Zebrack, Brad</author><author>Moulton, Samuel</author><author>Kosslyn, Stephen M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>An outdoor adventure program for young adults with cancer: positive effects on body image and psychosocial functioning</title><secondary-title>Journal of Psychosocial Oncology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Psychosocial Oncology</full-title></periodical><pages>622-636</pages><volume>32</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0734-7332</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Rosenberg, Lange, Zebrack, Moulton, and Kosslyn (2014) Intervention: a 6-day outdoor adventure program. Control: wait-list control.This leaves only the study by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Raanaas</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>3869</RecNum><DisplayText>Raanaas, Patil, and Hartig (2012)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3869</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1561096378">3869</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Raanaas, R. K.</author><author>Patil, Grete Grindal</author><author>Hartig, Terry</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Health benefits of a view of nature through the window: a quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center</title><secondary-title>Clinical rehabilitation</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Clinical Rehabilitation</full-title></periodical><pages>21-32</pages><volume>26</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>0269-2155</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Raanaas, Patil, and Hartig (2012) as having a valid experimental-intervention design. Their study involved a rehabilitation centre (mean age 62y) with private rooms. The main comparison was between people with ‘panoramic views’ from their window, and those without such a view. Respondents completed a questionnaire before and after the 4-week rehabilitation program. They measured Global Life Satisfaction (GLS), affect, and self-reported health (SF-12: Short-form of the SF-36 –McHorney et al., 1993) as ‘physical’ and ‘mental’. A major statistic employed by the authors is ‘partial eta squared’. This provides the degree of association between the provision of panoramic views and the measures of outcome. The size of this association is the Effect Size, classified as small (.01) or moderate (.06) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Pallant</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1358</RecNum><DisplayText>(Pallant, 2010)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1358</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1410227214">1358</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Pallant, J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS</title></titles><dates><year>2010</year></dates><publisher>McGraw-Hill International</publisher><isbn>0335242391</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Pallant, 2010). Small effect sizes are statistically significant but trivial in meaningful application. All of the authors’ reported effect sizes for mental or physical health are small. The effect sizes for GLS and affect are also small and not significant.2. All of the simple (main-effect) outcome comparisons between panoramic and no-view conditions were non-significant. All significant outcome comparisons (see 1. above) were interactions.3. The number of comparisons was substantial. If the authors had used a Bonferroni correction, to correct for Type-1 error, almost all of their results would have become non-significant.The authors also provide a Clinical Message: “An unobstructed window view to nature from a private patient room promotes improvement in self-reported health during a residential rehabilitation programme; however, the strength of the effect appears to vary as a function of gender and diagnosis”. This seriously over-states their results. A more realistic message might be: “An unobstructed window view to nature from a private patient room failed to meaningfully promote improvement in a number of self-reported measures during a residential rehabilitation programme.”References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 1st July Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryAustralian National Outlook. (2019). Canberra: CSIRO report is the culmination of two years of sophisticated integrated modelling by CSIRO and the expertise of many of Australia’s business, academic and non-profit leaders, to examine what kind of country Australia could be in 2060.While the majority of Australians have benefitted from economic growth, the benefits have been unequally distributed. Stagnant wage growth over the past decade, coupled with strong house price growth, has left many Australians, particularly in younger generations, feeling left behind. A growing and ageing population is placing greater stress on Australia’s cities, infrastructure and government services. There is evidence that some aspects of Australia’s educational performance are falling, both in absolute terms and relative to peers. Perhaps most importantly, trust in both public and private institutions has fallen sharply.How well Australia manages these global and national challenges will have a significant effect on its future economic, environmental and social well-being.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaFor Just 2 Hours a Week, there's a Simple Practice That Could Make You Healthier?CARLY CASSELLA?| 14 JUN 2019 Over the years, it's become increasingly clear that spending time in nature is somehow linked to healthier and happier lives. Researchers in the United Kingdom have now taken a small but important step towards one of the most crucial, unanswered questions: how much time outdoors is enough? Living in greener areas is associated with lower risks of cardiovascular disease, obesity,?diabetes, asthma emergencies, mental distress, mortality and even myopia in children. Nevertheless, these results are still in their infancy, and it remains unclear how much exposure we humans truly need to reap the benefits. Findings suggest that it doesn't matter how those minutes of exposure are achieved each week, just that they are. In other words, if it takes multiple short walks in the woods to achieve two hours of nature exposure then that appears to be just as useful as one long picnic in the park.Potential collaborationMohammed Azhari Mohammed.Azhari@health..auI am writing on behalf of Queensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre (QTMHC). Since 2004 our centre has developed a program to develop resilience in Transcultural Australians. We primarily work with migrant and CALD communities. We have been using the Personal Wellbeing Index: School Children (PWI-SC) 3rd Edition.Mohammed Azhari???????? Senior Project OfficerQueensland Transcultural Mental Health Centre (QTMHC)Metro South Addiction and Mental Health Service | Metro South HealthWoolloongabba Community Health CentreLevel 2, 228 Logan Road, Woolloongabba QLD 4102PO Box 709, Stones Corner QLD 4120t. 07 3317 1193 | Toll free 1800 188 189 | f. 07 3317 1299 | MH Call 1300 64 22 55 (24hrs)e. mohammed.azhari@health..au | Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersMs. Bernadette JasperClinical Director, Discovery Counseling & Wellness Center Inc, USAKeywords: outcome measureMs. Celine JonaDoctor of Psychology (Clinical) student, Deakin UniversityKeywords: Psychology, well-being, work-related, relevant-----------------------References ADDIN EN.REFLIST Cimprich, B., & Ronis, D. L. (2003). An environmental intervention to restore attention in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Cancer nursing, 26(4), 284-292. Cummins, R. A. (2018). The Golden Triangle of Happiness: Essential resources for a happy family. International Journal of Child, Youth & Family Studies, 9(4), 12–39.Gullone, E. (2000). The biophilia hypothesis and life in the twenty first century: Increasing mental health or increasing pathology? Journal of Happiness Studies, 1, 293-321. Hitzig, S. L., Alton, C., Leong, N., & Gatt, K. (2012). The evolution and evaluation of a therapeutic recreation cottage program for persons with spinal cord injury. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 46(3), 218-233. Kellert, S. R. (1997). From Kinship to Mastery. Washington D.C: Island Press.McHorney, C. A., Ware, J. E., & Raczek, A. E. (1993). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36): II. Psychometric and clinical tests of validity in measuring physical and mental health constructs. Medical Care, 31, 247-263.Pallant, J. (2010). SPSS survival manual: A step by step guide to data analysis using SPSS: McGraw-Hill International.Raanaas, R. K., Patil, G. G., & Hartig, T. (2012). Health benefits of a view of nature through the window: a quasi-experimental study of patients in a residential rehabilitation center. Clinical Rehabilitation, 26(1), 21-32. Rosenberg, R. S., Lange, W., Zebrack, B., Moulton, S., & Kosslyn, S. M. (2014). An outdoor adventure program for young adults with cancer: positive effects on body image and psychosocial functioning. Journal of Psychosocial Oncology, 32(5), 622-636. Vargas, A. M. (2017). Urban green areas to improve human wellbeing. In L. Martinez (Ed.), Bulletin of the Public Policy Observatory in Cali; Policy Brief #17: Life satisfaction: Measurement and its implications for public policy formulation (pp. 52-53). Colombia: Universidad Icesi in Cali.Watzek, D., Mischler, E., Sonam, D., Gubler-Blum, B., Abbatiello, C., Radlinger, L., & Verra, M. L. (2016). Effectiveness and economic evaluation of therapeutic nordic walking in patients with psychosomatic disorders: A pragmatic randomized controlled trial. Psychology Research, 6(11), 665-675. Wilson, E. O. ( 1984). Biophilia. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/25: 200619Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of Life: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: The chapter by Ormel et al. provides a useful coverage of the literature concerning the application of homeostasis to psychological variables. This topic has been sputtering along ever since ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Cannon</Author><Year>1932</Year><RecNum>67</RecNum><DisplayText>Cannon (1932)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>67</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1343947645">67</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cannon, W. B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The wisdom of the body</title></titles><dates><year>1932</year></dates><pub-location>New York NY</pub-location><publisher>Norton</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Cannon (1932) first described the management of physiological variables around a ‘set-point’. While pre-Cannon thinkers published vaguely conceived notions of biological stability ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Menninger</Author><Year>1963</Year><RecNum>1742</RecNum><Prefix>see </Prefix><Suffix> for an account</Suffix><DisplayText>(see Menninger, 1963 for an account)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1742</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1427314003">1742</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Menninger, K. </author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The Vital Balance</title></titles><dates><year>1963</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Viking</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(see Menninger, 1963 for an account), it was Cannon who produced the first testable and theoretically-embedded scientific description of homeostatic control as a form of physiological regulation. Unlike his predecessors, he did not regard the ‘internal environment’ as static, but as comprising a state of dynamic equilibrium, with the values of the controlled variables retained within circumscribed ranges. In Cannon’s words, the term “homeostasis … does not imply something set and immobile, a stagnation. It means a condition - a condition which may vary, but which is relatively constant” (p.24). He described this ‘relative consistency’ in blood concentrations of sodium chloride, calcium, glucose, carbonic acid, and body temperature, noting that while there are normal oscillations in the levels of these variables, these oscillations generally occur within a relatively narrow range of values. The fact of this constrained variation in the value of homeostatically-controlled variables is an essential characteristic of the homeostatic process. Yet many authors who write on the topic show no understanding of this basic characteristic, citing variation in levels of SWB as evidence against homeostatic control PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5IZWFkZXk8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDE0YTwvWWVhcj48

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Diener, Kanazawa, Suh, & Oishi, 2015; Easterlin, 2016; Headey, Muffels, & Wagner, 2014).At a more sophisticated level of enquiry, it is assumed that any homeostatic system involving a subjective psychological variable will be bound by the same principles as have been demonstrated within physiology. This assumption rests on the general understanding of evolutionary parsimony – that an evolved mechanism within one system will be modified for service in a different system. As such, any discovery of an instance of psychological homeostasis will be expected to have the following characteristics, at least:1. The variable being managed is a clearly defined, single entity, which cannot be decomposed into simpler biological or subjective constructs with homeostatic relevance. Examples are single molecules (e.g. glucose), single system characteristics (e.g. blood-pressure), and single affective molecules (e.g. Homeostatically Protected Mood: HPMood). Explanation: Glucose is a biological molecule comprising atoms of nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen. None of these atoms could be under individual homeostatic control because they are the common building-blocks of biological chemistry. For example, the homeostatic control of breathing is based on the blood concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2), another molecule, rather than on oxygen levels. Blood pressure is controlled by input from baroreceptors (pressure receptors) in the arteries and veins. HPMood is a subjective molecule comprising the three affective atoms of content, happy, and alert. Analogously to glucose, none of these atoms could be under individual homeostatic control because they are ubiquitously-involved in subjective experience.2. Each Homeostatically-controlled variable has a set-point, which has a genetic basis. This set-point does not change in response to homeostatic challenges (such as, for the glucose set-point, a sugar-rich meal). However, the level of the managed variable (blood glucose concentration) may show both acute change (the sugar-rich meal) and chronic change due to homeostatic defeat (diabetes). 3. Each set-point is an individual difference. This is manifest as a normal distribution of set-points in a sample of medically and psychologically normally-functioning people.4. The normal range of each managed variable can be described in two ways. One is the normal-operating range of the managed variable, for each individual, as controlled by homeostasis. The other is the distribution of normally-operating ranges within the population.5. Each set-point exists in conjunction with a homeostatic management system devoted to the set-point variable.An elaboration of these ideas can be found in Cummins (2017). Essentially, HPMood has been demonstrated to fulfil each of the above conditions.Reference: Ormel, J., VonKorff, M., Jeronimus, B. F., & Riese, H. (2017). Set-point Theory and Personality Development: Reconciliation of a Paradox. In J. Specht (Ed.), Personality Development Across the Lifespan (pp. 117-137). New York: Academic Press.Author’s summary: Set-point theory has been productively applied in studies of SWB, but not in research on stability and change in personality. This divergence may be explained by the traditional but wrong assumptions that SWB responds to environmental influences, whereas personality traits do not. The experience-dependent and mixed set-point models provide a promising framework for future research to better understand stability and change in adult personality development because they fit available evidence. A significant challenge will be integrating research that concerns between-subject differences in personality traits with longitudinal studies assessing within-subject stability and ment on Ormel et al. (2017)Robert A. CumminsIt is actually rather challenging to comprehend what point the authors are trying to make. In their first few paragraphs they state that personality changes through the lifespan ‘driven by both genes and experiences’. This is undoubtedly true. But they then go further, drawing attention to researchers who have proposed a ‘personality set-point’ (p.118). Ormel et al. state that “According to this perspective, personality traits have a person specific set-point around which trait levels fluctuate in response to life experiences. Thus personality levels can temporarily be changed by life experiences, but eventually people return to their characteristic set-point level. Importantly, major life events or enduring changes in social circumstances may also change the set-point of personality traits for long periods of time or even permanently” (p.118).This is seriously confusing for the following reasons:1. The authors define ‘set-point’ as “it defies change via compensatory mechanisms which regulate short-term fluctuations caused by internal or external events back to their typical state (i.e., set-point). Importantly, physiological set-points (e.g., blood pressure) often change with age” (p.120). This description is both incorrect and inadequate as:(a) A set-point is simply that. It is a theoretical set-level of a variable that does not change. In practice, it is measured as the mean level of the managed variable under normally favourable biological and psychological conditions.(b) A set-point does not ‘defy change’. It is the attendant homeostatic system which acts to restrict the degree of measured change in the set-point variable. However, this system does not ‘defy change’ either. It allows some measure of change, normally within a narrow range around the set-point. (c) The authors state that change in the set-point variable can be ‘driven by both genes and experiences.’ What they fail to explain is that such ‘change’ occurs in two very different forms. First is the acute change, moment to moment, which represent a challenge to homeostatic control and, second, there is chronic change due to homeostatic compromise or failure.In summary, the lack of precision and explanation of the term ‘set-point’ has allowed loose usage of the term with dire consequences for understanding.2. The authors do not explain how the idea of a ‘personality set-point’ can have any traction when considered within the context of homeostatic theory. In fact, the existence of such a set-point seems extremely unlikely for the following reasons at least:(a) By definition, set-points are static and personality normally undergoes developmental change (Hounkpatin et al., 2018). Ormel et al do not address this incongruity.(b) The second reason personality is unlikely to involve a set-point is its complex composition of many different variables. From the Point 1 of the ‘background’ section above, a set-point variable is “a clearly defined, single entity, which cannot be decomposed into simpler biological or subjective constructs with homeostatic relevance”. Personality is the opposite of this, as an exceedingly complex, multifaceted construct. The NEO five-factor personality inventory (Costa and McCrae, 1992) comprises five factors: Neuroticism, Extraversion, Openness, Conscientiousness, and Agreeableness. Moreover these factors are not homogeneous. Each one comprises six ‘facets’ of 8 items each, making 240 items overall. This vast complexity means that speaking of ‘personality’ as though it is a single entity, with a ‘set-point’ conforming to the above description, cannot be useful to understanding. References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 24th June Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Assistance requested by ACQol memberRichard Mills <richardmills@> is seeking any PWI data that relates to the UK, Danish, Greek or Maltese populations.??He writes:“I am doing research in all of these countries.?In the UK a follow up of adult autistic women and on a parent programme ;?in Denmark with parents of children with the label of? 