Juk; 10juk; 10

[Pages:60],uz;lhk; nkhop

jkpo;

Mrpupau; topfhl;b

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,uz;lhk; nkhop

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,uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo; Mrpupau; topfhl;b juk; - 10

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;> k`ufk. ISBN

Kjyhk; gjpg;G : 2015 Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw nkhopfs;> khDltpay;> r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; =yq;fh.

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ii

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; mtu;fspd; nra;jp

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpapy; Gjpa Nju;r;rp ikag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Kjw; fl;lk; 2007 Mk; Mz;L mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUKiw Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; %yk; ,J mwpKfg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. Njrpa kl;lj; Nju;r;rpfis mgptpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpd; mbg;gilapy; Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FOtpd; tpjg;GiufSf;fika mg;NghJ eilKiwapypUe;j cs;slf;fk; rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwik ,jd; %yk; khw;wpaikf;fg;gl;lJ.

Nju;r;rp ikaf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,uz;lhk; fl;l kWrPuikg;ghdJ 2015Mk; Mz;bypUe;J juk; 1> 6> 10 Mfpa tFg;Gf;fSf;F mKy;gLj;jg;glTs;sJ. ,e; Nehf;fj;ij milAk; nghUl;Lj; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Ma;it mbg;gilahff; nfhzl; NgWfisAk; Mut; yuf; Sila gyN; tW MNyhridfisAk; gyjugg; ll; tu; fsplkpUe;Jk; ngw;Wf;nfhz;lJ. mtw;wpd; mbg;gilapy; epahag;gLj;jg;gl;lnjhU nrad;Kiwia mwpKfg;gLj;jpaJld; mjw;fikthd ghlj;jpl;lq;fisAk; Nkw;gb juq;fSf;fhf tpUj;jp nra;Js;sJ.

,ej; epahagg; Ljj; w; nradK; iwapw; fiyjj; pll; kWruP ikgg; pd; NghJ epiyfF; jj; hd xUq;fpizg;G Kiw gad;gLj;jg;gl;L> fPopUe;J Nky;Nehf;fpa mZFKiwapy; midjJ; ghlqf; SfF; khd Njur; r; p kll; qf; s; Kiwikahf tpUjj; p nraa; gg; lL; ss; d. NkYk;>mbg;gil tplaq;fspypUe;J cau; kl;lj;ij Nehf;fpr; nry;Yk; tifapy; mit xOq;FgLj;jg;gl;Lk; cs;sd. ghl cs;slf;fj;jpw; fhzg;gLk; $wpaJ $wy; kw;Wk; ghl cs;slf;fr; Rik vd;gtw;iw ,opepiyf;F ,l;Lr; nry;yTk; khztu; NeakhdJk; eilKiwf;Nfw;wJkhd fiyj;jpl;lnkhd;iw cUthf;Fk; Nehf;fpYk; fpilahd xUq;fpizg;ghdJ gad;gLj;jg;gl;Ls;sJ.

Mrpupau;fSf;Fj; Njitahd topfhl;ly;fis toq;fTk; ghlj;ijj; jpl;lkplTk; fw;gpf;fTk; nraw;ghLfis Kd;ndLf;fTk; mstPL kw;Wk; kjpg;gPLfis Nkw;nfhs;sTk; cjTKfkhf Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; Gjpa tbtikg;G mwpKfgg; Ljj; gg; lL; ss; J. ,t; topfhll; yf; s; Mrpupauf; s; tFgg; iwapy; nkdN; kYk; cw;gj;jpj; jpwDs;sJk; tpisjpwd; kpf;fJkhd tifapw; Jyq;Ftjw;F cjTk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfs; khztu;fsJ Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak; tifapw; ju cs;sPLfisAk; Nkyjpf nraw;ghLfisAk; njupT nra;tjpy; Mrpupau;fSf;Fr; Rjej; puji; j toqf; pAss; J. ,gG; jpa Mrpupau; topfhlb; fs; ghl css; lff; r; Rikia tpLj;J> tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fspd; %yk; ghl cs;slf;fj;ijg; g+uzg; gLj;jpAs;sJ. MfNt> Mrpupau;fs; Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhl;bfisg; gad;gLj;Jk; mNjNtis fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdhw; jahupf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fisAk; nghUj;jkhd tifapw; gad;gLj;Jjy; Ntz;Lk;.

