In general many people who are of gay or lesbian ...



Movement, Gains, and Challenges

Summary of Stonewall: The Riots That Sparked the Gay Revolution by David Carter

The Stonewall Riots began early the morning of June 28, 1969 during a police raid of the popular and mob-run gay bar, the Stonewall Inn. The riots and protests continued, off and on, for three days in Greenwich Village, New York City, and set off a new gay rights movement. Organizations such as the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) and the Gay Activists Alliance (GAA) were founded soon after to fight for gay civil and human rights (p 1-2).

This book is split into three sections, the first focuses on the gay movement pre-Stonewall and the events leading up to the raid and riots, the second on the events of the six days of rioting and protesting, and the third on the post-Stonewall Gay Liberation Movement. It follows the narratives of over 100 people, including both police and the Stonewall patrons.

The motivations for the police raid on the Stonewall Inn, rather than one of the many other gay bars in Greenwich Village were numerous—it was a Mafia owned gay bar in which it was common knowledge that acid and marijuana were abundantly available and in which underage drinking was prevalent, there were connections to the blackmail of New York Stock Exchange employees, and health codes were not met (i.e. no running water = the spread of hepatitis; fire hazards abounded, lack of liquor license, etc.) (129-136). The “intended original targets [were] the Stonewall Inn’s owners and employees” (141).

The raid started at approximately 1:20am on the morning of Saturday, June 28, 1969 (137). There were undercover police women already inside the bar, primarily for the purpose of making positive identifications of the customers and staff of the bar and the events of the raid. While the “intended targets” were the operators of the establishment, the resistance of the patrons that evening was cause enough for the police force to arrest several transvestites that evening. When the remaining patrons were released, they did not disperse, as was the usual way of things in these types of raids, but instead grouped outside to watch the events unfold (137-143). There was a high level of discontent in the gay community, due to the increased frequency of gay club raids and the “destruction of their lovers’ lane” (143).

When the police decided to start loading their prisoners and evidence a scuffle broke out between a drag queen and a police officer after she “smacked the officer over the head with her purse” (148) and he responded by “clubbing her”. The crowd responded by beating the paddy wagon and threatening to overturn it. Word spread through the streets. The gathering crowd turned into a riot with the advent of a lesbian fighting back as the police arrested her and the subsequent fight between her and four officers. Her cry of “Why don’t you guys do something?” incited the crowd to riot (149-152).

The riots continued—three separate occurrences between that Friday night and the following Wednesday night and sparked the Gay Rights Movement.

Summary of “What A Difference a Decade Makes” by Kara S. Suffredini

-1972: East Lansing, Michigan, passed the first law in the US prohibiting discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation.

-1974: Bella Abzug (D-NY) introduced the first federal gay rights bill in the House of Representatives. This bill would have prohibited discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation in public accommodations, federally-assisted programs, public facilities, sale and rental of private housing, private employment, and education. Failed

-1975: Minneapolis, Minnesota, passed the first law prohibiting anti-transgender discrimination.

-1979: Senator Paul Tsongas (D-MA) introduced a bill in the senate that would have prohibited sexual orientation discrimination solely in employment. Failed

-1994: Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) was introduced in congress. Almost passed in 1996 in the senate with a 49-50 vote, but failed to pass in the House of Representatives.

-1998: Bill Clinton issued Executive Order 13087, prohibiting discrimination in federal civilian employment on the basis of sexual orientation.

-50% or statewide sexual orientation nondiscrimination laws were passed in the last 10 years.

-80% of the statewide transgender nondiscrimination laws were passed in the last 10 years.

-Transgender nondiscrimination laws have increased 500% in the last 5 years.

“Since the passage of the first laws banning sexual orientation and anti-transgender discrimination, opponents of such laws have lashed back with many successful efforts to prevent or repeal them.” (P 21)

“Opponents of nondiscrimination laws often characterize them as creating special rights for LGBT people, but the language of these laws protect everyone. Nondiscrimination laws prohibit discrimination on the basis of ‘real or perceived’ sexual orientation or gender identity or expression.” (P 19)

Summary of “Homosexuality” Contexts vo2, iss2 (Spring 2003) p. 58

The homosexuality article shows the growing acceptance of same sex relations. This includes same sex marriages, homosexual couples adopting children, and an overall acceptance and familiarity with the idea. The graph in this article displays the decrease in the number of Americans that oppose homosexual relations between 1972 and the year 2000. This graph was conducted using the percentages from polls taken in America about the subject. A poll in 2000 found that about 55% of Americans oppose same sex marriage, and then in May of 2002 51% of Americans oppose homosexual civil union. Another example is a general social survey that was taken in 1990 that show 76% of Americans believe that homosexual relations were always wrong. The same survey later taken in 2000 showed a decrease to 59% of Americans that oppose this lifestyle choice. In conclusion there is proof thru surveys and polls that Americans are becoming more familiar and more accepting of homosexual lifestyles and the number of people who object is continually declining.