'challenging behaviour',?in Malta working with the Maltese government and Inspire Foundation on their autism strategy.?in Kalamata Greece on a strategy for autism and neurodevelopmental disorders.I have found the PWI to be an extremely useful framework for comparisons of quality of life and subjective wellbeing.?Any help or advice from the network would be gratefully received.?Prof. Richard MillsAssociate Consultant & Adviser to the BoardAT-Autism :?20-22 ?WENLOCK ROAD? :?LONDON N1 7GU :?UNITED KINGDOMMOBILE +44(0)7515127557Website:?? reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryPathways Commission. (2019). Positive disruption: health and education in a digital age. UK: Pathways for Prosperity Commission has the potential to revolutionise patient health and the way students learn. For the poorest, most marginalised people living in the farthest regions of the world, technology could mean faster communication with healthcare professionals, more education opportunities for remote students, and more efficient services thanks to tools that monitor disease outbreaks and track whether teachers are showing up for work. But these positive outcomes are not an inevitable by-product of innovation. Technology is not a silver bullet, and cautionary tales are abundant. Positive disruption: health and education in a digital age argues that realising the full potential of innovation in the areas of health and education requires policymakers and practitioners to enshrine inclusion as a core goal up front as they design and scale new technologies in these areas.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaMen are also Suffering from Postnatal Depression, and We Need to Pay Attention? CASSELLA?While both mothers and fathers can suffer equally from postpartum depression (PPD), most people only recognise it in women.?Until now, only a handful of studies have examined how the public regards PPD, and most of these have been focused on maternal cases. While the new study is relatively small and limited in scope, it reveals how the scientific and medical bias around paternal PPD can also extend to the public. New fathers are frequently under-diagnosed and untreated for mental health problems after the birth of their child. While many modern societies regard men as tough, stoic, and self-reliant, women are more likely to be considered fragile and vulnerable. The results of the study are a good example of how gender constructs can influence our perception of suffering.?Potential collaborationGeorgeina.Clear@facs..auGeorgeina, from the Research and Analysis Unit, at the Aboriginal Housing Office in NSW, is using the PWI for evaluative purposes.?Senior Evaluation Officer?Department of Family and Community Services | Aboriginal Housing OfficeT?8836 9482?E?Georgeina.Clear@facs..auA?Level 5, 33 Argyle St, Parramatta NSW 2150W?facs..auMembership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersMrs Liisa Keshmiri Pedagogik leader, AAC-specialist, Frosunda Omsorg, SwedenKeywords: QoL, intellectual disability, participation, autonomyDr Violet XiaResearch Associate, IPPG University of Technology, Sydney AustraliaKeywords: Subjective wellbeing, housing, social policy-----------------------ReferencesCannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York NY: Norton.Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. (1992). Revised NEO-Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and the NEO Five Factor Inventory: Professional Manual. Retrieved from Odessa Florida:Cummins, R. A. (2017). Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis - Second edition. In D. S. Dunn (Ed.), Oxford Bibliographies Online. Retrieved from , E., Kanazawa, S., Suh, E. M., & Oishi, S. (2015). Why people are in a generally good mood. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 19 (3), 235-256.Easterlin, R. A. (2016). Do People Adapt to Poorer Health? Health and Health Satisfaction over the Life Cycle. In F. Maggino (Ed.), A Life Devoted to Quality of Life - Festschrift in Honor of Alex C. Michalos (Vol. 60, pp. 81-92). Dordrecht, Netherlands: Springer.Headey, B., Muffels, R., & Wagner, G. G. (2014). National panel studies show substantial minorities recording long-term change in life satisfaction: Implications for set point theory. In K. M. Sheldon & R. E. Lucas (Eds.), Stability of Happiness: Theories and Evidence on Whether Happiness Can Change (pp. 99-126). New York: ElsevierHounkpatin, H. O., Boyce, C. J., Dunn, G., & Wood, A. M. (2018). Modeling Bivariate Change in Individual Differences: Prospective Associations Between Personality and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), e12-e29.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/24: 130619Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of Life: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: Craig Olsson craig.olsson@deakin.edu.au has recommended this article to us, thereby providing an opportunity to demonstrate the misuse of scales developed to measure ‘Purpose in Life’.Cummins writes: A substantial literature concerns the topic of ‘Purpose in Life’, which has been conceptualized in myriad ways and has no standard form of measurement. These matters are not of themselves damaging to the scientific advancement of understanding. What does damage advancement, is authors creating obscure definitions of the construct and using measures that lack evident validity. An example are Ryff’s Scales of Psychological Wellbeing (SPW).In 1989 ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite Hidden="1"><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><record><rec-number>338</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1343947742">338</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being</title><secondary-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>1069-1081</pages><volume>57</volume><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>, Ryff reported her attempt to operationalise the 6 dimensions of wellbeing she had conceived, as forming the basis for her scales of wellbeing. One of these dimensions, ‘Purpose in Life’, she describes in the context of mental health as follows: “Mental health is defined to include beliefs that give one the feeling there is purpose in and meaning to life. The definition of maturity also emphasizes a clear comprehension of life's purpose, a sense of directedness, and intentionality. The life span developmental theories refer to a variety of changing purposes or goals in life, such as being productive and creative or achieving emotional integration in later life. Thus, one who functions positively has goals, intentions, and a sense of direction, all of which contribute to the feeling that life is meaningful’ (p.1071). She describes the process of analysing the first iteration of her scales, with 32 items forming each scale. Her description of the scale content for a high Purpose is “Has goals in life and a sense of directedness; feels there is meaning to present and past life; holds beliefs that give life purpose; has aims and objectives for living” (p.1072). When she applied a factor analysis to the 6 scales, she found they did not factor as intended, and that Purpose cross-loaded between factors. So far, so good, this is the normal route for scale development. But further development over the past 30 years has not yielded a simple model.There are several reasons for this failure. One is that the envisaged 6 dimensions cannot be reliably separated into distinct factors. A second is that the researchers using the scales seem unwilling to acknowledge literature showing that the dimensions to be invalid as separate constructs. A third is the use of obfuscation, as authors become evasive about the precise details of the items they used to represent each domain. A good example of all these issues is provided by Alimujiang et al., (2019).Reference: Alimujiang, A., et al. (2019). "Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years." JAMA Network Open 2(5): e194270.Author’s summary: The Health and Retirement Study is a national cohort study of US adults older than 50 years. 6985 adults between the ages of 51 to 61 were followed from 2006 to 2010. Life purpose, measured by a modified sub-section of the Ryff and Keyes Scales of Psychological Well-being, was significantly associated with all-cause mortality. This result held-up after the use of multiple covariates. Comment on Alimujiang (2019)The two issues to be examined in this publication are, first, the definition of ‘life purpose’ and, second, its measurement. The definition of life purpose is stated ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alimujiang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>3857</RecNum><Pages>2</Pages><DisplayText>(Alimujiang, Wiensch, Boss, &amp; etal., 2019, p. 2)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1559365236">3857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alimujiang, A.</author><author>Wiensch, A.</author><author>Boss, J.</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years</title><secondary-title>JAMA Network Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA Network Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e194270</pages><volume>2</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 </electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alimujiang, Wiensch, Boss, & etal., 2019, p. 2) as “a self-organizing life aim that stimulates goals” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Cohen</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>3860</RecNum><DisplayText>(Cohen, Bavishi, &amp; Rozanski, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3860</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1559884665">3860</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Cohen, R.</author><author>Bavishi, Chirag</author><author>Rozanski, Alan</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose in life and its relationship to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis</title><secondary-title>Psychosomatic medicine</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychosomatic Medicine</full-title></periodical><pages>122-133</pages><volume>78</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2016</year></dates><isbn>0033-3174</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Cohen, Bavishi, & Rozanski, 2016) [and which] promotes healthy behaviors, and gives meaning to life” ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McKnight</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2215</RecNum><DisplayText>(McKnight &amp; Kashdan, 2009; Ryff &amp; Keyes, 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1445529604">2215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McKnight, P. E.</author><author>Kashdan, Todd B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: an integrative, testable theory</title><secondary-title>Review of General Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Review of General Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>242-251</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1939-1552</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1492</RecNum><record><rec-number>1492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1415567499">1492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author><author>Keyes, Corey Lee M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The structure of psychological well-being revisited</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>719</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(McKnight & Kashdan, 2009; Ryff & Keyes, 1995). These bland, general statements would surely defy precise operationalization by any scale. Worse, the statements do not reasonably represent the views of the cited authors.In the sequence of their appearance above, the actual definition offered by Cohen et al (2016) is “Purpose in life can be defined as a self-organizing life aim that stimulates goals, manages behaviour, and provides a sense of meaning” (p.122). It is evident that Alimujiang have mis-quoted the definition [italics show the missing text]. Moreover, the quoted definition is not original to Cohen et al. who, in turn, cite ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>McKnight</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2215</RecNum><DisplayText>McKnight and Kashdan (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1445529604">2215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McKnight, P. E.</author><author>Kashdan, Todd B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: an integrative, testable theory</title><secondary-title>Review of General Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Review of General Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>242-251</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1939-1552</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>McKnight and Kashdan (2009) as the source. Thus, Alimujiang et al. have used a secondary source for the cited text, which is bad practice.The document cited as ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>McKnight</Author><Year>2009</Year><RecNum>2215</RecNum><DisplayText>McKnight and Kashdan (2009)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2215</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1445529604">2215</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McKnight, P. E.</author><author>Kashdan, Todd B</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: an integrative, testable theory</title><secondary-title>Review of General Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Review of General Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>242-251</pages><volume>13</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2009</year></dates><isbn>1939-1552</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>McKnight and Kashdan (2009) is a complex narrative review in which ‘purpose’ plays a central and cohesive role in the creation of psychological health and wellbeing. The attribution to this text by Alimujiang of ‘promotes healthy behaviors, and gives meaning to life’, is superficial and inadequate. It is also incorrect since Mc Knight and Kashdan do not use this phrase.The third cited document, by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1492</RecNum><DisplayText>Ryff and Keyes (1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1415567499">1492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author><author>Keyes, Corey Lee M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The structure of psychological well-being revisited</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>719</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Ryff and Keyes (1995), best defines purpose in life through their statement (see Appendix, p.727) describing high purpose as “has goals in life and a sense of directedness, feels there is meaning to present and past life, holds beliefs that give life purpose, has aims and objectives for living”. Again, the relationship between the cited ‘definition’ by Alimujiang et al., and this actual text is misrepresentational and inadequate.In sum, the definition of life purpose used by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Alimujiang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>3857</RecNum><DisplayText>(Alimujiang et al., 2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1559365236">3857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alimujiang, A.</author><author>Wiensch, A.</author><author>Boss, J.</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years</title><secondary-title>JAMA Network Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA Network Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e194270</pages><volume>2</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 </electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Alimujiang et al., 2019) is not only un-operationationizable but is also unsupported by the references they cite for this purpose. This cannot bode well for their measurement. It might reasonably be anticipated that if the authors cannot adequately define the construct they are intending to measure, their measure cannot validly operationalize their definition.The measurement of Life Purpose Since the original edition of the Scales of Psychological Wellbeing ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1989</Year><RecNum>338</RecNum><Prefix>SPW: </Prefix><DisplayText>(SPW: Ryff, 1989)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>338</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1343947742">338</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being</title><secondary-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>1069-1081</pages><volume>57</volume><dates><year>1989</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(SPW: Ryff, 1989), Ryff and other authors have experimented with various shortened versions. A key matter, then, is for these authors to present the items they used to measure each version of SPW and, in particular, the Purpose Life (PIL) scale. Alimujiang et al., do not provide these items. They state “Purpose in life was assessed … using a 7-item questionnaire from the modified Ryff and Keyes Scales of Psychological Well-being ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1492</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ryff &amp; Keyes, 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1415567499">1492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author><author>Keyes, Corey Lee M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The structure of psychological well-being revisited</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>719</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ryff & Keyes, 1995)” (p.3). However, this reference does not contain the scale items either. It refers on to yet another source ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1994</Year><RecNum>3865</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ryff, Lee, Essex, &amp; Schmutte, 1994)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3865</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1560104519">3865</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author><author>Lee, Y. H.</author><author>Essex, M. J.</author><author>Schmutte, P. S.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title> My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and self</title><secondary-title>Psychology and Aging</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Psychology and Aging</full-title></periodical><pages>195-205</pages><volume>9</volume><dates><year>1994</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ryff, Lee, Essex, & Schmutte, 1994). In other terms, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Alimujiang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>3857</RecNum><DisplayText>Alimujiang et al. (2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1559365236">3857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alimujiang, A.</author><author>Wiensch, A.</author><author>Boss, J.</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years</title><secondary-title>JAMA Network Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA Network Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e194270</pages><volume>2</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 </electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Alimujiang et al. (2019) describe the scale they used in glowing terms as “The modified Ryff and Keyes Scales of Psychological Well-being ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ryff</Author><Year>1995</Year><RecNum>1492</RecNum><DisplayText>(Ryff &amp; Keyes, 1995)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1492</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1415567499">1492</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ryff, C. D.</author><author>Keyes, Corey Lee M</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The structure of psychological well-being revisited</title><secondary-title>Journal of personality and social psychology</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Journal of Personality and Social Psychology</full-title></periodical><pages>719</pages><volume>69</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>1995</year></dates><isbn>1939-1315</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Ryff & Keyes, 1995) assessment is the most comprehensive, validated scale for measuring purpose in life” (p.2). As evidence they cite PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Db2hlbjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTY8L1llYXI+PFJl

