JAMAICA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND - World Bank
JAMAICA SOCIAL INVESTMENT FUND
ISO 14001:2004 CERTIFIED
“Investing for Community Development”
RURAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT INITIATIVE (REDI) PROJECT
Environmental Assessment and
Environmental Management Framework
June 10, 2009
Table of Contents
Part I: Environmental Assessment for the REDI Project
1. Introduction 2
1.1 Purpose 2
1.2 Project background 2
1.3 Description of potential sub-projects 3
1.3.1 Agricultural subprojects 3
1.3.2 Rural tourism subprojects 4
1.4 Methodology 4
2. Social Context 5
3. Operating Requirements 7
3.1 Safeguards and Regulatory Framework 7
3.1.1 JSIF Environmental Safeguards 7
3.1.2 World Bank Safeguards 8
3.1.3 NEPA Requirements 9
3.2 Other Applicable Operating Requirements 11
3.2.1 Tourism Development Product Company (TPDCO) 11
3.2.2 Sustainable Tourism Master Plan (STMP) 12
3.2.3 South Coast Sustainable Development Master Plan (SCSDMP) 13
3.3 Agricultural and Tourism Projects Requiring NEPA Permitting 14
4. Tourism 14
4.1 Overview 14
4.2 Environmental Impacts 15
5. Agriculture 19
5.1 Overview 19
5.2 Environmental Impacts 20
6. Institutional Arrangements for REDI 24
6.1 Overview 24
6.2 JSIF Institutional Mechanism 24
Annex 1: Consultations 28
Part II: Revised Environmental Management Framework
7. Revised Environmental Management Framework 35
7.1 Introduction 35
7.2 Projects financed by JSIF 35
7.2.1 Types of Projects Eligible for JSIF Financing 35
7.2.2 Types of Projects Ineligible for JSIF Financing 36
7.2.3 Project Target Areas 37
7.3 Screening procedures 37
7.3.1 National Regulatory Requirements 37
7.3.2 Other Requirements 38
7.3.3 Screening Criteria 39
7.3.4 Screening Process 39
7.4 Implementation arrangements 46
7.4.1 Implementing NEPA Requirements 46
7.4.2 Implementing EMP Requirements 46
7.4.3 Managing Other Potential Impacts 47
7.4.4 Consultation and Disclosure 48
7.4.5 Implementation Responsibility 49
7.4.6 Environmental Requirements in the Construction Contracts 49
7.5 Monitoring and reporting 49
7.6 Training and capacity-building 50
7.7 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: The Environmental Impact of JSIF projects 62
7.8 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: General Guidance for Infrastructure Projects 63
7.8.1 Project Design……………………………………………………………………….. 63
7.8.2 Construction 66
7.8.3 Operation and Maintenance 67
7.9 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: Specific Guidelines by Project Sub-type 68
7.9.1 Roads 68
7.9.2 Infrastructure, Health Centre and Similar Facilities 70
7.9.3 Sanitary Facilities (Latrines) 70
7.9.4 Sanitary Facilities (Community Showers) 71
7.9.5 Drainage 72
7.9.6 Water Projects 72
7.9.7 Agro-Processing, Agriculture Activities 73
7.9.8 Tourism Activities 74
Annex 2: Flowchart of NEPA permitting process 75
PART I: ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT FOR THE REDI PROJECT
Introduction
1 Purpose
This document presents the Environmental Assessment and revised Environmental Management Framework for the Rural Economic Development Initiative Project (REDI) of the Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). The REDI Project seeks to reduce rural poverty by improving the income generating potential of rural communities through the strengthening of agricultural supply linkages, and community based tourism initiatives. Established in 1996 as a component of the Government of Jamaica’s (GoJ's) national poverty alleviation strategy, JSIF was designed primarily to channel resources to small-scale community based projects. The Fund has been operating for 13 years and has contributed significantly to social and economic infrastructure and organizational strengthening for community- driven projects. The projects have been mainly physical infrastructure development such as roads, schools, water supply, integrated community space and other construction-related projects.
JSIF adopted an Environmental Management Policy, Environmental Management Framework and an Environmental Management System to guide the consideration of environmental principles in the work of the Fund. In 2009, JSIF became the first agency of the Government of Jamaica to receive ISO 14000 certification. As part of the environmental assessment for the REDI project, it is important for JSIF to investigate the potential environmental and social impacts that may arise out of new types of agricultural and tourism sub-projects – this forms the first part of this report. Based on the environmental assessment, JSIF’s existing EMF was modified to accommodate the new types of subprojects under the REDI, along with appropriate environmental mitigation plans –this forms the second part of this report.
2 Project background
The majority of Jamaicans who were classified as poor in 2006 resided in rural communities; this is as a result of the limited employment and/or income generating options within most of these communities. The tourism and agriculture sectors hold the most significant potential for rural growth and development both because of their importance to the economy overall and their potential reach into rural areas.
The Project Development Objective of the proposed REDI project is to improve market access for poor rural agricultural producers and tourism product providers. Under this project, 3 components are envisioned. The first component will finance two types of rural subprojects viz. Type A subprojects will support small-scale revenue generating enterprises in agriculture and tourism. Type B subprojects will support provision of critical infrastructure, marketing and management in the agriculture and tourism sectors. It is estimated that the project would finance approximately 75 Type A and 40 Type B subprojects over the course of its implementation. The second component aims to strengthen relevant national organizations to enhance their capacity to continue assisting the rural enterprises and other project partners and ensure the sustainability of the rural enterprises. The third component will finance project management, technical expertise (tourism and agricultural specialists, monitoring and evaluation), staff training, the annual audit, vehicles, office equipment and other operating costs.
Although the project will have national coverage, to maximize development impact, the project will initially focus on eight parishes: Clarendon, Manchester, St. Elizabeth, Westmoreland, Hanover, St. James, Trelawny and St. Ann as well as the blue and John Crow Mountain regions. The project is expected to directly and indirectly benefit an estimated 22,000 rural residents through revenue-generating sub-projects and from critical market-oriented infrastructure, marketing and management. The inclusion of young people and women will be encouraged, and an estimated 15 percent of all direct beneficiaries are expected to be youth (under 30 years old) and 35 percent women.
1.3 Description of potential subprojects
All subprojects will be selected through a competitive process. The initial objective will be to open up the process to as many subprojects as possible to help ensure that the rural enterprises with the most drive and determination, and the ideas with the most significant market potential and potential to catalyze rural tourism development, have an opportunity to compete for grants.
1.3.1 Agricultural Subprojects
Type A agricultural subprojects are productive activities linking groups of small producers (rural enterprises) to specific markets (hospitality sector, supermarkets, agro-processors, and other specific buyers). These subprojects will help producers and processors to better respond to market demand through on-farm investments and innovations (such as greenhouses, breeding stock improvement, introduction of new crops and varieties, unseasonal production methods), small group marketing infrastructure (such as storage sheds, fish cleaning/filleting facilities) and equipment (such as packing equipment).
Type B subprojects will include critical small-scale public infrastructure that helps increase the efficiency and competitiveness of agricultural value chains. Examples include investments that will enhance produce sanitary conditions, extend the shelf life of fish, meat and produce, and promote the development of higher value-added products, including investments in cold storage, vegetable warehouses, abattoirs, packing facilities, processing equipment, and environmental and waste management. With respect to marketing services, examples include development of virtual markets (websites), where a marketing organization can bring together buyers and sellers and coordinate fulfillment; workshops where buyers and sellers can discuss, on a regular basis, production quality, reliability, volume, new products, and other challenges and opportunities; and organization and coordination of sales calls to hotels, supermarkets, etc., that integrate the production of several rural producers.
1.3.2 Rural Tourism Subprojects
Type A rural tourism subprojects are revenue generating activities of rural enterprises providing tourism products and services. A typical subproject in this category would be the development or enhancement of tourism products and services focused on history, culture and nature that can be sold in major tourism hubs. These subprojects will create new enterprises or enhance the competitiveness and viability of existing ones. Examples of such competitiveness enhancement include: assistance with business planning and defining target markets; evaluating market access constraints; identifying key intermediaries and market outlets, building relationships with them and engaging them in the design process; product or service design and procurement; providing training for tour guide and other visitor services; basic business skills, including bookkeeping, operations management and marketing; research into existing and potential markets; and visitor opinion an satisfaction surveys.
Type B subprojects will include critical small-scale infrastructure that helps to provide basic services needed or required by visitors and tour operators to visit rural communities. Examples include the construction of public bathrooms, collection and out-of-view disposal of solid wastes, landscaping, trail development, signage, and rehabilitation of or safety enhancements to public attractions (e.g., hiking trails, waterfalls, and mineral baths). Examples of the tourism marketing services include the development of rural tourism “brands,” websites, marketing strategies, and online reservations systems; press and tour operator familiarization tours to rural areas etc.
1.4 Methodology
The JSIF Environmental Management Framework involves one of the guiding operational principles (principle # 9) of JSIF: projects funded by JSIF must conform to the Government of Jamaica’s environmental regulations and have minimum impacts on the natural and cultural environment. The EMF becomes an integral part of JSIF’s Operations Manual (OM) and is applicable to all investments financed by JSIF, regardless of its funding source or implementing agency. Currently, JSIF’s EMF covers environmental impacts and mitigation plans for different infrastructure project typologies such as roads; infirmaries and health centers; sanitary facilities (latrines and community showers); drainage; water projects; and agro-processing facilities. While the environmental guidelines accompanying the current EMF will be applicable to all sub-projects under the REDI, there is a need to assess any revisions that may be necessary in order to address any potential environmental and social impacts that may specifically arise from the new types of agricultural and tourism-based sub-projects under this project.
In order to carry out the EA for the REDI project, JSIF hired a consulting firm with a multidisciplinary team of specialists to:
• Ascertain the likely positive and adverse environmental impacts (direct or indirect) that may be related to the implementation of community subprojects concerning community based tourism and agricultural post-harvest activities.
• Prepare a sample Environmental Management Plans for potential project activities
• Determine, for JSIF and participating communities, the appropriate institutional arrangements and capacities needed to supervise the environmental and social safeguards implementation
The preparation of the Environmental Assessment was guided by the Environmental Management Framework of the JSIF as well as the Environmental and Social Safeguards of the International Bank of Reconstruction and Developments (IBRD), the requirements of relevant regulatory agencies and other national and local environmental and social regulations and standards. The consultants employed a combination of desk research, consultations, field observations, and professional assessments to the assignment. Several background documents were reviewed to provide context, reference, and guidance. The team applied an interdisciplinary approach to Charette style planning, thus developing the interrelatedness of the project aspects, and the need for exploring opportunities to optimize project results.
Social Context
Jamaica’s population is dispersed 43.3% between the main urban areas of St. Catherine, Kingston and St. Andrew and the remaining 56.8% of the population is shared among the remaining 11 rural towns and areas of Jamaica. However, economic and social developments within rural areas have not kept pace with urban areas. The Jamaica Survey of Living Conditions (2006) indicated the distribution of poverty was; 21.2% within the Kingston Metropolitan Region, 13.1% in other towns, and, 65.7% in Rural areas. Typically, rural areas have more of the population aged 0-14, while the urban areas have a slight majority of persons aged 15-64 years. This reflects the usual urban migration from rural areas as individuals seek employment and educational opportunities that are limited within rural areas.
The main economic venture for most rural area residents is within the Agricultural and Fishery occupation group, with also a substantial amount within the Tourism related sector either as hotel workers, craft producers or vendors.
Agriculture: Evidence drawn from the poverty assessments show that a number of rural communities that were producers of domestic food crops two decades ago, are now in poverty. Jamaica’s rural areas account for 65.1% and 67.0% of persons in poverty in 2007 and 2008 respectively (Survey Living Conditions 2008). The findings of a survey conducted for the design of this project confirm that nearly 65% of the rural respondents obtain their income from farming[1]. This also confirmed that rural poverty is steadily increasing the rate of youth migration from rural to urban areas in search for employment. Lack of market opportunities and high cost of in-puts and availability for disasters relief were identified as their main constrains and core barriers for the development of small farming. Respondents also referred the lack of formal agricultural training and access to micro-finances.
Tourism: Rural tourism enterprises are relatively new in importance for Jamaica. Approximately half of the rural tourism enterprises surveyed for this project design consider themselves “community owned”. Despite the presence of rural tourism enterprises, farming continues to be the main economic activity among rural communities where they operate. The key difficulties surveyed tourism enterprises identified are obtaining working capital, and licensing so that they become a formal part of the Jamaican tourism. Other problems faced are the need to use alternative sources of fuel, to upgrade sanitation and potable water provision among others. Thus to improve services and products involve all aspects of marketing and capacity building to enable its development into an alternative source of income and stop migration from rural communities. As the industry develops however, it may become necessary to develop standards to regulate different aspects of the industry.
During recent years there has been an expansion / diversification of products and services within both the Agriculture and Tourism sectors. However, the challenge has been, among others; (1) streamlining development of products and services that are responsive to market demands (2) limited organizational capacity and marketing savvy of producers and service providers stymie enterprise growth and limits access to financial resources (3) capacity of Institutions to lead the diversification and development process.
The REDI project will support competitively selected projects in agriculture and rural tourism through matching grants and technical assistance. These grants will be targeted to micro and small-scale rural agricultural producers and tourism product and service providers that are registered either as Cooperatives, Friendly Societies or Benevolent Societies, or they may associate with a legal registered community group. During the implementation of the National Community Development Project (NCDP), the JSIF in collaboration with the Department of Cooperatives and Friendly Societies began working with community groups to become legally registered as Cooperatives, Friendly Societies or Benevolent Societies. Under this mechanism community groups are able to organize themselves to obtain funding to support development within their community. Additionally the department of Cooperatives and Friendly Society provides financial management guidance and auditing of the accounts of these groups.
REDI will prioritize according to each project’s market potential, ability to generate income and create jobs, and its financial, social and environmental sustainability. The requirements to access the project grants will be made public ensuring to inform potential users. The project will be national in coverage with focus on rural areas.
3. Operating Requirements
1 Safeguards and Regulatory Framework
Several documents outline the standards to which JSIF currently subscribes with respect to funding projects and which are applicable to REDI. These documents include: ISO 14001 which has requirements set out in the Environmental Management System Manual (EMS) and the Environmental Management System (EMS) Procedures Manual; The Environmental Management Framework; the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development’s (IBRD) Environmental and Social Safeguards.
In addition to the provisions of these documents JSIF has to comply with the requirements of relevant national environmental and social regulations and standards specific to the project being funded. These regulations and standards arise mainly from the requirements of the National Environmental and Planning Agency (NEPA) and its partner regulatory agencies.
1 JSIF Environmental Safeguards
ISO 14001 specifies the actual requirements for an environmental management system. Aspects of the respective operations over which the project proponent has control and over which it can be expected to have an influence need to be identified and the potential impacts assessed. The JSIF Environmental Management System (EMS) Manual[2] highlights the procedures and policies that are designed to ensure that the projects implemented meet the highest financial quality and environmental standards as required by IS0 14001. It outlines how the system will operate and be maintained through planning; Implementation and operation; with checking and corrective actions giving the necessary references. It outlines the environmental policy which speaks to environmental protection and sound business practices as critical components. The Environmental Management System Procedures Manual[3] gives more details of these requirements introduced in the EMS Manual.
The Environmental Management Framework[4] establishes the procedures for screening all projects for any potential adverse environmental impacts and land requirements as well as provides measures for managing, mitigating and monitoring these projects during implementation and operation. The Framework also includes a detailed Environmental Management Plan (EMP), which serves as a prototype to be adjusted according to project and site. Several Appendices attached to the Environmental Management Framework highlight the negative and positive environmental Impacts of JSIF projects. They also give general guidance for infrastructure projects and specific guidelines for Project Sub-type.
The Construction procedures in the current EMS Procedures Manual and Environmental Management Framework would apply as appropriate to structures in tourism and agricultural ventures such as museums, guest houses, monuments, cabins and sanitation facilities, livestock facilities, warehousing, among others.
The World Bank also expresses these requirements as indicated in the Jamaican Safeguards Diagnostic Review[5] in keeping with the new operation policy: ‘”Piloting the Use of Borrower Systems to Address Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues in Bank-Supported Projects” The reason for this policy is to scale up to development impacts, increase country ownership, build institutional capacity, facilitate harmonization and increase cost effectiveness. Using these same procedures, this project will now need to outline the procedures and framework specific for introducing agriculture and tourism projects under REDI.
