Introduction



I Parts of Speech

Parts of speech explain how words are used in sentences. There are 9 parts of speech in English and French. Please refer to the table below to see definitions and examples of all of the parts of speech.

|Part of Speech |English Examples |Exemples français |

| | | |

|Noun |The |Le |

|A noun is a word used to name a person, animal, |cat |chat |

|place, thing, or abstract idea. |is |est |

| |black. |noir. |

| | | |

| | | |

| |noun |nom |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Verb |The |Le |

|A verb is a word or phrase that expresses actions, |cat |chat |

|events, or states of being. |is |est |

| |black. |noir. |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |verb |verbe |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Pronoun |He |Il |

|A pronoun is a word that can replace a noun. |is |est |

| |black. |noir. |

| | | |

| |pronoun |pronom |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Adjective |The |Le |

|An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by |cat |chat |

|describing, identifying, or quantifying words. |is |est |

| |black. |noir. |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |adjective |adjectif |

| | | |

| | | |

|Adverb |The |Le |

|An adverb can modify a verb, an adjective, another |cat |chat |

|adverb, a phrase, or a clause. An adverb indicates |runs |court |

|manner, time, place, cause, or degree. |quickly. |vite. |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |adverb |adverbe |

| | | |

| | | |

|Article |The |Le |

|An article is a word like a, an, or the used to |cat |chat |

|signal the presence of a noun. |is |est |

| |black. |noir. |

| | | |

| |article |article |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Preposition |The |Le |

|A preposition links nouns, pronouns and phrases to |cat |chat |

|other words in a sentence. |is |est |

| |under |sous |

| |the |le |

| |bed. |lit. |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |preposition |préposition |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Conjunction |The |Le |

|A conjunction links words, phrases, and clauses. |cat |chat |

| |is |est |

| |black |noir |

| |and |et |

| |white. |blanc. |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |conjunction |conjonction |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Interjection |Oh no, |Oh non, |

|An interjection is a word or phrase added to a |the |le |

|sentence to convey emotion. It is not grammatically |cat |chat |

|related to any other part of the sentence. |bit |m’a |

| |me! |mordu! |

| | | |

| |interjection |interjection |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

Exercise 1: Please identify the correct part of speech for the words underlined in the following sentences.

Example: I love grammar!

A. Noun

B. Verb

C. Adjective

D. Interjection

|1) The students learn a lot. |7) Yannick works studiously. |

|A. Noun |A. Adverb |

|B. Verb |B. Preposition |

|C. Adjective |C. Interjection |

|D. Conjuntion |D. Article |

| | |

| | |

|2) We go to the library to study. |8) Veronica understood everything. |

|A. Noun |A. Noun |

|B. Interjection |B. Verb |

|C. Conjunction |C. Pronoun |

|D. Preposition |D. Adjective |

| | |

| | |

|3) The exercise is very easy. |9) They did not understand the question. |

|A. Verb |A. Noun |

|B. Adverb |B. Verb |

|C. Article |C. Pronoun |

|D. Preposition |D. Adverb |

| | |

| | |

|4) Wow, grammar is simple! |10) Caitlin is very clever. |

|A. Adjective |A. Noun |

|B. Interjection |B. Verb |

|C. Adverb |C. Preposition |

|D. Preposition |D. Adjective |

| | |

| | |

|5) Mary finished all her homework, but she didn’t study for the test. |11) Catherine did not go to the party because she had too much |

|A. Conjunction |homework. |

|B. Interjection |A. Noun |

|C. Adverb |B. Verb |

|D. Adjective |C. Conjunction |

| |D. Adjective |

| | |

|6) Mme Nyamugusha is a teacher. | |

|A. Conjunction |12) Good job! You finished the first exercise! |

|B. Article |A. Noun |

|C. Adjective |B. Verb |

|D. Noun |C. Preposition |

| |D. Adjective |

II Parts of Sentences

A. Introduction

Frances Peck, of the University of Ottawa, explains the subtle difference between the parts of the sentence and the parts of speech far better than I could. Here’s what he says:

The parts of the sentence are a set of terms for describing how people construct sentences from smaller pieces. There is not a direct correspondence between the parts of the sentence and the parts of speech -- the subject of a sentence, for example, could be a noun, a pronoun, or even an entire phrase or clause. Like the parts of speech, however, the parts of the sentence form part of the basic vocabulary of grammar, and it is important that you take some time to learn and understand them.[i]

How important is it that you learn and understand the basic vocabulary of grammar? I would put it somewhere between getting caught up with the episodes you missed of Gossip Girl and establishing world peace.