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Akin, 2008; Cohen et al., 2016; Kim, Strecher, & Ryff, 2014; Ryff, 1989; Ryff & Keyes, 1995; Ryff, Singer, & Dienberg Love, 2004; VanDierendonck, 2004). Reality check. Not one of these seven articles provides evidence for the validity of either the SPW scales in general or the PIL scale in particular. Even odder, the article by VanDierendonck (2004), apparently listed as supportive of the SPW, is a critique. These authors studied the factor structure of 14-, 9- and 3-items per scale versions and they report “the factorial validity of the SPW was unsatisfactory. Results were only acceptable for the 3-items per scale version … [however] the internal consistencies of these 3-items scales were unacceptably low, suggesting that these scales should not be used” (pp 638-639).As further evidence that Alimujiang et al are not validly processing the information available to them, one of their cited references ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kim</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>3863</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kim et al., 2014)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3863</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1560056396">3863</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kim, E. S.</author><author>Strecher, Victor J</author><author>Ryff, Carol D</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</full-title></periodical><pages>16331-16336</pages><volume>111</volume><number>46</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>0027-8424</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kim et al., 2014) describe the PWS as “a measure with evidence of reliability and validity” (p.16,334). This is nothing short of bizarre since they also claim that their “slightly altered” 7-item version of the PIL “ has been psychometrically evaluated and validated in a previous large-scale study ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Abbot</Author><Year>2006</Year><RecNum>1026</RecNum><DisplayText>(Abbott et al., 2006)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1026</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1391791358">1026</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Abbott, R. A.</author><author>Ploubidis, G. B.</author><author>Huppert, F. A.</author><author>Kuh, D.</author><author>Wadsworth, M. E. J.</author><author>Croudace, T. J.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological wellbeing items in a UK cohort sample of women</title><secondary-title>Health and Quality of Life Outcomes</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Health and Quality of Life Outcomes</full-title></periodical><volume>4 </volume><dates><year>2006</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1186/1477-7525-4-76</electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>(Abbott et al., 2006)” (p.16,334). But, this paper, by Abbott et al., is a crushing critique of the SPW [see attached].The study by Abbott is by far the most sophisticated analysis within all these cited sources, involving a large sample of UK women. These authors provide full item descriptions of the 7-item versions of all PWB scales using appropriate, high-level statistics. They conclude:“Our psychometric analyses of the Ryff 42-item PWB suggests that the addition of two method factors to reflect positive and negative item content improves model fit. A revised model with a single second-order factor, loaded by four of the six first-order factors (environmental mastery, personal growth, purpose in life and self-acceptance), two method factors, and two more distinct first-order factors (autonomy and positive relations) provided the most parsimonious solution” (p.14). In other words, and in agreement with the critique by VanDierendonck (2004), the individual scales are not psychometrically separable from one another. The reality, then, is that when using the Purpose in Life scale, the construct being measured is some amalgam of PIL along with, at least, environmental mastery, personal growth, and self-acceptance. In short, the data on Purpose in Life produced by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Alimujiang</Author><Year>2019</Year><RecNum>3857</RecNum><DisplayText>Alimujiang et al. (2019)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3857</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1559365236">3857</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Alimujiang, A.</author><author>Wiensch, A.</author><author>Boss, J.</author><author>etal.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years</title><secondary-title>JAMA Network Open</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>JAMA Network Open</full-title></periodical><pages>e194270</pages><volume>2</volume><number>5</number><dates><year>2019</year></dates><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 </electronic-resource-num></record></Cite></EndNote>Alimujiang et al. (2019) are uninterpretable.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 17th June Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Website additions and changesTanja Capic <tanja.capic@deakin.edu.au>WebMasterA new addition to? - Improving Prognosis mission is to expand our reach to all of those who have been affected by mesothelioma and provide them with the quality resources and support that they need to live their best lives.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatorycOAlition S (2019) Accelerating the transition to full and immediate Open Access to scientific publications apo-nid239166-1362836.pdfPlan S aims for full and immediate Open Access to peer-reviewed scholarly publications from research funded by public and private grants. cOAlition S, the coalition of research funders that have committed to implementing Plan S, aims to accelerate the transition to a scholarly publishing system that is characterised by immediate, free online access to, and largely unrestricted use and re-use (full Open Access) of scholarly publications. cOAlition S is committed to fulfil the specific target set out in Plan S: publications resulting from research funded by cOAlition S members’ grants under calls published as of 1 January 2021 (or earlier at individual members' choice), must be published in Open Access venues (journals or platforms) or made openly and immediately available in an Open Access repository.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaOur Imagination really can change our perceptions of reality on a neural levelTessa Koumoundouro new study reveals how imagining a scenario that takes place in an emotionally neutral place can change our attitude to that place in reality.?MRI scans from the experiment revealed our ability to imagine these scenarios involves a network in our brain that includes the?ventromedial prefrontal cortex?(vmPFC) - an area that has been linked to processing risk, fear, decision making and evaluation of morality.?Evidence that we can alter our attitude towards a place merely with a daydream adds weight to the ideas that changing our thinking patterns can meaningfully change our reactions to the world - an important concept for?mental health. Given how disruptive perceptions and emotions can be in our lives, understanding more about this phenomenon could prove highly useful.Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersAssociate Professor Jenny Downs Principal Research Fellow, Telethon Kids Institute, WA AustraliaKeywords: disability, quality of life, physical health, mental health, measurementProfessor Richard Mills Consultant Associate and Adviser to the Board, AT-Autism, UKKeywords: Research. QOL. Autism. Asperger Syndrome. PTSD. Anxiety. Challenging behaviour-----------------------ReferencesAbbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E. J., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological wellbeing items in a UK cohort sample of women. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-76Akin, A. (2008). The scales of psychological well-being: a study of validity and reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 8(3), 741-750 . Cohen, R., Bavishi, C., & Rozanski, A. (2016). Purpose in life and its relationship to all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: A meta-analysis. Psychosomatic Medicine, 78(2), 122-133. Cummins, R. A. (2018). Measuring and interpreting subjective wellbeing in different cultural contexts: A review and way forward. New York, Cambridge University Press.International Wellbeing Group (2013). "Personal Wellbeing Index Manual: 5th Edition." Retrieved 29 April 2018, from , E. S., Strecher, V. J., & Ryff, C. D. (2014). Purpose in life and use of preventive health care services. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 111(46), 16331-16336. ADDIN EN.REFLIST McKnight, P. E., & Kashdan, T. B. (2009). Purpose in life as a system that creates and sustains health and well-being: an integrative, testable theory. Review of General Psychology, 13(3), 242-251. Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations on the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57, 1069-1081.Ryff, C. D., & Keyes, C. L. M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69(4), 719. Ryff, C. D., Lee, Y. H., Essex, M. J., & Schmutte, P. S. (1994). My children and me: Midlife evaluations of grown children and self. Psychology and Aging, 9, 195-205. Ryff, C. D., Singer, B. H., & Dienberg Love, G. (2004). Positive health: connecting well–being with biology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1383-1394. VanDierendonck, D. (2004). The construct validity of Ryff's Scales of Psychological Well-being and its extension with spiritual well-being. Personality and Individual Differences, 36(3), 629-643. ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/23: 060619Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of Life: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: The Olympic Games originated from a festival celebrating Zeus, who rules as king of the gods of Mount Olympus. The progressive addition of athletic events began as contests between individuals (who competed naked), and later between teams representing city-states, with the first Panhellenic Olympic Games held in 776 BC. The Romans conquest abolished the games as heathen, but they soon created their own form of public entertainment as the circus, in which elaborate programs combined athletics with gladiatorial contests and staged animal hunts. These events, funded by government and private individuals, became an immensely popular form of entertainment in most cities. Their purpose, in large part, was political. To draw attention to the sponsors and divert attention from social inequities, by making people feel good through entertainment. So how long did each injection of emotional feel-good into the population last? The discovered answer was, not very long. So the period between circuses became shorter and shorter. By the reign of Marcus Aurelius (CE161 to 180), events at the Circus Maximus were held on 135 days each year. In contemporary society, myriad sporting events have replaced the circuses, but serve a similar purpose. Moreover, the issue of effect-duration can now be measured. So, do feel-good national events cause the population to be happier and, if so, for how long? As might be expected, the literature on this topic show a mixed-bag of results. Important variables are the nature of the event and the linkage people feel between the event and their own lives. However, in general the evidence confirms the Roman intuition, that national success, most particularly in international sporting competition, can significantly raise the subjective wellbeing of the population to a small, and brief, degree. Confirmation comes from the studies listed by Mutz, with one unmentioned addition. In August 2009 the Olympics was held in Athens, at a time coinciding with our Australian Unity Wellbeing Index data collection for Survey 12.0. We were, thus, able to record the change in national SWB that occurred during and after the games (Cummins, et al., 2004). Basically, the Oz team did well, and the level of SWB rose some 3 percentage points as the games progressed. However, one week after the games were over, the SWB level had fallen to be no higher than at the start. Marcus Aurelius vindicated.Reference: Mutz, M. (2018). "Life Satisfaction and the UEFA EURO 2016: Findings from a Nation-Wide Longitudinal Study in Germany." Applied Research in Quality of Life 14: 375–391.Author’s summary: The present study aims at investigating the relationship between sport events and life satisfaction. It uses a representative sample from Germany and had a longitudinal design, covering the time before, during and after the UEFA EURO 2016. Findings demonstrate a significant increase in life satisfaction in Germany during the football competition (d = .17), particularly among subjects with a genuine interest in football. However, two months after the EURO life satisfaction was already on the decline and drifted towards the baseline level. Hence, the EURO did not produce a persistent ment on Mutz (2018)The question the authors are addressing is whether this international football competition, held in France, enhanced the GLS of the general German population. The authors measured Global Life satisfaction (GLS) at three time points: t1-before, t2-during, and t3-after the competition. They found a weak effect on GLS (t1<t2) which had dissipated by t3 (2 months after the competition had ended). This is much as expected given past studies. They also found the rise to be greatest for respondents with an interest in football, which is intuitive. However, the authors could have made much more of their t2-during-data.There are two sources of systematic variance contributing to their result. One is the variance associated with the success of the German team, the other is general excitement induced by the competition. The authors could have studied these two sources within t2. Because the German team was eliminated in the semi-final, the first 4-weeks of t2-data collection had the German team winning, while for the last 2 weeks the German team had lost. Surely, then, most respondents with a strong interest in the German team would have lost their elevated GLS, while those with an interest in the competition as a whole would have been more likely to have maintained their GLS elevation. However, this analysis is not reported.Two other aspects of the paper may have contributed to their weak result. First, the t2-data were collected on each of the 6 weeks of competition, each occasion using a sub-sample of the total t2 group. Thus, the t2-sub-samples differ in their temporal distance from t1 and t3. Given the semi-final elimination of the German team, this is likely an important source of variance within the t2-group, which the authors did not estimate.A second concern is with their measure of GLS “On the whole, how satisfied or not are you with the life you lead?” This appears to be a an unverified version of the standard ‘How do you feel about your life as a whole’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Andrews</Author><Year>1976</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><Suffix>`, p.66</Suffix><DisplayText>(Andrews &amp; Withey, 1976, p.66)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1343947407">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Andrews, F. M.</author><author>Withey, S. B.</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Social indicators of well-being: American&apos;s perceptions of life quality</title></titles><dates><year>1976</year></dates><pub-location>New York</pub-location><publisher>Plenum Press</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Andrews & Withey, 1976, p.66). Neither a reference nor justification for this different wording is provided. In addition, no description of their “1 to 10” response scale is provided. Such lack of detail mitigates against both replication and understanding. Despite these difficulties, the author’s main result stands intact. It is certainly interesting to reflect that a competitive game, being played in one country can reliably, if briefly, elevate subjective wellbeing in the participating teams’ own national populations.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 10th June Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryNew South Wales Auditor General's Report (2019). Wellbeing of secondary school students. Sydney Author Department has yet to report on the performance measure for wellbeing“The Department's performance measure for wellbeing is 'Increased proportion of students reporting a sense of belonging, expectations for success and advocacy at school'. The Department is yet to publicly report on this measure.The TTFM student survey will be used to construct the key performance indicator from threerelevant measures:? sense of belonging (six items)? advocacy at school (six items)? expectation for academic success (six items).These measures are aggregated to deliver a single measure of wellbeing expressed as aproportion of students reporting positive outcomes”. (Section 4.2)Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaWhat’s the secret of life satisfaction?Office of National Statistics (UK) Office for National Spending has found that overall spending and income matters less than personal circumstances when measuring life satisfaction.?Good health, marital status and economic activity had the strongest associations with how positively life satisfaction is rated. Age was also?found to matter in measuring life?satisfaction,?the young have higher life satisfaction than those in their 40s but life satisfaction rises again in later years, before falling again for those in their 80s.Report from Google Analytics for the ACQol siteInclusive period: May 2019Number of active users = 800Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersMr Mark DragerDirector, FinishWell, AustraliaKeywords:?Online Wellbeing Group ProgramsDr Lan GaoSenior Research Fellow, Deakin University, AustraliaKeywords:?health economics; quality of life; patient-report outcomesDr Gabriella SharpeLecturer in Speech Pathology, Australian Catholic University, AustraliaKeywords:?changes in communication and impact on QoL-----------------------ReferencesAndrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Cummins, R. A., et al. (2004). "Australian Unity Wellbeing Index: Report 12.0 - “The Wellbeing of Australians - Job Security”." Retrieved 02 June 2019, from Bulletin Vol 3/22: 300519Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of Life: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background:On 27th October 2006, the Internet was included on USA Today's list of New Seven Wonders. Now it is woven into the fabric of our lives. In economically mature countries over 80% of us are connected. So, the internet is indispensable, but is it good for us?There are several core issues, one of which concerns social connection. The internet allows us to experience a level and variety of social connectivity way beyond the tribal experience for which we have evolved. Such an innovation will inevitably have both positive and negative consequences for wellbeing. The positive advantages are evident for people who, for a variety of reasons, are otherwise socially isolated. More broadly, a refined study by ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite AuthorYear="1"><Author>Shah</Author><Year>2001</Year><RecNum>1523</RecNum><DisplayText>Shah, McLeod, and Yoon (2001)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1523</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1416328779">1523</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Shah, D. V.</author><author>McLeod, Jack M</author><author>Yoon, So-Hyang</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Communication, Context, and Community An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences</title><secondary-title>Communication Research</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Communication Research</full-title></periodical><pages>464-506</pages><volume>28</volume><number>4</number><dates><year>2001</year></dates><isbn>0093-6502</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>Shah, McLeod, and Yoon (2001) found that use of the internet for informational purposes was positively associated with general trust and civic participation. But it is the negative consequences of the internet that have dominated the investigatory literature.A widely cited early study of the internet effects on social behavior ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Kraut</Author><Year>1998</Year><RecNum>1526</RecNum><DisplayText>(Kraut et al., 1998)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1526</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1416504533">1526</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Kraut, R.</author><author>Patterson, Michael</author><author>Lundmark, Vicki</author><author>Kiesler, Sara</author><author>Mukophadhyay, Tridas</author><author>Scherlis, William</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?