The World Bank has ten environmental and social policies which are known as safeguard policies; four of these policies apply to potential sub-projects under the REDI.
2 World Bank Safeguards
Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)[6]: Four categories of projects are noted in the policy Category A, B, C, and FI. Environmental Assessments (EA) are required of all project types with the exception of category C projects. The EAs are intended to help ensure that projects are environmentally sound and sustainable and to improve decision making. This assessment will also examine alternatives to potential adverse environmental impacts and enhance positive impacts. The REDI is classified by the Bank as a Category B project because the size and nature of the sub-projects are not expected to have significant negative environmental impacts. In the context of OP 4:01, the EA should examine the project’s potential negative and positive environmental impacts and recommend appropriate environmental mitigation plans.
Natural Habitats (OP4.04)[7]: The World Bank emphasizes that projects should not pose a threat or lead to the degradation of Natural habitats. They promote the conservation of Natural Habitats and encourage measures that protect, maintain and rehabilitate natural habitats and their function for long term sustainable development. The sub-projects financed under the REDI project are not expected to have significant impacts on critical natural habitats; however, the EMF will be reviewed to ensure the screening of sub-projects for impacts on natural habitats, with appropriate environmental management plans.
Forestry (OP4.36)[8]: The aim of this policy is to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas, promote afforestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. Several forestry support initiatives are currently underway in Jamaica and there are opportunities for establishing linkages. Under the tourism-based sub-projects in REDI, some forest restoration measures (such as afforestation) may be considered. To comply with OP4.36, the revised EMF should include guidance on gauge potential for improved biodiversity and ecosystem functions from such activities.
Pest Management (OP4.09)[9]: The World Bank encourages Integrated Pest Management (IPM) to minimize/prevent the use of harmful biocides. The IPM approach takes into consideration biological control, cultural practices and the development of crop pesticides. Although no consensus exists on its precise definition, the World Bank’s Operational Policy 4.09 defines integrated pest management as a mix of farmer-driven, ecologically based pest control practices that seeks to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides. Under the REDI project, agricultural sub-projects may directly or indirectly contribute to the increased use of pesticides because of the intensification of the production of certain crops. Compliance with this operational policy will need to be addressed in devising environmental mitigation plans.
3 NEPA Requirements
Since 2001 NEPA has been the main regulatory body with respect to regulations of the environment and Land development and Utilization. The agency was created through the merge of the Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NCRA), the Town Planning Department and the Land Utilization Commission. The following regulations from NEPA were reviewed to help guide development of the REDI screening criteria.
The NRCA Act Permit and Licensing Regulations 1997[10]:
1. Permit Application Project Information Form
2. Permit Application License to Discharge Effluent
3. Permit Application Project Categories
The forms listed above made reference to additional mapped information, two of which are from other agencies:
1. Forestry Department Forest Classification Manual of Jamaica
2. Mines and Geology Division Geological Map of Jamaica
3. National Environment and Planning Agency - Jamaica Watershed Management Units
Beach Control Act 1956[11]
1. Beach License Application Form
It should be noted that the establishment of eco-tourism and nature tourism projects in any community regardless of size will require a permit. In addition, any such activity regardless of size will require a licence to be operated in a Protected Area and this activity will then be governed by The Natural Resources Conservation Authority (NRCA) Act 1991[12].
The NRCA Act was enacted in 1991 to provide a framework for the effective management of the physical environment of Jamaica. It provides for the management, conservation and protection of the natural resources of Jamaica. The NRCA is given wide functions and duties including to develop, implement and monitor plans and programmes relating to the management of the environment and to formulate standards and codes of practice for the improvement and the maintenance of the quality of the environment.
The NRCA Act also provides for a) the designation of protected areas (section 33); (b) environmental impact assessments (section 10); the promulgation of Ministerial orders to protect the environment (section 32). The Act also empowers the establishment of standards for environmental protection (section 4(1) (d)), the management of waste (section 38), the management of national parks, marine parks (section 5), other protected areas and public beaches (section 4).
The Watershed Protection Act (1963)[13] administered under NEPA, is intended to ensure proper land use in vital watershed areas, reduce soil erosion, maintain optimum levels of ground water, and promote regular flows in waterways. This Act would apply to any tourism ventures or agricultural enterprises that would take place in an area considered a vital watershed or catchment area.
NEPA has produced a National Watershed Policy[14] which seeks to address strategies to ensure the sustainable use and development of watersheds, by defining opportunities for the people, government and non-government organizations, and for the international community to participate in the interest of water supply and biodiversity. Among the twelve guiding principles to the Policy, are:
• Design, planning and implementation of watershed management interventions
• Special attention to people in watershed areas and their environment
• Integral protection and production functions for land and water resources
• Assessment of land use impacts and rehabilitation of damages
• Compromise and complementarities rather than confrontation and contradiction in resolving conflicts of interest
• Co-operation among agencies and the public to manage watersheds effectively
The Water Resources Act gives the Water Resources Authority (WRA) the responsibility for planning and management of water resources. WRA can also be proactive by declaring proposed industrial areas Water Quality Control Areas and putting in place the standards and conditions to protect water quality. The Act allows the WRA to declare a water quality zone to protect water quality in the public's interest.
2 Other Applicable Operating Requirements
1 Tourism Development Product Company (TPDCO)
TPDCo is the agency mandated to facilitate the enhancement, development and maintenance of Jamaica’s tourism product. The TPDCo provides training for all tourism workers; inspects tourism entities to ensure local and international standards are maintained; assists new tourism entities to develop a quality product; and, recommends to the Jamaica Tourist Board (JTB) whether a tourism entity should be licensed and marketed by the JTB.
TPDCo has established a list of requirements to implement/operate a tourism service and/or product. The plan involves ensuring that value is added to the customer-end use as well as to the employees/ stakeholders/ shareholders. Focus should be on commitment to team work and the determination to develop one’s community. The project should also involve a business plan; education and research to ensure that the community is sensitized and the respective individuals are properly trained; sustainability of the venture; and consideration of carrying capacity guidelines. Merits, requirements, risks and potential should also be articulated. Below are the guidelines and principles for tourism as articulated by TPDCo:
• The project should meet the most stringent requirements of safety, health and environmental codes and standards as laid down in TPDCo guidelines.
• The maintenance of the project must be of the highest quality and the sustainability of the environment the top priority.
• All cuisine should meet international quality standards and Jamaican foods and cuisine should always be available.
• Operators should deliver quality service at all times. Personalized attention to the comfort of the visitor both in Accommodation and Food and Beverage service should be evident.
• A self-monitoring system, to include evaluation forms, should be in place at all times to measure the levels of guest satisfaction and to improve the quality of service. Criticisms, complaints and accolades should be tabulated and necessary actions taken.
• The project should provide local employment and development opportunities.
• It is necessary to implement regular training programmes with emphasis on sustainable Tourism and the environment
• Management and employees should be certified in basic group management, first aid skills, CPR (Cardio Pulmonary Resuscitation) and life saving skills.
TPDCo has developed a system that involves the application of a license for carrying out such entities. The Pre-Requisites for a Tourism Entity are as follows:
• Proof of permission to occupy location
• Public liability insurance
• Tax Registration Number
• Certificate of incorporation
• Food Handler’s Permit and Health certification (where applicable)
• NEPA permit (where applicable)
• First Aid Kit, Fire Safety Certificate
• Adequate washroom/bathroom facilities
• Proper security arrangement (certified by Ministry of Security & Justice)
• Communication System
• Printed Rate Sheet and brochures
• Certified Tour Guides (where applicable)
• Certification and Recommendation by TPDCo
Various classifications have been developed for types of Tourism, and the Tourism Product Development Company Ltd (TPDCo) has attempted to fulfill the mandate presented in Jamaica’s Tourism Master Plan by seeking to target developments in the following areas of local tourism listed below.
Other potential categories of local tourism not currently articulated on the TPDCo website are as listed in the box. The tourism types listed above will form the basis for a local classification of tourism types that could be considered by JSIF for funding.
2 Sustainable Tourism Master Plan (STMP)
The tourism industry exerts a powerful influence on settlement patterns, infrastructure and town planning, and the unregulated use of natural resources and unplanned development often lead to social and environmental degradation. The STMP presents a comprehensive framework to develop Jamaica’s tourism industry, and details the actions involved to implement the agreed strategy.
This plan aims to:
➢ provide a comprehensive planning framework for the development of tourism
➢ elaborate a vision of the future direction, shape and composition of the industry that can serve to guide the actions of the huge number of stakeholders in the industry to a common goal and purpose;
➢ detail the timing and sequencing of the major programmes, roles and responsibilities of key players, institutional arrangements and resource requirements for bringing the vision to fruition.
3 South Coast Sustainable Development Master Plan (SCSDMP)
The SCSDMP was developed in 1999 to guide the expected development on the south coast of Jamaica from Hellshire, St Catherine to Little London in Westmoreland, and extending to an approximate depth of 20m offshore and 11km inland. One of the target areas for the JSIF is therefore covered by the plan.
The Plan envisioned building on the available resources while protecting and managing the critical natural resources that are present. It also addressed adding value to the natural and human resources of the region through the growth of services.
The South Coast plan aims to provide a framework for:
• The management of the natural and man-made environment
• Orderly and sustainable development of the south coast
• Land use designation to promote best use and sustainable development of natural resources
• Protection and conservation of terrestrial and marine environment
• Conservation of cultural heritage
• Community development and improved health conditions
• Diversification of economic activities
The SCSDMP identifies projects and programmes that seek to:
• Address critical infrastructure and human resources constraints
• Secure environmental assets of the region and promote economic growth
• Consider economic, social and environmental criteria
• Be consistent with the concept of sustainable development and stakeholder support
• Ensure appropriate development of infrastructure as a prerequisite for economic growth and diversification.
3 Agricultural and Tourism Projects Requiring NEPA Permitting
JSIF has developed a working relationship with NEPA with respect to permitting requirements for their current suite of fundable projects. However, a re-examination of NEPA permitting suites requires further consideration to the addition tourism and agricultural projects. Based on this re-examination, a list of potential JSIF projects that would require NEPA permitting is outlined below:
1. All tourism-based projects meeting NEPA’s definition of an Eco-tourism project
2. All projects involving the treatment of water
3. All projects involving the treatment of sewage or trade effluent
4. Aquaculture projects
5. Any project involving the clear cutting of forested areas and clearing of trees on land of 3 hectare and over on slopes greater than 25°
6. Any project involving the felling of trees and clearing of land of 10 hectares or more
7. Any project involving the creation of theme parks
8. Agro-processing
9. Projects involving modifications to wetlands
10. Projects involving constructions on the foreshore and/or the floor of the sea or use of the foreshore and/or the floor of the sea for commercial purposes
Tourism
4.1 Overview
Tourism can be defined as travel for recreational or leisure purposes. The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel to and stay in places outside their usual environment for more than twenty-four (24) hours and not more than one consecutive year for leisure, business and other purposes not related to the exercise of an activity remunerated from within the place visited"[15]. Jamaica's economy has, over the years, become increasingly dependent on tourism and its contribution to Jamaica’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and as an earner of foreign exchange.
Over the past 6 years overnight tourist arrivals to Jamaica have risen modestly, and total tourism expenditures had remained relatively flat. Stopover arrivals and expenditures did decline modestly during the fourth quarter of 2008, likely as result of the global financial crisis and recessions in the U.S. and Western Europe, Jamaica’s two primary source markets. The majority of Jamaica’s international visitors stays in all-inclusive resorts or arrives on cruise ships.
Jamaica’s tourism sector offers a significant opportunity for small and medium enterprise development and income generation in rural areas. There are also a number of linkages that can be developed between the tourism sector and small-scale agricultural production and processing. Jamaica’s small farmers have other potential market opportunities as well, including sales to wholesale produce buyers and supermarkets, and the ability to become more efficient and competitive through advances in technology and knowledge base.
4.2 Environmental Impacts
Traditional tourism enterprise has been centered on the coastal zone and has developed a reputation for resource despoliation through construction and operation of resort facilities and auxiliary services. Activities such as removal of natural vegetation, dredging, groyne and as well as the construction of extensive building layouts (some within close proximity to the high water mark) are common and often interact negatively with important or sensitive natural resources surrounding or within close proximity to these physical features., high consumption of water and energy resources, excessive generation of waste, wide application of chemicals, extensive building footprints, and sterilization of land and beach access are some of the considerations. The intensive nature of these attractions, along with the extensive development scales currently being advocated and environmental setting make them potential and often actual sources of very large temporary and permanent environmental impacts. Operational phase activities also convey their own impacts, with sewage and solid waste disposal being prime negative impacts, while there are important environmental impacts associated with the unsustainable harvesting and selling of valuable and sensitive natural resources as craft items or souvenirs, either directly by the tourism ventures or by entrepreneurs seeking to capitalize on the visitor traffic has also been a negative impact.
Rural tourism: Its opportunities and risks:
Rural tourism has the potential to create renewed appeal to the visitor, which would be found among the varied natural attractions, local resources and talents, and indigenous attributes of a community or area. Through visitor-community interaction, respective cultures are explored, ideas and information are exchanged, and new friends are made. In turn, Rural Tourism fosters opportunities at the community level for local people wishing to participate more fully in the tourism industry. This may range from establishing bed & breakfast accommodation in a rural home to creating income-generating tourism opportunities for an entire village. Another advantage lies in the fact that, from an infrastructure perspective, these developments tend to be of a much smaller scale than those associated with typical company-initiated developments.[16]
However, having expounded on the potential benefits of rural tourism, particularly as they relate to scale, the environmental risks characteristic of larger developments and attractions can also manifest themselves at the community level. These impacts are quite varied and are not necessarily specific to the tourism categories listed previously. A generalized categorization of impacts can however be made as they relate to impacts caused by client interaction with the supporting environment and impacts caused by the development of support facilities for the clients.
More recently, environmental regulations and increasing sensitivity to and understanding of the value of integrating environmental principles into tourism enterprise have influenced the industry. Resource efficiency is a major consideration, as large tourism enterprises have sought to implement integrated water management, energy efficiency and solid waste reduction.
Rural tourism is intended to foster opportunities at the community level for local participation in the tourism industry. Such involvement may range from establishing bed & breakfast accommodation in a rural home to creating income-generating tourism opportunities for an entire village. Varied natural attractions, local resources and talents, and indigenous attributes of a community or area are considered resources to be tapped. Associated buildings and supporting infrastructure tend to be smaller in scale than the conventional tourism product.
Impacts related to the activities of the clients within a supporting environment:
Clients enjoy tourism-related activities by interacting with the attractive resources. These interactions, if not properly controlled, can lead to harmful environmental impacts, which will ultimately reduce the quality of the experience and the attractiveness of the venture. Examples of such negative interactions are listed below:
Impacts related to the activities of the visitors:
• Trail disturbance due to users moving beyond defined trail limits: Walking tours are often designed around a path or trail running through an area of environmental, historical or cultural attractiveness. A trail is a direct avenue of access through a property and, in theory, should dictate and control the movement of clients through the experience. However, clients may often move outside of the defined path and interact with areas or natural resources that should not be tampered with. Additionally, in cases where the trail has been selectively positioned to avoid harmful interactions with resources, departures from the trail will certainly create risks for increased impacts. The act of trail creation can additionally present a risk for environmental impact, particularly if the trail involves the removal of important flora (and as a consequence, supported fauna) from its path. Such actions take on additional significance in very sensitive areas, such as wetlands.
• Resource loss due to resource removal by users or service providers: Clients will always want or will be lured into obtaining mementos of their experience. Often, these mementos include live examples of flora/fauna (Orchids, Parrots), historic artifacts or remnants of natural resources which may or may not have been rendered into some form of jewellery or ornament (Black and White coral, turtle shells, Conch Shells). Some of the resources often targeted as souvenirs are in such a threatened state that national and even international regulations have been promulgated to protect and control their exploitation. Black and White corals, for example, are protected under the Wildlife Protection Act and are also regulated under the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species. Uncontrolled exploitation for souvenirs and mementos will further reduce the populations of these important resources and reduce their availability for viewing, further reducing the quality of the tourism experience.
