SPECIAL ISSUES ON 5G TECHNOLOGIES

International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (IJETM) Available Online at Volume 2: Issue 2: Page No. 01-07

ISSN: 2394-6881

SPECIAL ISSUES ON 5G TECHNOLOGIES

Priti K. Hirani 1Research scholar hiranipriti@

ABSTRACT Mobile wireless technology has become popular as it has simplified the communication. The ability to connect install and anywhere has made the mobile wireless technology successfully. It provides high speed service to the users. A wireless technology helps in transferring the information over a distance without the use of wires. This technology is fast evolution in mobile computing change our day to day life that is the way we work, interact, learn etc. The Fifth generation network provides affordable broadband wireless connectivity. Currently 5G technology is not used in officially. Fifth generation research is being made on development of World Wide Wireless Web (WWWW), Dynamic adhoc wireless networks (DAWN), Read wireless world. The key technology includes MIMO integration of emerging technologies like device to device support, heterogeneous network, base centric architecture for a millimeter wave range for developing future generation 5G standards for wireless cellular. The New technology is always the main motive of the leading cell phone giants to out innovate their competitors. Apple has produced shivers all around the electronic world by launching its iPhone, new handset.

Keyword: Massive MIMO, Energy and Efficiency, Millimetre wave Massive MIMO, Architecture, Protocols, and Experimental Systems.

1. INTRODUCTION: Wireless communication has started in early 1970. Mobile Wireless technology has evolved from 1G to 5G generation. 5G technology offers very high bandwidth that users never experienced before. User never experienced ever before such a high value technology. The fifth generation technologies include all types of advanced features which make 5G technology most powerful and in huge demand in near future. 5G wireless technology is use to OFDM and millimetre wireless that enables data rate of 20 Mbps and frequency band of 2-8 GHz. Currently 5G is not an officially used for any particular specification or any official document yet made public by telecommunication companies or

standardization bodies such 3GPP, WiMAX forum or ITUR. The Fifth generation in envisaged to be a complete network for wireless mobile Internet which has the capability to offer services for accommodation the application potential requirement without suffering the quality. The Fifth Generation wireless technology is a real wireless world which shall be supported by LAS-CDMA (Large Area Synchronized Code Division Multiple Access) OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing Access) MCCDMA (Multi Carrier Code Division Multiple Access) UWB (Ultra-Wideband), Network LDMS (Local Multipoint Distribution Service) and IPV6.5G technology was starting from late 2020.

*Corresponding author: Priti K. Hirani

Figure 1: Evolution of technologies

2. MASSIVE MIMO Multiple-antenna

(MIMO) techniques are present in all modern wireless communication systems. They increase the capacity to the

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Priti K. Hirani, et al. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (IJETM)

additional space dimension. Multiple input multiple Single user MIMO (SU-MIMO) the dimensions are limited output or MIMO is the use of multiple antennas at both by the number if antennas that can be accommodated on transmits and receiver to improve the communication a portable device. The multiuser MIMO (MU-MIMO) can performance. The Multiple antennas may be used to be effectively pulled together the antennas at those users perform smart antenna functions such spreading the total and overcome this bottleneck. There are massifications of transmit power over antennas to achieve any array gain MIMO multicasting. or achieving a diversity gain or both. MIMO systems used 1) Pilot contamination and overhead reduction: It can be 2 or 4 antennas the ideas of very large multiple antenna made orthogonal among same users. It must be reduced system have come from future cellular systems with across cells otherwise all available resources would end potentially hundreds of antennas. The massive MIMO up consumed by pilots. Interference among pilots in approach easily leads to a reduction in a total radiated different cell and hence put a floor on the quality of the power which becomes inversely proportional to the channel estimates .This interference called pilot number of antennas. Many challenges need to solve in contamination. order to make such system successful make a sure their 2) Architectural challenges: There is different BS Structure total power consumption remains limited. New wireless where few high power amplifiers feeding a hand full of technology like millimetre wave carrier frequencies can secret antennas, we would have a myriad if any antennas address this challenge. Pushing up the radio signal up to fed by corresponding low power amplifiers; most likely around 60 GHz for example the minimum spacing each antenna would be integrated with its own amplifier. between antenna elements is reduced to around 2.5 mm. Scalability and antenna correlations and mutual coupling Spacing requirements it's easy to imagine portable and cost are some of the issues that must be sorted out. devices with large-scale MIMO schemes. Additionally new 1. Full dimension MIMO and elevation beam forming: research in "massive MIMO technology" has Existing BD mostly feature linear horizontal arrays which demonstrated that there are considerable gains (QoS/link in tower structure can only accommodate a limited efficiency) when using a very large number (greater than number of antennas due to the form of factors and which 40) of service antennas. The new techniques not only use only exploit the angle dimension. The benefit tailored many antennas but also use time division duplex vertical beams increase the signal power and reduce operation. It is extremely reduced resource allocation by interference user in neighbour cells. allowing each active terminal to utilize the entire timefrequency bin.