Mrpupau; ikaf; fy;tp KiwikapypUe;J khztu; ikaf; fy;tp Kiwikf;Fj; jskhw;wk; nra;tJk; NtiyAyfpw;F Vw;w tifapw; nghUj;jkhd kdpj tsq;fis tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Njitahd Nju;r;rpfisAk; jpwd;fisAk; ghlrhiyapypUe;J ntspNaWk; khztu;fs; ngw;Wf;nfhs;tjw;Fj; Njitahd nraw;ghL rhu;e;j fy;tp Kiwikia tpUj;jp nra;tJk; Nkw;gb epahag;gLj;jg;gl;l ghlj;jpl;lk; kw;Wk; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapd; Gjpa tbtikg;G vd;gtw;wpd; mbg;gil Nehf;fq;fshFk;.

Gjpa Mrpupau; topfhlb; ia cUthfF; tjpw; gqf; spgG; r; nraj; Njrpa fyt; p epWtfjj; pd; fy;tprhu; mYty;fs; rig kw;Wk; Nguit cWg;gpdu;fSf;Fk; midj;J tsthsu; fSf;Fk; vdJ ed;wpfs; cupj;jhfpd;wd.

gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

i

gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafj;jpd; nra;jp

fw;wy; vd;gJ gue;J tpupe;J nry;tnjhd;whFk;. mJ tho;f;ifia Nkk;gLj;jTk; vspikg;gLj;jTk; ty;yJ. kdpjd; fw;Fk; Mw;wypy; cr;r epiyapy; cs;shd;. kdpj> r%f mgptpUj;jpia ikakhff; nfhz;l xU ehLk; mjd; r%fKk; mwpthww; ypdhy; ,dqf; zl; > epakkww; twi; wf; fistjwF; k.; eyy; twi; wg; gzg; Ljj; pg; Gj;Jyifg; gilg;gjw;fhd fUtpaha; miktJ fy;tpahFk;.

fww; Yff; hfg; ngWkjpkpff; it vitNah mitAk>; fww; y; Kiwapayf; Sk; trjpfSk; fy;tpiar; #o cUthjy; Ntz;Lk;. fiyj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lk;> topfhl;bfs;> trjp nraN; thu; Nghdw; itnayy; hk; ,tt; ifapNyNa fyt; pjJ; iwapw; Nrue; J; nfhsf; pdw; d.

,yqi; f> etPd nryn; ewpfisAk; gzi; la mUQn; ryt; qf; isAk; fyff; r; nraJ; jkJ fy;tpf;Nfhyj;ij cUthf;fpf;nfhz;Ls;sJ. rkfhyj; NjitfSf;fika kWrPuikg;GfspD}lhf vl;L Mz;LfSf;nfhUjlit ,w;iwg;gLj;jg;gLk; fiyjj; pll; jJ; fF; upa xU fww; y; tskhf ,tt; hrpupau; topfhlb; fs; jahupff; gg; Lfpdw; d.

ghlf; Fwpf;Nfhs;fspd; xj;jjd;ikia Njrpa kl;lj;jpy; NgZtJ mtrpakhFk;. vdpDk;> Mrpupau; topfhl;bapw; jug;gl;Ls;s fw;wy; Kiwapay;fs; rw;NwDk; gprfhJ mr;nrhl;lhfg; gad;gLj;Jtjw;Fupitad;W. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nju;r;rpfs;> Nju;r;rp kll; qf; is miltjwf; hfg; ghltplaqf; spd; %yk; fww; w; NgWfis mzk; pgg; jwf; hff; fww; y; Kiwapayf; is Mff; g+ut; khdjhf khww; paikjJ; f; nfhst; jwf; hd Rjej; puk; trjp nra;J nfhLg;NghUf;F cz;L vd;gjpy; Iakpy;iy. khztuJ milTr; rjtPjj;ij caupa kl;lj;jpw;F ,l;Lr; nry;y cjTk; kw;Wk; mjw;fhd trjpfisr; nraJ; nfhLfF; k; MrpupauJ tfpghfjj; pwF; ceJ; jyspgg; jwf; hfj; jahupff; gg; lL; ss; Mrpupau; topfhl;bia Mrpupau;fs; kl;Lkd;wp khztUk; ngw;NwhUk; $l gad;gLj;jyhk;. Fwpj;j ghlj;jpd; ghlE}Yf;Fj; Jizahf mikAk; xU rhjdkhd ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b> kw;WnkhU ghlE}y; md;W vd;gij mwpe;J ghlE}y;> Mrpupau; topfhl;b Mfpa ,uz;ilAk; Mrpupau;fs; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk;.