Summary of “Gay and Lesbian Movements in the United States” by Steven Epstein

-The movement definition: the formation of durable organizations and community groups that promote a liberal agenda of equal rights and inclusion, premised on a conception of gay men and lesbians as a clearly demarcated social group with a fixed, ethnic like identity

-Internal debates: 1. debates of identity and difference, 2. debates of desire, 3. public/private debates.

-Harry Hay, 1st political actor 1951. Mattachine + SF’s Daughters of Bilitis (DOB) form homophile politics from 50’s to 60’s. Frame homosexuals as distinct minority group. Unsuccessful by 1960 w/ laws against homosexual sexual practices in all 50 states.

-60’s political movement focus: privacy in the bedroom

-70’s built national organizations, failed to gain national party support (Carter ’76). Emergence of lesbian feminist.

-Groups within movement split, lose center of focus.

-AIDS crisis – Moral Majority, w/ Reagan & Bush Sr. Media labeled it as “gay disease”. Challenged gay community

-80’s, new political groups GLAAD.

-Polls show drop in majority of people who oppose homosexuality, possibly because of more contact than before.

Social Movements Organizations and Their Antagonists in the 1990’s

Gay politics in the 1990’s were “inflected by the tension between essentialist conceptions of gay identity and culture and challenges to that model” including the “possible discovery of a ‘gay brain’ or a ‘gay gene’” and gay-consumer targeted products (64-65).

Gay and lesbian politics radically branched out at this point; this “diversification” had three primary aspects:

1. “racial politics”

2. a “debate over sexual expression and mores”

3. and a parting of ways between the Left and Right of the gay movement (65)

During this period, many new gay activist groups were formed around minorities, such as the Latino/a Lesbian and Gay Organization and the Black Lesbian and Gay Leadership Forum. These groups and other contributed to the “radicalization of the movement” and helped promote “social change” (65-66)

More conservative sectors of the gay and lesbian community thought that the movement and events held was becoming “too sexual” and pushed for more “family oriented” celebrations of pride (66).

Ideas of sexuality were being challenged through organizations such as Sex Panic! to challenge “sex-negative” and “sex-phobic tendencies” (66). This led to the questioning of norms—what is a normal gay? And should the group leave behind the less respectable element in their push for “legitmation” (67)?

A gay Right emerged in the Log Cabin Republicans, a “home for mainstream gay and lesbian Americans who…care deeply about equality [and] hold Republican views on crime, fiscal responsibility and foreign policy”—they had trouble finding willing Republicans to accept donations from the group (67). Their Center and Left foils are the Human Rights Campaign and the National Gay and Lesbian Task Force, respectively (67).

The 1990’s were a trying time for the gay movement in the fight to repeal gay rights ordinances and in the struggle to defeat new anti-gay initiatives. Oregon successfully battled such initiatives in 1993 and 1994 (68). Marches for gay rights succeeded in bringing issues to the forefront, although they appeared to have little lasting effect (68-69).

Clinton appeared as though he would be good for gay rights, with openly gay staffers, and, when elected, his administration. His promises to end discrimination against gays in the military deflated under pressure of “political opposition” (69-70).

Gay marriage, another hot topic of the 90’s, as well as today, had ups and downs with the legalization of gay marriage in Hawaii and the subsequent backlash from conservatives (70-71).

November of 1997 was historic for the movement—President Clinton accepted and invitation to speak for the Human Rights Campaign fundraising dinner. This was the first time a President ever spoke at a gay/lesbian civil rights organization (71-72).

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Sub Topic-Same Sex Marriage

Gay marriage is a highly debated subject within the LGBT movement, and while some people support the idea of marriage equality, other people are strongly against this idea. Obviously one would assume that right wing conservatives and religious fanatics are those who make up the opposition but they are not the only ones who oppose same sex marriage, surprisingly there are those within the LGBT movement who do not support it either.

