Homework # 8 Energetics, Electron Transport, Glycolysis



Week # 12: Energetics, Electron Transport, Glycolysis

Lectures - 31, 32



Concepts:

Overview of metabolism - proteins, carbohydrates, lipids

Energy and ATP - coupled reactions

Coenzymes

Electron Transport

Glycolysis reactions and ATP calculations

Ques. 1. Finish the following reactions:

a) Photosynthesis:

CO2 + ______ + energy ------> carbohydrates + ______

b) Overall Metabolism:

Carbohydrates + _____ ------> _____ + H2O + energy

Ques. 2. List three ways that the body uses energy.

Ques. 3. Contrast catabolism and anabolism in terms of general types of reaction and utilization of energy.

Ques 4. Define endothermic and exothermic and apply to photosynthesis and metabolism.

Ques. 5. Write the abbreviated formation and hydrolysis reactions of ATP.

Ques. 6. Write the energy term on the proper side of the arrow. Identify the reactions as endo- or exothermic.

a) ADP + P -----> ATP + H2O

b) relaxed muscle -----> contracted muscle

c) CO2 + H2O -----> Carbohydrates + O2

d) carbohydrates + O2 -----> CO2 + H2O

e) ATP + H2O ( ADT + P

Ques. 7. Using the reactions given below (not in any order), explain what is meant by a coupled reaction.

a) relaxed muscle + energy -----> contracted muscle

b) ATP + H2O -----> ADP + P + energy

Ques. 8. Write the overall equation for the electron transport chain including energy term.

2H+ + 2e- + ____ ---> _____ + ______ + ________

Ques. 9. Make a simplified diagram for the respiratory chain including 1/2 O2,

2e-, 2H+, FAD, organic metabolite, H2O, ADP, ATP, NAD+, cytochromes, Fe.

Ques. 10. Use the first step in the electron transport chain to explain the term coupled reaction. First add the energy terms to the proper side of the arrows.

NADH + H+ + FAD ( NAD+ + FADH2

ADP + P ( ATP

Ques. 11. List 3 substances in common in ATP, NAD+, and FAD.

Ques. 12. List two vitamins in NAD+ and FAD.

Ques. 13. What is the difference between ATP and NAD+?

Ques. 14. What is the difference between ATP AND ADP?

Ques. 15: Use the diagram above to answer the following:

a. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter A represents an atom product of oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport.

b. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter B represents a product of oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport and is carried through the chain in part by cytochromes.

c. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter C represents a product of electron transport and is the main reason that electron transport exists.

d. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter F represents the main coenzyme involved in oxidation of an organic molecule to start electron transport.

e. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter D represents a reactant in electron transport. This molecule is delivered to the cell by hemoglobin.

f. In the simplified electron transport diagram, letter E represents a final product in electron transport.

Carbohydrate Metabolism



Ques. 16. a) The catabolism of glycogen is called ________.

b) The catabolism of glucose to pyruvic acid is called ________.

c) The formation of glucose from lactic acid is called ________.

d) The formation of glycogen is called ________ .

Ques. 17. For each process below, name the starting compound and the final product.

Process Starting Compound Final Product

a) gluconeogenesis

b) glycolysis

c) glycogenolysis

d) glycogenesis

Ques. 18: Use the glycolysis reaction diagram to answer the following:

a. In step 1 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce glucose-6-phosphate?

b. In step 1 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce ADP?

c. In step 1 of glycolysis, the conversion of glucose to glucose-6-phosphate is what kind of energetic process?

d. In step 1 of glycolysis, the conversion of ATP to ADP is what kind of energetic process?

e. In step 3 of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce glucose-1,6-biphosphate?

f. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce 3-phosphoglyceric acid?

g. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce ATP?

h. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, the conversion of 1,3-diphophosglycerate to produce 3-phosphoglyceric acid is what kind of energetic process?

i. In step 6 blue graphic (step 7 of text book) of glycolysis, the conversion of ADP to ATP is what kind of energetic process?

j. In step 8 blue graphic (step 9 of text book) of glycolysis, what is the name of the reaction to produce phosphoenol pyruvic acid?

[pic]

Ques. 19. Using the glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced by glycolysis under aerobic conditions starting with glucose.

Ques. 20. Using glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced by glycolysis under anaerobic conditions starting with glucose.