• Desensitization of existing natural fauna to presence of humans: This is an impact that commonly occurs within attractions based around the observance of natural fauna. Tour Guides, in order to ensure that their clients will see such fauna, often place attractions into the environment to encourage the fauna to be at specified locations. An example of this occurs to some extent within Safari tours of the lower Black River in St. Elizabeth, where Crocodiles, which are an important part of the viewing attraction, are often fed and manipulated as a part of the tour. This can lead to dangerous human/wildlife interactions, where such fauna become tolerant of humans to the point where they begin to seek their habitats for food.
• Snorkeler / Diver damage to seafloor resources: Snorkeling and diving facilitates access to a specialized environment which is as vulnerable as it is attractive. Coral Reefs, sea-grass beds and the fauna that are associated with them, form the main foci of attraction for such adventures. Physical contact with these resources, resulting from snorkelers standing on them for support or from divers holding, touching or collecting these resources, will ultimately result in the loss of the attractions. There has been documented evidence of severe reef impacts in Tobago, occurring as a direct consequence of snorkelers negatively interacting with the reefs that they are viewing.[17]
• Anchor/boat hull damage to seafloor resources: The impacts related to boating within sensitive aquatic resources are somewhat similar to those generated by direct human interactions. Boaters are not always careful about the manner in which they navigate their vessels through shallow waters. Groundings on reefs and sea-grass beds are a frequent occurrence, resulting in damage to reefs and the creation of erosion features called Blow-outs in sea-grass beds. Additionally, frequent anchoring of vessels at specific attractions (such as shallow reefs) can result in physical damage to reefs, observations that have been made by the Negril Coral Reef Preservation Society[18] and the Montego Bay Marine Park[19] in their marine protected areas in Negril Westmoreland and Montego Bay St. James.
• Boat-wake damage to shallow water/surface resources: Mangrove-lined water channels – such as those lining the lower Black River in St. Elizabeth and West Harbour in the Portland Bight area of Clarendon, are important habitats for marine and avi-fauna. These areas are key areas of attraction for eco-tourism-based tours. These areas are accessible only by boats and the navigation of these areas present challenges, not only where boat hull damage is concerned, but as a result of destructive wave erosion on the mangrove banks due to high speed wake generation. Such wave erosion ultimately undermines the mangrove banks, resulting in the loss of total mangrove area along the waterways.
• Displacement of fauna due to increased human presence: Humans are not the quietest of animals and their presence in a natural environment often results in disturbance to naturally occurring fauna within an area. This disturbance is often further exacerbated by the equipment used to prepare sites, conduct construction or facilitate transportation to and from attractions.
Such noise disturbances can result in the migration of the very faunal resources that formed the basis of an attraction in the first instance.
• Resource contamination by users (with solid waste/fuel): Careful solid and liquid waste disposal is vital in sensitive ecological or cultural environments. Solid and liquid waste pollution (in the form of garbage, sewage or fuel contamination) can lead to a reduction in the aesthetic appeal of an attraction, as well as create negative impacts on any important wildlife that may exist within the area.
Impacts related to the development of support facilities to enhance the attraction:
Clients visiting an attraction have to be accommodated. Access to attractions has to be facilitated. The construction and operation of buildings, roadways and other facilities that service these clients can impose negative impacts on the resources that form the basis of the attraction.
Examples of such negative interactions are listed below:
• Building, parking and roadway construction resulting in vegetation/habitat loss: It is often the objective of attraction providers to create accommodation features close to attractions so as to reduce travel time for clients. Land-clearing for infrastructural development to support the attraction is often a consequence of such facilitation and this takes on additional significance if the clearing of virgin natural forests occurs as a consequence. Such clearances can lead to the removal of vital floral and faunal habitats in areas targeted for eco-tourism, thus removing the element of attraction that lead to the development of the activity in the first instance. Other impacts include soil erosion and accelerated run-off, particularly if clearings and constructions occur on vulnerable slopes.
Trail construction, often initiated as a means of conveying clients to various attractive features, has its own share of potential negative impacts, varying from vegetation loss to slope instability. Additionally, the accesses created may now provide the conveyance of additional impacts associated with the conveyance of clients through attractions.
• Water-side accommodations: The construction impacts outlined immediately above take on additional significance if these facilities are implemented near to waterlines. Impermeable constructions built near to wave run-up areas on seashores can cause erosive turbulence, which could influence rates of shoreline erosion at a site. Similarly, physical disturbances to riverbanks directly linked to construction activities could create or accelerate conditions of river-bank erosion.
Structures built to accommodate boating access (such as docks or jetties) can create negative impacts if these structures are deployed over or onto sensitive bottom resources. Additionally, activities, such as dredging, which may be initiated to provide access to shallow water areas may result in the loss of bottom-dwelling resources, such as corals or sea-grass.
• Sewage and solid waste disposal: Sewage and solid waste disposal in sensitive environments becomes even more critical when there is an influx of persons in an area attempting to enjoy an attraction. Often, the nature of the physical environment (for example, sites near to water bodies) reduces viable options for sewage disposal and renders the area vulnerable if care is not taken where the collection and disposal of both sewage and solid waste is concerned.
• Affixing Management Responsibility: The identification of management agents for accountability could become a difficult issue with loosely formed community-based groups, a position that is less likely with internationally recognized resort chains.
Having examined the potential impacts, the opportunity that exist with rural tourism projects lies in the fact that these projects would be best managed as small scale enterprises. Thus, impacts can be clearly identified and planned for in advance.
Agriculture
5.1 Overview
The sector (including fisheries, forestry and pasture) occupies over half of the country's land area (602,674 hectares of the island's 1,100,784 hectares). Agriculture presently contributes greatly to environmental degradation. This results from the clearing of unstable slopes for cultivation, slash and burn methods often causing forest fires, and poor farming and forestry practices that lead to soil erosion and loss of productivity.[20]
While Jamaica’s large-scale agricultural sector, based on the export of sugar and bananas, is becoming increasingly less important (mature and very slow growing, if not declining), the small-scale agricultural sector exhibits significant potential for growth, particularly in the domestic market (displacing high cost imports) and needs to be strengthened through technology transfer and infrastructure improvements to become more competitive. Small farmers, in particular, tend to be at a comparative disadvantage in accessing higher value markets for crop, livestock and fishery products – because of a lack of market information, inefficient production practices and outdated technologies, lack of production of value added products, lack of economies of scale for storage and packing, and high logistics costs. Preliminary studies have shown small farmers specifically need to address evening out of the crop supply; because of high rainfall in the fourth quarter, which results in reduced crop production.
5.2 Environmental Impacts
In a healthy farm system, agriculture works in harmony with the natural environment. It is therefore imperative that the environment be protected and sustained. This can be achieved through the implementation of good agricultural practices that will ultimately protect the soil, water and natural habitat of both plants and animals. A needs assessment conducted on a random sample of rural communities in Jamaica revealed a correlation between poor unsustainable agricultural practices and environmental degradation such as land, water and air pollution, soil erosion, and deforestation. The following agricultural sub-sectors were examined: livestock, orchard crops, agro-processing, condiments, herbs and spices; and cash crops.
Livestock
A recent report from FAO states that livestock production is one of the major causes of the world’s most pressing environmental problems, including global warming, land degradation, air and water pollution, and loss of biodiversity.[21] Despite its wide-ranging environmental impacts, livestock is not a major force in the global economy, generating just under 1.5 percent of the total world’s GDP. But the livestock sector is socially and politically very significant in developing countries, it provides food and income for one billion of the world’s poor, especially in dry areas where livestock are often the only source of livelihood.
In rural communities such as those in Jamaica, the livestock sector is by far the single largest anthropogenic user of land. Grazing occupies quite a significant percentage of terrestrial surfaces, while feed crop production requires about a third of all arable land. Expansion of grazing land for livestock is a key factor in deforestation in the rural areas of Jamaica. Most of the grazing land in the selected rural communities of Accompong (Maroon Town) and Bluefields can be considered degraded, largely as a consequence of overgrazing, compaction and erosion attributable to livestock activity. Other potentially negative environmental impacts included: (i) airborne (odour) pollution such as lack of proper sanitation and cleaning measures; (ii) noise pollution; (iii) water pollution as evident by the increased contamination of ground and coastal water due to seepage of animal waste into the ground water source and/or aquifer; risk of feed lot runoffs contributing to the potential for nitrate pollution of the ground water and run off into streams.
To militate against the environmental impacts of air, water and soil pollution from livestock production the farmer must focus on better management of animal wastes, better diets to improve nutrient absorption, improved manure management including the introduction of low cost biogas digesters and better use of processed manure on croplands. Biodigesters can play a vital role in all agricultural activities by contributing to the control of pollution and at the same time adding value to livestock excreta as well as waste from slaughtering facilities.
Livestock production should be decentralized to accessible croplands where wastes can be recycled without overloading soils and freshwater. Water use should be reduced through improving the efficiency of irrigation systems. Livestock’s impact on erosion, sedimentation and water regulation should be addressed by implementing measures against land degradation such as good pasture rotation, irrigation management, contour; terrace and addition of organic matter to improve soil productivity. Rural livestock farmers should be encouraged to collect farm manure, which can be utilized on crops and as a substitute for inorganic fertilizers or chemicals. The use of organic manure in crop production activities should also be encouraged as this practice can result in a healthier, more marketable product and also improve soil texture and structure. Livestock will not only provide the nutrients via organic matter, but they can also aid in the incorporation of this organic matter into the soil.
Orchard Crops
With respect to orchard crops the Ministry of Agriculture and Lands has signaled its continued commitment to fully support the viable fruit export (or export of orchard crops) for the overseas and local markets. The emphasis on this sub-sector lies in the tremendous potential for foreign exchange savings as well as the increased income-earning capacity for stakeholders in the industry. For the industry to be sustainable the farmers must implement soil conservation measures on slope where fruit crops such as: ackee, breadfruit, orange, lychee, guava, mango, avocado, naseberry and sour sop are cultivated. This is very critical since many small farmers practice the slash and burn method of land clearing which degrades the soil, leads to erosion and flooding downstream. To reduce the potential environmental impacts the farmers must use proper land clearing methods, establish terrace or contour on steep slope and avoid the cutting of trees.
Condiments
The Jamaican condiments, namely hot peppers and escallion have gained global recognition for their superb quality and have been the primary launching pad for the development of the Jamaica condiments/spice sub-sector. These crops are produce mostly by small farmers in the southern part of the island and can impact negatively on the environment if inputs such are chemicals and fertilizers are improperly applied. Therefore it is mandatory that farmers use proper application techniques and ensure that pesticide containers are properly disposed at approved sites or landfills in order to prevent contamination of ground water due to run-off. Not only would these practices protect the environment, but they will also ensure market access to local hotels and overseas markets where stringent health and environmental standards exists for developing countries.
Cash Crops
The government is currently on a drive to boost and introduce new cash crops to the local agricultural sector, stemming from the need to improve food security and reduce imports. This is a sub-sector that provides a source of income for small farmers in many rural areas across Jamaica. However, cultivation of cash crop on steep slope can lead to soil erosion. It is very important that farmers implement good agricultural practices such as proper irrigation management and/or improved efficiency of irrigation systems including proper drainage system, proper land clearing method and soil conservation measures when cultivating on moderate to steep slopes.
The farmers attached to the JSIF projects should ensure that Integrated Pest Management (IPM) systems are put in place in the production of both crops and livestock. Integrated pest management (IPM) as recommended is an approach which first assesses the pest situation, evaluates the merits of pest management options and then implements a system of complementary management actions within a defined area. The goal of IPM is to mitigate pest damage while protecting human health, the environment and economic viability. All project participants should be made aware that Integrated Pest Management is a dynamic system that is adaptable to diverse management approaches. Pest management decisions are made by the individual farmer, the community or government agency but are influenced by the diversity of public and private values.
Application of Integrated Pest Management
The purpose of the JSIF IPM policies should be to develop pest management approaches that eliminate the non-essential use of pesticides on project lands, consistent with the precautionary principle and in keeping with the World Bank’s policies. A farmer taking precautionary principles, or approaches, means that the absence of full scientific certainty shall not be used to postpone seeking alternatives to pesticides where there is risk of serious harm to human health or the environment. Farmers should give preference to available non-pesticide alternatives when considering the use of pesticides on crops or animals where appropriate.
The main concern of farmers within the project should be the amount and location of pesticide applications on their farms and the associated health and environmental impacts that these pesticides pose. It is important, in terms of cost efficiency and environmental protection, that IPM policies be followed by all community members who directly or indirectly manage weeds or pests, or plan, design, renovate or construct landscapes or facilities within the project area.
At the end of the project an evaluation should be done and must begin with a review of the original goals of the IPM program. The next step will be to examine the records kept in order to identify the management options which were implemented. Then finally, the outcome should be evaluated based on the effectiveness of IPM activities through an assessment of current pest, host, and site status. Questions which should be asked when evaluating an IPM program include: Were management options effective? Was there something else that was needed to be done? Did any unintended or unanticipated problems occur? How should the IPM program be modified to address these issues?
Agro-Processing
Agro-processing involves the bottling, canning of fruits and vegetable such as mango, orange, guava, ackee, plum and peppers. The agro-processing industry generates significant volume of both solid and liquid waste that can become nuisance because of the odor. Improper disposal of these wastes can cause pollution and degradation of ecosystem, such as soil, ground water and the air. To reduce the potential environmental impact processors should implement waste water treatment and dispose of treated effluent in an approve manner. For the solid waste, there are several options that can be use to generate useful by-products such as production of compost which can be utilized in crop production. The best option for the processing of secondary resources is one that is cost-effective and generates by-products that can be utilized by the farmer or sold. These options include composting, bio-fermentation and anaerobic digestion. Each option has it advantage and disadvantage and application of the best option depends on cost-effectiveness, end product usefulness to the farmer, potential odour, nuisance and location.
Institutional Arrangements for REDI Environmental and Social Safeguards
1 Overview
Introduction of two new sectors to the JSIF suite of project categories necessitates some institutional inputs for project design, construction and operations. Two broad mechanisms are necessary and are in keeping with the existing Environmental Management Framework. The first mechanism would facilitate the management and guidance of the project as part of the JSIF institutional framework, while the second mechanism would facilitate the management of the project by the rural enterprises, community and its stakeholder partners. Both mechanisms are proposed as a means of ensuring that JSIF retains the proper collaboration and cooperation among the JSIF, stakeholder partners, community beneficiaries, and the relevant government agencies.
2 JSIF Institutional Mechanism
The Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) is the implementing agency on behalf of the Government of Jamaica (GOJ) that will execute the Rural Economic Development Initiative (REDI) Project. Management responsibility for REDI resides with the JSIF. In its capacity JSIF will establish internally a central Project Management Team (PMT). The PMT will be responsible for the day-to-day management and monitoring of all project activities. The PMT, within the JSIF organisational framework, will be based in the Technical Services Department (TSD) and will be headed by a Project Manager with the necessary project staff (see Figure 1). This includes a project assistant, tourism specialist, agricultural specialist, and a monitoring and evaluation officer. Additional project personnel will be hired on an as needed basis through consultancy contracts. The PMT will be responsible for implementing, coordinating, monitoring and reporting activities, essentially ensuring that the subproject cycle operates efficiently to meet project objectives. The PMT will report to and will be directed by the JSIF Management and Board of Directors.
An inter-ministerial project steering committee which was created during the preparation and design of the REDI project will continue to function during implementation and will provide strategic policy and programmatic guidance and monitoring (see Figure 2). The terms of reference of the Steering Committee are (i) to review the progress and annual operational plans for REDI and (ii) to provide technical guidance and coordination with other projects being implemented nationally. The members of the inter-agency steering committee are representatives of; the Planning Institute of Jamaica, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Tourism, JSIF, the Ministry of Finance, the Office of the Prime Minister, RADA and TPDCo.
In addition there is a JSIF Operations Manual with as an Annex, a REDI Operations Manual Supplement which articulates the approach to integrating environmental considerations into the Project cycle, inter alia. The relevant sections of the OM will be extracted and incorporated in this document below. Environmental and Social Safeguards have been developed for the existing JSIF project portfolio as stated earlier, and additions considered appropriate have been made for the innovative approach to REDI.
JSIF’s Operational Manual (OM) prescribes a project preparation and implementation process that involves participation of the project community at all keys steps. This participatory process facilitates the consideration of environmental aspects as it integrates into the project cycle disclosure of project information to, and consultation with, the community for community sub-projects. The matrix showing the key environment-related consultation and disclosure actions during community sub-project preparation and implementation is detailed in section 7.4.4, and are applicable to community-level subprojects under the REDI project. Some changes will be made to this matrix for sub-projects for rural enterprises to be financed under the REDI project.