Same Sex Marriage is the legal union between two people of the same sex and is legal in Belgium, Spain, Canada, the Netherlands and in the state of

Massachusetts . Same Sex Marriage is not just a means of declaring ones love and

devotion for ones partner but also comes with a lot of benefits that the

“traditional” married couple is given without hesitation. The U.S government

grants these rights to legally married couples: Access to Military Stores,

Assumption of Spouses Pension, Bereavement Leave, Immigration, Insurance Breaks,

Medical Decisions on Behalf of Partner, Sick Leave to Care for Partner, Social

Security Survivor Benefits, Tax Breaks, Veteran’s Discounts, and Visitation of

Partner In Hospital or Prison. There are also state level benefits that are

applied within the United States such as assumption of spouse’s pension,

automatic inheritance , child custody, divorce protections, domestic violence

protection, joint bankruptcy, certain property rights and many others .

Unfortunately, same sex partners are only offered these natural rights in

certain countries and states and there are many applied requirements and

restrictions such as residency. Alternatively some states allow same sex

partners to engage in what is known as a “civil union”(Vermont & Connecticut),

or “domestic partnership”(California) sadly these alternatives only grant same

sex couples to a small fraction of what legally married heterosexual couples

are given by the government . For instance same sex couples are not granted the

right of representation in every state, and because the

federal government does not acknowledge the civil union they have trouble when

filing taxes, applying for public benefits. Also it creates issues within social

security, sponsorship of a immigrating partner or the right to take leave from

work to care for a family member. As one can clearly see, gays do not have equal

protections or rights that are guaranteed and clearly stated in the U.S.

constitution. “Creating Equal access to marriage is the only fair way to ensure

equality for gay and straight couples alike.”_.

Why is Gay marriage such a controversy? First of all, those that oppose gay

marriage give strange explanations of their opposition, such as “gay

relationships are against god and are immoral” , “marriage is for the purpose of

procreation” , or “Same sex marriages threaten the institution of marriage and

its sacredness” Where all of these statements can be easily countered. First of

all, there is a supposed legal separation of church and state within the Us

Government, there for morality and or religion can not be brought into the

argument . Also, many of these religious fanatics seem to be selective in their

practice of following the bible where it also states that touching the skin of a

dead pig is unclean and a sin Lev. 11:6-8. I’m more than positive that over

half of the people who believe that homosexual activity is a sin against god

have played with a football or eaten bacon and eggs for breakfast. Obviously

things have changed since the bible has been written, society does not lock

a woman up when she is on her period Lev. 15:19-24. Nor is it legal or

acceptable to own slaves as long as they are from a neighboring country Lev

25:44. “The purpose of marriage is procreation” What about women who are

infertile ? Or men with vasectomy’s ? Do we deny them the right to get married?

Then we have the argument the marriage is sacred, well what about the drive-thru

Las Vegas chapels made for convenience not sacredness or Brittney Spears spur of

the moment wedding? Or the steadily rising divorce rates? Doesn’t that

completely destroy the sacramental aspect of marriage? How will allowing a

devoted and loving couple the human right to be legally and respectfully bound

further desecrate the blessed right of marriage? The answer is, it won’t.

Shockingly the right wing conservatives and the religious fanatics are not

the only people who oppose same sex marriage many would be surprised to learn

that there are those within the LGBT that oppose same sex marriage also. Mr.

Bill Dobbs a gay man who revels in the days of large gay communities and close

ties feels that attention surrounding the gay rights movement should be focused

elsewhere such as on the aids epidemic or the poverty crisis amongst gays. Mr.

Dobbs like many others also feels the fight for gay marriage seems to be a

uphill and tiring battle, and almost an idea forced on the gay community.

Another issue addressed by the opposition is that gay marriage seems more like

a submission to ‘normalcy” where being LGBT is not still seen as a conventional

lifestyle to all.

a website the focuses on the broader concept of marriage

communicates that in order to tackle equality in marriage for the LGBT

community we must first form alliances with other groups who deserve the equal

opportunity to be legally recognized as well. notes that all

families deserve recognition regardless of marriage, they should have the access

to the same legal and economic privileges that are given to married couples

regardless of sexual basis. There are many different kinds of families and

households such as blended families and extended families, single parent

households , adult children living with and care giving for their elderly

parents and many other types of households. also focuses on

the need for separation of church and state involving all matters including

legal recognition. It also addresses the need for freedom involving state

regulation of sexual choice, identity and expression.

Same Sex Marriage is also used as a political wedge between the different

political parties , their opposition and strong feelings toward the subject

define their party and create issue to win or lose with depending on ones

current standing.Parties of Liberals and Democrats are using this issue and the

?

potential for legislation involving Constitutional amendments to change its

current standing and definition while conservatives and republicans are doing

the exact opposite, trying to ban gay marriage completely. Currently the Defense

of Marriage Act is still in play and has been since 1996 which Prevents the

courts from using the Constitution to bring same-sex marriage to states that

have rejected it. This creates a hot button topic for politically parties and

until same sex marriage is completely illegal or legalized everywhere it will

continue to play a huge role in politics and society in general.