(somewhere)

direct object

|You |learn |and |understand |the |basic |vocabulary |of |grammar. |

|pronoun|verb |conjunc|verb |article|adjective|noun |preposi|noun |

| | |tion | | | | |tion | |

subject predicate

None of the activities illustrated above are mutually exclusive. You can probably complete the following activities while watching Gossip Girl and the world would undoubtedly be a more peaceful place if we all spent time learning the basic vocabulary of grammar and/or following CW series instead of fighting.

* I find this show ridiculous but I cannot go without it! (s’en passer = to do without)

Please take a few minutes to read over the table below before proceeding to exercise 2.

|Parts of the Sentence |English Examples |Exemples français |

| | | |

|Subject |The cat |Le chat |

|The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is |is |est |

|about and is represented by a noun, a pronoun, a |black. |noir. |

|noun phrase or a noun substitute. | | |

| |subject |sujet |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| | | |

|Predicate |The cat |Le chat |

|The predicate tells something about the subject |is black. |est noir. |

|and ALWAYS includes the verb. | | |

| | | |

| |predicate |prédicat |

| | | |

| | | |

|Direct Object |The |Le |

|The direct object is a word or group of words |cat |chat |

|representing the person or thing upon which the |hunted |a chassé |

|verb acts directly. In English, the direct object|the mouse. |la souris. |

|generally comes after the verb, without a | | |

|preposition | | |

| | | |

| | | |

| |direct object |Objet direct |

| | | |

| | | |

|Indirect Object |He |Il |

|The indirect object is a word or group of words |gave |a donné |

|representing a person or a thing affected |the mouse |la souris |

|indirectly by the action of the verb. In French,|to |à |

|the indirect object is always preceded by a |Marie. |Marie. |

|preposition when it follows the verb. | | |

| |subject |sujet |

| |verb |verbe |

| |direct object |objet direct |

| |preposition |préposition |

| |indirect object |objet indirect |

| | | |

| | | |

|Phrase |…under the table… |…sous la table… |

|A phrase is a group of two or more grammatically | | |

|linked words without a subject and a predicate. | | |

| |phrase |phrase |

| | | |

| | | |

|Clause |subject |sujet |

|A clause is a collection of grammatically-related| | |

|words including a predicate and a subject. All |predicate |prédicat |

|sentences are made up of at least one clause. | | |

| |The cat |Le chat |

| |is under the table. |est sous la table. |

| | | |

| | | |

| |clause |clause |

| | | |

* Darn it! There is a cat under this table! (“Darn it!” is a good example of an

interjection.)

Exercise 2: Please identify the function of the underlined words in the following sentences.

Example: I love grammar!

A. Subject

B. Predicate

C. Phrase

D. Indirect Object

|1) The students find this exercise easy. |7) The students, especially those who do not like cats, are becoming |

|A. Subject |increasingly bored. |

|B. Predicate |A. Subject |

|C. Direct Object |B. Predicate |

|D. Indirect Object |C. Direct Object |

| |D. Indirect Object |

| | |

|2) Larissa gave her homework to the teacher. | |

|A. Subject |8) Nitya remembered the grammar terms. |

|B. Predicate |A. Subject |

|C. Direct Object |B. Direct Object |

|D. Indirect Object |C. Indirect Object |

| |D. Clause |

| | |

|3) The cat fell asleep on top of the radiator. | |

|A. Direct Object |9) I wish he were here. |

|B. Phrase |A. Subject |

|C. Clause |B. Indirect Object |

|D. Predicate |C. Clause |

| |D. Phrase |

| | |

|4) I do not disturb the cat when he falls asleep on top of the | |

|radiator. |10) Anna-Leah wrote a long email to her friend in French. |

|A. Subject |A. Subject |

|B. Phrase |B. Predicate |

|C. Clause |C. Direct Object |

|D. Indirect object |D. Indirect Object |

| | |

| | |

|5) The cat chased and caught the mouse. |11) I would not be sad if I never wrote another grammar exercise. |

|A. Predicate |A. Phrase |

|B. Clause |B. Direct Object |

|C. Direct Object |C. Indirect Object |

|D. Indirect Object |D. Clause |

| | |

| | |

|6) The cat brought me the nearly-dead mouse. |12) Congratulations! You finished the second exercise! |

|A. Subject |A. Subject |

|B. Phrase |B. Predicate |

|C. Direct Object |C. Clause |

|D. Indirect Object |D. Phrase |

III Tense, Aspect, and Mood

A. Introduction

Verbs can be conjugated according to a mixture of three different categories: tense, aspect, and mood. Understanding the differences and relationships between these categories can be interesting, but it is not, in my opinion, particularly helpful in mastering French verb conjugations. Indeed, according to none other than the source for all knowledge, Wikipedia: “in general parlance, all combinations of aspects, moods, and tenses are often referred to as ‘tenses.’”[ii] For simplicity’s sake, I will, in the following exercises, refer to all tenses, aspects and moods simply as tenses.