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Figure 2: Massive MIMO

Priti K. Hirani, et al. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (IJETM)

Channel models: Which is sound require expensive field measurement antenna correlation and coupling for massive arrays with relevant topologies must be determined. FD-MIMO modelling needs to incorporate elevation which is a dimension on which far less that data exists concerning power spectra and angle spreads. Coexistence with small cells: Massive MIMO BS would most likely have to coexist with tiers of small cells which would not be equipped with massive MIMO due to their smaller form factor. The Network becomes dense and more traffic is offloaded to small cells the number of active users per cell will diminish and the need for a massive MIMO many decrease. A next-generation wireless broadband standard, called WiGig (IEEE 802.11ad) aims to achieve a high QoS and efficient link data rate of up to 7 Gbps by using a 60 GHz unlicensed carrier and massive MIMO techniques. The main benefits of conventional MIMO systems can also significantly enhance both spectral efficiency and energy efficiency. Further in massive MIMO systems the effect of the nose and fast fading vanish and intracellular interface can be mitigated using simple linear pre-coding and detection methods. By using the multiuser (MU-MIMO) in massive MIMO systems the medium access control (MAC) layer design can be simplified by avoiding complicated scheduling algorithm. The main advantage enables the massive MIMO system to be a promising candidate for 5G wireless communication networks. 3. NEW APPLICATIONS AND SCENARIOS Super real time and reliable connections: low EAE latency delay and reliable communication enabling critical machine type applications. An Empowering industry to embrace new technologies in their process. Short range communications: A possible scenario to be demonstrated in 5G for this operational domain is the "synchronization and go" application or your own pocket Internet on a burst with very fast download from hotspots. For example movie about 10GB transmitted in less than one second when you pass with your multimedia cell over the portal. 5G communication will have achieved this level of performance by exploiting millimetres wave communication link by improving the bandwidth efficiency via MIMO and highly directional antennas and by the concurrent and seamless utilization of different frequency band and air interfaces into the same connections. . The high directionality attained band can be used to increase spatial multiplexing, 5G technology is short range communication will be based on multiple directional antennas transmitting to the same terminal in order to create spatial diversity and mitigate.