mej; ej; g; ghljj; pd; milT njhlug; py>; Njrpa epiyg; gulP r; fuf; shy; vjpug; huf; f; gn; gWk; milTfis> khztuf; s; mileJ; ss; duh vdg; J gww; pg; ghlepiwtpy; tFgg; iwapy; trjp nraJ; nfhLgg; tuf; shy; kjpgg; plg; ngWjy; NtzL; k.; fspgg; +ll; jj; ff; nrOikahd gz;ghl;ilf; fl;bnaOg;Gtjw;fhd xU fUtpahf ,t;thrpupau; topfhl;b mika Ntz;Lnkdg; gpuhu;j;jpf;fpd;Nwd;.

gPlhjpgjp> gpujpg; gzpg;ghsu; ehafk; nkhopfs;> khDltpay; kw;Wk; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

iv

mwpKfk;

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mt;tifapy; Kjd;nkhopahfpa jha;nkhop (rpq;fsk; / jkpo;)> ru;tNjr nkhopahfpa Mq;fpyk; vd;gtw;Wld; ,uz;lhk; nkhopiaAk; (jkpo; / rpq;fsk;) fww; y; - fwg; pjj; y; mtrpak; vdg; J Njrpa fyt; pf; nfhsi; fapy; typAWjj; gg; lL; ss; J. ,jdbg;gilapy; jahupf;fg;gl;l juk; - 10 f;fhd " ,uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo"; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;L Kjy; eilKiwf;F tuTs;sJ.

NkYk;> ,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; nkhopj;jpwd;fshd Nfl;ly;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J vd;gtw;wpy; juk; - 10 khztu;fs; mila Ntz;ba Nju;r;rpfs; jPuk; hdpff; gg; lL; > mtwW; ff; hd Njur; r; p kll; qf; s; gbKiwgg; Ljj; pj; jugg; lL; ss; d. Mrpupau;> Nju;r;rp kl;lq;fspd; gbKiw tsu;r;rpiaf; fUj;jpw; nfhz;Lk; nghUj;jkhd fw;gpj;jy; cj;jpfisf; ifahz;Lk; jkJ fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy; nraw;ghLfis Nkw;nfhs;sy; Ntz;Lk;. mj;NjhL jhk; fw;gpf;Fk; tFg;Gf;F Kw;gl;l tFg;Gfspd; ghlj;jpl;lk; gw;wp mwpe;jpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. mJ kl;Lkpd;wp> xt;nthU tFg;Gf;Fk; fw;gpf;Fk;NghJk; Kd;ida tFg;Gg; ghlj;jpl;lq;fSld; njhlu;Ggl;l tplaq;fis kPl;Lg; ghu;g;gJk; mtrpakhFk;.

mjw;fika ",uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo"; ghlj;jpd; Fwpf;Nfhs;fis epiwT nraj; thW Njur; r; pkpff; ,sQ; rej; jpapdiu cUthfF; tjwF; topfhlL; tNj ,ej; Mrpupau; topfhlb; apd; vjpug; hug; g; hFk.; ,eE; }y; njhlug; hf cqf; sJ Mff; g+ut; khd fUjJ; ff; isAk; Kdn; khopTfisAk; vkfF; mDgg; p itfF; khW jaTld; NflL; f; nfhs;fpd;Nwhk;.

gzpg;ghsu; jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

v

tsg; gq;fspg;G

MNyhrid : Nguhrpupau; lgps;A. vk;. mNgauj;d gz;lhu> gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

tz fyhepjp khGs;nfhl Rkzujd Njuu;> gpujp gzpg;ghsu; ehafk;> nkhopfs; khDltpay; r%f tpQ;Qhd gPlk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;.

ghl tpla MNyhrid : fyhepjp =. gpurhe;jd; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> [atu;jdGu gy;fiyf;fofk;> fyhepjp c.etuj;dk; epGzj;Jt MNyhrfu;> [p.I.,]l; nry;tp t.tp[anyl;Rkp gzpg;ghsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw.