If you are interested in understanding the differences between tense, aspect, and mood, please turn to the explanation provided by the University of Texas at Austin at the following URL: . You can also read the article on Wikipedia, to get a better sense of the debate and incertitude surrounding some of these terms. Wikipedia also contains a nifty table illustrating the tenses throughout several Indo-European and Finno-Ugric languages.

What I want you to understand is how different verb tenses work together to form a symmetrical, predictable, beautiful network. No verb tense is isolated. I repeat: NO VERB TENSE IS ISOLATED! All tenses fit into a system.

B. The Verb Tense Family Tree

On the following page, I have created a sort of family tree to illustrate how the 11 major French Verb Tenses, the présent, the passé composé, the imparfait, the future simple, the imperative, the subjonctif présent, the plus-que-parfait, the conditionnel présent, the subjonctif passé, the futur antérieur, and the conditionnel passé* relate to each other. For example, as you will see in the family tree, the imparfait and the future simple tenses are the “parents” of the conditionnel présent tense. The future simple and the passé composé combine to form the future antérieur. As the family tree illustrates, all tenses are linked to other tenses.

After you have taken a few minutes to read over the family tree, please turn to exercise 3 in which you will be filling out blank verb tense family trees.

*Armadillos are solitary animals that do not share their burrows with other adults. Dickman, Christopher R. (1984). Macdonald, D.. ed.. The Encyclopedia of Mammals. New York: Facts on File. pp. 781–783.

**I have left the passé simple off of this tree for two reasons. First, students are no longer expected to know how to form it, even at Yale. Second, I’m working with only 8.5’’ X 11’’ paper. There really wasn’t room for any extra information.

| |

[pic]

-----------------------

[i]

[ii]

-----------------------

|Le passé composé |

|present auxiliary verb + past participle |

| |ai vendu | |

|j’ | | |

| |as vendu | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |avez vendu | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I sold; I have sold; I did sell |

|L’imparfait |

|present of nous – ons + imparfait endings |

| | | |

|je | | |

| |vendais | |

|tu | | |

| |vendait | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |vendiez | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I was selling* (Not an exact translation) |

|Le subjonctif présent |

|Enfant du présent et de l’imparfait |

|Subjunctive stem + present endings of |

|regular er verbs |

| |vende | |

|je | | |

| |vendes | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|Subjunctive stem + imperfect endings |

| |vendions | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

|I fear lest he sell* (Used rarely in Eng.) |

|Le subjonctif passé |

|Enfant du subjonctif présent et du passé composé |

|Present subjunctive auxiliary verb + past participle |

| |aie vendu | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |ait vendu | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |ayez vendu | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|No exact translation exists in modern English |

|Le future antérieur |

|Enfant du futur simple et du passé composé |

|Simple future auxiliary + past participle |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| |auras vendu | |

|tu | | |

| |aura vendu | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |aurez vendu | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will have sold |

|Le conditionnel passé |

|Enfant du conditionnel présent et du passé |

|composé |

|Present cond. auxiliary + past participle |

| |aurais vendu | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |aurions vendu | |

|nous | | |

| |auriez vendu | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would have sold |

|Le plus-que-parfait |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du passé composé |

|imperfect auxiliary + past participle |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |avait vendu | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |avions vendu | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |avaient vendu | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I had talked |

|Le conditionnel présent |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du futur simple |

|Future stem + imperfect endings |

| |vendrais | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |vendrait | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |vendriez | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would sell |

|Le futur simple |

|futur stem + present endings of avoir |

| |vendrai | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |vendra | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |vendront | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will sell |

Verb: vendre (to sell)

|Le présent |

| |vends | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |vendons | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |vendent | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I sell; I am selling; I do sell |

Spectrum of Importance

Was it a boy or a girl?