Ubiquitous things communicating: very large amount of smack, simple and inexpensive device. Requirement for long battery life time, adaptability and scalability. Outdoor broadband wireless: 5G should aim at the 1 Gbit/s milestones at the down-link and at a sustainable symmetric rate of 300 Mbps to a mobile terminal at high speed while the vision of the 1 Tbit/s rate corresponds to aggregated capacity of large number of users in a metropolitan area. Increased data rates may be achieved by decreasing the communication range through the use of mini home base stations that dynamic share the resource with macro-cells, by the use of cognitive and corporative technique. Amazingly fast: work and infotainment unhindered by delays .amazing end user experience provide by very high data rates. 4. ARCHITECTURES FOR 5G WIRELESS SYSTEMS The basic architecture of a wireless mobile system consists of a mobile phone connected to the wired world via a single hop wireless connection to a base station which is responsible for carrying the call within its region called a cell. Lets us compare the protocol stack of 5G wireless with the OSI Model. Physical layer and data link layer these two layers 5G mobile network likely based on the open wireless architecture (OWA).In the Network layer which is separation of network layer in two layer upper network layer and lower network layer. 5G mobile terminals has transport layer that is possible to be downloaded & installed which is based on the open Transport protocol (OPT). Presentation layer + application layer =application layer (5G) which is provide possibility for service quality testing & storage of measurement information in information database in the mobile terminals. Network architecture for the 5G mobile system, which is all IP based models for wireless and mobile network interoperability. The system consist of a user terminal and a number of independent ,autonomous radio technologies us seen as the IP link to the outside Internet world.5G network uses nanotechnology as a defensive tool for security concern that rises to flat IP. The Flat IP network is the key concept to make 5g acceptable for all kinds of technology. The different radio interface for each Radio Access Technology in the mobile terminal. Each radio access technology that is available to the user in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio access is presented with an appropriate IP interface. Every IP interface on the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. If we want to have access four different Radio Access Technologies we need

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Priti K. Hirani, et al. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (IJETM)

to have four different accesses specific interface in the mobile terminal and to have all of them active at the same time. Application and severs somewhere on the internet. Application connection is realized between client and server in their internet. Internet socket is an endpoint for data communication flows. The Socket of the web is unified and unique combination of local IP address and appropriate local transport communication. Considering the establishment of communication between the client and server using the Internet protocol is necessary to raise the appropriate Internet socket uniquely. In case of interoperability between heterogeneous networks and for the vertical handover between the respective radio technology. . Local IP address and destination IP address should be fixed and unchanged. Each radio technology that's available to user in achieving connectivity with the relevant radio access is present with the appropriate IP

interface. The IP interface on the terminal is characterized by its IP address and net mask and parameters associated with the routing of IP packets across the network. The network abstraction level would be provided by creating an IP over IP interface obtained by connection to the terminal via the access technologies available in the terminal. The client side will create an appropriate number of tunnels connected to the number of radio access technologies and the client will only set a local IP address which will be formed with the sockets Internet communication of client application with Internet server. The process of establishing a tunnel to the Policy Router and for routing based on the policies are carried out immediately after the establishment of IP connectivity across the Radio Access Technology and it is initiated from the mobile terminal Virtual Network-level Protocol

Figure 3: Architecture of 5G Network

5. ENERGY EFFICIENCY ASPECTS OF 5G WIRELESS SYSTEMS The evolution of wireless message has increased by an element of approximately forty in the past four to five years. Latest equipment that claims to meet the requirement is Massive MIMO which assures energy and spectral proficiency over 4 G technologies. The enormous number of antennas used in the Massive MIMO system possibly hundreds or thousands antennas they perform in a very minute number of active self-directed stations. The meekest multiplexing pre-coding and de-coding processes can be finest the system hardware is also using very simple components like low power amplifiers can be used

in place of high power linear 40 watt amplifiers. Resource allocation and power control actions may appear to be simple because of a large number of antennas and the beam width of unit antenna also improves. Currently two approaches to reduce energy consumption on the radio link. First small cell reduces the distance to the terminal. The main challenges of that approach are related to providing an economic backhaul solution. The second approach is massive MIMO where energy is more focused toward the user by means or more directive beams. The challenges of massive MIMO include diffusion of energy due to scattering in NLOS scenarios and limiting the achievable directivity.

