Professional Communication
Communication in the WorkplaceChapter 5.1Grammar MechanicsEssential QuestionHow would communication change without punctuation? Terminal PunctuationPunctuation consists of marks used to show the ____________________ of sentences____________________ readers and helps them understand the meaning of sentences and passagesIndicates ____________________ of words into sentences, clauses, and phrases____________________ punctuation marks are used at the end of a sentenceperiodsquestion marksexclamation pointsTerminal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ is used at the end of a declarative sentenceSignals that the thought has ____________________Provides ____________________ for paragraphsPeriods are used in abbreviationsTerminal Punctuation (continued)Periods are used after numbers and letters in some lists____________________ ____________________ listsTerminal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ is used at the end of an interrogative sentenceSignals that the thought has endedProvides structure to paragraphsCan be used after a word or sentence that expresses strong ____________________Can be part of a sentence that contains a ____________________Teresa asked, “Will the work be finished soon?”Did he say, “The sale will end on Friday”?Terminal Punctuation (continued)An ____________________ is used to express strong emotionat the end of a sentence or after an interjection that stands aloneStop hurting me!Hurrah! This is great.at the end of a ____________________ to show strong emotionWill you ever grow up!can be part of a sentence that contains a ____________________All of the students shouted, “Hooray!”She said, “you are disqualified”!Internal PunctuationInternal punctuation marks are used within a sentencecommasdashesparenthesessemicolonscolonshyphensapostrophesquotation marksInternal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ is used to separate elements in a sentenceto ____________________ items in a seriesApples, pears, or grapes will be on the menu.before a ____________________ conjunctionThe sun rose, and the birds began to sing.after a ____________________ clause at the beginning of a sentenceIf you want to arrive on time, you must leave now.Internal Punctuation (continued)____________________ are used to separatewords or phrases from the rest of a sentenceYes, I will attend the meeting.a nonrestrictive ____________________ word or phrase from the rest of the sentenceThe game, which we lost, was exciting.coordinate ____________________The long, hot summer was finally over.Internal Punctuation (continued)Commas used toseparate words in ____________________ addressEveryone, please sit down.separate elements in ____________________ and ____________________Mail the item to 123 Maple Drive, Columbus, OH 43085.____________________ missing words that can be understood without being repeatedIn Oregon I have six relatives; in Kansas, eight; in Maine, two.Internal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ separates elements in a sentence or signals an abrupt change in thoughtProvides a ____________________ break than a commaMy history teacher—an avid reader—visits the library every week.Signals an ____________________ change in thoughtI thought you would—oh, never mind.Internal Punctuation (continued)____________________ are used to enclose words or phrases that clarify meaning or give added ____________________Please review the table. (The table is in Appendix?A.)____________________ numbers or letters in a list that is part of a sentenceRevise the sentences to correct errors in (1) spelling, (2) punctuation, and (3) capitalization.Nonrestrictive explanatory words or phrases can be separated from the rest of the sentence by commas, dashes, or ____________________Internal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ is used to separatetwo independent clauses that are not joined by a ____________________ conjunctionThe bike ran over a nail; the tire went flat.____________________ items in a series when at least one item in the series already contains commasWe visited Newark, New Jersey; Portland, Maine; Concord, New Hampshire; and New York, New York.Internal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________introduces an element in a sentence or paragraphThe bag contains three items: a book, a pencil, and an apple.used after a phrase, clause, or sentence that introduces a vertical list.Follow these steps: 1. ____________________ the problem. 2. ____________________ to the people involved.Internal Punctuation (continued)Internal Punctuation (continued)An ____________________ is used to form possessive words and contractionsAkeno’s dress was red.Don’t leave until after dinner.Used to ____________________ that letters are omitted from words for brevity or writing styleLeisure suits were in style in the ‘60s.Used in ____________________ the plural of single lowercase lettersThe word Mississippi has four s’s and two p’s.Internal Punctuation (continued)A ____________________ is used to separate parts of compound words, numbers, or rangesCompound words that always have a hyphen are called ____________________ compoundsclose-up voice-overmother-in-lawTemporary compounds are created as needed by the writerCompound adjectives typically have hyphens when they come before the words they modify, but not when they come after themInternal Punctuation (continued)Hyphen usedbetween the ____________________ and the rest of the wordThe all-inclusive report was presented at the meeting.in numbers that are expressed as wordsone-halfforty-threewhen a word is divided at the end of a line of text, a hyphen is used between parts of the wordInternal Punctuation (continued)____________________ are used toenclose short, direct quotes and titles of some artistic or written ____________________“Which color do you want,” he asked.when a sentence with a direct quote often has an explanatory phrase that refers to the person speaking“It’s time to go home, children,” said the teacher.Internal Punctuation (continued)Quotation marks are usedwhen a quote ____________________ another quote, the quote within the quote is enclosed in single quotation marksHe answered, “Niran said, ‘Order shirts for everyone on the team.’”when writing a ____________________, the words of each speaker are enclosed in quotation marksInternal Punctuation (continued)Quotation marks are usedfor ____________________ of shorter works, which may also be part of a larger work, are shown in quotation marks“When and Where” is a favorite episode of Warehouse 13 fans.to enclose words that are meant to show ironyAlthough Connie had the afternoon off, she was too “busy” to help me.Internal Punctuation (continued)Use a grammar checker to locate possible errors in punctuation, capitalization, and word usageProofread and evaluate suggestions given by the grammar checker before accepting the changesInternal Punctuation (continued)Section 5.1 Review1.How do readers benefit from punctuation?2.Give examples of terminal punctuation.3.List seven types of internal punctuation.4.When is an interrogative sentence used?5.Explain how commas are used in a series. ................
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