Je trouve cette émission ridicule, mais je ne peux pas m’en passer !*

Zut alors! Il y a un chat sous cette table!*

An armadillo that is not Tex but is still kind of cute

Unlike verb tenses, most armadillos are isolated.*

|Le passé composé |

|present auxiliary verb + past participle |

| |ai parlé |

|j’ | |

| |as parlé |

|tu | |

| |a parlé |

|il/elle/on | |

| |avons parlé |

|nous | |

| |avez parlé |

|vous | |

| |ont parlé |

|ils/elles | |

|I talked; I have talked; I did talk |

|L’imparfait |

|present of nous – ons + imparfait endings |

| |parlais |

|je | |

| |parlais |

|tu | |

| |parlait |

|il/elle/on | |

| |parlions |

|nous | |

| |parliez |

|vous | |

| |parlaient |

|ils/elles | |

|I was talking* (Not an exact translation) |

|Le subjonctif présent |

|Enfant du présent et de l’imparfait |

|Subjunctive stem + present endings of |

|regular er verbs |

| |parle |

|je | |

| |parles |

|tu | |

| |parle |

|il/elle/on | |

| |parlent |

|ils/elles | |

|Subjunctive stem + imperfect endings |

| |parliez |

|vous | |

| |parlions |

|nous | |

|I fear lest he talk.* (Used rarely in Eng.) |

|Le subjonctif passé |

|Enfant du subjonctif présent et du passé composé |

|Present subjunctive auxiliary verb + past participle |

| |aie parlé |

|j’ | |

| |aies parlé |

|tu | |

| |ait parlé |

|il/elle/on | |

| |ayons parlé |

|nous | |

| |ayez parlé |

|vous | |

| |aient parlé |

|ils/elles | |

|No exact translation exists in modern English |

|Le future antérieur |

|Enfant du futur simple et du passé composé |

|Simple future auxiliary + past participle |

| |aurai parlé |

|j’ | |

| |auras parlé |

|tu | |

| |aura parlé |

|il/elle/on | |

| |aurons parlé |

|nous | |

| |aurez parlé |

|vous | |

| |auront parlé |

|ils/elles | |

|I will have talked |

|Le conditionnel passé |

|Enfant du conditionnel présent et du passé |

|composé |

|Present cond. auxiliary + past participle |

| |aurais parlé |

|j’ | |

| |aurais parlé |

|tu | |

| |aurait parlé |

|il/elle/on | |

| |aurions parlé |

|nous | |

| |auriez parlé |

|vous | |

| |auraient parlé |

|ils/elles | |

|I would have talked |

|Le plus-que-parfait |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du passé composé |

|imperfect auxiliary + past participle |

| |avais parlé |

|j’ | |

| |avais parlé |

|tu | |

| |avait parlé |

|il/elle/on | |

| |avions parlé |

|nous | |

| |aviez parlé |

|vous | |

| |avaient parlé |

|ils/elles | |

|I had talked |

|Le conditionnel présent |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du futur simple |

|Future stem + imperfect endings |

| |parlerais |

|je | |

| |parlerais |

|tu | |

| |parlerait |

|il/elle/on | |

| |parlerions |

|nous | |

| |parleriez |

|vous | |

| |parleraient |

|ils/elles | |

|I would talk |

|Le futur simple |

|futur stem + present endings of avoir |

| |parlerai |

|je | |

| |parleras |

|tu | |

| |parlera |

|il/elle/on | |

| |parlerons |

|nous | |

| |parlerez |

|vous | |

| |parleront |

|ils/elles | |

|I will talk |

Verb: parler

|Le présent |

| |parle |

|je | |

| |parles |

|tu | |

| |parle |

|il/elle/on | |

| |parlons |

|nous | |

| |parlez |

|vous | |

| |parlent |

|ils/elles | |

|I talk; I am talking; I do talk |

|L’impératif |

|Enfant du présent et de ?? |

|Présent of tu, vous, & nous for regular verbs* |

|*Drop the « s » for the tu form of –er verbs |

| |

|Parle! |

| |

|Parlez! |

| |

|Parlons! |

|Talk! (informal) Talk ! (formal) Let’s talk ! |

|L’impératif |

|Enfant du présent et de ?? |

|Présent of tu, vous, & nous for regular verbs* |

|*Drop the « s » for the tu form of –er verbs |

| | |

| | |

|Vendez! | |

| | |

|Sell! (informal; Sell! (formal); Let’s sell! |

Exercise 3: Please complete filling out the following French Verb Tense Family Trees

|Le passé composé |

|present auxiliary verb + past participle |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| |as fini | |

|tu | | |

| |a fini | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |avez fini | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I finished; I have finished; I did finish |

|Le passé composé |

|present auxiliary verb + past participle |

| | | |

|je | | |

| |es allé(e) | |

|tu | | |

| |est allé(e) | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |sommes allé(e)s | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I went; I have gone; I did go |

|L’imparfait |

|present of nous – ons + imparfait endings |

| |allais | |

|j’ | | |

| |allais | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |allions | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I was going* (Not an exact translation) |

