Associated Press Style

Associated Press Style

Quick Reference Guide

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Style Academic degrees

Acronyms

Addresses

Rules

Use an apostrophe and spell out academic degrees

Use abbreviations for degrees only when you need to include a list of credentials after a name; set them off with commas.

Don't use them Spell out on first mention. On subsequent mentions, use generic

terms such as the board, the division, etc. Don't put acronyms in parentheses after the first reference (for

example, "The Water Quality Control Division (WQCD) ...").

Spell out all generic parts of street names (avenue, north, road) when no specific address is given.

When a number is used, abbreviate avenue (Ave.), boulevard (Blvd.), street (St.) and directional parts of street names.

Examples

She has a bachelor's degree.

Peter White, LL.D., Ph.D., was the keynote speaker.

The state Board of Health meets the third Wednesday of each month. The board's agenda is available about a week before the meeting.

Our main campus is on Cherry Creek South Drive.

The suspect was identified as Michael Shawn of 1512 N. Mission St.

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Capitalization

Dates, days and times Names

Do not capitalize federal, state, department, division, board, program, section, unit, etc., unless the word is part of a formal name.

Capitalize common nouns such as party, river and street when they are part of a proper name.

Capitalize the word room when used with the number of the room or when part of the name of a specially designated room

Lowercase directional indicators except when they refer to specific geographic regions or popularized names for those regions.

Capitalize formal titles that come directly before a name.

Lowercase formal titles that appear on their own or follow a name.

Never capitalize job descriptions regardless of whether they are before or after a name

Always use Arabic figures, without st, nd, rd or th. When a month is used with a specific date, abbreviate Jan., Feb.,

Aug., Sept., Oct., Nov. and Dec. When a phrase lists only a month and year, spell out the month

and do not separate the month and the year with commas. When a phrase refers to a month, day and year, set off the year

with commas.

Use figures except for noon and midnight Use a.m. or p.m. (with periods)

Use a person's first and last name the first time he or she is mentioned. On second reference, use only last name with no title.

Do not use courtesy titles such as Mr., Mrs., Miss or Ms. unless they are part of a direct quotation or are needed to differentiate between people who have the same last name.

The Water Quality Control Division Sarah contacted the division.

the Libertarian Party, the Ohio River.

Room 315, the Carson Room. Go south on University Boulevard; the Northeast; the Midwest. Gov. John Hickenlooper; Public Health Programs Director Joni Reynolds The governor said to wear orange; Joni Reynolds is the director of Public Health Programs. shortstop, police officer, attorney

Fall Open House will be held on Oct. 8 (not Oct. 8th).

The new website will launch in December 2024. Jan. 15, 2008, was the first day of the semester.

The meeting is at 4 p.m. Jan. 15.

Water Quality Control Division Director Steve Gunderson led the panel. Gunderson said clean water is very important.

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Numbers

In general, spell out numbers one through nine, and use figures for numbers 10 and higher. There are many exceptions that always take figures. Common exceptions include: Addresses Ages, but not for inanimate objects Cents Dollars. Do not include a period and two zeroes when referring to an even dollar figure. Dates. Dates take cardinal numbers. Dimensions Highways Millions, billions Percentages. Percent is one word. Speed Temperatures Times. Do not include a colon and two zeroes when referring to an even hour.

Spell out numbers used at the beginning of a sentence. Exception: Never spell out years.

Use commas to set off each group of three digits in numerals higher than 999 (except for years and addresses)

Use decimals (up to two places) for amounts in the millions and billions that do not require a precise figure.

Add an s but no apostrophe to a number to make it plural. The same rule applies to decades. Use an apostrophe on a decade only if cutting off the initial figures.

Use hyphens for phone numbers

7 Park Pl. the 4-year-old cat; the four-year-old car 8 cents $3

March 4, not March 4th 5 foot 2 inches, 5-by-9 cell Route 7 6 billion people 1 percent 8 mph 2 degrees or 2 F 4 p.m.

Ten thousand people marched on the capital. 1999 was a bad year for technology companies.

12,650

$3.74 billion

She kept rolling 7s; the 1980s; the `80s

303-692-2000

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Punctuation, quotation

Apostrophe For plural nouns ending in s, add only an apostrophe. For singular common nouns ending in s, add 's For singular proper names ending in s, use only an apostrophe: For singular proper names ending in s sounds such as x, ce, and z, use 's For plurals of a single letter, add 's Do not use 's for plurals of numbers or multiple letter combinations

Bullets Associated Press style is to use dashes, not bullets, for lists that follow a colon. The department prefers bullets, but punctuate them per AP style: After each bullet, capitalize the first letter and use periods at the end of each item.

Colon Capitalize the first word after a colon only if it is a proper noun or the start of a complete sentence. Colons go outside quotation marks unless they are part of the quoted material.