The REDI Enterprise Development Officer will conduct the environmental screening of projects based on the agreed screening sheet. This screening sheet when completed will be submitted to the JSIF’s Environmental Officer who will review and advice on actions as needed. Additionally, JSIF, being ISO 14001 certified is obligated to ensure that all subprojects that are implemented follow proper procedures, subprojects are also audited periodically and all non-conformances identified are addressed, and records are maintained.
Figure 1. Draft Implementation Management Chart
Figure 2 – Institutional Framework
Annex 1: Consultations
Consultations began from the on-set of the project. RADA offices and TPDCo were contacted to identify the various projects that exist and their locations. Some of the Project Managers of these projects that were located in the areas outlined by the Terms of Reference (TOR) were consulted to identify the details of the project and organize field visits to some locations. From these areas two project sites which covered both inland and coastal Tourism and Agriculture were identified. They are Accompong in St. Elizabeth and Bluefields in Westmoreland. Field visits were done to these areas and a meeting was held in each location.
Accompong- St. Elizabeth
This area has a history of receiving funds from various sources including from JSIF. They have also received funding from other agencies for school, old people and burial-for poor people in community the have also received international funding from groups such as the Minnesota Christian Group whose focus leaned toward tourism in the cockpit country. There is also an overseas funded organic coffee project
Rural Tourism
In Accompong, the Colonel Sidney Peddie; the Deputy Colonel Melville Currie and a tour guide Mark Wright were consulted. This area has historical significance with respect to the maroons and the historical sites existing such as the monuments, sealed grounds and yearly celebrations. The area is largely a farming community; however, Tourism is also a significant activity there. They have tours into their community as well as host a maroon festival yearly which normally attracts hundreds of visitors as seen in photograph 2 below. They have organized within their community centre a small museum with wide collection of historical artifacts including the Abeng an instrument seen in photograph 3, in addition to this whenever they have functions and tours, they make profits from selling food and craft items among other things. Furthermore Accompong also benefits from the value of being situated into the cockpit country where they host camps and hikes.
[pic] [pic]
Photograph 1: Maroon Festival Photograph 2: Abeng blower in Accompong
Agriculture
As a farming community cane, coffee and bananas are some of the things grown. They have a farmer’s cooperative under the PMO project with RADA which is very beneficial according to the community members. There is also an overseas funded coffee project which focuses on coffee significantly grown organically. The present aim of the community is to diversify organic farming for other crops.
With respect the emphasis on organic farming; the uses of foul manure and compost are very much incorporated and used as organic fertilizer. They have an effective program where wastes such as plastics are buried, while the other materials are piled up to form compost. They have also incorporated the output from their coffee farming into tourism where tours are also brought to the vocational training school (skills training like housework, masonry). And they also sample and buy coffee.
They also have a proposal for a herbal garden. (Medicinal Plants) They have already got their license for exporting medicinal plants, they just need funding for building green house. Projects such as these are good to fund as they have foreseen success rates and sustainability not just because of the nature of the venture, but the community drive, openness and efforts are present.
As an area with no water problems and a largely clayey soil type, they consider this hilly area as having little erosion problems. They have also made efforts to protect underground waters and the value of the species and the environment on the whole hence by the use of cuss cuss grass, bamboo or stone wall to prevent erosion. However bad practices were observed in the way they go about doing this so there is need for Technical Officers both environmental and agricultural exist as a part of the implementation of projects so that education and proper training is given to community members so that negative effects are minimized. The drive and efforts of the community members is essential but education is a critical part of the sustainability and success rate; this was deduced from the consultation and field observations.
Recommendations when funding community projects
• Estimated 70 % community effort is present and have caused successful past projects. They are very much involved and cooperative
• Self-reliance is essential. They believe it not enough rely solely on the funding; the community must be able to contribute and to play their part in the project for it to grow and be successful.
• Community should be educated about all the issues
• Constructive and managed properly
• Presence of church and other institutions involved is significant (also influence level of honesty)
• The use of school infrastructure- for example: hold workshops, culture
• Form Cooperatives: little from everyone to meet market demand
• Can convert any asset to tourism (e.g.: river, green attractions). The idea of finding a way to use what is available.
• Community building is significant- develop a community development committee (CDC)
Other funding Agencies
• Can Save, TPDCo, Environmental Foundation of Jamaica
Contacts
Mark Wright: 398-7688 / 286-5092
Melville Currie: 830-4107 (Deputy Colonel)
Sidney Peddie: 464-0651 (Colonel for 10 yrs)
Bluefields- Westmoreland
Consultations at Bluefields included members from the Community Development Committee (CDC) including Mr. Keith Wedderburn and a representative from the farming community and from the Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement (JOAM) including Mr. Ian Smith among others. Bluefields is a coastal community with much emphasis on fishing. Issue with fishermen and the declaration of a fish sanctuary are primary concerns. These concerns include actions already taken to address these issues. Some of their recommendation included the establishment of patrol to ensure that fishermen go in deeper waters and the elimination of dynamite and spear fishing and ensure large mesh sizes are being used. The Bluefields Peoples Community Association is directly involved with environmental issues and has much interest in making efforts to reduce environmental effects of their activities.
The community is also largely involved in matters agricultural activities, where they have taken steps towards environmentally friendly agricultural production. In so doing the have taken interest in the Jamaica Organic Agriculture Movement (JOAM) and have established a demonstration plot in the hope of widespread acceptance of environmentally friendly practices.
The community is relatively organized having established under the Bluefields Community development Project 25 functional different groups. (JOAM) and the neighbourhood watch are two active groups.
The community however has problems that need to be worked on including the lack of interest of the youths of the community in organic farming and fishing.
Agriculture
Agriculture is common among the older members of the community however there is need for some issues to be addressed and the elimination of bad agricultural practices.
One main problem includes Land Tenure. Many people are farming on land that is not theirs and there is need for security. Most of the land available is government and UDC owned, and some agreements need to be worked out here. In addition there had been Lease Agreements from parents who were working the land but many persons are missing the paperwork or have expired contracts. There was an Agriculture land lease programme, which now has a problem of expired contracts.
There is few hillside farming; in the area most of the farm land is flat. Tree planting on hillside and soil erosion is a problem and contouring, making barriers wide, the use of border crops and compost, are good agricultural practices presently being encouraged in the area. The use of the waste disposed to form compost is also encouraged.
One past successful project unique to the community included a litter programme that was funded. It involved the cleaning of the streets by the community members and the provision of bins to dispose of plastics, tins and other garbage by the community. This litter programme was successful and is sustainable as community members continue to use their bin. The programme also resulted in the provision of restrooms on the fishing beach which the fishermen benefit from. Another past successful project was a computer0literacy programme, which had the interest of the youths in the community, after the project ended the community focused the group on organic farming and fishing where they found that the youths were not interested in that area.
The JOAM programme has 40 members and currently 15 participants. There is currently 3.5 acres of demonstration plot. The next step for the community is to form cooperatives
Rural Tourism
This is currently informal within the community. It involves heritage. A Taino site had been identified with artifact that could be placed in a community mini-museum. At the moment they are currently collecting a series of Oral History. The community also has a Great House as seen below and beaches which helps the tourism in the community to remain active.
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Photograph 3: Bluefields Great House
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Photograph 4: Bluefields Beach
Recommendations when funding community projects
• Education of daily activities and how they affect the environment e.g., litter programme, slash & burn, bare soil.
• Monitoring (soil and water testing for chemicals)
• Meeting with teams of persons funding programme (clarity of what is expected)
• Project Management faces: involvement of people and transparent budget (so not accused of stealing money)
• Sanitation Methods
• Use of Natural Agriculture- don’t clear more than what is necessary
• Soil Management-
• Currently doing mapping and it helps
• Record Keeping
• Support and services in the community
• Action- to captivate interest that community persons can benefit from
• Also provide a facility people will see that something is being done
• Sustainability- design it to work, challenge undermines long-term sustainability
Contacts
Ian cell: 580-9040
Email: ian.smithos@
Keith Wedderburn office: 955-8793
Cell: 373-6435
Email: keithr44@
PART II: REVISED ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
7. Revised Environmental Management Framework
7.1 Introduction
The Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF) finances and implements a variety of small-scale community level projects in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. These projects are expected to have generally positive environmental impacts, albeit some could result in minor adverse environmental impacts that would be mostly local and reversible. JSIF has developed this Environmental Management Framework (EMF) to manage these potential adverse impacts and also to ensure compliance with the requirements of Jamaican environmental laws and regulations and the relevant policies of its major funding agencies like Caribbean Development Bank, European Union, Inter-American Development Bank, World Bank and other development partners.
One of the guiding operational principles (principle # 9) of JSIF is that projects funded by JSIF must conform to the Government of Jamaica’s environmental regulations and have minimum impacts on the natural and cultural environment. Thus the EMF becomes an integral part of JSIF’s Operations Manual (OM) and is applicable to all investments financed by JSIF, regardless of its funding source or implementing agency.
The main objectives of this EMF are to:
• establish procedures for screening all proposed projects for their potential adverse environmental impacts and land requirements/acquisition;
• specify measures for managing, mitigating and monitoring environmental impacts during project implementation and operation; and
• outline the training and capacity-building arrangements needed to successfully implement the provisions of the EMF.
7.2 Projects financed by JSIF
7.2.1 Types of Projects Eligible for JSIF Financing
JSIF finances only small-scale projects which are aimed to improve the livelihood of communities or groups, their access to basic services and support income generating activities through micro credit funding or through tourism based or agriculture activities etc. These projects can be classified into some broad groups: (a) Infrastructure; (b) Social Services[22]; (c) Agriculture and / or Tourism based activities; and (d) Capacity Building[23] projects. Capacity Building projects are normally environmentally benign and provisions of this EMF may not be applicable.
7.2.2 Types of Projects Ineligible for JSIF Financing
Because of their size/magnitude and significant potential environmental and social impacts, the following types of projects are ineligible for JSIF financing[24]:
• Construction of any new roads;
• Major upgrading or realignment of roads (“major” means changing the road category, such as from seasonal to all-weather or secondary to primary; or adding new lanes);
• Improvement and rehabilitation of any existing roads within 5 kilometres of any protected areas or any other areas of natural forest;
• Dam construction, reconstruction, rehabilitation or strengthening;
• Irrigation works with incremental command areas exceeding 200 hectares;
• Flood protection, sewage treatment[25], agricultural drainage, or other works which could adversely affect wetlands or natural waterways, either through pollution or hydrological changes;
• Use of pesticides on the World Health Organization’s Hazardous Pesticides List which are not recommended;
• Aquaculture using non-native species in natural water bodies;
• Works which would adversely affect cultural property, including archaeological and historical sites;
• Any activities that require the conversion of natural habitats;
• Activities that negatively affect natural protected areas recognized by national or local governments (or buffer zones thereof);
• Land reclamation such as drainage of wetlands or filling of water bodies to create land;
• Purchase or lease of land which has unclear titles;
• Land clearance and levelling (when affecting critical natural habitats and natural land contours, natural habitats for this purpose being those water or land areas where most of the original plant and animal species are still present); and
• Hazardous waste management and disposal as well as manufacture, transport and use of hazardous, and/or toxic materials (except small amounts of solvents, degreasing materials, paints, fuels, and the like used during construction).
7.2.3 Project Target Areas
JSIF investments target existing smaller communities in rural, peri-urban and urban areas. They involve repair, rehabilitation and or upgrading of existing infrastructure. Investments for creation of new infrastructure are restricted to only those which are essential for improving or sustaining the existing service levels (e.g., connection to an existing trunk sewer). Therefore, no adverse potential impacts on natural habitats (wetlands and protected forests) are anticipated. Also, as discussed above, projects that may have major adverse environmental or social impacts are ineligible for JSIF funding.
7.3 Screening procedures
7.3.1 National Regulatory Requirements
Jamaican national environmental regulatory requirements are prescribed by the environmental Permit & License System (P&L), which came in to effect in January 1997 and is administered by the National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA)[26]. It is a mechanism to ensure that all Jamaican facilities and development projects meet the relevant standards and procedures to minimize adverse environmental impacts during construction and operation of a facility. See Figure 1 at the back of this document for a flow diagram of NEPA’s environmental permit and license system.
At the outset when new projects are introduced, JSIF approaches NEPA to obtain advice with respect to the specific national regulatory requirements (environmental permit to construct and license to discharge) for the various categories of infrastructure projects funded by JSIF. NEPA will then indicate or confirm the sub-projects that would require an environmental permit. JSIF is then required to submit an application to NEPA, together with a detailed Project Information Form (PIF). NEPA, after review of the application, will grant an environmental permit, sometimes with terms & conditions, or may require the preparation of a full Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to granting the environmental permit. The sub-projects presently requiring permits from NEPA are as follows:
1) Construction of new highways, construction of arterial roads, construction of new roads on slopes greater
2) than 20°, major road improvements projects, including construction of a road of four or more lanes or
3) realignment or widening of an existing road into four lanes where such road realignment or widening would
4) be 10 km or more in continuous length
5) Sewage and industrial wastewater treatment facilities
6) Land reclamation and drainage projects
7) Slaughterhouses and abattoirs
8) All tourism-based projects meeting NEPA’s definition of an Eco-tourism project
9) All projects involving the treatment of water
10) All projects involving the treatment of sewage or trade effluent
11) Aquaculture projects
12) Any project involving the creation of theme parks
13) Agro-processing
14) Projects involving constructions on the foreshore and/or the floor of the sea or use of the foreshore and/or the floor of the sea for commercial purposes
Projects and facilities that discharge a substance to the atmosphere, to the ground or into surface waters may require a license to discharge. This license is also issued by NEPA after review of an application which is submitted together with the application for an environmental permit to construct. Among the projects eligible for JSIF financing, only small (package) sewage treatment facilities would fall into the category requiring a license to discharge.
7.3.2 Other Requirements
As part of the harmonization initiative by the international development partners and as part of its recent initiative to pilot the use of country systems, the World Bank has prepared a report on “Safeguards Diagnostic Review For Piloting the Use of Jamaican Systems to Address Environmental and Social Safeguard Issues in the Proposed Bank-Assisted Jamaica: Inner City Basic Services Project for the Poor” (2006). This report has found that the main difference between Jamaican national environmental requirements for the types of infrastructure projects financed by JSIF and those of the World Bank and other international development partners is the preparation and use of an Environmental Management Plan (EMP). An EMP sets out project specific mitigation measures and corresponding monitoring requirements. The use of generic EMPs for small-scale infrastructure projects with minor adverse environmental impacts (as in this case) has become internationally accepted good practice, and EMPs are often adapted as Standard Operating Procedures (SOP).
Table 1 below provides a generic list of infrastructure categories and project types financed by JSIF. It also shows requirements for an environmental permit from NEPA and / or a license to discharge depending on project type. The need for preparation and use of a project specific EMP based on project categories and types is also indicated in Table 1.
7.3.3 Screening Criteria
Some site-specific issues may present serious environmental risks and / or impacts. For example, proximity to a protected forest area could have potential impacts on a unique natural habitat (endemic species of fauna or flora) or a high water table area would have potential effect on the design and operation of sanitation systems such as soakaway pits or tile fields. In such cases there should be a consideration of alternatives or the project application will be rejected due to the unsuitable site conditions. Therefore, a site screening mechanism is needed to identify sites that are potentially unsuitable due to site-specific environmental conditions.
In addition, the land on which a project is to be located must comply with the zoning requirements of NEPA and relevant local planning legislation. In this context, the local Parish Council has an important role to play, not only by reviewing applications and issuing a local planning permit, as required, but also in the review of the details of any proposed development facilities.
7.3.4 Screening Process
Each project must be screened by the respective JSIF project officer, early in the project cycle, for potential environmental impacts and land requirements. Table 1 below must be used only as a reference to make a preliminary decision whether NEPA permit to construct and or license to operate and or an EMP is required. This decision must be confirmed by the JSIF Environment Officer (EO) after reviewing additional site specific information as detailed in the attached Form “Checklist for Screening Site Specific Issues”.