Overall Same sex marriage holds a lot of controversy and will continue to be

debated throughout the LGBT movement. Although we can conclude that those

involved in the LGBT movement whatever their position be regarding same sex

marriage feel they are supporting the right principle.

Transgender

In general many people who are of gay or lesbian orientation are discriminated against, as for those who are transgender, they face even a higher level of discrimination. The transgender population is on a revolutionary brink. Many people are unable to understand people that are transgender or wish to make the change to a different sex due to the little education people receive about this subject. Even from the time one is born into the world they are readily made identifiable by their sexual orientation, however for some this is troubling because they are not given any choice. One individual named Leslie Feinberg, who was discriminated upon being transgender, was not even able to receive help from a hospital because she was judged upon his non-gender specific genitals. She emphasizes that a trans person faces hardship throughout their life, whether it be denial as a child or social punishment from going outside suppressive social norms. Even as male or female, one’s choices are “sharply curtailed,” by the restrictions of your sex. Feinberg points out that many males and females do not fit the “cramped compartments of gender” and that not everything should be considered as either more masculine or more feminine. Doctors are even able to determine a babies sex if their “clitoris is “too large” or their penis is “too small,” if their sex is indeterminate when they are born. Gender specifics are limiting according to Feinberg and should not be the extent of one’s identity.

Portland, as a semi-major city, has a very liberal policy for legal gender change as for now. In Portland gender can be legally changed with a letter from an approved psychologist, regardless of surgery or impending surgeries. Concern from the trans people dwelling in America comes from the Real ID Act, signed into law 2005 as part of the Homeland Security policy. The Real ID Act is designed to establish regulations for state drivers’ licenses and identification documents.

The concern comes where the legislation is implemented, trans people who have already legally changed their gender will be forced to get a Real ID that matches the gender printed on the birth certificate. Trans people are fairly easy targets when it comes to harassment; such as when a drivers license says one sex, but you look the other. Trans people often have to leave their worlds and attend to mocking questions. A correct ID ensures safety. Outside In, a program to aid trans people and the issues circulating around them, has helped more than 200 trans people gain access to ID cards and drivers licenses that match their identity.

Basic Rights Oregon and the American Civil Liberties Union are currently monitoring the situation.

While the LGBT movement in itself has made significant advances over the past thirty years, the incorporation of transgender issues is one that is still largely controversial. Gay and lesbian leaders and activist usually agree the issue of including transgender to their list of minorities that need equal rights should be a priority, however many are hesitant due to the lack of support from the public. Basically, people feel that in general Americans are beginning to feel comfortable with the idea of homosexuality, but pushing for transgender rights might be taking it one stop too far as of 2006.

The federal Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is one of the most prominent and widely discussed example of this problem. ENDA has been trying to get a bill passed through Congress for years “which would make it illegal to discriminate in the workplace based on sexual orientation” (2). People who are transgender are not included. ENDA claims they would love to include people who are transgender however, their main goal at this point is to get the bill passed, and get it passed soon. Leaders of the transgender community are offended and feel inclusion on the bill is necessary.

The Human Rights Campaign conducted a study to see exactly how the general population feels about this topic. They found that many were open to the idea of a person being transgender and even open to the idea of working along side such a person. This leads the community at hand to believe that its not too soon and that the public is ready in fact. And so the debate continues.

In an interview with Mandy Carter, the director for Southerners on New Ground (SONG), she expresses her opinion on the top three issues weighing on the hearts and minds of LGBT activists. She also conveys the challenges of the South and touches on issues such as the workplace, marriage quality, and what inspires her.

Carter believes that sexual orientation should be included into all existing laws that include race and gender. Without the full protection from the laws, lesbians, gays, bisexuals and the trans-gendered cannot be guaranteed rights when it comes to employment or housing. Secondly, she wants to see full marriage equality for LGBTs just as heterosexuals receive full marriage equality. This would ensure hundreds of federal rights and benefits to LGBT couples. It would also be another major stepping stone in giving full protection under the law. Carter’s third goal is to make gender/sexual identity ever present in the language of law. The city council in Durham, North Carolina recently added sexual orientation to the city ordinance, a first for the whole state of North Carolina. She doesn’t believe that every person shold be forced to like LGBT’s, but she believe that everyone must stop discriminating against and harming them. Carter admits that it’s a struggle to be a lesbian activist in the South, especially since the South carries on a legacy of the civil rights issues not accepting gay rights. Most people don’t see gay rights as a civil right, but Carter exclaims that it is, just as gender and race are civil rights. These two different views though are creating controversy and divisions amongst heterosexual and homosexual community members. She goes on to explain that instead of LGBTs being active in the Southern communities, they move to other cities that are more accepting of different sexual identities. But that is the problem; the South will never change if no one tires sto make it change. She encourages activists to remain strong in the South because if changes occur, they will make a dramatic, long-lasting impact.