</title><secondary-title>American psychologist</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>American Psychologist</full-title></periodical><pages>1017-1031</pages><volume>53</volume><number>9</number><dates><year>1998</year></dates><isbn>1935-990X</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Kraut et al., 1998) was quite sensational. It reported that greater use of the Internet was associated with declines in communication with household members and size of social circle, and also with increased depression and loneliness. While the study is weak, other stronger studies have similarly reported deleterious effects on various aspects of adolescents’ perceptions and behaviour, such as their concern over body image (deVries, 2016). Adding authority to such concerns, the OECD (2017) reported an international survey of 15y children. They conclude that, “extreme Internet use – more than six hours per day – has a negative relationship with students’ life satisfaction and engagement at school” (p.6). Which leads to a crucial theoretical understanding through which to view this literature.Most people, be they adolescent or adult, do not engage in extreme internet use. For these normal-range people, their level of use will likely not affect their level of subjective wellbeing. SWB homeostasis normally prevents substantial change in SWB level on a chronic basis. However, in line with the OECD (2017) findings, excessive use may create a level of negative affect strong enough to defeat homeostatic control. If this occurs, SWB will chronically lie below its normal range. The message from this understanding is that any investigation into the deleterious effects of internet use needs to focus on extreme users in order to demonstrate an effect.Reference: Orben, A., Dienlin, T., & Przybylski, A. K. (May 2019). Social media’s enduring effect on adolescent life satisfaction. PNAS,116 (21). doi: content/pnas/116/21/10226.full.pdfAuthor’s summary: In this study, we used large-scale representative panel data to disentangle the between-person and within-person relations linking adolescent social media use and well-being. We found that social media use is not, in and of itself, a strong predictor of life satisfaction across the adolescent population. Instead, social media effects are nuanced, small at best, reciprocal over time, gender specific, and contingent on analytic ment on Orben et al., (2019)Robert A. CumminsDescribing the results of this paper in the British Medical Journal, Mahase (2019) writes “Concerns over how social media impacts teenagers’ wellbeing and quality of life have been overblown and are not supported by solid evidence… researchers from the University of Oxford … found the effects of social media were “small at best,” concluding usage is not a strong predictor of life satisfaction. The authors (Orben et al., 2019) warned that the fearful headlines about social media are not supported by significant evidence and that policy based on these fears will be “garbage.” (Mahase, 2019, p.1)So, is Mahase’s interpretation of the Orben et al paper reasonable? Consider the forensic evidence. A dead idea “social media use decreases SWB” has been found in the vicinity of a discharged statistical blunderbuss. However, whether death was due to the weapon or other causes is uncertain. One clue comes from asking whether, prior to the massive use of covariance in the blunderbuss (Orben) analysis, did the two groups of high and low internet users differ in their levels of SWB? We do not know, but can make an informed guess; ‘probably not’. Which brings into focus the actual question being addressed by the Orben analysis. They asked whether “adolescents using more social media show different levels of life satisfaction compared with adolescents using less”, with ‘more’ and ‘less’ defined by a binary-split in the data set. But, there is no known reason why these binary groups would be expected to differ in SWB, as explained above. Crucially, then, the issue of whether an over-use of social media (see OECD, 2017) has a negative impact on SWB, is not what the authors tested. So the idea “social media use decreases SWB” was dead anyway and the statistical blunderbuss was unnecessary: not guilty. In other respects also the paper is opaque to understanding. No raw-data means or variances are reported, so the basic nature of the data cannot be assessed. Additionally, neither the instrument used to measure SWB nor the control variables are described in the paper; whether 10y children can validly respond to SWB questions is in doubt [ACQOL Bulletin#21: 141217] ; and the description of the analysis is so arcane as to be not understandable, even to reasonably sophisticated social scientists. In short, the paper fails at multiple levels and Mahase’s (2019) opinion, which will no doubt be widely broadcast, cannot be supported. All of this is especially poignant as the World health Organization has just classified, for the first time, Gaming Disorder as an addictive behavioral disorder (WHO, 2019).References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 3rd June Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryWorld Economic Forum (2019). Data collaboration for the common good: Enabling trust and innovation through public-private partnerships. Geneva, Author. World Economic Forum's Trustworthy Data Initiative has spearheaded an in-depth exploration of the contributing factors for catalysing progress in the domain of public-private data collaboration. The findings point to five areas for leaders to focus upon to strengthen trust. Leaders need to: 1) ensure that all relevant stakeholders are committed to shared outcomes; 2) operationalize the principles of responsible data governance; 3) deliver insights that are achievable, accurate, fair and explainable; 4) support both senior leader decision-makers and front-line users with the skills and resources to use data; and 5) establish sustainable economics to ensure long-term impact.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaFlow, The Secret to Happiness?Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi contributes to a life that is worth living??Csikszentmihalyi studied psychology in order to?understand the roots of happiness. He has found that increases in material wellbeing?don’t seem to affect how happy people are. When people find pleasure and lasting satisfaction in?activities that bring a state of?‘flow’ they experience improved overall wellbeing and satisfaction in life.?Potential collaborationjoanne.robinson@.auCarolyn Quinn Consultancy has completed an evaluation of one of Wentworth Community Housing’s homelessness projects in 2016. For the evaluation, she used the Personal Wellbeing Index to determine the impact of the project on the lives of the people assisted. We, at Specialist Sector Capacity Building, are commencing another project aimed at ending homelessness around the Hawkesbury in NSW. We would like to use the Personal Wellbeing Index again in order to determine and compare the impact of this project.The Hawkesbury Project to End Rough Sleeping is running from May to August 2019. It is a collaboration between services working in the Hawkesbury, spearheaded by Hawkesbury City Council. Wentworth Community Housing will take the lead on case management of those assisted and on the collection of data. The aim is to find homes for those embedded on the banks of the Hawkesbury River around Windsor, many of whom have been there for several years, and return the public space back to the community. ?We are currently already using the PWI as part of the NSW Family and Community Services Specialist Homelessness Services Outcomes pilot and the clients assisted in the project will be part of this pilot. However, we would also like to use the PWI as an evidence tool outside of the pilot for our own research. ???Jo Robinson l Specialist (Sector Capacity Building)? ph: office - 02 4777 8000; direct - 02 4777 8025; mobile – 0413 658 226 l fax: 02 4777 8099 joanne.robinson@.au l .auBorec House, Suite 1002, Level 1, 29-57 Station Street, Penrith NSW 2750? PO Box 4303, Penrith Westfield NSW 2750 Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new memberMs Erum RasheedPrincipal Researcher, UnitingKeywords:?subjective wellbeing-----------------------ReferencesdeVries, D. A., et al. (2016). "Adolescents’ social network site use, peer appearance-related feedback, and body dissatisfaction: Testing a mediation model." Journal of Youth and Adolescence 45(1): 211-224.Kraut, R., et al. (1998). "Internet paradox: A social technology that reduces social involvement and psychological well-being?" American Psychologist 53(9): 1017-1031.Mahase, E. (2019). Social media: concerns over effects on teenagers are overblown and lack evidence. British Medical Journal, 365(l2069). doi:10.1136/bmj.l2069OECD (2017). PISA 2015 Results (Volume III): Students’ Well-Being, PISA. Paris, OECD Publishing.Shah, D. V., et al. (2001). "Communication, Context, and Community An Exploration of Print, Broadcast, and Internet Influences." Communication Research 28(4): 464-506.WHO (2019). "Gaming Disorder code 6C51 " Bulletin Vol 3/21: 230519Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: This second point of discussion, arising from the Checa et al (2019) paper [See previous Bulletin 160519], concerns the presumed composition of Subjective Wellbeing (SWB). It is almost 60 years since the first single-item response scales were produced to measure Global Life Satisfaction (GLS): ‘how happy/satisfied are you with your life?’ (Gurin, et al., 1960; Thompson, et al., 1960). Various subsequent versions have been produced, both in the wording of the question and in the number of choices available in the response scale. However, roughly speaking, they all seem to produce similar average scores which, in Western populations lie in the range of about 65 – 80 percentage points on a standardized 0-100 point scale. These measures are also surprisingly reliable, which adds to their intrigue. But the question then arises, how do people do it? How do people produce such reliable ‘evaluations of their wellbeing at the global level’ (Andrews & Withey, 1976)? This mechanism is of more than passing academic interest. Population surveys are commonly being used by government agencies to measure national life quality, and a GLS question is normally included. So, understanding the mechanism allows governments to understand the implications of GLS levels rising or falling. If it is through cognition (thinking), then processes such as comparative evaluations of objective wealth may be direct and unavoidable sources of population discontent. But if the process is affective (feelings) then the sources of discontent are more likely to be internally sourced and controlled.Checa et al conform to the commonly stated belief, that the GLS response is mainly determined by cognitive processes. This is challenged, however, by both common sense and empirical evidence. Reference: Checa, I., Perales, J., & Espejo, B. (2019). Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by gender, age, marital status and educational level. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 963-968.Author’s summary: “Subjective Wellbeing (SWB) can be divided into a cognitive (life satisfaction: GLS) and an affective component (positive and negative emotions or emotional balance). The cognitive component, life satisfaction, refers to the global cognitive judgement people make about their own lives according to personal criteria” (p.963) (Diener & Emmons, 1984). [Cummins comment: In fact, this cited paper makes no reference to ‘cognition’]… “Satisfaction with life is a cognitive component of subjective well-being and it has been measured frequently with the Satisfaction with Life Scale” (p.966). Comment on Checa et al (2019)Robert A. CumminsIn reality, SWB cannot be simply ‘divided’ into its affective and cognitive components. These two components co-exist in almost every SWB response. However, the relative affective/cognitive content of a response can be estimated through the relative strength of correlations. In this method, the SWB response is correlated with responses to other questions involving either strong affect (e.g. level of contentedness) or strong cognition (e.g. the discrepancy between what one has and what one wants). In setting a baseline for such determination, GLS is a useful variable to represent SWB because it represents an extreme abstraction of life quality. Of itself, GLS can be neither affective nor cognitive, since no one can actually conceptualize ‘your life as a whole’. The response that is generated, therefore represents a generalized evaluative response to an abstracted self.So, what information is used to generate this GLS response? It cannot be ‘in the moment’ cues due to GLS’s extraordinary stability (Anglim et al., 2015) and the fact that acute cognitions and emotions are necessarily fleeting and changing (see, however, Lucas, et al., 1996 for an alternative view). So, our answer to this conundrum is that the GLS response is referenced to an unchanging mood called Homeostatically protected Mood, and an extended explanation of this proposition can be found in (Capic, et al., 2018).From the above, a question concerning the cognitive-affective content of GLS can only be answered in terms of proportionality, and there are three reasons to doubt the claim that SWB, as measured by GLS, is mainly a cognitive response. The first is common sense. Cognition can be described as ‘the mental action of understanding through processes such as evaluation, reasoning and computation’ ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Oxford dictionary</Author><Year>2016</Year><RecNum>2690</RecNum><DisplayText>(Oxford dictionary, 2016)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2690</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="z2xarpe9cfrvp4ezdxk5ddx9dsrzr05f22sa" timestamp="1475364050">2690</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Book">6</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Oxford dictionary,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>cognition - definition</title></titles><dates><year>2016</year></dates><publisher>. Retrieved 02-Oct-2016</publisher><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(Oxford dictionary, 2016). Clearly, such processes take time to perform, and the question “How satisfied are you with your life as a whole?” is highly complex. Nevertheless, people normally answer this very odd question, reliably, in just a few seconds, as was first noted by Andrews and Withey (1976, p.64). So, surely it is self-evident that respondents do not engage in cognition. In fact, people use their mood as the information for their answer, which might seem odd, but is well supported by evidence (see later). A second reason comes from direct research evidence. Both Davern, et al. (2007) and Tomyn & Cummins (2011) studied the relative degree of connection between a determinedly cognitive evaluation of one’s life, measured by Perceived Discrepancies (Michalos, 1985), and mood. The link of SWB to mood was at least twice as strong as its link to cognition. Finally, it is understood why cognition is such a weak contributor to GLS. The question it employs, an abstracted ‘life as a whole’, does not provide a clear focus for cognition. In a major review of memory and cognition, Buchanan (2007) explains “The influence of affect on cognition generally, and on retrieval specifically, is similar to the influence of other contextual cues. The more ambiguous the situation (i.e., the less the cueing environment captures the original to-be-remembered item), the more affect may be expected to influence cognitive function” (p.763). In other words, the cognitions involved in GLS are likely to be weak and dominated by affect. We propose that this affect is in the form of Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood). A more detailed account of how HPMood relates to SWB is provided in ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/9: 280219. References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 27th May Oz time, will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryJacob L, Haro J M, & A., K. (2019). Relationship between living alone and common mental disorders in the 1993, 2000 and 2007: National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. PloS one, 14(5), e0215182. 10.1371/journal the high prevalence of common mental disorders (CMDs) and individuals living alone in the United Kingdom, the goal of this study was to identify potential mediating factors of this association. The data were drawn from the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. CMDs were assessed using the Clinical Interview Schedule-Revised (CIS-R), a questionnaire focusing on past week neurotic symptoms. The presence of CMDs was defined as a CIS-R total score of 12 and above. Multivariable logistic regression and mediation analyses were conducted to analyze the association between living alone and CMDs. The prevalence of CMDs was higher in individuals living alone than in those not living alone in all survey years. Overall, loneliness explained 84% of the living alone-CMD association.Media newsThese cities offer the best quality of life in the world, according to Deutsche BankChloe Taylor in Europe and Australasia offer the highest quality of life in the world, new research from Deutsche Bank showed.Published Thursday 16th May, the report analyzed the costs and quality of living for residents in 56 cities around the world.Zurich, Switzerland, topped the index, despite not being the top-rated city in any of the sub categories. The Swiss city came second in the purchasing power index and was ranked the third safest city in the world.Residents of New Zealand’s capital city, Wellington, had the second highest quality of life in the world, according to the analysis. It offers short commutes, low levels of pollution and has one of the world’s best purchasing power ratings.-----------------------ReferencesAndrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Anglim, J., Weinberg, M. K., & Cummins, R. A. (2015). Bayesian hierarchical modeling of the temporal dynamics of subjective well-being: A 10 year longitudinal analysis. Journal of Research in Personality, 59(3), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jrp.2015.08.003Buchanan, T. W. (2007). Retrieval of emotional memories. Psychological Bulletin, 133(5), 761-779.Capic, T., Li, N., & Cummins, R. A. (2018). Confirmation of Subjective Wellbeing Set-points: Foundational for Subjective Social Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 137(1), 1-28.Davern, M., Cummins, R. A., & Stokes, M. (2007). Subjective wellbeing as an affective/cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 429-449. doi: 10.1007/s10902-007-9066-1Diener, E., & Emmons, R. A. (1984). The independence of positive and negative affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 47, 1105–1117.Gurin, G., Veroff, J., & Feld, S. (1960). Americans view their mental health: A nationwide interview survey. New York: Basic Books.Lucas, R. E., Diener, E., & Suh, E. (1996). Discriminant validity of well-being measures. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(3), 616-628.Michalos, A. C. (1985). Multiple Discrepancies Theory (MDT). Social Indicators Research, 16, 347-413.Thompson, W. E., Streib, G. F., & Kosa, J. (1960). The effect of retirement on personal adjustment: A panel analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 15(2), 165-169.Tomyn, A. J., & Cummins, R. A. (2011). Subjective wellbeing and homeostatically protected mood: Theory validation with adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 897-914. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9235-5ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/20: 160519Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: There are two aspects of this paper which will be discussed in consecutive weeks. The first concerns the substance of the paper, and second will concern the assumption that Subjective Wellbeing (SWB) is mainly ‘cognitive’. This first discussion concerns measurement invariance applied to Diener’s Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS).Measurement invariance concerns the simultaneous application of Confirmatory Factor Analysis to data drawn from two or more groups. The aim of the procedure is to establish whether respondents within the comparative groups have interpreted the individual questions, as well as the underlying latent factor, in the same way. If invariance cannot be demonstrated, then the respondents from the comparison groups are responding as to different scales, and a comparison of the group means is meaningless.The invariance procedure involves four, progressively refined analyses of the comparative factor structures between the groups. At each step, the criterion for deciding whether the factor structures are the same or different become more demanding. If they are the same at any level, then that level of achieved invariance determines the type of group comparison that is statistically valid. The higher the level, the more sophisticated the comparison. The four levels are Configural, Metric, Scalar, and Strict. Over the years there has been much discussion concerning the minimum level that allows the valid comparison of group means and variances. The nature of this discussion is reminiscent of that which occurred over whether the data from 0-10 response scales are ordinal or interval (cardinal). The purist answer is ordinal, but the practical and now-accepted answer for researchers is interval. For invariance, the purist answer is Strict but the practical is Scalar (Vandenberg & Lance, 2000; Van de Schoot, et al., 2012). The Scalar criterion is also adopted by Checa et al (2019).Reference: Checa, I., Perales, J., & Espejo, B. (2019). Measurement invariance of the Satisfaction with Life Scale by gender, age, marital status and educational level. Quality of Life Research, 28(4), 963-968. Author’s summary: The Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) has shown strong evidence of acceptability, reliability, validity and invariance for gender, whereas there is mixed evidence of invariance by culture and age. We aimed to explore the invariance of the SWLS by [demographic groupings]. Data from a convenience sample of 726 Spanish adults were tested using a one-factor model, confirmatory factor analysis. The results show a scalar invariance by gender and educational level and a partial scalar invariance by marital status.The SLWS is valid for comparisons between genders, age, educational levels but not for marital ment on Checa et al (2019)Robert A. CumminsThe abstract states that the data were collected from “A convenience sample of 726 Spanish adults” and that “The SLWS is valid for comparisons between genders, age, [and] educational levels.” This importantly misrepresents the authors’ results as having broad applicability for the Spanish adult population. In fact, their sample comprised 52% undergraduate students, surveyed under standardised conditions through computers in their classroom. These students would have caused the overall data set to be more homogeneous than are general population data, thereby positively biasing the level of statistical similarity between their demographic groups. Also biasing such similarity is the method of their demographic groupings. Their two ‘age’ groupings are formed around 24y, on the rationale that their sample contained a “high number of undergraduate students aged 24y and younger” (p.964). But there is no theoretical reason to expect people to have systematically different functioning around this age. A different form of ‘bias towards similarity’ involved their two ‘Marital status’ groups designated as ‘single’ and ‘in a relationship’. The latter included people ‘in a romantic relationship’, which status could surely also apply to many of the ‘single’ group comprising people ‘never married, widowed, separated, [or] divorced’. The weak and indistinct nature of these between-group differences has worked in favour of the authors’ results, in finding the demographic groups to be invariant. However, this result is hardly scientifically informative. References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 20th May Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Website additions and changesTanja Capic <tanja.capic@deakin.edu.au>WebMasterThe following information has been added to Law -? Law was founded to help people suffering from asbestos-related diseases. -? guide to Opiate and Heroin Withdrawal.DetoxLocal Periodic Table of Drugs -? table of drug addiction.Cerebral Palsy Group -? Palsy Group is an online resource for anyone who has been affected by cerebral palsy, birth injuries, or brain injuries. Our team was created so we can provide answers and all types of assistance needed to help improve the quality of life for loved ones and family members with cerebral palsy.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryLuetjens, J., Mintrom, M., & 't Hart, P. (2019). Successful Public Policy: Lessons from Australia and New Zealand. Canberra: ANU press. volume presents many policies that have received global recognition for their effectiveness. For example, Australia’s response to the public health challenges of HIV/AIDS and Aotearoa New Zealand’s Treaty of Waitangi settlement and reparation policy for settlement of historical injustices suffered by Maori are just two very different but powerfulexamples of major reform strategies initially led by political leaders, which garnered largely bipartisan support and drove new forms of public administration. In quite a few instances, the policy reforms challenged powerful vested interests, such as the leadership of New Zealand’s economic turn-around in the mid-1980s and Australia’s gun control legislation implemented after the Port Arthur massacre in 1996. In both cases, the political leaders of the time—prime ministers David Lange of New Zealand and John Howard of Australia—led policy responses that Sir Humphrey would only describe as courageous and that were often opposed by large sections of their own support base. But both relied heavily on independent and expert advice from their public services and kept a keen eye on the broader public interest, rather than simply responding to narrower sectional interests.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaLess stuff, More HappinessGraham Hill levels are currently peaking and we are finding that instead of feeling more?fulfilled with owning lots of?possessions, people are?experiencing more debt, leaving large?environmental footprints and feeling less happiness. Hill suggests three ways to?‘edit' your life in order to live simply and with more freedom. These tips not only may help you save some money, but could improve your overall levels of happiness and?fulfilment.Report from Google AnalyticsInclusive period: April 2019Number of users = 852Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new memberDr. Jacob MarszalekAssociate Professor, University of Missouri-Kansas CityKeywords:?Flow, Motivation, Scale Development, Latent Variable Analysis-----------------------ReferencesVandenberg, R. J., & Lance, C. E. (2000). A review and synthesis of the measurement invariance literature: Suggestions, practices, and recommendations for organizational research. Organizational research methods, 3(1), 4-70.Van de Schoot, R., Lugtig, P., & Hox, J. (2012). A checklist for testing measurement invariance. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 9(4), 486-492.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/19: 090519Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: One of the strongest features of subjective wellbeing (SWB) is its chronic stability. The commonly cited reason used to be a presumed causal link to personality (e.g. Headey & Wearing, 1992). That is, some aspects of personality produced the positive-negative balance which influenced SWB levels and, because personality was under genetic control, the levels of SWB were unchanging on a chronic basis. Thus, “personality traits predispose individuals to experience different levels of SWB’ (Strobel et al., 2011), who cite a balance between extraversion and neuroticism. These authors go so far as to cite Diener et al. (2003) as having demonstrated the causal direction of influence from personality to SWB. This, however, is incorrect. Diener et al are careful to emphasise that the relationships have not been demonstrated as causal and, indeed, that remains true today. What can be demonstrated, however, is that personality has two characteristics which make its direct causal link to SWB unlikely. One is that the connection between personality and SWB is substantially mediated by Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood) PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5EYXZlcm48L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA3PC9ZZWFyPjxS

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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (Blore, Stokes, Mellor, Firth, & Cummins, 2011; Davern, Cummins, & Stokes, 2007; Tomyn & Cummins, 2011a). The other is that personality is not stable over age, as has been demonstrated by a number of longitudinal studies (Hounkpatin, et al., 2018). So do the changes in personality accord with the dip in SWB that has been commonly associated with middle age? Reference: Specht, J., Egloff, B., & Schmukle, S. C. (2011). Stability and change of personality across the life course: The impact of age and major life events on mean-level and rank-order stability of the Big Five. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 101(4), 862-882.Author’s summary: This longitudinal study investigated changes in the mean levels and rank order of the Big Five personality traits in a heterogeneous sample of 14,718 Germans across all of adulthood. --- the rank-order stability of Emotional Stability, Extraversion, Openness, and Agreeableness all followed an inverted U-shaped function, reaching a peak between the ages of 40 and 60 and decreasing afterward, whereas Conscientiousness showed a continuously increasing rank-order stability across adulthood. … In sum, our analyses show that personality changes throughout the life span, but with more pronounced changes in young and old ages, and that this change is partly attributable to social demands and ment on Specht et al (2011)Robert A. CumminsThe authors get off on the wrong foot by misquoting the definition of personality traits by Roberts et al (2008, p.375) as “Personality traits are stable patterns in each individual and distinguish him or her from other individuals” (p.862). The actual definition by Roberts is “Personality traits are defined as the relatively enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguish individuals from one another”. This is followed by a detailed discussion of ‘relatively enduring’. The changed wording by Specht et al allows them to set-up a straw-man, and they continue “Nevertheless, personality is also subject to change… etc’. This type of error adds confusion to an already complex literature.Turning now to their study, using the SOEP German surveys, they tracked 15,000 people over 4 years, using the Big Five personality traits. Of these traits, the one most positively associated with SWB is Extraversion (Costa & McCrae, 1986), while the one most negatively associated is Emotional Stability. Further, the common finding across age is that SWB levels drop around 40-50 years (e.g. Blanchflower & Oswald, 2008), being higher for younger and older people. Thus, if personality is simply linked to SWB, around the 40-50 year mark the Specht results should show low extraversion and high emotional stability. They do not. However, the meaning of this result is exceedingly hard to evaluate.When they refer to their main dependent variable as ‘mean levels of personality’ (Abstract), they are not referring to a conventional statistical mean derived by averaging raw scores. They are referring to the results of their factor analytic techniques in which the mean of the latent variable (e.g. extraversion) is estimated by its intercept (see their Figure 3). These two ‘mean’ statistics are different from one another, so the results they cite cannot be simply compared with most of the previous literature they cite. This leads to another interpretive problem in using these latent variable means to Rank-Order the magnitude of the five traits, which is how the authors measure ‘stability’. While the authors have delivered a pyrotechnic display of statistical sophistication, in the absence of conventional means and variance (standard deviations), the results cannot be simply evaluated against the vast literature on personality that uses this level of dependent variable. Moreover, the authors do not explain how their latent-variable mean scores relate to these conventional measures. The consequence is that this paper fails to add substantially to the psychological-theoretical understanding of personality.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 13th May Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Website additions and changesTanja Capic <tanja.capic@deakin.edu.au>WebMasterIestyn Polley <iestyn.polley@deakin.edu.au>Executive Web DeveloperBob comments: Over the past couple of years Iestyn Polley, Tanja Capic and I have been developing the ACQol website in both macro and micro ways. With our latest changes to ‘publications’, the macro structure of the site seems to have overall coherence for the first time. That is, the major headings used in the menu bar at the top of the opening page, and their drop-down menus, all seem to be in order. However, of course, such architectural structures are never finished, with new headings and superior re-arrangements always waiting to be discovered. We will be grateful for any suggestions for the macro structure of the site to be improved. Please send your suggestions to me [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au] for discussion in the Bulletin.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryCommunity Council for Australia. (2019). The Australia we want: Second report. Canberra: Author findings in this report describe progress against key indicators developed to reflect the core values of the Australia we want. While the trends are generally positive with Australia overall performing slightly better than in the previous report, there are several areas of concern. Incarceration rates, suicide rates, housing unaffordability, levels of giving and levels of CO2 emissions are all tracking in the wrong direction in this report. Volunteering, educational attainment, and female participation in the workplace are all trending in the right direction. As a consequence of these changes, some jurisdictions, including Victoria and Western Australia, have improved their scores, while others, including the Australian Capital Territory and New South Wales, have gone backwards since the first report.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaHow to Make Work-Life Balance WorkNigel Marsh work and life is important in maintaining a healthy quality of life, yet it can be difficult working full time, looking after children, and maintaining a social life.?With the smallest investment?in the right places,?you can radically transform the quality of your relationships?and the quality of your life.?Moreover,?it can transform society.?Because if enough people do it,?we can change society's definition of success?away from the moronically simplistic notion?that the person with the most money when he dies wins,?to a more thoughtful and balanced definition?of what a life well lived looks like.?And that, I think,?is an idea worth spreading.?------------------------------------------------Earlier this year (ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/6: 070219) we reported that “New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern has pitched what she says will be the first-ever "wellbeing" budget by a government. Her administration this year has vowed to take a new approach to its finances, saying it will no longer just crunch numbers on economic data, but also a variety of social indicators in search of long-term solutions.” Delyse Hutchinson <delyse.hutchinson@deakin.edu.au> has provided the following up-date:Canberra to introduce wellbeing index, as New Zealand bases budget around concept …A "wellbeing budget" measures policies not just in economic terms but also against social, cultural and environmental indicators. The ACT will be the first jurisdiction in Australia to create its own wellbeing index and has enlisted experts and community groups to begin developing potential models. The Government has promised to reveal the index on Canberra Day next year.Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new memberDr Maria Eugenia FernandezResearcher, Universidad Catolica del UruguayKeywords:?Quality of Life, Subjective well being, Adolescents, Psychopathology, Substance use.-----------------------ReferencesBlanchflower, D. G., & Oswald, A. J. (2008). Is well-being U-shaped over the life cycle? Social Science & Medicine, 66(8), 1733-1749.Blore, J. D., Stokes, M. A., Mellor, D., Firth, L., & Cummins, R. A. (2011). Comparing multiple discrepancies theory to affective models of subjective wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 100(1), 1-16. doi: 10.1007/s11205-010-9599-2Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1986). Cross-sectional studies of personality in a national sample: I. Development and validation of survey measures. Psychology and Aging, 1(2), 140-143.Davern, M., Cummins, R. A., & Stokes, M. (2007). Subjective wellbeing as an affective/cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 429-449. doi: 10.1007/s10902-007-9066-1Diener, E., Oishi, S. & Lucas, R. E. (2003). Personality, culture, and subjective well-being: Emotional and cognitive evaluations of life. Annual Review of Psychology, 54, 403–425.Headey, B., & Wearing, A. (1992). Understanding happiness: A theory of subjective well-being. Melbourne: Longman CheshireHounkpatin, H. O., Boyce, C. J., Dunn, G., & Wood, A. M. (2018). Modeling Bivariate Change in Individual Differences: Prospective Associations Between Personality and Life Satisfaction. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 115(6), e12-e29.Roberts, B. W., Wood, D., & Caspi, A. (2008). The development of personality traits in adulthood. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of personality: Theory and research (3rd ed) (pp. 375-398). New York: Guilford Press.Strobel, M., Tumasjan, A., & Sp?rrle, M. (2011). Be yourself, believe in yourself, and be happy: Self‐efficacy as a mediator between personality factors and subjective well‐being. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 52(1), 43-48.Tomyn, A. J., & Cummins, R. A. (2011a). Subjective wellbeing and homeostatically protected mood: Theory validation with adolescents. Journal of Happiness Studies, 12(5), 897-914. doi: 10.1007/s10902-010-9235-5ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/18: 020519Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Satisfaction and Homeostatically Protected MoodThurstone (1933)Background: Factor analysis is one of the most important statistical tools available to the social sciences. It was pioneered by Charles Spearman (1904, 1907), who demonstrated that a set of correlations between two variables can be statistically separated into a specific and a common factor. Some 30 years later, Thurstone (1933) elaborated the technique to yield multiple factors. These were massive intellectual and logistic tasks, wherein huge levels of data processing were performed by hand. Both men were interested in separating a specific factor of intelligence (‘g’) from other mental abilities, but Thurstone took the methodology into the far more complex area of personality. He asked people to rate their use of 60 ‘common adjectives’ to describe other people and demonstrated they formed five factors (groupings), albeit different from the agreed ‘Big-Five’ today. Among his adjectives is ‘satisfied’ (see his Table 1). This is a curious use of ‘satisfied’; as a descriptor of a personality characteristic in the same way as we might describe someone as ‘calm’ or ‘faithful’. In modern usage the word is directed to a context, such as ‘satisfaction with your job’ and, indeed, in this form it is used in many scales to measure subjective wellbeing (SWB). But describing someone as ‘satisfied’ is to use the term as a mood-descriptor, in the same genre as ‘happy’ or ‘contented’. Further support for this affective usage came a few years later when Allport and Odbert (1936) also used satisfied as a mixed personality/mood descriptor. They created a list of 17,953 words, each of which ‘specifies in some way a form of human behaviour’ and classified them into four groups. Group 1 contained ‘possible personality traits’, and included Active and Alert. Group 2 contained ‘temporary moods or activities’, and included Happy, Content and Satisfied. Apart from satisfied, these terms are now constituents of Homeostatically Protected Mood (Davern et al., 2007) so two questions arise as: (a) Why has Satisfied not been included as part of HPMood? (b) What is the relationship between HPMood and the ‘Big-five’ personality traits?Reference: Thurstone, L. L. (1933). The vectors of mind. Paper presented at the American Psychological Association, Chicago . Author’s summary: We hope that the development of factorial methods of analysis will give us the tools by which to reduce the complexities of social and psychological phenomena to a limited number of elements. These methods should be useful not only for developing the theory of mental abilities and temperamental traits but also in meeting the practical demands of educational and psychological ment on Thurstone (1933)Robert A. CumminsThe earliest description of HPMood (Davern et al., 2007), at that time called ‘core affect’, comprised six affects identified by multiple regression as making the strongest contribution of variance to ‘Satisfaction with life as a whole’ (Global life satisfaction: GLS). Interestingly, the question-wording used to generate the data was similar to the general-abstract instructions used by Thurstone (1933). He had asked people to identify adjectives they would use to describe a person they knew well. Davern et al used “please indicate how each of the following [adjectives, e.g. satisfaction] describes your feelings when you think about your life in general.” The Davern results showed satisfied as being a strong member of the six HPMood affects. Moreover, and curiously, the strength of its contribution to GLS was comparable to that of Happy and Content, even though the wording of GLS specifies ‘satisfaction with life as a whole’. The authors concluded that there is little psychometric separation between these three terms; a conclusion reinforced by their finding that all three affects lay within 12 degrees of one another on the circumplex. Despite these results, the authors decided to exclude ‘satisfied’ from HPMood. This decision was made on the reasonable pragmatic grounds that their second, derivative study, involved using HPMood as a predictor of the PWI domains, which are all measured by satisfaction. The authors predicted that reviewers would take a dim view of satisfaction being used to predict itself. While this was a good decision at that time, subsequent studies have found that subjective wellbeing variables, such as ‘Relationship support’, that do not involve satisfaction for their measurement, are also strongly infused by HPMood (see e.g. Cummins et al., 2019: Table 5). Thus, it is time to revisit this issue and determine whether the inclusion of ‘satisfaction’ will strengthen HPMood.One final whimsical thought. Allport (1937) was aware of the contemporary work by Cannon (1932) demonstrating physiological homeostasis. Allport wrote "In the constant return of all psychological systems to a state of equilibrium, some see a 'wisdom of the body,' others a 'state of vigilance.' The more prosaic refer merely to 'homeostasis.' But whatever terms they employ these physiological doctrines all assume an inherent tendency of every organism to form itself into one intricate homogeneous system" (p.349). These are surely wise words. Allport has predicted that subjective wellbeing homeostasis is actually an integrated personality-affective process.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 6th May Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same ments, Observations, and QuestionsNicola Richter <nicolarichter@>World Happiness Report 2019Comment by Cummins on discussion of Helliwell, J.F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J.D. (2019).?World Happiness Report 2019. New York: Sustainable Solutions Network.In Bulletin ACQol Vol 3/15: 110419I am intrigued by your reference to John Wesley, the founder of the Methodist church, viewing “laughter as an act of the devil”, which seems to epitomise that laughter needs to been seen in cultural and historical contexts. Since laughing can be relaxing, uncontrolled and uncontrollable, Wesley’s disregard for laughter could be seen as an effort to enhance the power and control of the church over the people at the time?Bob replies: Indeed so. Hierarchies, spiritual or secular, operate through imposed control from above. And laughter can be a very subversive force, most especially when it involves ridiculing aspects of the hierarchy. If Chapman, Cleese, Gilliam, Idle, Jones and Palin had made ‘Life of Brian’ a couple of centuries earlier, they would likely have suffered the actuality of crucifixion.Regarding your last paragraph about the “Objective-Subjective equivalence fallacy” and that subjective wellbeing cannot be predicted from objective measures (Cummins, 2000), I am wondering if it would be appropriate to speak of some objective measures, such as length and depth of sleep, to have ‘modulating’ effects upon subjective wellbeing? I find this supported from my clinical practice, where clients report that lack of sleep or insufficient quality of sleep affects their subjective wellbeing (SWB) negatively with lower mood, frustration, irritability, and depending on length and intensity even depressed episodes, anger, suicidal ideation. Translating this to the theory of the?Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood): chronic or severe sleep disturbances change a person’s subjective wellbeing negatively.Bob replies: You are correct in describing the normal relationship between objective sleep disturbance and the level of SWB as indirect. The nature of their relationship is the same as it is for any challenging agent. While the level of challenge (e.g. snoring/sleep apnea) remains low, homeostatic control of SWB will be maintained, and no drastic change in SWB level will be observed. However, as the level of challenge rises, more and more homeostatic resources (e.g. enthusiasm, napping) are recruited to the cause and, eventually, a further worsening of snoring/sleep apnea will create a level of challenge that exceeds homeostatic capacity. Beyond this threshold, the challenging agent starts to have a direct influence on SWB, and levels of SWB start to fall below normal range.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryNational Mental Health Commission. (2018). Monitoring mental health and suicide prevention reform: National Report 2018. Sydney: Author Australia it is estimated that around 1 in 7 (13.9% children and adolescents between 4 and 17 years of age experiences a mental illness each year. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common mental illness. In a survey in 2013–14, 7.4% of children and adolescents were assessed as having ADHD in the previous 12 months. Anxiety disorders are the next most common (6.9%), followed by major depressive disorder (2.8%) and conduct disorder (2.1%).In the same survey, around 1 in 10 adolescents (10.9%) reported having ever self-harmed. About threequarters of these adolescents (amounting to 8.0% of the adolescent population) harmed themselves in the previous 12 months. In addition, 7.5% of 12–17-year-olds answered “prefer not to say” to the first survey question on self-harm and were not asked subsequent questions. As such, the proportion of young people who have ever self-harmed may be higher than indicated in these estimates. Around 7.5% of young people between 12 and 17 years of age had seriously considered attempting suicide in the previous 12 months.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaHow to Look After Your Mental Health as a Student?Rianna Walcott’s no secret that university can be a hard and stressful time in life. With the rising fees, falling job security and general deterioration of the political and?environmental world, anxiety and depression levels are rising in individuals aged 25 and younger.?Building your support networks, finding time for yourself and preventing burnout are all important ways of protecting your?mental health in times of stress. This article suggests strategies to avoid and overcome those rough patches.?Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new memberMs Sandra OpokuEvaluation Specialist, Relationships Australia VictoriaKeywords:?measuring outcomes social impact-----------------------ReferencesAllport, G. W. (1937). Personality: a psychological interpretation. New York: Henry Holt.Allport, G. W., & Odbert, H. S. (1936). Trait-names: A psycho-lexical study. Psychological Monographs, 47(211), 171.Cannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. New York NY: Norton.Cummins, R.A. (2000) Objective and Subjective Quality of Life: an Interactive Model.?Social Indicators Research, 52, 55-72.Cummins, R. A., Capic, T., Hutchinson, D., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Olsson, C. A., & Richardson, B. (2019). Why self-report variables inter-correlate: The role of Homeostatically Protected Mood. Journal of Wellbeing Assessment, 2, 93-114. doi: 10.1007/s41543-018-0014-0Davern, M., Cummins, R. A., & Stokes, M. (2007). Subjective wellbeing as an affective/cognitive construct. Journal of Happiness Studies, 8(4), 429-449. doi: 10.1007/s10902-007-9066-1Spearman, C. (1904). "General Intelligence," Objectively Determined and Measured. American Journal of Psychology, 15(2), 201–292. doi: 10.2307/1412107Spearman, C. E. (1907). Demonstration of Formul? for True Measurement of Correlation. American Journal of Psychology, 18(2), 161–169. doi: 10.2307/1412408ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/17: 250419Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: David Cameron, Prime Minister of the UK from 2010?to 2016, promoted the idea that national policy should concentrate more on improving people's happiness and general well-being, while focusing less on financial wealth. In his first year of office he launched the ‘Measuring national well-being: measuring what matters programme’ and, in so doing, set Britain on track to become a world-leading nation in the use of wellbeing for national policy. Of course Cameron, trained in economics, politics and philosophy, had only a vague notion of what ‘wellbeing’ implied scientifically, and so passed implementation to the Office of National Statistics (ONS). And that was when the wheels fell off. The ONS only knew about one side of the wellbeing equation, that of objective wellbeing, mainly wealth, and had dutifully tracked such demographic statistics for many years. Subjective Wellbeing (SWB), while clearly implied within Cameron’s speech, lay beyond the training of the ONS economists, and solidly within the intellectual territory of the social sciences. But the ONS was not going to hand control of ‘wellbeing’ to another discipline so easily, and engaged in a token response. This comprised the creation of a home-made, inferior four-item scale (for a critique see ACQol Bulletin Vol 2/45: 081118) intended to measure ‘Personal Well-being’. Then, in 2015, another governmental body was formed to promote ‘Wellbeing in Policy’, again dominated by people with expertise in economics, business, and administration.Bache, I. (2018). How Does Evidence Matter? Understanding ‘What Works’ for Wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 142, 1153–1173.Author’s summary: In 2015 the UK launched an independent What Works Centre for Wellbeing, co-funded by government departments and various agencies, which aims to develop a ‘strong and credible evidence base’ to help promote wellbeing in policy. Yet while there is widespread agreement that evidence matters in policy-making, it is far from clear what kinds of evidence matters, in what circumstances and to what extent. In this context, this article presents the findings of research exploring with policy-makers and stakeholders issues in the use of evidence in relation to wellbeing in public policy. In particular, it highlights evidence as a specific form of (research-based) knowledge and considers the importance of this relative to other forms of knowledge; political, professional and experiential. This approach highlights a broader understanding of ‘what works’ beyond the relatively technical sense often employed to describe the work of What Works Centres and in the use of evidence more ment on Bache (2018)Robert A. CumminsAt the core of any project to determine ‘what works’ for national policy must be a valid and reliable measure of the construct to be investigated. There also needs to be a theoretical framework for understanding the results. Both requirements can be met from within the social sciences where these topics have been under investigation for almost 90 years. The first empirical SWB (‘happiness’) measurement was performed by Watson (1930), scale psychometrics were initially systematized by Andrews & Withey (1976), and from these beginnings a huge literature has developed. This vast repository concerns all manner of issues regarding the psychometric performance of myriad scales and the relationships between variables. So, it might be reasonable expected that the ‘What Works’ team would at least attempt a distillation of this work. But not so. Their strategy has been to start again from scratch, through qualitative means, by asking members of selected organizations such questions as “Wellbeing—how do you understand this term? How do they think other people understand it?” and “Other than research evidence what other forms of knowledge are important to wellbeing (e.g., political, professional, experiential)?” Their conclusion is “a consensus” that “wellbeing should be understood as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon”. This uninformative conclusion confirmed their expectation, that the characterization of wellbeing for the determination of policy is a ‘wicked’ [i.e.virtually unsolvable] problem (p.1155). And, indeed, their methodology ensured this result.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 29th April Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same ments, Observations, and QuestionsNicola Richter <nicolarichter@>Actualization and set-pointsNicola comments: Background: Cummins, R.A. (2010). Subjective Wellbeing, Homeostatically Protected Mood and Depression: A Synthesis.?Journal of Happiness Studies, 11, 1-7.?This paper describes Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood) as a major component of the innate personal characteristic of Subjective Wellbeing (SWB). HPMood is normally experienced “as a combination of contentment, happiness and positive arousal.” On a scale of 0 to 100 in SWB, people function in a set-point-range of 70-80, with the mean being 75. A person loses contact with their HPMood due to the domination of a negative effect, which in the case of depression has turned chronic.Following on from: Thompson, P. (2019).?Continued discussion on Subjective Wellbeing and Psychopathology, contributed by Paul Thompson [P.Thompson@.au].?ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/12: 210319?Nicola: My aim as a counselling psychologist is to improve people’s subjective wellbeing, going beyond their current state/set-point. Goal-focus and personal growth orientation seem to be aspects of going above the set-point-range: Maslow (1954) terming the intrinsic growth and striving ‘self-actualisation’, and Rogers (1980) discussing this as the innate ‘actualising tendency’ seem to suggest that people naturally are striving to go above their set-point-range.?Following the homeostasis theory I wonder, if the set-point-range shows the ‘range of contentment’. Thus, is the HPMood theory proposing: happiness is not lasting and not a?state?and people return to a set-point-range of contentment? In addition to psychopathology (see discussion contributed by Paul Thomson 2019) could going much above the set-point-range be seen as a momentary/acute ‘happiness event’ and/or a part of an actualising tendency???Bob replies: Both Maslow and Rogers made substantial contributions to understanding ‘wellness’ in their respective eras, within the framework of Humanistic Psychology. The systematic study of subjective wellbeing (SWB), as a branch of psychological science, really started in earnest sometime later (e.g. Andrews and Withey, 1976: Campbell et al, 1976) from a quite different perspective. Whereas Maslow and Rogers were concerned with developing an effective psychotherapy, SWB has been investigated primarily as a scientific phenomenon to be understood, rather than as a part of psychological practice. So, the ways of understanding by each approach are quite different; each one informative within their own perspective.The use of ‘actualisation’ by both Maslow and Rogers is a case in point. The term’s loose definition has served practioners well, in providing a general notion of positive psychological performance that lies above current levels of functioning. However, it has also been a target for criticism from empiricists, who point to the impossibility of falsifying such a diffuse construct (see, e.g. Locke, 1976). SWB offers an alternative that is clearly available for falsification, most especially when it is cast in the form of set-points. Consider the following (Cummins, 2017), all of which are targets for researchers seeking to test homeostasis theory: (a) Each person on earth has a set-point for Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood) that lies within the positive range of 70 to 90 percentage points on a 0-100 scale. (b) HPMood is an amalgam of three affects as: Content, Happy, and Alert. (c) SWB is an amalgam of HPMood plus whatever emotional affect is present at the time the respondent provides each datum. (d) On a chronic basis, each person’s homeostatic system attempts to maintain their SWB within about 10 points of their set-point. (e) Failure of homeostasis is indicated by a person’s SWB chronically lying more than 10 points above, or 10 points below, their set-point. Such abnormal levels constitute one form of psychopathology.News of the Personal Wellbeing IndexNOTICE FOR MEMBERS OF THE INTERNATIONAL WELLBEING GROUPIt is time for us to revise the PWI-Adult. The 5th Edition was produced in 2013 and much has happened in the intervening six years. New understanding has been gained regarding the performance of the scale, new results have further illuminated its character, and the need for a more user-friendly format for the manual is evident. Unless some startling new insights become available, the overall format of the scale can likely remain the same, but one never knows how these exercises will work-out.This is a call for members who are willing to donate some time to the cause. The tasks to be done will be discussed within the forum of these volunteering members but will certainly include: discussing and collating the known psychometric properties, hunting-down and collating articles with useful psychometric results, receiving and collating publications from members which present useful results, discussing and composing a revised text for the manual, advising on the manual presentation, etc. There is, however, one caveat. Continuing the tradition of past editions, there will be no individual authorship of the 6th edition. The cited reference will be the ‘International Wellbeing Group’ and the names of all contributing members will be arranged in a circle surrounding the recommended citation format. We are fortunate to be joined in this task by our new Executive Volunteer Editor – Instruments, Courtney McLean [mcleanc@deakin.edu.au]. If you would like to be involved in the discussions and creation of the new edition, please send Courtney your name and email address.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryACON. (2019). A Blueprint For Improving The Health and Wellbeing of the Trans and Gender Diverse Community in NSW. Sydney: AIDS Council of New South Wales NSW health sector is guided by the goals of keeping people healthy, providing world-class clinical care and delivering truly integrated care. Central to this is a commitment, as outlined in the NSW State Health Plan: Towards 2021 to supporting healthier communities for all of those who live in NSW, with recognition that “some people and communities have particular health needs and barriers to accessing the care they need”. Trans and gender diverse people are one such community that are in urgent need of a comprehensive and coordinated plan for improving their health and wellbeing, having to date largely been absent from health strategies, services and program delivery in the state.Media newsTanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaVirtual Reality Offers the Ability to?‘Travel’?Kelsey Ogletree being able to visit Paris at a moment’s notice without having to pack a suitcase.?Nadel is a resident at the Upper East Side Rehabilitation and Nursing Center in New York City. She gets to enjoy cultural experiences from inside the facility when they began offering virtual reality (VR) sessions designed specifically for older adults.?“One might think that a trip to Paris or a video that’s focused on pets might be recreational, but those things can turn therapeutic very fast, especially if they reach the right memories of past?experiences,” says Brickler. This article describes how VR can be used to benefit people’s lives and society.?Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new memberMs Samantha VanderToornTeacher, Dept. of Education, NSW, Australia.Keywords:?Wellbeing, happiness, meditation-----------------------ReferencesAndrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Cameron, D. (2010). PM speech on wellbeing, 25 November. Accessed 20April2019.Campbell, A., Converse, P. E., & Rodgers, W. L. (1976). The quality of American life: Perceptions, evaluations, and satisfactions. Russell Sage Foundation: New York.Cummins, R. A. (2017). Subjective Wellbeing Homeostasis - Second edition D. S. Dunn (Ed.) Oxford Bibliographies Online Retrieved from , E. A. (1976). The nature and causes of job satisfaction. In M. D. Dunnette (Ed.), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology (pp. 1297-1349). Chicago: Rand McNally.Maslow, A.H. (1954). Motivation and personality. New York: Harper and Row. Rogers, C.R. (1980). A Way of Being. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.Watson, G. B. (1930). Happiness among adult students of education. Journal of Educational Psychology, 21, 79-109.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/16: 180419Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: This paper fulfils the criterion of a Golden Oldie, having received over 1,600 citations. At the time of the 2000 ISQOLS conference, Ed Diener was an editor for the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, one of psychology’s flagship journals, and had just accepted this paper for publication. Danner did not attend, but Ed recounted the essence of the paper to a rapt audience. It was very exciting to hear that SWB was able to predict longevity with such high probability. Moreover, almost everything about the paper is exemplary. The theoretical basis is established, the methodology is painstakingly methodical, the analysis is appropriate, and the results are carefully described and evaluated. Bravo!Reference: Danner, D. D., Snowdon, D. A., & Friesen, W. V. (2001). Positive emotions in early life and longevity: findings from the nun study. Journal of Personality Social Psychology, 80(5), 804-813.Author’s summary: Handwritten autobiographies from 180 Catholic nuns, composed when participants were a mean age of 22 years, were scored for emotional content and related to survival during ages 75 to 95. A strong inverse association was found between positive emotional content in these writings and risk of mortality in late life (p < .001). As the quartile ranking of positive emotion in early life increased, there was a stepwise decrease in risk of mortality resulting in a 2.5-fold difference between the lowest and highest quartiles. Positive emotional content in early-life autobiographies was strongly associated with longevity 6 decades later. Underlying mechanisms of balanced emotional states are ment on Danner et al (2001)Robert A. CumminsA common interpretation of these results, created by other commentators extrapolating from longevity, is that higher levels of positivity are generally better for wellbeing. However, Danner et al warn against such an interpretation. They note that other studies, such as by Friedman (1999), have found that high levels of positive affect are associated with higher levels of risk-taking, such as smoking and excessive alcohol use. While such behaviours reduce wellbeing and longevity, the nuns were protected from such excesses. But in the broader community such negative behaviors are commonplace, and the consequences are consistent with homeostasis theory generally. That is, all variables managed by a homeostatic system (such as body temperature and levels of blood calcium) hold their managed variable within a restricted range of operation (36.5–37.5?°C and 2.1 - 2.8 mmol/L, respectively). For subjective wellbeing it is between 70 – 90 percentage points as measured by either Global Life Satisfaction or the Personal Wellbeing Index (Capic et al, 2018). Moreover, for all these homeostatic systems, a level of their managed variable above (or below) their managed range signal pathology. Thus, for example, a core body temperature of 38°C indicates fever. In the world of subjective wellbeing, abnormally high self-esteem associates with persistence at impossible tasks (McFarlin et al., 1985), while excessively high optimism associates with an overestimation of one’s ability in difficult situations (Haaga and Stewart, 1992). A truism in life, which includes psychology, is that more is never always better.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 22 April Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same ments, Observations, and QuestionsPaul Thompson <P.Thompson@.au>Subjective Wellbeing and TimeWhile I cannot know for sure what happens to SWB prior to seeing the client I usually ask clients about the trajectory of their SWB. Almost always they report stability over time, in some cases for many years. These self-reports are generally verified and consistent with the clients own stories. I have come to believe that the clients PWI score at first interview is a fairly reliable indication of where the client is and has been at leading up to their visits with me. At least its reliable enough for our purpose which is assessment and treatment. PWI scores change with treatment of course. High clients can come down a bit as they experience a reality correction in wellbeing, they can feel a bit scared but more real and present to themselves and others. It’s quite satisfying work really.Generally, I regard that it is not worth remeasuring SWB again for another two months. I think this is probably the minimum period of time required to get an indication as to whether there has been meaningful change as result of the counselling. I really see these clinical observations as a verification of homeostatic theory and its usefulness in clinical settings - not that I was seeking to do that at all, it’s simply just how it worked out. There it is.Bob replies:Paul’s observations confirm the most clearly established time-trend for SWB levels, which is stability attributed to homeostatic management. There is, however, second temporal issue of high relevance to practioners. This is their clients’ perception of their SWB level yesterday, today, and tomorrow. Understanding why people view their levels of SWB differently in each of these time-frames is important for the phrasing of evaluative questions and also for diagnosis.A large literature supports the view that people will generally consider themselves to be on an upward trajectory over time, such that their level of SWB will be regarded as: yesterday < today < tomorrow (Andrews & Withey, 1976). This is consistent with the prediction from homeostasis theory. Homeostasis is all about allowing people feel positive about themselves, right now, as the result of two separate forces: (a) The steady background of Homeostatically Protected Mood (HPMood) which comprises a weak-source of positive-activated affect at a level that reflects the person’s set-point, and (b) superimposed emotions experienced as a result of self-thoughts or environmental interaction. The role of homeostasis is to attenuate these emotions, which tend to be more negative than positive, towards set-point.So, the level of SWB that we feel is an amalgam of HPMood and emotion. Under normal operating conditions, homeostatic control is effective, causing people to feel a level of SWB that lies close to their set-point. So, people normally feel positive about themselves. They also rate their SWB as less positive in the past, and more positive in the future. This is because:i) Homeostasis is about controlling the present emotions. It has less influence over feelings about the past. Past feelings are linked to cognition related to specific remembered events, which are more likely to be negative. So, with reduced homeostatic control over past recollections, SWB levels yesterday are rated lower than they are today.ii) In terms of the future, homeostasis cannot operate on emotions that have not yet arrived. However, the natural positivity of HPMood carries into our normal view of the future, and gives us the sense of optimism. So, future SWB levels are rated higher than the present.These differences also have some diagnostic potential, because the upward trajectory is less evident in people who are depressed. These people have persistently low levels of positive affect, indicative of compromised homeostasis. So the comparison between yesterday, today, and tomorrow is less predictable and more likely to be flat. Website additions and changesIestyn Polley <iestyn.polley@deakin.edu.au>Executive Web DeveloperThe reports and data from the Australian Unity Wellbeing Index project have been relocated under ‘Projects/Publications’. A note has been left under ‘Data Portal’, informing that the data associated with each report have followed the reports to their new location.Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryAustralian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people: a focus report on housing and homelessness. Cat. no. HOU 301. Canberra: AIHW and secure housing is fundamentally important to health and well-being. Historically,Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people have experienced much higher rates of homelessness and have been overrepresented among clients seeking homelessness and social housing services compared to non-Indigenous Australians. These higher rates of unstable housing relate to complex and interrelated factors including the lasting impacts of colonisation on Indigenous Australians, exposure to family violence, substance disorders, unemployment, low education levels and poor health—which are both contributors to, and outcomes of, insecure housing circumstances. Even though there is still much progress to be made, the findings in this report covering the last 15 years demonstrate the housing situation of Indigenous Australians has improved—with rises in home ownership and housing provided through the private rental market, and falling levels of homelessness.Media newsTanika Roberts tanikaroberts97@Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaTake Control of Your Happiness Jodie Cook If you feel like you’re not quite doing what you want to be doing and you’re not quite the person you want to be, let reading this be the sign that you have a change to make. There are those who take control of their life and there are those who are life’s victims.?No one can ‘make’ you feel anything. Happy or sad, every emotion you feel you can be in charge of. This article suggests 6 ways to become a happier individual. Potential collaborationKathryn Pfaff <kpfaff@uwindsor.ca> I am writing to inquire about permissions for using the PWI as part of routine assessment of clients who are registered in a Compassionate Communities initiative in Windsor, Ontario Canada. I am a researcher that is co-leading the evaluation work that is embedded as part of program implementation.?Based on a ‘Compassionate Communities’ philosophy (mobilizing communities and citizens in partnership with health care and others to address universal needs associated with aging and end-of-life as issues of public health) the Windsor-Essex Compassion Care Community (WECCC) has mobilized over 100 organizations to improve the health of clients and caregivers living in Windsor, Ontario and its seven surrounding municipalities. Professional facilitators and volunteers currently visit buildings or day programs with high concentrations of elderly and vulnerable residents to run Compassionate Neighbourhood sessions. Through these sessions, residents are mobilized to act on their health and social needs individually, and in collaboration with fellow members of their community. The community approach mobilizes neighbours as a community in service of each?other's?needs and each participating individual is also supported to identify their own needs and priorities and to find the resources - personal, community, friend and family, professional service providers, or virtual supports - to address those priorities. The supportive social network that emerges is organic, provides on-going opportunities for service reciprocity, and personal and neighbourhood connections.Outcome data are collected routinely, and one of the outcomes we are evaluating is personal wellbeing. As our processes are?maturing, we are now moving to web-based data collection.? You are also most welcome to join our research community of practice if this sounds interesting to you.Kathryn A. Pfaff, PhD, RNAssociate Professor, Faculty of NursingRm. 312 Toldo Health Education Centre University of Windsor401 SunsetWindsor, Ontario N9B 3P4519-253-3000 Ext. 4977kpfaff@uwindsor.caMembership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersDr Breanna WrightResearch Fellow, Behaviour Works Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, AustraliaKeywords:?Measurement, evaluation, Health quality of lifeProfessor Adam Okulicz-KozarynAssoc Professor, Rutgers, New Jersey, USAKeywords:?cities, nature, religion, inequality, MarxDr. Min-Ah LeeProfessor, Sociology, Chung-Ang University, South KoreaKeywords:?Subjective well-being, Mental health, Health inequality, Social capitalAssociate Professor Weiting Ng Associate Professor, Head of Programme, Master of Applied Research in Social Sciences, Singapore University of Social Sciences, SingaporeKeywords:?subjective well-being; positive psychological interventions; happiness; determinants of well-being-----------------------ReferencesAndrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Capic, T., Li, N., & Cummins, R. A. (2018). Confirmation of Subjective Wellbeing Set-points: Foundational for Subjective Social Indicators. Social Indicators Research, 137(1), 1-28.Friedman, H. S. (1999). Personality and longevity: Paradoxes. In J.-M. Robine, B. Forette, C. Franceschi, & M. Allard (Eds.), The paradoxes of longevity (pp. 115-122). Berlin: Springer-Verlag.Haaga, D. A., & Stewart, B. L. (1992). Self-efficacy for recovery from a lapse after smoking cessation. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 60(1), 24-28.McFarlin, D. B., Baumeister, R. F., & Blascovich, J. (1984). On knowing when to quit: Task failure, self‐esteem, advice, and nonproductive persistence. Journal of Personality, 52(2), 138-155.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/15: 110419Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Comments for discussionIn last week’s Bulletin (3/14) Cummins commented on Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. D. (2019). World Happiness Report 2019. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network Richter <nicolarichter@> comments as follows:“Cummins’ critiques the ‘World Happiness Report’ with several observations. Point (a) concerns the measurement of positive affect by the average frequency of happiness, laughter and enjoyment on the previous day, and negative affect by the frequency of worry. According to Cummins these are poor measures, as frequency of worry is poorly related to happiness, and people not able to recall accurately their affective experiences of previous days.I am wondering if an additional critique to point (a) on Helliwell et al is: The limitation of what is measured /What is actually measured? Having lived in two different cultures myself and planning to live in a third one, I wonder how accurate it is to measure the frequency of laughter and conclude that people of a certain culture are ‘happier’. Maybe all what is measured is: cultures differ in their use of laughter?”Cummins responds: Nicola’s concern is well supported from the literature. Using the frequency of laughter as a measure of happiness is invalid. There are several reasons, which have been revealed by the scientific study of laughter (gelotology). And, as Nicola has identified, the most obvious problem is the presence of strong cultural differences in the use and acceptability of laughter. However, even within cultures, there are many different psychological associations with laughter, not all of which denote current positive affect (see Cleveland, 1994; Goldstein, 2013). Derisive, mocking laughter; surprised and anxious laughter; ‘pratfall’ laughter, induced by another person’s misfortune; etc. Laughter has also been associated with religious experience, sometimes positively (Holy laughter) sometimes not. John Wesley (18th-century founder of the Methodist church) viewed such laughter as an act of the devil (Wikipedia). A useful context by which to understand culture is through evolutionary theory, and an excellent review of the evolution of laughter is provided by Gervais & Wilson (2005). They make a very strong case for laughter as an ancient, genetic signalling device, which was gradually elaborated and co-opted through both biological and cultural evolution. This involved, inter alia, the evolution of two distinct types of laughter—Duchenne (based on incongruity: stimulus-driven and emotionally valenced) and non-Duchenne (based on learning: self-generated and emotionless) laughter. They consider role of culture in the display of laughter is pronounced, as they conclude “there is little doubt that laughter-evoking contexts, and how laughter is interpreted, are fundamentally influenced by cultural norms and learning” (p.399), citing especially Goodson (2003).But there is still a bigger picture. This is the assumption that an objective behaviour (laughter) is simply and reliably linked to a mental state (happiness). The assumption is incorrect and exemplifies the Objective-Subjective equivalence fallacy; the incorrect assumption that subjective wellbeing can be predicted from objective measures (for a review see Cummins, 2000). The whole point of homeostatic control over SWB is to moderate such relationships. A recent confirming study is provided by Blanchflower (2017) who used 11 objective variables to predict the Global Life Satisfaction in 18 Latin American countries (Latino Barometer 2013) and accounted for just 8.7% of the variance. In contrast, Cummins et al (2019) accounted for 61% of the GLS variance using Homeostatically Protected Mood in an Australian sample. Since subjective wellbeing is a subjective construct, under non-extreme conditions it can only be effectively measured and predicted by subjective variables.References: See end of Bulletin.Further discussion of this topic, for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 15th April Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same conditions.Volunteering NewsOur inaugural Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– Media, Nicole Villanueva [villanueva3@mail.usf.edu], has resigned her position after 18 months in the role. Nicole has served the Bulletin with reliability and distinction. It has been a great pleasure to work with her during this formative period for the publication. However, life goes on and Nicole now has higher degree studies as her new priority. Thank you Nicole for being such a steadfast supporter of the Bulletin. We wish you future success and happiness.Welcome now to Tanika Roberts [trobe@deakin.edu.au]?who is our new Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– Media. Tanika is completing her third year in psychology at Deakin. I look forward to working with her in this role.Website additions and changesTanja Capic <tanja.capic@deakin.edu.au>WebMasterNew changes on the ‘About’ page:? the profile of Susmitha Aroli [susmitha.aroli@] with that of Simone Thomas's (Membership Registrar)Replaced?Nicole Villanueva's profile with Tanika Roberts' profile, as new Executive Volunteer, Bulletin Co-Editor– MediaOne new addition to our health resources page. detoxABOUT:?Alcohol & drug home detox programmes throughout the UK & Ireland. Effective & Affordable home detox services for addiction programmes.LINK: by membersSergiu Baltatescu <bsergiu2@>Mihók-Géczi, I.-M.