Comma Don't use a comma before a conjunction in a simple series. Use a comma for a series that included elements containing and or or

the students' grades, states' rights the hostess's invitation, the witness's answer Brandeis' mission Marx's theories She received all A's this semester. the 1960s

There were three issues with the project: expense, time and feasibility.

The dinner choices were chicken, cod or beef. The menu offered a choice of bacon and eggs, pancakes, or waffles.

"The five-volume report called for cleaning up the area over a 10-year period." a very big project, barely legal procedures

Hyphen Use hyphens to link all the words in a compound adjective. Do not use a hyphen if the construction includes very or an adverb ending in ?ly

Parentheses Avoid using parentheses when possible. If parentheses are required the rules are: If the parenthetical is a complete, independent sentence, place the period inside the parentheses; if not, the period goes outside.

"The governor said he will `leave no stone unturned' in the matter," the director said.

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Period Use only one space after the end of a sentence. Period. Here's why.

Quotation marks Single quotation marks should be used only for a quote within a quote. Do not use quotation marks for word emphasis. The period and the comma always go within the quotation marks. The dash, semicolon, question mark and exclamation point go within the quotation marks when they apply to the quoted matter only. They go outside when they apply to the whole sentence.

Semicolon Use a semicolon to clarify a series that includes a number of commas. Include a semicolon before the conjunction.

Spacing Use only one space between sentences. Here's why.

"Did you wish to file a complaint?" he asked. Who said, "Fame means when your computer modem is broken, the repair guy comes out to your house a little faster"?

Parts for the carrier are made in Tampa, Fla.; Austin, Texas; and Baton Rouge, La.

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State abbreviations

Ala.

Md.

Ariz.

Mass.

Ark.

Mich.

Calif.

Minn.

Colo.

Miss.

Conn. Del. Fla. Ga. Ill.

Mo. Mont. Neb. Nev. N.H.

Ind.

N.J.

Kan.

N.M.

Ky.

N.Y.

La.

N.C.

N.D. Okla. Ore. Pa. R.I.

S.C. S.D. Tenn. Va. Vt.

Wash. W. Va. Wis.

Wyo.

Cities not requiring state names

Atlanta

Milwaukee

Baltimore Minneapolis

Boston

New Orleans

Chicago

New York

Cincinnati

Oklahoma City

Cleveland Philadelphia

Dallas

Phoenix

Denver

Pittsburgh

Detroit

St. Louis

Honolulu

Salt Lake City

Houston

San Antonio

Indianapolis San Diego

Las Vegas

San Francisco

Los Angeles Seattle

Miami

Washington

East St. Louis, Ill., or West Palm Beach, Fla. the west end, northern Los Angeles. South Side (Chicago), Lower East Side (New York).

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Titles

Technological terms

These formal titles are capitalized and abbreviated as shown when used before a name both inside and outside quotations: Dr.,Gov., Lt. Gov., Rep., Sen. On second reference, use the last name only.

Generally, capitalize formal titles when they appear before a person's name

Lowercase titles if they are informal, appear without a person's name, follow a person's name or are set off before a name by commas.

Lowercase adjectives that designate the status of a title. If a title is long, place it after the person's name, or set it off with

commas before the person's name. Abbreviate and capitalize most titles when they are used directly

before a name Spell out titles with names used in direct quotes with the exception

of Dr., Mr. and Mrs. Lowercase formal titles that appear on their own or follow a name Never capitalize job descriptions -- shortstop, police officer,

attorney and so on. Titles of books, movies, recordings, television shows and similar

works are set off in quotation marks, with all principal words capitalized Titles of magazines, newspapers and reference works get no special treatment

President Bush; President-elect Obama; Sen. Harry Reid Evan Bayh, a senator from Indiana; the senior senator from Indiana Dick Lugar

former President George H.W. Bush Paul Schneider, deputy secretary of Homeland Security, Sen. Boxer posed hard questions for Rice.

"Governor Hickenlooper is obviously no Peyton Manning," she said. Will Allison, director of the Air Pollution Control Division

"Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows," "Letters from Iwo Jima," "Memory Almost Full," "Grey's Anatomy" The New York Times, Today's Broadcast

Here are the correct spelling and capitalization rules for some common technological terms.

BlackBerry, BlackBerrys download eBay Inc. (use EBay Inc. when the word begins a sentence) e-book e-book reader e-reader email cellphone Facebook

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Technological terms

Google, Googling, Googled hashtag IM (IMed, IMing; for first reference, use instant messenger) Internet (after first reference, the Net) iPad, iPhone, iPod (use IPad, IPhone, or IPod when the word begins a sentence) LinkedIn social media smartphone the Net Twitter, tweet, tweeted, retweet World Wide Web website Web page webmaster YouTube

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