,izg;ghf;fk;

: jpUkjp eh.rPjud; rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw. jpU K.jahepjp rpNu\;l tpupTiuahsu;> jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw.

tsg;gq;fspg;G

: jpUkjp g. rghehjd; Mrpupau;> Nkkh/yypj; mj;Jyj;Kjyp fy;Y}up> fy;fp];ir jpU Mu;. rjhj; Mrpupau;> jp/jhUy; cY}k; k.tp. fpz;zpah. jpU rp. fhz;Bgd; mgptpUj;jp cjtpahsu;> fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsk;. nry;tp N[. ghywQ;rdp khfhzf; fy;tp mYtyfk;> Nky; khfhzk;. jpU ngh. mNrhf;Fkhu; Mrpupau;> kkh/E/t/lNyh]; kfh tpj;jpahyak;> clg;Gry;yht. jpU f.rptuh[; Mrpupau;> kkh/E/t/kLy;y kfh tpj;jpahyak;> clg;Gry;yht. nry;tp Nt. khf;fpwpj;jh Mrpupau;> ,e;Jf;fy;Y}up> gk;gyg;gpl;ba.

fzpdpg;gjpg;G : jpUkjp \Pyh =jud;

vi

Mrpupau; topfhlb; iag; gadg; LjJ ; tjwf; hd mwpTWjj; yf; s;

2007 Mk; Mz;L njhlf;fk; ghlrhiyfspy; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; njhFjpg; ghlq;fSs; xd;whf ,Ue;JtUk; ,uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo;g; ghlk; 2015 Mk; Mz;bYk; mjd; gpd;dUk; mNjtpjkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gLk;. 6-11 Me; juq;fSf;fhf thunkhd;Wf;F ,uz;L ghlNtisfs; xJf;fg;gl;Ls;sd. f.ngh.j. rhjhuz jug; gulP i; rapy; 10-11 Mk; juqf; SfF; upa ghljj; pll; qf; is mbgg; ilahff; nfhz;L kjpg;gPl;il elj;j vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

6-11 Mej; uqf; Sff; hf Njur; r; pfis mbgg; ilahff; nfhzl; mZFKiwapd; gb gpujhdkhf Nfl;ly;> Ngr;R> thrpg;G> vOj;J vd;Dk; ehd;F Nju;r;rpfspd; fPo; juk; 10 f;fhd ,uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo;g; ghlf;fiyj;jpl;lk; fl;bnaOg;gg;gl;Ls;sJ. fiyj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;fhf jahupf;fg;gl;Ls;s ,e;j Mrpupau; topfhl;bahdJ ghlj;jpl;lk;> ghlj;jpl;lj;ij eilKiwg;gLj;Jtjw;Fupa mwpTWj;jy;fs; vDk; ,uz;L gFjpfisf; nfhz;like;Js;sJ.

`,uz;lhk; nkhop - jkpo;' ghlj;jpd; %yk; khztuplj;Nj fl;bnaOg;g vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; Nju;r;rpfis tpUj;jp nra;Ak;NghJ ghlq;fSk; mg;ghlq;fisg; gapYtjw;fhfg; gad;gLj;Jk; Kiwapay;fSk; Kf;fpakhdit. ,t; Mrpupau; topfhl;bapy; cs;s nrhw;fsQ;rpak; vd;Dk; gFjp Mrpupau; jkJ fw;wy; fwg; pjj; y; nrawg; hli; l rpwgg; hf Nkwn; fhss; cjtpahf mikAk.; ,tt; hW nrawg; hL rhu;e;j fw;wy; re;ju;g;gq;fisj; jpl;lkpl;L toq;Ftjd; %yk; khztu; ghlq;fisg; gapy;tjw;F topg;gLj;JtNj ,q;F vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

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