Ques. 21. Using the glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced by glycolysis under aerobic conditions starting with fructose.

Ques. 22. Using glycolysis reaction diagram, calculate the total ATP produced by glycolysis under anaerobic conditions starting with galactose.

Ques. 23. A. Explain the purpose and the conditions when lactic acid would be the end-product of glycolysis.

b. In the conversion of pyruvic acid to lactic acid under anaerobic conditions, the name of the reaction is ___?___

c. After exercise under aerobic conditions, the reaction in the graphic is reversed - lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid, the name of the reaction is __?__

Ques. 24. List 4 possible metabolic fates of pyruvic acid.

Ques. 25. Starting with fructose molecule, how many pyruvic acid molecules are made through glycolysis?

Citric Acid Cycle and Carbohydrate Summary

Lectures - 33, 34



Ques. 26. Write the overall reaction for the formation of acetyl CoA from pyruvic acid.

Ques. 27. How many ATP are produced from two pyruvic acid molecules in the formation of acetyl CoA?

Ques. 28. List some general structural parts in common in the following: List the vitamin (if any) in each.

NAD+

FAD

ATP

acetyl CoA..

Ques. 29: Use the Citric Acid Cycle Reaction Diagram to answer the following:

a. In step between glycolysis and the citric acid cycle where pyruvic acid is converted to acetylCoA, which type of reaction does not occur?

Decarboxylation, ester synthesis, ester hydrolysis, oxidation

b. In step 2 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce cis-acontic acid?

c. In step 3 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce isocitric acid?

d. What is the net effect of the combination of reactions 2 and 3 in going from citric acid to isocitric acid?

e. In step 4 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce oxalosuccinic acid?

f. In step 5 of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce ketoglutaric acid?

g. In step 6 blue graphic (step 4 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction that is not used to produce succinyl CoA?

h. In step 7 blue graphic (step 5 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce succinic acid?

i. In step 8 blue graphic (step 6 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce fumaric acid?

j. In step 9 blue graphic (step 7 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce malic acid?

k. In step 10 blue graphic (step 8 textbook) of the citric acid cycle, what is the name of the reaction to produce oxaloacetic acid?

[pic]

Ques. 30: Write the structures that correspond to the structures in each box above:

Rx 3 = Rx 5 =

Rx 8 = Rx 10 =

Ques. 31. Starting with one acetyl-CoA molecule, how many CO2 molecules are produced by one turn of the citric acid cycle?

Ques. 32. Starting with two pyruvic acid molecules, how many CO2molecules are produced by two turns of the citric acid cycle?

Ques. 33. Starting with a glucose molecule, how many CO2 molecules are produced after completion of citric acid cycles?

Ques. 34. Starting with one acetyl-CoA molecule, how many NADH coenzymes enter the electron transport chains in going through the citric acid cycle?

Ques. 35. Starting with one NADH, how many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

Ques. 36. Starting with one FADH2, how many ATP are produced in the electron transport chain?

Ques. 37. Starting with one acetyl CoA.and using the citric acid cycle, tabulate the total ATP produced.

Ques. 38. Starting with one pyruvic acid.and using the citric acid cycle, tabulate the total ATP produced.

Ques. 39. Starting with glucose, how many ATP are produced by all metabolic reactions to produce CO2 and H2O? (Hint: do glycolyis and CAC)

Ques. 40. Starting with fructose, how many ATP are produced by all metabolic reactions to produce CO2 and H2O?

Ques 41. If the cell lacked oxygen, which steps in the citric acid cycle would be blocked by a build-up of NADH from the inhibition of the electron transport chain?

Ques. 42. List the substances which can be converted to glucose through gluconeogenesis. Is gluconeogenesis exo- or endothermic? Explain.

Ques. 43. Discuss the 3 metabolic conditions that would lead to the conversion

of the glucose-6-phosphate crossroads compound into ultimately 3

different products.

Ques. 44. Briefly outline events in a muscle cell during strenuous activity.

Ques. 45. Briefly explain what happens to lactic acid in the muscle cells after strenuous exercise using the Cori Cycle to end up with glycogen being restored in the muscle cells.



Ques. 46. Give three sources of glucose in the blood.

Define the terms hyper- and hypoglycemia.

What hormones are stimulated in each case?

Which process occurs in each case?



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