Table 1: Infrastructure Project Categories and Regulatory and Other Environmental Requirements
|PROJECT CATEGORIES |PROJECT TYPES |NEPA Permit[27] |EMP[28] |NOTES |
| | |Yes/No (Y/N) |Yes/No (Y/N) | |
|SCHOOLS |Basic Schools (2-4 classrooms) and associated |N |Y |1. NEPA permit is required if a bio-digester system is |
| |amenities, such as sanitation |(see Notes) | |installed. |
| |Primary/All-Age Schools – Rehab or Expansion (1-4 | | |2. If septic tank/tile field is installed, a project |
| |classrooms) and associated amenities (sanitation) |N |Y |brief should be sent to NEPA and comments from WRA and |
| | |(see Notes) | |EU must be obtained. |
| | | | |3. If connection to public sewer system NWC permission |
| | | | |must be obtained. |
|HEALTH CENTRES |Type A and Type B[29] |N |Y | |
|RECREATION FACILITIES |Sports fields & related facilities |N |N |Includes playing fields, fencing and changing rooms. |
| |Playground & recreation areas |N |N | |
|COMMUNITY FACILITIES |Community (Resource) Centres |N |Y | |
| |Skills Training Centres & Business Incubators |N |Y | |
| |Offices/Income-generating facilities | | | |
| |Small community markets |N |Y | |
| |Homes for Children, the Elderly or the Disabled | | | |
| | |N |Y | |
| | |N |Y | |
|SMALL ROADS |Small roads in agricultural areas, including small, |To be Determined |Y |Small rural roads mean Jamaican Category C (minor roads)|
| |single-lane bridges and approaches, foot bridges, | | |less than 5km in length and an average width of 5m. |
| |retaining walls, fordings and associated drainage | | | |
| |structures |N | | |
| |Upgrading, rehabilitation and repair of urban local | | | |
| |access roads | |Y | |
|WATER SUPPLY |Rural, small-scale community-based water supply system|Y |Y |1. EHU approval must be obtained for rural systems. |
| |for less than 2,000 people |(also see notes) | |2. If groundwater well is used WRA permission must also |
| |Urban water supply rehabilitation or repairs (pipe | | |be obtained. |
| |diameter less than 10cm) |N |Y |3. If connection to public system, NWC permission is |
| | | | |required. |
|SANITATION |Upgrading of existing pit latrines |N |Y |1. No soakaways or pit latrines are permitted on the |
| |Septic tank with soakaway or tile field for max. |(see notes) | |Liguanea Plains. |
| |number of 4 units |N | |2. Emptying of septic tank must be registered cesspool |
| |Upgrading and repair of local urban sewer system in | | |contractor. |
| |community |Y | |3. If sewer pipes are 15cm in diameter or larger, NEPA |
| | |(see Note 3) | |permit is required. |
| | | | |4. See also notes on sanitation above for Schools. |
|URBAN DRAINAGE |Open or covered storm drains |Y |Y |NWA and local Parish Council also should be consulted. |
|STREET-LIGHTING |Street-lighting in urban communities |N |N | |
|FENCING |Fencing along property lines in urban communities |N |N | |
|AGRICULTURE AND AGRO-PROCESSING |Small-scale, community-level processing factories or |Y |Y |NEPA permit is required for the agro-processing of |
|ACTIVITIES |plants | | |citrus, coffee, cocoa, coconut & sugarcane, a permit is |
| |Cultivation | | |also required for aquaculture ventures. |
| |Post harvesting | | | |
| |Drip irrigation | | | |
| |Green house construction | | | |
|TOURISM RELATED ACTIVITIES |Craft ventures |Y |Y |Where the project is classified as [30]Eco-tourism based|
| |Hiking trails | | |on NEPA’s definition |
| |Dredging / jetties / beach / reef creation | | | |
| |Other activities geared at utilising resources for | | | |
| |marketing to visitors | | | |
Note: NEPA requirements are based on Letters of Query submitted by JSIF to NEPA on November 7 & 10, 2005 and NEPA’s response in letters dated December 6, 2005.
Checklist for Screening for Site Specific Issues
This Form is to be completed for all JSIF projects (with the exception of capacity building and equipping projects) by the Project Officer in consultation with community liaison officers, enterprise development officers and community representatives.
Note: The identification of critical issues warrants an investigation by the Environmental Officer (EO). The responses to the questions must be completed on Fund Manager or be transferred to the system if completed in the field.
ENVIRONMENTAL SCREENING SHEET
Sub-Project Name:
Date of Site Visit:
Location:
Sub-Project Type:
Parish:
|SCREENING QUESTIONS |YES |NO |
|Land Use and Planning |
|1) Is the project area zoned for the intended land use? | | |
|2) Will the project involve any involuntary land acquisition? | | |
|3) Will there be any private land donation? | | |
|4) Will the project use any vacant public land? | | |
|Cultural Resources |
|5) Is the project located in an area with cultural properties such as archaeological, historical sites/monuments, | | |
|religious structures, sacred groves and or cemeteries? | | |
|6) Is the project located in an area that holds significance to tourism? | | |
|Biological Resources |
|7) Is the project located in an area with endangered or conservation-worthy ecosystems, or an area with endemic fauna or | | |
|flora? | | |
|8) Is the project located within or in an area close (within 1 km) to a national park, a protected area, wilderness area,| | |
|wetlands and or critical habitats? | | |
|9) Will the project involve hoarding (protective fencing around area)? | | |
|10) Will the project result in the removal of any trees shade, fruit etc.? | | |
|11) As part of the project will non-native species be introduced to the area? | | |
|Combined Natural Resources | |
|12) Will the development of trails form part of the project? | | |
|13) Are there activities involving the development of artificial natural features e.g. reefs, beaches, etc.) | | |
|14) Will there be any alteration of the shoreline e.g. docks, jetties, or seafloor e.g. dredging, artificial reef or | | |
|beach creation? | | |
|15) Does the project involve the production of any artwork / crafts or novelty items? | | |
|Agricultural Resources & Activities |
|16) Will the project due to its nature and location change the existing environment in such a way that would result in | | |
|the loss of farmland? | | |
|17) Will the project involve the agro-processing of citrus, coffee, cocoa, coconut & sugarcane? | | |
|18) Will the project involve cultivation of livestock or apiculture (bees) | | |
|19) Will aquaculture form part of the project? | | |
|20) Will the project involve cultivation of orchard crops (ackee, sour sop, breadfruit, orange, june plum)? | | |
|21) Will the project involve cultivation of herbs & spices? | | |
|22) Will the project involve cultivation of cash crops (vegetables tomatoes, carrot, baby corn, lettuce)? | | |
|23) Does the project involve construction or rehabilitation of a processing facility? | | |
|Hydrology and Water Quality |
|24) Is the project area prone to flooding? | | |
|25) Does the area receive sufficient rainfall to support the planned agricultural activities? | | |
|26) Will the project alter or tap into groundwater supply? | | |
|27) Does the project involve sanitation and / or waste water treatment system that will empty into a gully or to surface | | |
|waters? | | |
|28) Does the project involve the sourcing of aggregate material? | | |
|29) Will the project alter the drainage pattern of the area? | | |
|30) Will the project impact the levels of runoff to sites downstream? | | |
|31) Is the project located in close proximity to gullies, rivers or drains? | | |
|Hazards, Hazardous Materials and Waste |
|32) Is the project in a polluted or contaminated area and or close to a waste dump? | | |
|33) Will the project result in the release of or use of hazardous materials to the environment? e.g. chemicals, | | |
|pesticides, poisonous gases | | |
|34) Will there be any build –up or accumulation of waste (construction and/or animal, plant) from project activities? | | |
|35) Will any unsafe conditions arise for workers and others directly from project activities e.g. excessive dust, noise, | | |
|sanitation | | |
|Geological and Soil Resources |
|36) Is there the potential for soil erosion or the loss of topsoil? | | |
|37) Is the project located in an area of steep slope and or susceptible to landslides or erosion? | | |
|Air Quality and Noise |
|38) Will the project (construction & operational phase) result in the release of dust to the environment? | | |
|39) Will the project (construction & operational phase) result in the production of noxious gases or odour? | | |
|40) Will the project (construction & operational phase) cause or introduce noise to the surroundings? | | |
|Social Infrastructure and Aesthetics |
|41) Will the project negatively impact the travel patterns of persons within the community? | | |
|42) Will the project have a negative impact on the aesthetics (appearance, comfort level of community etc.) of the area? | | |
|43) Will the project result in the displacement of persons or will the livelihood of persons be affected negatively? | | |
Figure 1 Integration of Screening with JSIF Project Cycle
7.4 Implementation arrangements
7.4.1 Implementing NEPA Requirements
Based on the results of the screening, JSIF staff (Project Officer in consultation with Environmental Officer (EO) will prepare the necessary application to NEPA for a permit where applicable. The application requires the submission of a detailed Project Information Form (PIF). NEPA reviews the application and determines whether (i) a full Environmental Impact Assessment must be prepared before a permit is issued, or (ii) a permit is issued by NEPA with or without Terms & Conditions. See Annex 2 for the detailed flow diagram of NEPA’s environmental permit application process. If needed, JSIF proceeds with the preparation of a full EIA.
Once NEPA has issued a permit to construct or operate, JSIF makes sure that all terms and conditions, and any requirements resulting from a full EIA, where applicable, are fully integrated into the design and the contract documents of the specific project. Depending on the nature of NEPA requirements, this may be done through an alternative design, special design features or modifications, an EMP, special contract clauses.
NEPA may also require special monitoring and reporting actions, and normally will carry out periodic monitoring of the implementation of the project to make sure the NEPA requirements are being met.
7.4.2 Implementing EMP Requirements
Projects generally financed by JSIF are grouped into seven broad groups as follows:
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (schools, health centers, recreation facilities, community centers and facilities, including the provision of on-site water supply and sanitation services)
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Water Supply Schemes
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Roads
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation of Existing Sanitation Facilities (sewer networks, small wastewater treatment plants, such as bio-digesters, and on-site sanitation)
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation Existing Drainage Systems (within the existing communities)
• Construction of New and/or Rehabilitation Existing Agro-Processing Facilities
• Operation or Agriculture and Tourism based ventures/ activities
A standard generic EMP has been prepared for each of the groups listed above, based on the expected likely environmental impacts during the construction phase as well as during implementation (see Table 1 for the generic EMPs by infrastructure category). Further to the results of the project screening, the applicable EMP(s) must be incorporated into the bidding and contract documents. Some projects may have additional requirements for mitigation and monitoring in response to issues identified during site screening, which shall also be specified in the contract documents. Section 7.9 contains additional guidance for detailed steps in good environmental management, by specific project sub-type.
7.4.3 Managing Other Potential Impacts
In addition to the above, projects that require conversion of any natural habitats should be evaluated to ensure compliance with the World Bank Operational Policy on Natural Habitats. Also, projects that require procurement of pesticides or that result in the increased use of pesticides would require the development of a Pesticides Management Plan as required under World Bank Operational Policy on Pest Management. This would include non-chemical measures for pest management and guidelines for proper selection, application, storage, handling, transport and disposal of pesticides.
Another potential may be chance finds of physical cultural property. Site screening may indicate that the project site is in, or close to, an area with and important cultural property. The Jamaica National Heritage Trust (JNHT), under the provisions of the JNHT Act, may enter a property or site to investigate impacts on cultural properties. If there is a chance find of archaeological or cultural value the JNHT has a right to protect that find and may issue an emergency Preservation Order covering sites and buildings considered to be potentially archeologically important or significant.
The central area of Spanish Town in St. Catherine Parish is a declared Historic District and the JNHT has the right to stop any works in that area that may prove destructive to archaeological monuments or cultural property. Certain parts of downtown Kingston may soon be similarly protected. If any chance find artifacts are found during project works the JNHT may need to perform Rescue Archaeology in order to secure and preserve these artifacts. This may require the temporary cessation of certain project activities to facilitate JNHT procedures. The contract specifications in Part H, Section 1.6 contain a clause that sets out the required actions for the contractor to comply with the requirements of the JNHT Act to protect any chance finds of cultural property[31].
7.4.4. Consultation and Disclosure
It is JSIF’s mission to empower communities to effectively implement community-based programs aimed at social development. JSIF’s Operational Manual (OM) prescribes a project preparation and implementation process that involves participation of the project community at all keys steps. This participatory process facilitates the consideration of environmental aspects as it integrates into the project cycle disclosure of project information to, and consultation with, the community. The following matrix shows the key environment-related consultation and disclosure actions during project preparation and implementation; it also shows the outputs or results of these actions. It is important that JSIF, its partner agencies and especially the communities, follow and participate in the process prescribed in the OM as set out below:
|Step in Project Cycle as per Operations |Actions for Screening and Environmental Management |Output / Results |
|Manual | | |
|Promotion |- JSIF / community leaders to publicize intention to |- There is adequate awareness in the |
| |apply for project funding[32] |community about the project |
|Developing subproject application |- JSIF to hold consultation on local priorities and needs|- Local and specific environmental |
| |- Community / Groups to participate and contribute |concerns and constraints are considered |
|Subproject Concept Development |- Wide cross-section of community / groups to participate|- Alternatives have been considered and |
| |in site screening process |environmental feasibility is ascertained |
|Subproject Design and Review |- JSIF to publicly display designs for min. 2 weeks |- Ensures that designs are environmentally|
| |- Community / Group reviews designs and “signs off” |appropriate, among other criteria |
|Subproject Implementation |- JSIF to arrange for sign board providing project |- Information on contract and contractor |
|(after contract award and signing) |details |is disclosed |
| |- JSIF to organize Project Information Meeting held in |- Community is made aware of its role in |
| |and with community |implementation |
| |- Community / Groups to attend and participate actively |- Community has channel for providing |
| |- JSIF to establish Project Steering Committee (PSC) |feed-back |
| |- Community (where applicable) to monitor work and |- Community makes sure that EMPs are |
| |progress of contractor |complied with |
| |- JSIF and community / Groups to participate actively in | |
| |PSC meetings | |
|Subproject Completion |- Community / Group to set up maintenance committee |- Continuing maintenance, including |
| |- JSIF and partner agencies to assist community with O&M |environmental aspects, is ensured |
7.4.5 Implementation Responsibility
Implementation of projects, including all environmental aspects, is under the overall responsibility of JSIF. JSIF may employ a construction contractor, use community-based contracting, or projects may be implemented by agreement with and through partner agencies, such as the local Parish Councils, the National Water Commission (NWC), Rural Agricultural Development Agency (RADA), Tourism Product Development Corporation (TPDCo) or the Jamaica Public Service Company (JPS). The provisions of this EMF will apply regardless of the implementing agency, and JSIF will retain ultimate responsibility for the good environmental management of all their projects.
7.4.6 Environmental Requirements in the Construction Contracts
Volume II (Technical Specifications) of the construction contract documents contain, in Part H, technical clauses on “Environmental Mitigation and Health & Safety”; including a section on how the contractor shall deal with chance finds of cultural property and archaeological remains. Based on the screening results and depending on the type of infrastructure works to be executed, the JSIF Project Officer, in consultation with EO, must prepare a list of measures to mitigate potential adverse impacts. These would include terms and conditions mentioned in NEPA’s permit to construct or license to operate and the relevant generic EMP (from Table 3) supplemented by any additional site specific measures, if required. These measures must be attached to Part H of the contract specifications.
A clause in the Particular Conditions of Contract will refer to these environmental management requirements EMP and will state that it is a supplement to Part H of the Specifications. The Particular Conditions of Contract will also stipulate that any non-compliance with the mitigation measures set out in the contract will attract the same remedies under the contract as any non-compliance with the contract provisions; such remedies would be instructions, notices, suspension of work, etc. The Instructions to Bidders will highlight the inclusion of the EMP in the contract specifications and the contractor’s obligation of compliance.
7.5 Monitoring and reporting
JSIF Board and Management will have the main responsibility for monitoring the application and use of this EMF. For this purpose the EO will prepare quarterly and annual reports on the key steps, outputs and results of the environmental management actions taken for all projects throughout the project cycle. Problems and issues arising during the use of the EMF will be flagged and brought to the attention of Management and for their action. Copies of the quarterly and annual EM monitoring reports will also be sent to NEPA and to the World Bank. The Bank will also review these reports during the periodic supervision missions.