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Priti K. Hirani, et al. International Journal of Engineering Technology and Management (IJETM)

6. Millimetre-wave massive MIMO backhaul Millimetre Wave is a promising technology for future cellular systems. Wireless communication systems havelargely restricted their operation to the relatively slim range of microwave frequencies that extended from several hundred MHz to few GHz and correspond to wavelengths in the range of a few centimetres about a meter. Network densification has also been studied to increase area spectral efficiency including the use of heterogeneous infrastructure (Macro, Pico, femtocells, relays, distributed antennas) but increased spectral efficiency is not enough to guarantee high per-user data rates. The frequencies in the rangeof 600 MHz to 1600 MHz are currently used for cellular. The different cellular and wireless firms wants radical increase in capacity demand for data rate and bandwidth. 5G wireless mobile data rate must increase up to several gigabits per seconds (Gbps) range which can only be processed by using the millimetre wave spectrum steerable antennas. The propagation characterise of millimetre wave bands vary considerably depending on whether LOS and NLOS conditions are present. His opens the door for potential use of millimetre wave bands for small cells in wireless access networks to boost network capacity while macro cells provide blanket coverage in lower UHF bands. It is the attractive part about millimetre bands is the abundance of communication bandwidth. The industrial aspects of millimetre wave systems aside this article identifies the main challenges that millimetre MIMO systems face in making it a reality. a. Outdoor to indoor penetration loss: millimetre wave signals do not penetrate brick, concrete and heavily tinted glass. The penetration losses for brick and concrete walls range between 7-35 dB. Reinforces the need for separates wireless indoor solutions to cover indoor hotspots. This doesn't eliminate the use of millimetre wave indoors as millimetre wave signals could penetrate dry walls and clear glass with relatively low losses. b. MIMO system and transceiver design complexity: millimetre wave channels are often sparse in delay spread spatial selectivity and angle spread the number of significant multipath components is considerably lower when compared to UHF channels which results in highly correlated multipath fading channels of low rank and high spatial. Technique such as maximal ratio combing ideally require high rank channels of fading correlated between the channels multipath components. Beam forming and

steering could be performed digitally or via analog circuitry. The digital beam forming is performed by multiplying the digital information symbols by digital beam forming weights before converting the symbol to analog signals. Digital beam forming requires a separate RF chain consisting of an analog to digital converter (ADC) and a power amplifier for each antenna element. The amount ADCs and amplifiers scales linearly with the number of antenna elements in such case. ADCs are more power hungry and costly when designed to work in millimetre wave bands. The alternative is to use analog directional beam forming via electronic phase shifters coupled with an RF path sharing transceiver architecture. c. Mobility: Mobility is challenges in short range cellular networks. Mobility have more challenges to handle in millimetre wave MIMO system as there is no guarantee for locked accurate beam forming on moving targets. A Pilot based channel estimation must be reported more frequently to guarantee accurate beam forming. General even in the absence of mobility TDD implementations are favoured for massive MIMO system in to exchange the large amount of channels state information frequently with less overhead. Channels state information is gathered TDD systems by relying on the reciprocity between the down link and up-link channel. The bottom line is though considerable challenges exist millimetre wave massive MIMO arrays designed for small cell geometries could potentially bring orders of magnitude in capacity gains in wireless access network 7. EXPERIMENTAL SYSTEMS AND FIELD TRIAL OF 5G WIRELESS SYSTEMS At the beginning of 2014 we posted an article explaining how 5G is not just a buzzword; researcher and engineers working with leading R &D centres, 5G is a current real challenge to face. Japan's NTT Docomo's recent announcement regarding 5G experiment trial to be conducted with six telecom vendor make us happy. The parallel collaborations between DOCOMO and each of six vendors will involve experimental trial to confirm the potential of 5G mobile technologies to exploit frequency bands above 6 GHz and realize very high system capacity per unit area and new radio technologies support. 5G technology is a new generation cellular system targeted at commercial deployment 2020. .The new system is expected to enable ultra high speed data transmission at more than 10 Gbps, 1000 fold the capacity of existing LTE network.

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