|Le subjonctif présent |

|Enfant du présent et de l’imparfait |

|Subjunctive stem + present endings of |

|regular er verbs |

| |aille | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |aille | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|Subjunctive stem + imperfect endings |

| |allions | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

|I fear lest he go.* (Used rarely in Eng.) |

|Le subjonctif passé |

|Enfant du subjonctif présent et du passé composé |

|Present subjunctive auxiliary verb + past participle |

| | | |

|je | | |

| |sois allé(e) | |

|tu | | |

| |soit allé(e) | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |soyez allé(e)(s) | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|No exact translation exists in modern English |

|Le future antérieur |

|Enfant du futur simple et du passé composé |

|Simple future auxiliary + past participle |

| |serai allé(e) | |

|je | | |

| |seras allé(e) | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |serons allé(e)s | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will have gone |

|Le conditionnel passé |

|Enfant du conditionnel présent et du passé |

|composé |

|Present cond. auxiliary + past participle |

| |serais allé(e) | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |serait allé(e) | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |seriez allé(e)(s) | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would have gone |

|Le plus-que-parfait |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du passé composé |

|imperfect auxiliary + past participle |

| |étais allé(e) | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |était allé(e) | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |étaient allé(e)s | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I had gone |

|Le conditionnel présent |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du futur simple |

|Future stem + imperfect endings |

| |irais | |

|j’ | | |

| |irais | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |iriez | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would go |

|Le futur simple |

|futur stem + present endings of avoir |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| |iras | |

|tu | | |

| |ira | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |iront | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will go |

Verb: aller

|Le présent |

| |vais | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |va | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |vont | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I go; I am going; I do go |

|L’impératif |

|Enfant du présent et de ?? |

|Présent of tu, vous, & nous for regular verbs* |

|*Drop the « s » for the tu form of –er verbs |

| | |

|Vas-y! | |

| | |

|Allez-y! | |

| | |

|Allons-y! | |

|Talk! (informal; Talk ! (formal); Let’s talk ! |

|L’imparfait |

|present of nous – ons + imparfait endings |

| |finissais | |

|je | | |

| |finissais | |

|tu | | |

| |finissait | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I was finishing* (Not an exact translation) |

|Le subjonctif présent |

|Enfant du présent et de l’imparfait |

|Subjunctive stem + present endings of |

|regular er verbs |

| |finisse | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |finisse | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|Subjunctive stem + imperfect endings |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |finissiez | |

|vous | | |

|I fear lest he finish.* (Used rarely in |

|Eng.) |

|Le subjonctif passé |

|Enfant du subjonctif présent et du passé composé |

|Present subjunctive auxiliary verb + past participle |

| |aie fini | |

|j’ | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |ait fini | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |ayez fini | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|No exact translation exists in modern English |

|Le future antérieur |

|Enfant du futur simple et du passé composé |

|Simple future auxiliary + past participle |

| |aurai fini | |

|j’ | | |

| |auras fini | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |auront fini | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will have finished |

|Le conditionnel passé |

|Enfant du conditionnel présent et du passé |

|composé |

|Present cond. auxiliary + past participle |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| |aurais fini | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |aurions fini | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |auraient fini | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would have finished |

|Le plus-que-parfait |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du passé composé |

|imperfect auxiliary + past participle |

| | | |

|j’ | | |

| |avais fini | |

|tu | | |

| |avait fini | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| |avaient fini | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I had finished |

|Le conditionnel présent |

|Enfant de l’imparfait et du futur simple |

|Future stem + imperfect endings |

| |finirais | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |finirait | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| | | |

|nous | | |

| |finiriez | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I would finish |

|Le futur simple |

|futur stem + present endings of avoir |

| | | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| | | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |finirons | |

|nous | | |

| |finirez | |

|vous | | |

| |finiront | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I will finish |

Verb: finir

|Le présent |

| |finis | |

|je | | |

| | | |

|tu | | |

| |finit | |

|il/elle/on | | |

| |finissons | |

|nous | | |

| | | |

|vous | | |

| | | |

|ils/elles | | |

|I finish; I am finishing; I do finish |

|L’impératif |

|Enfant du présent et de ?? |

|Présent of tu, vous, & nous for regular verbs* |

|*Drop the « s » for the tu form of –er verbs |

| | |

|Finis! | |

| | |

| | |

|Finissons! | |

|Finish! (informal) Finish! (formal) Let’s finish ! |

© Jessica Nyamugusha for

© Jessica Nyamugusha for

© Jessica Nyamugusha for

© Jessica Nyamugusha for

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