JSIF’s management information system (MIS) which is being modified and upgraded in the first half of 2006 will be used to track the key steps and to generate the necessary reports for the JSIF Board and Management. The following steps will be monitored for all projects:
|Stage in Project Cycle |Action |Result / Outcome |
|Project Concept Development |Site Screening |Acceptance |
| | |Rejection |
|Project Appraisal |Project Screening |NEPA Environmental Permit Required |
| | |EMP Required |
| | |None |
|Project Implementation |NEPA Env’l Permit |With full EIA |
| | |With terms and conditions |
| |EMP |Included with contract |
| |EMP implemented |With problems or issues |
| | |With complaints |
| | |With residual impacts |
|Operation |Maintenance Plan |Environmental Requirements |
7.6 Training and capacity-building
JSIF has designated a full-time Environment Officer (EO) and an alternate for back-up and support. Although the designated JSIF environmental staff have good knowledge and experience with Jamaican national regulatory requirements, they need some specific training in the policy areas of environmental assessment (and also in land acquisition and involuntary resettlement) as applied by international and bilateral development partners, such as the World Bank, the IADB, USAID, EU, CIDA, DfID, etc. who are all active in Jamaica.[33] The World Bank will assist to identify appropriate external training opportunities for the EO.[34] Suitable national training should also be part of the capacity building of the EO and alternate EO.
The designated senior EO is also responsible for the organization and provision of training sessions in environmental screening and environmental management for JSIF project officers, field supervision staff, the community liaison officers, enterprise development officers and selected community representatives. EO staff shall prepare a training plan and training modules for project officers, field supervision staff, enterprise development officers and community liaison officers (CLOs) to familiarize them with the principles and procedures as set out in this framework. Project officers enterprise development officers and (CLOs), supported by the EO, will be responsible to training community representatives.
Table 2: Environmental Management Plans to Mitigate Adverse Impacts during Construction and Implementation of JSIF sub-projects
(If a permit to construct was received from NEPA, then the following generic mitigation measures and monitoring requirements should be amended to include the general and specific terms and conditions issued by NEPA)
|Activities |Potential Impacts |Mitigation Measures |Responsibility for |Monitoring |Responsibility for Monitoring and |
| | | |Mitigation |Requirements |Supervision |
|Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Buildings (Schools, Health Centers, Recreation Facilities and Community Facilities including provision of on-site water supply and sanitation services) |
|Earthworks |Increase in fugitive dust levels |In residential areas, if works are conducted in the dry season, wet the |Contractor |Suspended particulate |Technical supervision staff, and |
|(Excavation, |and feeling of trees |exposed areas and stockpiles of earth materials, particularly fines, to | |matter (if required |where appropriate, with the |
|Vegetation Clearance, | |minimize windborne particles and increase in levels of fugitive dust. | |respirable |participation of community |
|Trenching and | |Compensate for trees removed by planting new trees. | |particulates < 10 |representatives and or respective |
|Blasting) | |Haulage vehicles transporting aggregate must be covered on all public | |micro grams) should be|community liaison officers. |
| | |roads. | |monitored as per NEPA | |
| | |Communities must be given at least two weeks prior notice of intended | |guidelines. |Spot checks by EO |
| | |construction period. | | | |
| | |Communities must be given prior notice of intended road closures and | |Frequency: Fortnightly| |
| | |designated detours. | |for the first three | |
| | |For worker health and safety, all workers should be supplied with dust | |months and monthly | |
| | |masks. | |thereafter. | |
| | |Silt Screens or Sediment Traps should be deployed where earthworks or | | | |
| | |trenching occurs in close proximity or adjacent to gullies, drainage lines| | | |
| | |or rivers to avoid deterioration of water quality. | | | |
|Movement of heavy |Increase in noise levels. |Construction work must be carried out from 6:00 am to 8:00 pm or according|Contractor |Noise level should be |Technical supervision staff, and |
|machinery, blasting | |to local regulations. | |monitored as per NEPA |where appropriate, with the |
|and drilling. | |Blasting should be conducted during daylight and residents should be | |guidelines. |participation of community |
| | |advised in advance when blasting will occur. | | |representatives and or respective |
| | |Blasting should only be conducted by a certified contractor and all safety| | |community liaison officers. |
| | |requirements, including deployment of blasting mats; inspection of | | | |
| | |buildings within the designated blasting radius, before and after | | |Spot checks by EO |
| | |blasting; contracting local police or security to supervise and control | | | |
| | |the movement of the public; and provision of earmuffs to workers must be | | | |
| | |strictly followed. | | | |
|Generation of |Drain blocks and unsafe |All waste must be disposed in an approved landfill or dump site, in |Contractor |Confirmation on |Technical supervision staff, and |
|construction rubbles |conditions by indiscriminate |consultation with the National Solid Waste Management Authority (NSWMA). | |disposal of solid |where appropriate, with the |
|from refurbishing or |disposal of rubbles. |Waste containers for recycling materials (plastics, metal & glass) shall | |wastes at an approved |participation of community |
|upgrading of buildings| |be provided for the permanent operation of facilities (esp. schools & | |site to be monitored |representatives and or respective |
| | |health centres). A recycling program should be initiated, including a | |fortnightly. |community liaison officers. |
| | |simple composting facility. Only | | | |
|Workers on site |Sanitary facilities for workers |Contractor to make suitable arrangements for use of sanitary facilities |Contractor |Check that |Technical supervision staff and |
| | |for his workers. | |arrangements have been|where appropriate, community |
| | |All large worksites to be equipped with portable chemical toilets, which | |made |representatives and or respective |
| | |must be supplied and serviced by an approved contractor. |Contractor |Confirmation that |community liaison officers. |
| | | | |portable toilets are | |
| | | | |supplied on site. | |
|Other construction |Traffic congestion and hindrance |Flagmen must be employed to direct traffic and reduce the occurrence of |Contractor |Traffic congestion and|Community representatives/ |
|activities such as: |of pedestrian movement |accidents | |number of accidents. |respective community liaison |
|movement of heavy | |Material delivery must be confined to early mornings/late evenings | | |officers |
|machinery, | |(outside of peak periods) | |Fortnightly. | |
|transportation of | |Communities must be advised of intended road closures and designated | | | |
|material, collection | |detours. | | | |
|of wastes, road | |Stockpiles and excavated material must be deposited in areas agreed with | | | |
|improvement works, | |community so as not to interfere with local activities | | | |
|trenching, pipe-laying| | | | | |
|etc. | | | | | |
|Temp. scaffolding |Cutting of trees in the vicinity |Use sawn, dimensioned lumber, re-use supports, or use steel supports. |Contractor |Weekly |Technical supervision staff, |
|supports for beams and|of site | | | |assisted by community |
|slabs | | | | |representatives |
|Water and toilet |Water wastage and damage to |Install water-saving fixtures and toilet flushing, esp. if supply from |Contractor |Before and after |Technical supervision staff |
|fixtures |equipment |cistern, and use institutional / commercial strength fixtures and |(based on spec’s by |installation on site | |
| | |equipment in all public facilities |JSIF) | |Spot checks by EO |
| | | | | | |
|Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Water Supply Schemes |
|Source/site selection |Public health risks due to poor |Examine vicinity of source and investigate for potential contamination |JSIF Project Officer |Prior to site/source |Technical supervision staff |
|and source development|water quality (e.g. pathogen, |sources. |JSIF Project Officer. |selection | |
| |salinity and other contamination |Test Water quality (chemical and bacteriological) from proposed and nearby|JSIF Project Officer /| | |
| |from nearby sanitation & waste |sources. |Design consultant |Completion of design | |
| |disposal facilities) |Determine whether, and what water treatment system is needed. If needed, | | |Spot checks by JSIF EO |
| | |ensure that treatment is included in design and that source area is | | | |
| | |protected, especially upstream, from contamination. | | | |
|Excavation of trenches|Increase in fugitive dust levels;|Excavation must be made (if possible) during the dry season, to avoid |Contractor |Periodic, i.e. weekly.|Community representatives/ |
| |hindrance of pedestrian movement;|erosion and siltation of drainage canals or other water bodies in the | | |respective community liaison |
| |disposal of construction |area; | | |officers, with spot checks by EO |
| |waste/debris, and creation of |Use silt screens and sediment traps to prevent sediment from reaching | | | |
| |stagnant pools. |trenches and watercourses. | | | |
| | |Provide adequate drainage interception and diversion around trenches and | | | |
| | |work site. | | | |
| | |Ensure prompt refilling of trenches and proper management and use/disposal| | | |
| | |of soil cover and wastes. | | | |
|Construction of Small New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Roads (within the existing communities) |
|Excavation and fill |Blocked access & disruptions |Give early notice to residents, use signs and flagmen, use diversion or |Contractor |Periodic, i.e. weekly |Community representatives, |
| |Landslides & slips, erosion and |open access periodically. | | |community liaison officers and spot|
| |sedimentation |Keep angle of slopes within limits of soil type. | | |checks by JSIF EO |
| | |Use appropriate slope stabilization measures. | | | |
| | |Balance cut and fill to limit steepness of slopes. | | | |
| | |Cover slopes and re-vegetate early, incl. shoulders. | | | |
|Construction of drains|Flooding & erosion of slopes |Build bridges & drains according to design. |Contractor |Periodic, i.e. weekly |Technical supervision staff |
|& small bridges | |Provide temporary drainage facilities, including interception and | | | |
| | |diversion. Channel water away safely & ensure there are no downstream | | |Spot checks by JSIF EO |
| | |impacts. | | | |
| | |Use silt fences & sediment traps. | | | |
| | |Use energy dissipation for drain drops and outlets. | | | |
|Base course & surface |Dust nuisance |Control dust through periodic watering. |Contractor |Ditto |Community representatives, |
|course |Stagnant water |Provide cross drains and drainage diversion. | | |community liaison officers; spot |
| | | | | |checks by EO |
|Compaction of fill and|Nuisance from noise & vibrations |Give notice to residents and limit work of compacting equipment to daytime|Contractor |Ditto |Ditto |
|base course | |hours. | | | |
|Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Sanitation Facilities (sewer networks, small wastewater treatment plants and on-site sanitation) |
|Pit Latrine |Pollution, odor and fly nuisance|Use properly designed, ventilated improved pit latrines (VIP) only with |Contractor |Before and after |Community representatives, |
|Construction | |screened ventilation stacks. | |installation |community liaison officers and JSIF|
| | |Locate latrines at least 15m from nearest residence and at least 10m | | |EO |
| | |downstream from water sources. | | | |
| | |Do not build in areas with high groundwater table. | | | |
|Septic tanks, tile |Contamination of groundwater |Do not build tile field or pit in areas with high groundwater table. |Contractor |Before and after |Technical supervision staff |
|fields and pits | |Do not locate pit on rock or in impermeable soils. | |installation | |
| | |Locate at least 10m from nearest water source. | | |Spot checks by JSIF EO |
|Sewer network and |Contamination of vicinity and of |Prevent pipe breakages / fix any ruptures with clamps or replace broken |Contractor |Frequent, during |Technical supervision staff Spot |
|connections |groundwater |pipes before covering. | |period of installation|checks by JSIF EO |
| | |Use sump pumps to return spilled sewage to nearest manhole. | | | |
| |Blockage of sewer system |Give notice to residents of sewer work. | | | |
| | |Remove any obstacles or soil before making pipe connections and closing | | | |
| | |excavation. | | | |
|Package treatment |Pollution of surface or |Build plant in compliance with NEPA permit and license. |Contractor |Periodic, i.e. |Technical supervision staff |
|plants (bio-digester) |groundwater |Provide effluent outlet to surface or underground disposal. | |fortnightly | |
| | | | | |Spot checks by JSIF EO |
|Construction of New and or Rehabilitation of Existing Drainage Systems (within the existing communities) |
|Drain excavation |Contamination or siltation from |Dispose contaminated and unsuitable material in safe areas and haul away |Contractor |Frequent, during |Technical supervision staff |
| |dredged/excavated material |for off-site disposal at approved landfill site. Use sediment traps and | |critical flooding |assisted by the community |
| |Flooding from inadequate or |silt fences. | |periods |representatives |
| |blocked drains |Use good design, do not block drains, clear blocked drains. Use sump | | | |
| |Erosion of drains and siltation |pumps, especially during rains. |Contractor |Contractor, using good|Spot checks by EO |
| | |Use concrete or masonry-lined drains, or cover drain sides with stones | |design | |
| | |(riprap), or use vegetation cover. |Contractor | | |
|Implementation of Agriculture Based Activities |
|Construction (and also|Possible pollution of surface |Provide and operate wastewater treatment and dispose of treated effluent |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Initial monitoring by JSIF. |
|Operation) of |water or groundwater. |in an approved manner. Obtain license to operate from NEPA. |facility | |Later periodic monitoring by NEPA |
|processing facilities |Contamination of surrounding |Collect all production waste, recycle & re-use, and/ or collect and store | | |Initial monitoring by JSIF. |
| |area. |in closed containers. Dispose of collected waste materials at approved |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Later periodic monitoring by NEPA |
| | |landfill or disposal site. |facility | |Community to monitor and report |
| | |Use only approved standard processes and equipment, and maintain it in | | | |
| |Nuisance from dust, odor, or |good working order. | | | |
| |noise |Plans must be in place to manage all waste generated by the facility. In |Owner/Operator of |Monthly | |
| | |addition checks must be made to ensure that there is adequate water |facility | | |
| | |available to support the required sanitation needs of the facility. Where | | | |
| | |this does not exist the project must ensure that this is introduce, | | | |
| | |failing which the project should be suitably re-scoped or rejected. | | | |
|Rearing of Livestock |Airborne (lack of proper |Increase the efficiency of livestock production and feed crop agriculture.|Owner/Operator of |Periodic, i.e. weekly |Technical supervision staff |
|(apiculture |sanitation and cleaning measures |Improve animals’ diets to reduce enteric fermentation and consequent |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
|(bee/honey); Sheep, |e.g. from Pig pens) |methane emissions, and setting up biogas plant initiatives such as | | |representatives |
|Cattle, Goat, | |composting facility to recycle manure/animal waste. | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
|Pig/Pork, Aquaculture | |[pic] | | |agency (RADA) and NEPA |
|– shrimp, oysters, |[pic] |Feed animals on time to reduce the effects of stress resulting in them |[pic] | | |
|ornamental. |Noise Pollution |squealing, squawking, bellowing, etc. |Owner/Operator of | | |
| | |[pic] |facility / Activities | | |
| |[pic] |Implement proper waste disposal systems to reduce contamination of streams|[pic] | | |
| |Water Pollution: |or ground water. Such as setting up low cost biogas digesters. |Owner/Operator of | | |
| | | |facility / Activities | | |
| |-Increased contamination of |Implement good agricultural practices (GAP). | | | |
| |ground water and coastal water | | | | |
| |due to seepage of animal waste |Training and exposure to Integrated Pest Management practices should be | | | |
| |into the ground water source |carried out and incorporated in sub-project activities. | | | |
| |and/or aquifer. – | | | | |
| |- Risk of feed lot runoffs | | | | |
| |contributing to the potential for| | | | |
| |nitrate pollution of the ground |Fence off bare land to prevent livestock denuding them of young freshly | | | |
| |water |growing vegetation. | | | |
| | | | | | |
| |- Water pollution from animal |Effective irrigation management and/or improved efficiency of irrigation | | | |
| |wastes, antibiotics and hormones,|systems including proper drainage system. | | | |
| |chemicals from tanneries, | | | | |
| |fertilizers and the pesticides | | | | |
| |used to spray feed crops, and | | | | |
| |biocides for animals e.g. for | | | | |
| |ticks. | | | | |
| | |[pic] | | | |
| |Soil erosion due to poor soil |Use of soil conservation methods and silvopastoralism (aligns closely with| | | |
| |management practices. |current key EU policy for intensively managed pasturelands), together with| | | |
| |[pic] |controlled livestock exclusion from sensitive areas; payment schemes for | | | |
| |Land degradation due to |environmental services in livestock-based land use to help reduce and | | | |
| |overgrazing (the grazing of |reverse land degradation. | | | |
| |natural pastures at stocking | | | | |
| |intensities above the livestock |Controlling access of animals and removing obstacles to mobility on common| | | |
| |carrying capacity) resulting in a|pastures. Good pasture rotation (prevents loss of soil productivity). |Owner/Operator of | | |
| |decrease in the vegetation cover | |facility / Activities | | |
| |is a leading cause of wind and |Use proper chemical and fertilizer application techniques. Training and | | | |
| |water erosion. |exposure to Integrated Pest Management practices should be carried out and| | | |
| | |incorporated in sub-project activities. | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
| | | | | | |
|Cultivation of Orchard|Deforestation by use of the Slash| Implement good agricultural practices (GAP). |Owner/Operator of |Periodic, i.e. weekly |Technical supervision staff |
|Crops |and burn method of land clearing.| |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
| | |Avoid cultivation on class IV land (Unsuitable for agriculture | | |representatives |
|(ackee, sour sop, | |production). | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
|breadfruit, orange, |Land degradation caused by | | | |agency(ies) (RADA) and NEPA |
|june plum) |shifting cultivation without |Proper site selection for tree crops (site should be selected base on soil| | | |
| |adequate fallow periods, absence |type, texture and structure). | | | |
| |of soil conservation measures, | | | | |
| |cultivation of fragile or |Slopes are contoured to flatten them out, to further stabilize them | | | |
| |marginal lands, unbalanced | | | | |
| |fertilizer use, and a host of |Where top soil has been lost it is replaced, and vegetation is planted to | | | |
| |possible problems arising from |help consolidate the new soil. | | | |
| |faulty planning or management of | | | | |
| |irrigation. |Training and exposure to Integrated Pest Management practices should be | | | |