-T., & B?l??tescu, S. (2018). Subjective well-being of abstinent alcoholics in Romania. A study using Personal Wellbeing Index. Journal of Social Research & Policy, 9(1), 1-11,? Previous studies show that the quality of life of alcoholics is severely diminished. The treatment of alcohol addicts seeks to achieve and maintain abstinence because this is the only solution to return to the initial state. In this study we aimed to see whether abstinence maintained over time without relapse increases the subjective well-being of alcoholics. The participants, 192 male abstinent alcoholics in Romania, were split into groups based on relapse: with no relapse (n = 104, 54.2%) or with relapse (n = 88; 45.8%) and based on the duration of abstinence: five years or more without relapse or since the last relapse (n = 100; 52.1%), or less than five years without relapse or since the last relapse (n = 92; 47.9%). Subjective well-being was measured by a single item satisfaction as a whole and by the Personal Wellbeing Index (PWI). Levels of satisfaction with life as a whole, PWI and satisfaction with six out of eight domains of life included in the Personal Wellbeing Index are higher for those with abstinence over five years (no relapse) compared to those with shorter abstinence as well as for abstainers with no relapse compared to those who have relapsed. Overall, our results suggest that long term abstinence, without relapse, is the main strategy for living with alcoholism.Sirgy, Joseph <sirgy@vt.edu>Sirgy, M. J. (2019). Positive balance: a hierarchical perspective of positive mental health. Quality of Life Research . An attempt is made in this paper to provide the community of health-related quality-of-life scholars with a hierarchical perspective of positive mental health guided by the concept of positive balance. Specifically, individuals with positive mental health are characterized to experience: (1) a preponderance of neurochemicals related to positive emotions (dopamine, serotonin, etc.) relative to neurochemicals related to negative emotions (cortisol), at a physiological level; (2) a preponderance of positive affect (happiness, joy, etc.) relative to negative affect (anger, sadness, etc.), at an emotional level; (3) a preponderance of domain satisfaction (satisfaction in salient and multiple life domains such as family life and work life) relative to dissatisfaction in other life domains, at a cognitive level; (4) a preponderance of positive evaluations about one’s life using certain standards of comparison (satisfaction with one’s life compared to one’s past life, the life of family members, etc.) relative to negative evaluations about one’s life using similar or other standards of comparison, at a meta cognitive level; (5) a preponderance of positive psychological traits (self-acceptance, personal growth, etc.) relative to negative psychological traits (pessimism, hopelessness, etc.), at a development level; and (6) a preponderance of perceived social resources (socialacceptance, social actualization, etc.) relative to perceived social constraints (social exclusion, ostracism, etc.), at a social-ecological level.Brief reportLaughter isn’t always the best medicine Acharya Recreational use of nitrous oxide is an emerging public health problem which is under-recognised in the UK, with potentially serious health risks. Adolescents and young adults presenting with the neurological complications of repeated N2O use are seen regularly in east London emergency departments. Greater awareness of this emerging public health problem is needed.Nitrous oxide is a colourless gas, with minimal odour and variable taste. Inhalation of N2O can produce a short lived, rapid onset euphoria and a dissociative effect. This is often accompanied by spontaneous laughter, hence the colloquial name “laughing gas.” Historically, N2O was inhaled as a recreational substance long before its potential use as an anaesthetic and analgesic agent was recognised. Importantly, N2O is always combined with oxygen in clinical settings to minimise the risk of hypoxia, but it is inhaled neat by recreational users.Although the clinical use of N2O in anaesthesia has been declining in the UK and elsewhere, its popularity as a recreational drug has increased among adolescents and young adults… Media newsThis item has been recommended byLindsay Tunbridge <ltunbrid@deakin.edu.au>Predatory Publisher Fined $50 Million after Scamming Thousands of Scientists Carly Cassella's a modern threat to the reliability of scientific research, and the US Federal Trade Commission (FTC) is trying to do what little they can to fix the problem.This week, the FTC won a case against "the Walmart of predatory publishers", known as?Omics International. The fine? More than US$50.1 million for deceptive practices - the same amount taken from authors between 2011 and 2017."These publishing companies lied about their academic journals and took millions of dollars from aspiring researchers and writers," said Andrew Smith, director of the FTC's Bureau of Consumer Protection in a statement."We're pleased with the court's strong order holding these companies and its owner responsible for the damage they caused."The charges are directed at?Srinubabu Gedela, the owner of a thousand predatory journals and thousands more annual conferences, including?Omics, iMedPub LLC and Conference Series LLC.These businesses have been accused of hiding steep publication fees - as high as several thousand dollars?-?while deceiving both scientists and medical professionals about having a rigorous peer review process when in fact there is little or none at all.Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersDr. Mr. Jan OttResearcher, Erasmus University Rotterdam; World Database of Happiness, NetherlandsKeywords:?Subjective and objective indicators for the quality of life, quality of public governance, well-being, happiness, freedom.Mrs Brigitta YabsleyData Analyst, Australian Institute for Health and Welfare, AustraliaKeywords:?Quality of Life, Values, Environmental behaviourProfessor Peter MillerProfessor of Violence Prevention and Addiction Studies, Deakin University, Australia.Keywords:?Alcohol-related violence in licensed venues; Predictors of violence-----------------------ReferencesBlanchflower, D. G. (2017). Happiness. In L. Martinez (Ed.), Bulletin of the Public Policy Observatory in Cali; Policy Brief #17: Life satisfaction: Measurement and its implications for public policy formulation (pp. 36-40). Colombia: Universidad Icesi in Cali.Cleveland, L. (1994). Dark laughter: War in song and popular culture: Praeger Westport, CN.Cummins, R. A. (2000). Objective and subjective quality of life: An interactive model. Social Indicators Research, 52, 55-72.Cummins, R. A., Capic, T., Hutchinson, D., Fuller-Tyszkiewicz, M., Olsson, C. A., & Richardson, B. (2019). Why self-report variables inter-correlate: The role of Homeostatically Protected Mood. Journal of Wellbeing Assessment, 2, 93-114. doi:10.1007/s41543-018-0014-0Gervais, M., & Wilson, D. S. (2005). The evolution and functions of laughter and humor: A synthetic approach. Quarterly review of biology, 80(4), 395-430.Goldstein, D. M. (2013). Laughter out of place: Race, class, violence, and sexuality in a Rio shantytown. San Francisco: Univ of California Press.Goodson, F. E. (2003). The Evolution and Function of Cognition. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.ACQol Bulletin Vol 3/14: 040419Bulletin of the Australian Centre on Quality of LifeEditor: Robert A. Cummins [robert.cummins@deakin.edu.au]Back-issues of the Bulletin are available at 1: The ACQol site is under development and some content is missing.Note 2: Please address any intended group correspondence to the editor only. Paper for private studyThe attached paper, on the topic of life quality, is sent to you for your personal private study and discussion within ACQol. You are prohibited from further distributing this paper to any other person.Background: On an annual basis, three eminent economists, Helliwell, Layard and Sachs, produce their World Happiness Report, using data provided by Gallup. Each report is a media-magnet, with its epicentre based on the comparative ‘happiness’ of 156 countries (Table 2.7). The media just love international comparative statistics, especially when they are sourced to such eminent researchers, so their results receive blanket coverage. Their 2018 report also received attention in ACQol Bulletin Vol 2/13: 290318, where it was noted that two matters render their between-country conclusions, regarding differing levels of subjective wellbeing, invalid as: (a) The authors steadfastly ignore the substantial and cohesive literature relating to cultural response bias (e.g. Cummins, 2018). Culture teaches how to respond to personally evaluative questions, and this training causes marked differences in recorded happiness between countries independently of other factors. (b) The authors commit the classic ‘Ecological fallacy’ (Morgenstern, 1982), by regressing a group-level variable (GDP) against a person-level variable (e.g. positive affect, Table 2.1). Without the use of multi-level modelling, such results are invalid.Reference: Helliwell, J. F., Layard, R., & Sachs, J. D. (2019). World Happiness Report 2019. New York: Sustainable Development Solutions Network summary: “…evidence from the emerging science of happiness, shows that the quality of people’s lives can be coherently, reliably, and validly assessed by a variety of subjective well-being measures, collectively referred to … as “happiness.” … This year after presenting our usual country rankings of life evaluations, and tracing the evolution since 2005 of life evaluations, positive affect, negative affect, and our six key explanatory factors, we consider more broadly some of the main forces that influence happiness by changing the ways in which communities and their members interact with each other” (p.5).Comment on Helliwell et al (2019)Robert A. CumminsThe report contains chapters on various topics. These further comments apply only to ‘Chapter 2 Changing World Happiness’. Two additional points of critique, to those above, are: (a) Positive affect is measured by the average frequency of happiness, laughter and enjoyment on the previous day, while negative affect comprises the average frequency of worry, sadness and anger on the previous day. These are poor measures. First, frequency measures of ‘worry’ are poorly related to happiness (see Andrews & Withey, pp.86-87) and, second, people cannot recall accurately their affective experience in the previous day (Bower, 1981). Respondents are probably reporting their current affective experience. (b) Several reported statistics (e.g. Figure 2.5) are based on standard deviations, showing that the authors are not averse to regarding their happiness data as ‘cardinal’ (‘interval’ in the social sciences). Yet, they avoid using difference statistics, such as Analysis of Variance. If they did apply such statistics to their key Figure 2.7, they could demonstrate that many of the countries do not differ significantly from one another. For example, the difference in happiness level between the top 10 countries is 77.69 – 72.46 = 5.23 percentage points, or an average of 0.52 percentage points. This difference is too small to be significant on a pair-wise basis. Based on our Oz data (Cummins et al., 2013) and the Personal Wellbeing Index, even with sample sizes of several thousand respondents, group differences of around 1.5 percentage points are required to achieve significance (Table A3.4). Moreover, a single item (of happiness) will create higher variance and, hence, require an even larger difference between means to reach significance.One interesting result, from a theoretical perspective, is Figure 2.1, based on the authors’ total combined data. This shows a strong rise in negative affect over the past 20y of some 6 percentage points, which is a large enough change to be significant, and a zero change in positive affect over the same period. The authors make no comment as to their interpretation of this result. In fact it is a clear demonstration that positive and negative affect are not simply linked. Moreover, one explanation for the affective difference is that the increases in negative affect are not strong enough to compromise homeostatic control and, hence, positive affect shows no change over time.References: see end of BulletinFurther discussion of this paper for circulation to members, is invited. Send to: robert.cummins@deakin.edu.auSubstantive comments received by midnight on Monday 08 April Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Such comments may offer a novel extension to the view that has been put, an alternative and informed view, or offer a critique.ACQol members are invited to send papers on the topic of life quality, for distribution and discussion by members under these same ments, Observations, and QuestionsPaul Thompson <P.Thompson@.au>Mania, gambling, and psychopathology[For context, see the previous Bulletin Vol 3/13:280319] While I can see that mania could be considered an explanation for high PWI responses, especially when psychopathology is present, this is not my experience. I get to interview all?my gambling clients for a minimum of one hour as they investigate their desire to participate in counselling. While mania might account for some high SWB responses, my experience from interviewing pathological gamblers who report intermediate and high SWB, rather points to “disconnection” as being the culprit. It seems to be a common experience of pathological gamblers to be distant from both internal and external negative challenges. Sometimes this distance can be quite extreme and directly observable in the way they physically present and recount their stories. These clients are likely to say something like “everything is good in my life accept for my gambling, if only I could get rid of my gambling everything would be good again”. In psychoanalytic terms it might be said that everything experienced as bad or challenging is projected into the gambling. Then the fantasy is that by getting rid of the gambling life can be comfortable again. Of course this never works.I see nothing extraordinary or strange about this. I believe this is simply homeostasis in action although perhaps ramped up and bit and on steroids. They are not lying when they complete the PWI, they are simply reporting what they perceive, a general high satisfaction with life (accept for the gambling). Since they are so disconnected from their negative challenges they cannot report on what they don’t perceive.These conceptualisations are actually incredibly useful in assessment and treatment. Firstly it is non-stigmatising, the client is simply doing what we all do, seeking to protect mood, and possessing a central nervous system that at times has a mind of its own. Secondly, it provides a direction for treatment. These clients need to gradually gain acceptance of the more challenging aspects of their lives without the process bringing about homeostatic defeat. The support provided in counselling can achieve this in some instances. As the change occurs usually the gambling just fades away and eventually ceases to become a concern and the client can report feeling more like their real self. This makes sense. As the psychopathology, which may really be psychic or central nervous system disconnection is treated, the presenting symptoms, gambling goes away.Bob replies: A most interesting proposal which makes sense in the way Paul has described. So, to paraphrase, the chronic necessity of psychological processing is to defend Homeostatically Protected Mood and, thereby, to retain normal levels of subjective wellbeing (SWB). When faced with a self-induced homeostatic challenge to homeostasis, such as destructive gambling, one form of defence is to sequester the gambling away from the conscious awareness of SWB. The consequence is that normal, or even high levels of SWB, then co-exist with the destructive gambling. So, the psychopathology to be treated is the lack of connection. One implication is that treating the gambling in isolation will be ineffective as the client will lack motivation to change. The therapeutic challenge is to create such motivation, by bringing about an awareness of this gambling-SWB separation while also allowing the retention of homeostatic control. An exacting, and potentially dangerous, psychotherapeutic exercise.Further discussion of these comments will be welcomed. Comments received by midnight on Monday 08 April Oz time will be published in the following Bulletin. Website additions and changesTanja Capic <tanja.capic@deakin.edu.au>WebMaster following issues have been archivedACQol Bulletin Vol 3/01: 030119 to Vol 3/13: 280319Brief reportSourced from the Analysis & Policy ObservatoryHouse of Representatives Select Committee on Intergenerational Welfare Dependence. (2019). Living on the Edge: Inquiry into Intergenerational Welfare Dependence. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia. 1346376.pdfResearch demonstrates a correlation between parents receiving welfare payments for significant periods of time and their children also receiving payments. However the Committee considers that there is no single explanation, factor, or mechanism that links the outcomes of one generation to that of the next. Entrenched disadvantage and the programs that address it are complex and multi-faceted. The Committee identified the following factors that increase the risk of entrenched disadvantage: geographic location (accessibility / remoteness); educational attainment; Indigenous and single parent status; suitability of available employment; health and family welfare; and availability of appropriate support systems. Media newsWhat American Expats Really Think Of Scandinavian HappinessDavid Nikel latest World Happiness Report?once?again?extolls the virtues of life in Scandinavia… The only way to truly understand the everyday realities of the Nordic?model is to live it.?Audrey Camp is an American writer who moved to Norway eight years ago?and says she whole-heartedly agrees with the rankings: “I appreciate so much the freedom to enjoy my family and my personal life without sacrificing my career. The system is set up to encourage a healthy home life. Everyone gets five weeks of paid vacation; a chance to travel or just unplug. Parents have ample paid time off from work during their children's most formative time and when kids get sick, that time is separate from our vacation time.?The kindergarten system is heavily subsidized, encouraging both parents to work and bring in income that can be used and invested, rather than immediately spent on childcare. All these things relieve stresses that are commonplace for my American-resident peers”. However, she questions the use of the word 'happiness' and suggests?that 'contentment' is a more appropriate word to sum up her Scandinavian experience.Potential collaboration“If you know of anyone that would like to collaborate on a research project in the rehabilitation/unemployment intervention space please feel free to pass on my details.”Laima Kuliukas | Lead Consultant and Psychologist (Provisional) | Rehabilitation Counsellor (Associate) APM, 58 Ord Street, West Perth, WA 6005 T 1300 967 522 | M +61 439 084 842 | W .au E Laima.Kuliukas@.au Membership changesSimone Thomas simonet@deakin.edu.au" simonet@deakin.edu.auMembership RegistrarWelcome to new membersProfessor Babar AzizDean, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, NUR International UniversityKeywords:?Applied Microeconomics; Consumer BehaviorsMs Laima KuliukasPsychologist (Provisional), Lead Rehabilitation Counsellor, APMKeywords:?Psychology resilience rehabilitationAssistant Professor JaeYoul ShinPh D., Aoyama Gakuin UniversityKeywords:?Redistribution, Satisfaction, Social Policy, Inequality, consumptionMs Courtney McLeanTeaching Associate, Monash UniversityKeywords:?Well-being, Happiness-----------------------ReferencesAndrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Bower, G. H. (1981). Mood and memory. American Psychologist, 36, 129-148.Cummins, R. A. (2018). Measuring and interpreting subjective wellbeing in different cultural contexts: A review and way forward. New York: Cambridge University Press.Cummins, R. A., Woerner, J., Weinberg, M., Collard, J., Hartley-Clark, L., & Horfiniak, K. (2013b). Australian Unity Wellbeing Index: -Report 30.0 - The Wellbeing of Australians: Social media, personal achievement, and work. Melbourne: Australian Centre on Quality of Life, School of Psychology, Deakin University. Morgenstern, H. (1982). Uses of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research. American Journal of Public Health, 72(12), 1336-1344. ADDIN EN.REFLIST Abbott, R. A., Ploubidis, G. B., Huppert, F. A., Kuh, D., Wadsworth, M. E. J., & Croudace, T. J. (2006). Psychometric evaluation and predictive validity of Ryff’s psychological wellbeing items in a UK cohort sample of women. Health and Quality of Life Outcomes, 4 doi:10.1186/1477-7525-4-76Akin, A. (2008). The scales of psychological well-being: a study of validity and reliability. Educational Sciences: Theory & Practice, 8(3), 741-750 . . Alimujiang, A., Wiensch, A., Boss, J., & etal. (2019). Association Between Life Purpose and Mortality Among US Adults Older Than 50 Years. JAMA Network Open, 2(5), e194270. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2019.4270 Andrews, F. M., & Withey, S. B. (1976). Social indicators of well-being: American's perceptions of life quality. New York: Plenum Press.Blore, J. D., Stokes, M. A., Mellor, D., Firth, L., & Cummins, R. A. (2011). Comparing multiple discrepancies theory to affective models of subjective wellbeing. Social Indicators Research, 100(1), 1-16. doi:10.1007/s11205-010-9599-2Cannon, W. B. (1932). The wisdom of the body. 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