Grade 12 Resource Book
[Pages:245]G.C.E. (Advanced Level)
Biology
Grade 12 Resource Book
Department of Science Faculty of Science and Technology
National Institute of Education nie. lk
Resource Book - Gr.12
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
G.C.E. (Advanced Level)
Biology
Grade 12 Resource Book
Department of Science Faculty of Science and Technology
National Institute of Education nie. lk
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
Biology Resource Book
Resource Book -Gr.12
Resource Book - Gr.12
Message from the Director General
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
Dr. (Mrs.) T. A. R. J. Gunasekara
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
Resource Book -Gr.12
Message from the Director
From 2017, a rationalized curriculum is in effect for the G.C.E (A/L) in the education system in Sri Lanka. It means updating the curriculum that was in implementation.
In this effort, revisions were made in the content, form and curricular materials of the G.C.E (A/L) subjects Physics, Chemistry and Biology and in concurrence to that, certain changes in the learning teaching methodology, evaluation and assessment were expected. The volume of the subject matter in the curriculum was largely reduced and several alterations in the learning teaching sequence were also made. A new teachers' hand book was introduced in place of the old curricular material, the teachers' instruction manual.
The teachers' instruction manual contained a line-up of subject matter expected to be learnt but the newly introduced teacher's hand book doesn't accommodate any subject matter. Yet, it provides a guideline for teachers to mould the learning events and for evaluation. Though the teacher's hand book implicitly enunciates the limits of the subject by way of the learning outcomes, the teachers' hand book only is not sufficient to identify holistically the confines of the facts. Thus emerged the need of a resource book which simply describes the subject content. This book comes to you as a result of an attempt to fulfill that requirement.
When implementing the previous curricula, the use of internationally recognized standard textbooks published in English has been an imperative for Advanced Level Science subjects. But, the contradictions of facts related to subject matter and inclusion of material beyond the limits of the local curriculum in them, usage of those books was not an easy task for teachers and students.
This book, offers students an opportunity to study the relevant subject content in the mother tongue within the limits of the local curriculum. It also provides both students and teachers a source of reliable information expected by the curriculum dispensing with seedling information from various print media and extra classes.
This book authored by specialist subject teachers and university lectures is presented to you after the approval of the Academic Affairs Board and the Council of the NIE. Thus it can be recommended as a material of high standard.
Mr. R. S. J. P. Uduporuwa Director Department of Science
Resource Book - Gr.12
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
Guidance
Dr.(Mrs.)T.A.R.J. Gunasekara Director General
National Institute of Education
Supervision
Mr. R.S.J.P. Uduporuwa
Director, Department of Science National Institute of Education
Subject Leadership Miss. P.T.M.K.C. Tennakoon
Assistant Lecturer, Dept. of Science National Institute of Education
Internal Resource Contribution
Mrs. H.M. Mapagunarathna
Senior Lecturer National Institute of Education
Mrs. D.A.H.U. Sumanasekara
Assistant Lecturer National Institute of Education
P. Atchuthan
Assistant Lecturer National Institute of Education
Editorial Panel
Prof. B.G.D.N.K.de Silva - Senior Professor of Molecular Biology, University of Sri Jayawardanepura - (Unit 02,03)
Prof. S. Abeysinghe - Head of the Department, Department of Botnay University of Ruhuna - (Unit 02,03,04)
Prof. S. Hettiarachchi - Senior Professor , Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rajarata - (Unit 02,03,04)
Prof. R.A.S.P. Senanayake - Head of the Department, Department of Botany, University of Kelaniya - (Unit 03,04)
Prof. D.D. Wickramasinghe - Head of the Department, Department of Zoology, University of Colombo- (Unit 02)
Prof. A. Pathirathna - Senior Professor, Department of Zoology and Environmental Managment University of Kelaniya (Unit 05)
Dr.P.L. Hettiarachchi - Senior Lecturer,Department of Biological Sciences, University of Rajarata (Unit 04)
Dr. W.A.M. Daundesekara - Senior Lecturer,Department of Botany, University of Peradeniya-(Unit 04)
Dr. S. Kumburegama - Senior Lecturer, Department of Zoology, University of Peradeniya -(Unit 05)
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
Resource Book -Gr.12
External resource contribution
Mrs.P.H.N. Kulathilake - SLTS-I, Devi Balika Vidyalaya, Colombo 08. Mrs. B. Ganeshadas - SLTS-I, D.S.Senanayake College, Colombo 08 Mrs. P.A.K.Perera - SLTS-I (Rtd),
Mrs. H.L. Hemanatha - SLTS-I ,Royal College, Colombo 07 Mrs. M.S.J. Jayasooriya - SLTS- Ladies College, Colombo 07 Mrs. M.R.P.R Basnayake - SLTS-I (Rtd) , St.Anne's College, Kurunegala
Mr. A. Illaperuma - SLTS-I(Rtd) Mrs. H.A.S.G. Perera - SLTS-I , Sirimawo Bandaranayake College,
Colombo -07 Mrs. A.M.S.D. N. Abeyakoon - SLTS-I (Rtd ), St. Anthony's Girls' College , Kandy
Mrs. S.D.P.Bandara - SLTS-I Rtd), Dharamaraga College, Kandy Mrs. J.A. J.Hanee - SLTS-I Zahira College, Gampola
Mr. W.G. Pathirana - SLTS-I Rahula College, Matara
Mrs. C.V.S. Devotta - SLTS-I ,Dammissara College, Natthandiya Mr. R. Rupasinghum - SLTS-I,
Language Editing Dr. Chandra Amarasekara
Diagrams Mrs. N.R.D. Dahanayake- Teacher, Lyceum International school, Nugegoda
Cover & Type setting Mrs. R. R. K. Pathirana Technical Assitant- NIE
Supporting Staff Mrs.
Resource Book - Gr.12
Content
Message of the Director General, NIE Message of the Director Department of Science , NIE Team of Resource Persons
G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Biology
iii iv v-vi
Unit 01-Introduction to Biology
Nature scope and importance of biology with reference to
01
challenges faced by the mankind
The nature and the organizational patterns of the living world 04
Unit02- Chemical and cellular basis of life
Elemental composition of organisms
07
Physical and chemical properties of water important for life
07
Chemical nature and functions of main organic compounds
of organisms
09
Contribution of microscope to the expansion of knowledge
on cells and cellular organization
22
Historical background of the cell and analyses the
structure and functions of the sub cellular units
24
The cell cycle and the process of cell division
39
The energy relationships in metabolic processes
49
The role of Enzymes in regulating metabolic reactions
51
Photosynthesis as an energy fixing mechanism
58
Cellular respiration as a process of obtaining energy
67
Unit 03-Evolution and diversity of organisms
The theories of origin of life and natural selection to analyze
the process of evolution of life
72
Hierarchy of taxa on scientific basis
77
The diversity of organisms within the Domain Bacteria
82
The diversity of organisms within the kingdom Protista
84
The diversity of organisms within the kingdom Plantae
86
The diversity of organisms within the kingdom Fungi
94
The diversity of organisms within the kingdom Animalia
96
The characteristic features to study organisms belonging to
phylum Chordata
103
Unit 04- Plant form and function
Structure, growth and development of plants
106
plant tissues systems
109
Growth and development process of a plant
115
The shoot architecture and light capture
120
The process of gaseous exchange in plants
121
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