| | |carried out and incorporated in sub-project activities. | | | |
|Cultivation of herbs |Pollution of the soil and the |Use chemicals approved by the Pesticide Control Authority. |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
|and spices |environment by pesticide |Use proper chemical and fertilizer application techniques. |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
| |containers. |Training and exposure to Integrated Pest Management practices should be | | |representatives |
| | |carried out and incorporated in sub-project activities | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| |Leaching of inorganic fertilizer | | | |agency(ies) (RADA) and PCA |
| |in the ground water. | | | | |
|Cultivation of Cash |Soil erosion on steep slopes. | Implement good agricultural practices(GAP) |Owner/Operator of |Periodic, i.e. weekly |Technical supervision staff |
|crops (vegetables) | |The effects of soil erosion can be altered, and certain practices can lead|facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
|tomatoes, carrot, baby|Slash and burn method of clearing|to soil enhancement and rebuilding. Though simple, methods of reducing | | |representatives |
|corn, lettuce) |land (Deforestation, loss of soil|erosion are often not chosen, these practices sometimes outweigh the | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| |productivity). |short-term benefits. | | |agency (RADA) |
| | |Use of protected agriculture techniques such as greenhouse and shade house| | | |
| |Inadequate drainage which |technology. | | | |
| |resulted in fertilizer run -off |Initiating terracing programs throughout the hilly arable areas in hilly | | | |
| |in stream or flooding. |farm land areas of rural communities could help to protect crops. | | | |
| | |Planting of barrier crops such as corn, callaloo, and other crops which | | | |
| | |insects may feed on. | | | |
| |
|Implementation of Tourism Based Activities |
|Development of Trails |Disturbance of micro habitats due|Clearly demarcate trail with signs or rope barriers to prevent departures |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
| |to users moving beyond defined |into surrounding areas which may be sensitive (Educate guides and |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
| |trail limits |visitors) | | |representatives |
| | | | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| | | | | |agency(ies) (TPDCo) and NEPA |
|Development of Nature |Resource (plants, animals) |Articulate clear positions on tampering and removal of any item of flora |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
|Tours |removal for souvenirs |or fauna from the environment through which a tour or experience may be |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
| |Extended contact time / |conducted. | | |representatives |
| |interaction with animals by |Strongly warning clients of attraction’s position on the removal of items | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| |humans |of flora and fauna along with explanation of legal protection offered to | | |agency(ies) (TPDCo) and NEPA |
| | |specific flora/fauna listed on wildlife protection act and fines | | | |
| | |associated with same. | | | |
| | |Design a tour to ensure that human interaction with wildlife is minimized | | | |
| | |Discourage fauna feeding practices on the part of both users and guides. | | | |
|Sea / Beach excursions|Snorkeller / Diver damage to |Design snorkel and dive tours to ensure that human presence does not |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
| |seafloor resources – |physically damage the existing fauna and flora to include: |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
| | |The sensitization of Guides on the importance of minimizing | | |representatives |
| |Encroachments on the naturally |snorkeler/diver impacts with the natural environment. | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| |existing landscape |The use of defined snorkel/dive trails to route users over benign areas | | |agency(ies) (TPDCo) and NEPA |
| | |The selection of snorkel areas that are deep enough to prevent snorkeler | | | |
| | |standing on resources | | | |
| | |The use of mandatory no-contact rules with diving clients | | | |
| | |Preferential use of non-motorized craft in no-wake areas will prevent the | | | |
| | |generation of destructive wakes. | | | |
| | |Where powered boating can be authorized, or may be required for safety | | | |
| | |reasons, strict enforcement of a “no wake” policy (speeds less than 3 | | | |
| | |knots) will be required to prevent wake generation. | | | |
| | |Mandating no anchoring in sensitive seafloor areas, such as sea-grass beds| | | |
| | |and coral reef areas | | | |
| | |Where anchoring would be beneficial for the project, utilize | | | |
| | |pre-positioned (mapped) moorings, anchored with eye bolts (hard bottom) or| | | |
| | |Manta Ray moorings (sand) to minimize anchor footprint. These anchoring | | | |
| | |methods require a very small footprint on the seafloor and can be | | | |
| | |accurately positioned in locations that would not be harmed by their | | | |
| | |deployment (deployment will require NEPA sanction under the BCA Act). | | | |
|Artificial creation of| |Beach creation should be discouraged as it involves a non-natural |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
|environmental features| |creation, which invariably requires significant environmental |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
|e.g. reefs, beaches | |manipulation. | | |representatives |
| | |Artificial reefs guidelines have been developed by the National | | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| | |Environment and Planning Agency that govern the types of items that can be| | |agency NEPA |
| | |used as artificial reefs and the locations at which such structures can be| | | |
| | |deployed. Such a deployment will require NEPA permission | | | |
|Dredging, dock | |The manipulation of the seafloor to facilitate wading in areas that may |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
|construction, | |not necessarily have such conditions existing naturally should be |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
|shoreline protection | |discouraged. Similarly, projects requiring the deployment of hard | | |representatives |
|works) | |shoreline protection works should be discouraged. However, considerations| | |Spot checks by EO and associated |
| | |could be given to projects requiring limited shoreline protection that | | |agency(ies) (TPDCo) and NEPA |
| | |will utilize low cost wave attenuating devices. | | | |
| | |Dock construction for shore-based facilities must pattern the | | | |
| | |non-permanent floating pattern outlined previously | | | |
|Production of Arts, |Over utilization of natural |Checks must be made to ensure that the raw materials are not part of any |Owner/Operator of |Monthly |Technical supervision staff |
|crafts and novelty |resources, removal or use of |protected species, as well as that they are harvested and utilized in a |facility / Activities | |assisted by the community |
|items |protected or endangered flora or |sustainable manner and from approved sources. Persons involved must be | | |representatives |
| |fauna. |made aware of threatened resources and the importance of sustainable use. | | |Spot checks by EO |
7.7 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: The Environmental Impact of JSIF sub-projects
Positive
There are a number of positive impacts of JSIF sub-projects to physical environmental in the communities in which they are situated. In keeping with principles of sustainable development and holistic planning where the environment is defined as the physical, biological, social and economic factors of life, the projects will have the effect of:
i. Eliminating environmental safety hazards from deteriorating structures
ii. Improving environmental health through water, sanitation and health infrastructure
iii. The creation of temporary employment opportunities and long-term income generation
iv. The provision of social services that were previously not available
v. Improved learning environments and access to education and non-formal training
vi. Improved living conditions in poor communities
Negative
Most of the negative impacts associated with Sub-projects are likely to occur during construction and rehabilitative works on roads, buildings, drainage, water and sanitation projects and where designs are inadequate. These tend to be minor and are easily identified and mitigated and determination of these potential impact forms and integral part of the analysis of the technical feasibility of the projects. In keeping with the principles of technical and environmental soundness however, adequate technical review, through peer review and using technical advisors, must take place to ensure adequacy of designs.
Negative impacts will also occur during operation particularly with relation to disposal of solid and sewage waste, where there is improper operational and maintenance procedures in place. These issues must also be factored into the technical analysis of the projects at the design phase.
Even with adequate planning and design, there are risks of impacts during implementation where guidelines are not followed at a supervisory level. All contracts and Terms of Reference for formulators, supervisors and contractors must therefore clearly show deliverables with the relation to implementation of mandated environmental procedures. Potential impacts include:
i. Unnecessary removal of vegetation cover
ii. Creation of soil slippage and soil erosion conditions from excavation, agricultural practices and inappropriate placing of excavated matter on hill slopes
iii. Blockage of drains from construction waste and excavated materials
iv. Water contamination during construction on all project types or during operation of inadequate sewage facilities
v. Excessive run-off where drainage on roads and off buildings is inadequate.
vi. Inappropriate disposal of solid waste
vii. Interruption of vehicular and pedestrian traffic flow or access to amenities.
viii. Depletion or damage to ecosystems for tourism projects
ix. Pollution of surface and ground waters by pesticides
x. Land degradation
xi. Over utilization of natural resources (eco-tourism)
7.8 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: General Guidance for Infrastructure Projects
7.8.1. Project Design
a) The project must be designed to minimize tree taking and damaging. When the project will result in clearing of land or cutting trees, at least the same number of trees must be replanted on or near the facility.
b) Site Selection
The land on which a building or activity is to be located must comply with the zoning requirements of the National Environmental Planning Agency and relevant planning legislation. It must also be well drained, aesthetically landscaped and secure, especially if very small children are involved. All relevant permits and no objections from relevant agencies must be obtained.
(i) In rehabilitation projects, when an existing building does not comply with the guideline above. Rehabilitation must, whenever possible include drainage, security and landscape of the area as well as the building itself and testing for hazardous materials such as asbestos and lead;
ii) In rehabilitation projects, when an existing building is located on unsuitable land, the JSIF shall not approve the project. The following are considered to be unsuitable lands:
a) land resulted from fill up with any refuse matter that is contaminated by human or animal excreta or any other hazardous material;
b) wetlands and flood plains;
c) protected areas where approval has not been obtained
d) steep (more than 30% declivity) and unstable slopes susceptible to slippage.
iii) In agricultural or tourism related activities, the site selected must have the required capacity and features to support the planned activities, and should not present use conflicts with existing activities or infrastructure.
c) Any road rehabilitation project must comply with the minimum technical standards of the relevant Parish authority to which the road will be handed over to and required no objections obtained.
d) In rehabilitation/expansion or construction projects the technical and financial feasibility of using traditional architecture and simple technologies and materials must be assessed, and simple, traditional style and materials adopted when suitable. A comparative assessment of environmentally friendly materials and techniques should also be adopted where suitable, based on comparisons of techniques and long-term cost-benefit analysis. This applies to any building, road, water and sanitation project.
e) All buildings should be well designed to provide security and at the same time to be attractive and well ventilated and make best use of natural lighting.
f) Adequate space and facilities for recreation inside and outside of a school must be designed accordingly and whenever possible, budget for its construction must be ensured in the project.
g) Sanitary Systems
Appropriate sanitation systems must be designed and installed; proper disposal systems must be functioning: it must also be determined if there is a need to provide training in environmental awareness to users[35].
(i) Sanitary facilities must be suitable to the local and ground conditions.
(ii) Sanitary facilities must be provided in sufficient number
(iii) In order to avoid surface water contamination, when public facilities for sewage treatment are not provided, effluent should not be discharged into surface waters without adequate treatment: to avoid ground water contamination, effluent must be treated in a septic tank (minimum efficiency of 70% reduction of BOD); the absorption tank is not efficient in preventing groundwater contamination.
(iv) The site where the sanitary facility is to be installed must have a low water table.
(v) If sanitary facilities use alternative technologies such as Ventilated Improved Pits (VIP) latrines and others, it must be located at least 15 meters from existing buildings and houses, in the opposite direction of the prevailing winds, to prevent odours and undesirable impacts.
vi) When an external latrine vent pipe exists, it must be located at the sunny side of the latrine and painted black, to produce an updraft, due to the heating of the air inside the vent: an external cover at the top of the vent pipe will prevent flies and mosquitoes from coming out the vent and therefore will reduce the risk of contamination.
vii) All required approval and permits must be obtained and the relevant agencies (NWC, NEPA etc) informed and involved in the development of the project
h) Adequate water supply must be provided:
(i) Adequate structures for water storage must be provided for buildings.
ii) Rainwater can be collected, stored and used for sanitary facilities.
iii) The storage structure must be located (about 25 meters) from, the absorption tank, septic tank or other similar facility, and upstream the direction of the water table flow[36].
iv) In the case of agricultural activities the available water must be sufficient to support the planned activities, where this does not exist, the project should be re-scoped or arrangements made to implement alternatives to sustainability e.g. irrigation
i) Hazard Mitigation
i) Fire Control: Safety precautions against fire must be assessed, implemented, documented and functional at all times and water supply for fire hoses must be secured. Note that:
a) Evacuation and fire extinguishing procedures must be approved by the fire department or a similar institution
b) Fire disaster preparedness should be addressed in organisational strengthening exercises and in maintenance training
ii) Natural disaster mitigation: The design of all infrastructure projects must accommodate the potential occurrence of a natural disaster and as such include the necessary mitigation measures to ensure minimum damage from disaster events. This includes but not exclusive to:
a) Earthquake mitigation: Designs must uphold the minimum building standards recommended for Jamaica as indicated by the Building Code.
b) Storm mitigation: This includes heavy rain, storm surges, tropical storms, hurricanes mitigation measures for strong winds and high levels of precipitation and runoff. Road and building designs must therefore have adequate drainage measures and buildings and other structures must maintain the minimum standards under the Building Code for wind resistance.
iii) Safety: Care must be taken to ensure that designs promote a safe work site and safe operation of the facility. The following must be considered:
c) Materials: No toxic paints or construction materials (e.g., lead-based paints, amianthus, asbestos) may be used within the buildings or on water supply projects
d) Site Safety: Designs must factor in terrain and other potential areas of danger that my lead to an unsafe work site. Where there is potential for danger on a site, cautions and recommendations for safe implementation must be outlined.
7.8.2. Construction
a) Dust and noise during construction works should be minimised:
i) In residential areas, if works are conducted in the dry season, the contractor must water the exposed area and construction materials either stored or transported must be covered to avoid particulate matter to be blown by the wind
ii) Communities must be given adequate notice of intended construction and potential for dust and blockage of access to roads or community facilities during construction
iii) When sand is used to fill in land or to level a site it must be capped with clay turf, whenever possible. If this solution is not viable, spraying the area with water can minimize dust blown by the wind.
iv) Construction work must be limited to daylight hours, from approximately 6:00 am to 8:00 pm, or according to local or specific regulations.
v) Blasting to break up rocks will be conducted during daylight and residents will be advised when blasting will occur. The local regulatory authority should certify the person conducting this activity.
b) Adequate measures for preventing siltation of watercourses by run-off must be implemented, such as silt screens and straw devices, among others.
c) Safety measures must be taken to prevent accidents involving workers and members of the community.
d) Clearing of trees and other vegetation must be minimal
e) All waste must be disposed of in environmentally sound ways and at dumpsites approved by the relevant Parks and Markets Authority.
f) All sewage disposal facilities are required to be adequate and fully functional and the end of construction
g) Penalties are to be instituted for breach of guidelines mandated by JSIF
7.8.3. Operation and Maintenance
a) Sanitary Facilities:
i) Environmental awareness and maintenance training to users will be provided on all sanitation projects.
ii) Latrine pits, absorption tanks or septic tanks must be cleaned regularly, according to JSIF's Operation and Maintenance Manual for infrastructure project. Where technologies such as biodigesters or composting toilets are being used, specific training must take place to ensure ongoing functioning of these systems.
b) Solid Waste Management:
i) Solid waste will be collected and disposed of in an appropriate manner and on a regular basis, according to the JSIF's Operation and Maintenance Manual for infrastructure projects.
ii) Wastes must be stored in a covered garbage storage unit, designed in accordance to current NEPA guidelines and protected from the access by animals.
iii) When appropriate landfill is not provided by the local government or the sponsor community, the JSIF will develop a waste management manual provide the sponsor community with (which will become part of the Operation and Maintenance Manual). This manual will include self-sustained waste management plans that include alternative solutions for adequate disposal of organic wastes and garbage, and potential uses for recycled materials, waste collection campaigns and other environmental awareness activities to be developed with the students and the community[37].
c) Buildings and other physical structures:
i) Maintenance training must be done with users to ensure care of the structure and avoidance of physical danger due to deterioration or lack of maintenance, particularly in the case of schools, community centres, water supplies and small bridges.
