C Programming Tutorial

[Pages:146]C Programming Tutorial

C PROGRAMMING TUTORIAL

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Table of Contents

C Language Overview.............................................................. 1

Facts about C ............................................................................................... 1 Why to use C ? ............................................................................................. 2 C Programs .................................................................................................. 2

C Environment Setup ............................................................... 3

Text Editor................................................................................................... 3 The C Compiler ............................................................................................ 3 Installation on Unix/Linux ............................................................................. 4 Installation on Mac OS .................................................................................. 4 Installation on Windows ............................................................................... 4

C Program Structure ................................................................ 5

C Hello World Example ................................................................................. 5 Compile & Execute C Program ....................................................................... 6

C Basic Syntax......................................................................... 7

Tokens in C .................................................................................................. 7 Semicolons ; ................................................................................................ 7 Comments ................................................................................................... 8 Identifiers.................................................................................................... 8 Keywords .................................................................................................... 8 Whitespace in C ........................................................................................... 9

C Data Types ......................................................................... 10

Integer Types ............................................................................................. 10 Floating-Point Types ................................................................................... 11 The void Type ............................................................................................ 12

C Variables ............................................................................ 13

Variable Declaration in C................................Error! Bookmark not defined. Variable Initialization in C...............................Error! Bookmark not defined. Lvalues and Rvalues in C ............................................................................. 15

C Constants and Literals ........................................................ 17

Integer literals............................................................................................ 17 Floating-point literals.................................................................................. 18 Character constants.................................................................................... 18

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String literals.............................................................................................. 19 Defining Constants ..................................................................................... 19

The #define Preprocessor ...................................................................... 19 The const Keyword ................................................................................. 20

C Storage Classes ................................................................. 22

The auto Storage Class................................................................................ 22 The register Storage Class ........................................................................... 22 The static Storage Class............................................................................... 23 The extern Storage Class ............................................................................. 24

C Operators ........................................................................... 25

Arithmetic Operators.................................................................................. 25 Relational Operators................................................................................... 26 Logical Operators ....................................................................................... 28 Bitwise Operators....................................................................................... 29 Assignment Operators ................................................................................ 31 Misc Operators sizeof & ternary .............................................................. 33 Operators Precedence in C .......................................................................... 33

Decision Making in C.............................................................. 35

if statement ............................................................................................... 36

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 36 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 36 Example .................................................................................................. 36

if...else statement ...................................................................................... 37

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 37 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 38 Example .................................................................................................. 38

The if...else if...else Statement..................................................................... 39

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 39 Example .................................................................................................. 39

Nested if statements .................................................................................. 40

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 40 Example .................................................................................................. 40

switch statement ....................................................................................... 41

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 41 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 42 Example .................................................................................................. 42

Nested switch statements ........................................................................... 43

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 43 Example .................................................................................................. 43

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The ? : Operator ......................................................................................... 44

C Loops.................................................................................. 45

while loop in C ........................................................................................... 46

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 46 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 46 Example .................................................................................................. 47

for loop in C ............................................................................................... 47

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 47 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 48 Example .................................................................................................. 48

do...while loop in C ..................................................................................... 49

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 49 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 50 Example .................................................................................................. 50

nested loops in C........................................................................................ 51

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 51 Example .................................................................................................. 52

break statement in C .................................................................................. 53

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 53 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 53 Example .................................................................................................. 54

continue statement in C.............................................................................. 54

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 54 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 55 Example .................................................................................................. 55

goto statement in C .................................................................................... 56

Syntax ..................................................................................................... 56 Flow Diagram .......................................................................................... 56 Example .................................................................................................. 57

The Infinite Loop ........................................................................................ 57

C Functions ............................................................................ 59

Defining a Function .................................................................................... 59

Example .................................................................................................. 60

Function Declarations ................................................................................. 60 Calling a Function ....................................................................................... 60 Function Arguments ................................................................................... 61

Function call by value ............................................................................. 62 Function call by reference....................................................................... 63

C Scope Rules ....................................................................... 65

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Local Variables ........................................................................................... 65 Global Variables ......................................................................................... 66 Formal Parameters ..................................................................................... 67 Initializing Local and Global Variables ........................................................... 67

C Arrays ................................................................................. 69

Declaring Arrays ......................................................................................... 69 Initializing Arrays........................................................................................ 70 Accessing Array Elements............................................................................ 70 Multi-dimensional Arrays ............................................................................ 71 Two-Dimensional Arrays ............................................................................. 71 Initializing Two-Dimensional Arrays.............................................................. 72 Accessing Two-Dimensional Array Elements ................................................. 72 Passing Arrays as Function Arguments.......................................................... 73

Way-1...................................................................................................... 73

Way-2...................................................................................................... 74

Way-3....................................................................................................... 74

Example .................................................................................................. 74

Return array from function.......................................................................... 75 Pointer to an Array ..................................................................................... 77

C Pointers .............................................................................. 79

What Are Pointers? .................................................................................... 80 How to use Pointers?.................................................................................. 80 NULL Pointers in C ...................................................................................... 81 Pointer arithmetic ...................................................................................... 81 Incrementing a Pointer ............................................................................... 82 Decrementing a Pointer .............................................................................. 83 Pointer Comparisons .................................................................................. 83 Array of pointers ........................................................................................ 84 Pointer to Pointer....................................................................................... 86 Passing pointers to functions....................................................................... 87 Return pointer from functions ..................................................................... 88

C Strings ................................................................................ 91 C Structures ........................................................................... 94

Defining a Structure.................................................................................... 94 Accessing Structure Members ..................................................................... 95 Structures as Function Arguments ............................................................... 96 Pointers to Structures ................................................................................. 97

C Unions .............................................................................. 100

Defining a Union ...................................................................................... 100

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Accessing Union Members ........................................................................ 101

Bit Fields .............................................................................. 103

Bit Field Declaration ................................................................................. 104

Typedef ................................................................................ 106

typedef vs #define.................................................................................... 107

Input & Output ...................................................................... 108

The Standard Files .................................................................................... 108 The getchar() & putchar() functions ........................................................... 108 The gets() & puts() functions ..................................................................... 109 The scanf() and printf() functions ............................................................... 110

File I/O ................................................................................. 111

Opening Files ........................................................................................... 111 Closing a File ............................................................................................ 112 Writing a File ........................................................................................... 112 Reading a File........................................................................................... 113 Binary I/O Functions ................................................................................. 114

Preprocessors ...................................................................... 115

Preprocessors Examples............................................................................ 115 Predefined Macros ................................................................................... 116 Preprocessor Operators ............................................................................ 117

Macro Continuation (\) .......................................................................... 117

Stringize (#)........................................................................................... 117

Token Pasting (##)................................................................................ 118

The defined() Operator ......................................................................... 118

Parameterized Macros.............................................................................. 119

Header Files......................................................................... 120

Include Syntax.......................................................................................... 120 Include Operation .................................................................................... 121 Once-Only Headers .................................................................................. 121 Computed Includes................................................................................... 122

Type Casting ........................................................................ 123

Integer Promotion .................................................................................... 124 Usual Arithmetic Conversion ..................................................................... 124

Error Handling ...................................................................... 126

The errno, perror() and strerror()............................................................... 126 Divide by zero errors ................................................................................ 127 Program Exit Status .................................................................................. 128

Recursion ............................................................................. 129

Number Factorial ..................................................................................... 129

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