7.9 JSIF Environmental Guidelines: Specific Guidelines by Project Sub-type
All Project Sub-types assume the General Guidelines in addition to the type-specific guidelines listed below and the procedure required during each stage of the Project Cycle as outlined in Section 4.0.
7.9.1. Roads
Design Phase
a) Roads must be designed and constructed so that they do not impede the free flow of intervening water ways:
(i) At design phase, the grade of road must be established above the level of the existing drains
(ii) In case the existing road crosses a waterway, the design for rehabilitation must include culverts to allow the free flow of water. Size of culverts must be designed to accommodate a 30-year storm event.
b) Capped and uncapped roads must be designed and constructed so that water does not stand over long periods either on the road (in surface depressions) or at the sides or base.
(i) In case the size of the existing drains are not sufficient to ensure free water flow of a 30 year storm event, their enlargement must be included in the rehabilitation design;
(ii) If existing drains are blocked by vegetation or silt, clearing must be included in the rehabilitation project.
c) Bridges design must include re-vegetation of shoulders using native vegetation to reduce erosion.
d) The shoulder declivity must be designed according to the soil characteristics.
Construction Phase
a) Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and implemented using JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and monitoring and must ensure the following:
(i) Defined grades must be correctly set in place
(ii) No depressions must be left in the surface of the road
(iii) Drains must be unblocked and correctly sized, as in the project design.
b) Erosion control measures must be implemented accordingly to project design:
(i) Exposed road shoulders must be vegetated early with native species, appropriate to the site to reduce the impact of raindrop erosion
(ii) Erosion (silt/sediment) barriers must be in place and functional throughout construction.
c) There must be a satisfactory system of regular collection and disposal of waste and garbage; during construction works the contractor must ensure that:
(i) Materials are stored in such a way that will not be carried by rains and/or run-off waters into the drains
(ii) Garbage and construction wastes are collected and disposed in appropriate sites in a way that ensure that they will not be carried into the drains or discharged into wetlands or in sensitive vegetation communities;
(iii) Measures are implemented to avoid spills of lubricants, fuels and other chemicals, and in the event of an accidental spill, clean up is clone immediately
(iv) After construction works are concluded the contractor must clear the area from all equipment, machines and wastes (liquids or solid)
(v) Whenever the sponsoring community does not provide an adequate site for waste disposal, the contractor shall follow the guidelines JSIF' will develop for waste disposal
Operation and Maintenance
a) Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to:
(i) Erosion control
(ii) Drainage
i. Clearing and mitigating against land-slippage (within the capabilities of the community e.g. minor retaining walls, major works are the responsibility of the relevant authority.
7.9.2. Infirmaries, Health Centres and Similar Facilities
Project Design
a) Ministry of Health Standards for Design of Type 1 and 2 Health Centres must be applied to all JSIF Health Centre projects
b) Optimum sanitation must be maintained at all times. Cleanliness of utensils and equipment is paramount:
(i) Water supply facilities must include running water. When public water supply is not available on site, the project must consider, whenever technical and economically feasible, drilling a well or other alternative to provide potable water to the centre, including storage of rain water and roof drain water.
(ii) When public water supply is not available and no other alternative is technically and economically feasible, the JSIF must consider not financing the project.
(iii) Medical wastes must be disposed though approved Ministry of Health facilities or techniques.
Construction Phase
a) Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and implemented using JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and Monitoring.
Operation and Maintenance
a) Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to:
i. Maintenance of ventilation i.e. functioning secure windows
ii. Pest control – particularly in bathrooms and kitchen/dining areas
iii. Landscaping – ensuring safe, aesthetically pleasing surroundings
iv. Disaster preparedness – for hurricanes, flooding and fire
v. Waste disposal – safe disposal of medical and other wastes
7.9.3. Sanitary Facilities (latrines)
Site Selection and Project Design
a) Pit 1atrines should be avoided due to (i) odor and insect (flies and mosquitoes) problems; (ii) risks of contamination by pathogens (virus, protozoa and helminths) transmitted by excreta; (iii) risk of small children falling into pits; (iv) where the water table is high
b) Pit latrines with adequately designed septic tanks and absorption pits are recommended when there is (i) inadequate water supply to support water closets (ii) where soil absorption rates ensure proper and safe diffusion of waste water (ii) where there is no potential for contamination of ground water supplies.
c) Other alternative sanitation technologies, such as ventilated improved latrines (VIP latrines), should be considered appropriate only when flushing toilets are not technically and economically feasible.
d) The sanitary facility must be installed in a site that (i) has a low water table (ii) is located downstream any water body source: (iii) is located at least 100 meters from any water body.
Construction Phase
Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and monitoring.
Operation and Maintenance
Operation & maintenance must comply with the General guidelines presented as well as with JSIF's Manual for Operation and Maintenance of Infrastructure Projects.
7.9.4. Sanitary Facilities (community showers)
Site selection and project design
a) Before the sanitary facility is designed it must be ensured that the site where it is to be installed is located downstream any water body source.
b) Community showers must be located at least 15 meters from existing buildings and houses.
c) The community shower must be installed inside a well-ventilated and well-drained super structure.
d) The area surrounding the superstructure must be adequately landscaped, secure and well drained.
e) The size and number of showers must comply with JSIF's design guidelines
Construction Phase
Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction supervision and Monitoring.
Operation and Maintenance
Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects. Particular attention needs to be paid to:
a. Maintenance of plumbing and water supply
b. Cleanliness of facility
c. Maintenance of security measures
7.9.5. Drainage
Project Design
Project design must follow the general guidelines as well as the specified procedures outlines for appraisal of projects in Section 4.0.
Construction Phase
a) Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction Supervision and Monitoring.
b) Vegetation and silt materials recovered from dredging must be securely, disposed, in order to avoid being brought back to canals and drains, by runoff and rains.
c) During dredging, unauthorised persons must be prevented from approaching working areas by the installation of protecting devices, in order to avoid or minimise risks of accidents involving the community.
7.9.6. Water Projects
a) It must be verified that requirements for protecting the water source from contamination are adopted.
b) The delivery of safe potable water must be ensured: materials used in the pipeline must ensure that no leaks will threaten the delivery of safe potable water.
Site selection and protect design
a) Crater source must be located upstream any possible source of crater pollution and protected from contamination by a superstructure.
b) Project Application must require physical and bacteriological analysis of the water from the water source, which is intended to be used.
c) In case the water is not adequate for human consumption, the JSIF must consider not financing the project.
Construction phase
a) Excavation works must be made whenever possible during the dry season, to avoid erosion and siltation of drainage canals or other water bodies in the area.
b) During construction works, unauthorised persons must be prevented from approaching working areas by the installation of protecting devices, in order to avoid or minimize risks of accidents involving the community.
Operation and Maintenance
a) All infra and superstructure must be permanently maintained in adequate operating conditions.
b) Water source and water pipes must be continuously monitored to ensure that no contamination has occurred.
7.9.7. Agro-processing, Agriculture Activities (e.g. slaughtering facilities, greenhouse)
Construction Phase
a) Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction supervision and Monitoring.
Operation and Maintenance
a) Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects.
b) In addition, for non-infrastructure activities, implementation should take into account:
i. Waste products must not be deposited in watercourses, wetlands or in sensitive vegetation communities.
ii. Waste Crater and processing effluent must be treated to reduce contaminants and not be discharged directly to water bodies, wetlands, or in sensitive vegetation communities.
iii. Proper techniques for the use and application of pesticides must be adhered to, only pesticides approved as per the WHO Hazardous Pesticide list and Pesticide Control Authority (PCA).
iv. Persons engaged in the application and use of pesticides must be appropriately trained. In addition where appropriate Integrated Pest Management practices should be applied.
v. Where facilities for processing or slaughtering will be constructed or from part of activities, checks must be made to ensure that the area and support the additional water requirements for processing and sanitation
vi. In cases where coconuts, cocoa, coffee, citrus, sugarcane will be processed, a NEPA permit is required as there are significant implications for waste generation and emissions.
vii. Effluent and solid waste from operations of these facilities must also be managed to prevent pollution of surface and ground waters. Where possible waste recycling / utilization components should be added to enhance the project.
7.9.8. Tourism Activities (e.g. trail development, simple craft markets)
Construction Phase
Construction works must comply with the JSIF's General Environmental Guidelines and JSIF's Environmental Handbook for Construction supervision and Monitoring.
Operation and Maintenance
a) Operations and Maintenance should follow JSIF's Operational and Maintenance Manual for Infrastructure Projects.
b) In addition, for non-infrastructure activities, implementation should take into account the following:
i. Activities involving interaction with the natural environment by visitors must ensure that all efforts and practices are implemented to minimize disturbance of flora and fauna, and the introduction of foreign materials natural (non-native species) and manmade (garbage, other physical structures or impediments to existing flora and fauna.
ii. Due consideration must be given to the effect on the carrying capacity of an area as well as the potential for land use and resource use conflict. Carrying capacity may relate to the physical space (beach, or land space), logistics (transportation, access), resource utilization (water, electricity etc.) as well as waste generation (solid and sewage).
iii. With the implementation of all projects and activities, where possible efforts should be made to incorporate or enhance environmental sustainability through greening, waste recycling, re-using, reducing, soil stabilization, water harvesting and other such enhancements.
Annex 2: Flow Diagram of Environmental Permit Application Process (Source: NEPA)
-----------------------
[1] The survey was carried out rural areas of St. Elizabeth, St. James and St Ann (2009)
[2] Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). Environmental Management System Manual
[3] Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). Environmental Management System Procedures Manual
[4] Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). The Environmental Management Framework
[5] Jamaica Social Investment Fund (JSIF). 2006. Safeguards Diagnostic Review for Piloting the use of Jamaican Systems to address Environmental and Social Safeguards in the proposed World-Bank-Assisted Inner City Based Services for the Poor Project (ICBSP): Equivalence and Acceptability Report
[6] The World Bank Operational Manual. 1999. Operational Policies 4.01 Environmental Assessment
[7] The World Bank Operational Manual. 2001. Operational Policies 4.04 Natural Habitats
[8] The World Bank Operational Manual. 2002. Operational Policies 4.36 Forests
[9] The World Bank Operational Manual. 1998. Operational Policies 4.09 Pest Management
[10] Government of Jamaica. Natural Resources Conservation (Permits and Licences) Regulations 1996, amended 2004.
[11] Government of Jamaica. Beach Control Act, 1956
[12] Government of Jamaica. Natural Resources Conservation Authority Act, 1991.
[13] National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA). The Watershed Protection Act (1963)
[14] National Environment and Planning Agency (NEPA). National Watershed Policy
[15]
[16] mona.uwi.edu/jct/aboutct/index.htm
[17]
[18] ncrps
[19]
[20]
[21]
[22] Typical activities financed under social services category include: vocational skills training, market awareness, entrepreneur skills, job separation counselling, employment profiling, personal development, job preparation skills, literacy; personal money management, conflict resolution, anger management; parenting skills, adolescent/adult life skills; trauma and bereavement counselling; health and hygiene behaviour change and construction skills.
[23] Typical activities financed under capacity building category include: organizational development, planning and management, communication skills and conflict resolution, fund raising and financial management, governance, disaster preparedness, maintenance, and management of community based resource centers.
[24] See Operations Manual Section 4.2 on eligibility criteria for community projects.
[25] Except for small-scale package-type sewage treatment plants, such as bio-digester.
[26] This EMF only deals with the environmental permits needed from NEPA. Planning permits for various buildings and developments required from Parish Councils and from NEPA are outside the scope of this EMF.
[27] This means an environmental permit.
[28] Environmental Management Plans (EMPs)
[29] Type 1 and 2 Health Centers provide services but do not admit patients, persons with illnesses requiring admission are sent to regional hospitals. The services are as follows:
Type 1 - Serves an area with a population of 2,000 - 4,000 people and provides: 1. Maternal and child health services (antenatal. postnatal, child health, immunization, nutrition monitoring and support) 2. Health promotion/education and community participation.
Type 2 - As in Type 1 plus additional services as follows: 1. Health promotion and illness prevention (veterinary public health and food hygiene/food handlers clinics, water quality, solid liquid and excreta disposal)
2. Surveillance and Disease Control (specific communicable diseases e.g. TB and Hansens, malaria and childhood diarrhoeal disease, STDs, other communicable diseases, rheumatic fever prophylaxis). 3. Curative Services (common medical conditions, STDs, acute and chronic diseases. 4. Dental services (visiting)
[30] NEPA’s Development and Investment Manual defines Eco-tourism as the controlled use of protected natural areas, historical sites and cultural heritage, ensuring economic and social benefits for the nation as a whole as well as individual communities in particular while guaranteeing the integrity and conservation of these areas and educational encounters between visitors and locals as well as natural and cultural phenomena. It further defines it as a tourism based on an area’s natural resources that attempts to minimize the ecological impact of the tourism.
[31] This provision will also satisfy the requirements of the policies on cultural property by the various development partners, such as the World Bank’s, as set out in the draft OP 4.11 on Physical Cultural Property.
[32] This step and the corresponding actions are not needed when a community has been selected for a project, such as was the case for the Inner City Basic Services for the Poor Project.
[33] Both this EMF, and a Land Acquisition and Resettlement Policy Framework that has been prepared in parallel, are in part based on the international approaches and standards. These frameworks are also entirely new to JSIF.
[34] It may be possible to combine any external EA training with training in Involuntary Resettlement that is offered periodically by the World Bank Institute.
[35] Awareness by users of sanitary systems is required whenever new systems are installed which are different from the ones they are used to. This is particularly needed when flushing toilets are introduced to new users. In many cases it has been reported that flush toilets were used to grow plants because new users did not get accustomed to using them.
[36] If the storage facility is underground it can be contaminated by groundwater contaminated with effluent or by effluent directly, in case an absorption tank is located nearby.
[37] Burning or, covering with earth are common practice for waste disposal in rural areas. The appropriate alternative will be provided in the JSIF Operation & Maintenance Manual.
-----------------------
Resort Development
Nature-based tourism
Community Tourism
Heritage and Culture Tourism
Sports Tourism
Health Tourism
Agricultural Tourism
Music/Entertainment Tourism
Adventure Tourism
Eco-tourism
Key Environmental Assets which will support sustainable growth include:
✓ High quality coastal and upland landscapes
✓ Rivers and groundwater resources
✓ Prime agricultural land
✓ Extensive forests and wetlands
✓ Beaches, reefs and fish nursery areas
✓ Distinctive cultural heritage of the region
✓
Sub-sectors
Livestock,
Orchard crops
Agro-processing
Condiments
Herbs and spices
Cash crops
Common Problems in Livestock Agriculture
Land degradation
Water pollution
Air-borne pollution (odour- sanitation, cleaning)
Soil erosion
Deforestation
Loss of Biodiversity
Over-grazing
Soil-compaction
[pic]
Strategic Policy and Programmatic guidance & monitoring
a.
•
Project Consultants (hired as needed, e.g. Business Enterprise Officers)
Ministry of Agriculture and RADA provide Extension Services on the ground to projects as per their organizations mandate
Ministry of Tourism and TPDCo provide Technical Services on the ground as per their organizations mandate
Project Assistant
Social and Building Technical Officers (taken from JSIF Pool as needed to assist in appraising projects)
Rural Enterprises Evaluation Committee
Project Manager
JSIF General Manager Technical Services Department
1. Promotion
Re-application
2. Developing Applications
3. Project Application Review
Rejected; or resubmit with information on potential env'l impacts, land requirements and ownership.
4. Project Concept Development & Social Review
5. Screening for Environmental Impacts and Land Requirements
6. Obtain Permit to construct and/or Licence to operate from NEPA (and any permits from other GOJ Agencies)
7. Subproject design and review
8. Subproject Approval
11. Subproject Completion
10. Environmental Management Plan
9. Subproject implementation,
including obtaining NEPA licenses and EMP
12. Evaluation & support for sustained use, operations & maintenance
E2180
[pic]
Project Implementers
Jamaica Social Investment Fund
Ministry of Tourism and related agencies e.g. TPDCo
Ministry of Agriculture and related agencies e.g. RADA
Main Implementing Partners
Tourism Advisor
Agriculture Advisor
Monitoring & Evaluation Officer
Inter-Ministerial Project Steering Committee
(PIOJ, MOT, MOA, JSIF, MOF, OPM, RADA, TPDCo)
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