Within the workplace, the Employment Non-Discrimination Act (ENDA) is a very important factor. Carter claims that the workplace plays a critical role in civil rights and in creating change. Many companies now ensure policies that protect homosexuals, but there is still room for improvement. She explains that being a woman was once a difficult thing, being a woman of color is still a difficult thing, but being a lesbian woman of color is one of the most difficult battles today.

Mandy Carter is inspired by those who came before her. She wants to continue to pave the road for those who will come after her and she has a strong belief that everyone can make a difference.

LGBT Group 4’s presentation outline:

1. Gender

• As a Human Rights Issue

Human rights is the concept that all people have universal rights regardless of factors such as legal jurisdiction, ethnicity, nationality, and sex. These rights are based on human dignity and therefore have a universal character.

Gender becomes a human rights issue when sex and gender are differentiated. Although theoretically discrimination based on sex is illegal in this country, how does that translate when applied to gender. Gender is the personal traits and social roles that society attributes to being male or female. There is a third category that is rarely recognized in our society and that is “neuter”. This refers to identifying as neither masculine or feminine. Gender and sex do not always go to together in a way that is considered to be socially normal.

(norms in gender – born female, feminine gender identity, feminine gender role; born male, masculine gender identity, masculine gender role; where does Intersexed fit in?)

Transgender refers to a variety of individuals, behaviors, and groups and tendencies to veer away from normal gender roles that are commonly assigned at birth or otherwise held by society. Transgender is when ones gender identity does not match ones “assigned gender”.

Intersexed – a person born with genitalia or secondary sex characteristics that can not be determined as exclusively male or female, or combine features of both male and female sexes.

2. Gender Identity

• Gender identity is a person’s sense of self-regarding characteristics labeled as masculine, feminine, both or neither.

It is the gender that someone identifies with. It can sometimes the gender people attribute to an individual based on the cues given by gender role indications.

• An individual determines their own gender identity

This means that someone who is born male does not have to follow the gender roles generally assumed by males. It is a personal decision that the individual decides for themselves.

• A person’s gender identity is a statement or expression of their self-identification.

3. Gender Expression

a. Refers to things like clothing and behavior that manifests a person’s fundamental sense of themselves as masculine or feminine, and male or female. This can include dress, posture, hairstyle, jewelry, vocal inflection, and so on.

4. Gender Stereotyping

a. The act of trying to compel an individual’s conformity to gender stereotypes, as well as negative expectations based on those stereotypes.

Images of male and female are often hard to view as stereotypes because we have such strong views of male and female roles in our society. For many people it is disturbing when these roles are questioned.

There are many images that we view everyday that we don’t think of as gender stereotypes. Example: TV ads that use women (generally housewives with children) for cleaning, cooking and home stuffs.

5. Discrimination

a. An individual’s gender identity or expression may make other people uncomfortable but refusing to treat transgender, intersexed, or gender-variant people, in the same manner as other people is a violation of human rights.

6. Discrimination

a. Children of all ages are bullied to conform to gender norms.

b. This conformity to norms can create long term problems such as academic underachievement

7. Discrimination (examples of gender identity discrimination)

a. Employment

Includes but is not limited to failure to hire, failure to promote, disparate treatment, unlawful termination, verbal and/or physical harassment, deliberate misuse of appropriate forms of address and pronouns, failure to make a reasonable accommodation when requested by the employee, and/or denial of access to bathroom that is appropriate to the employee’s gender identity.

b. Housing

Includes but is not limited refusal to show, rent, or sell real property that is available for lease or sale, addition of different or additional terms or conditions in a lease, and refusal to provide services or make repairs or improvements for any tenant or lessee, deliberate misuse of appropriate forms of address and pronouns by the landlord or property manager, tolerating harassment by co-tenants, landlords, or property managers.

c. Public Accommodations

Includes but is not limited to refusal to provide goods or services, disparate treatment, verbal and/or physical harassment, intentional and deliberate misuse of appropriate forms of address and/or pronouns, and/or denial of access to bathroom/restroom that is consistent with and appropriate to the customer’s or client’s gender identity.

8. Discrimination

a. The following municipalities have recently passed anti-discrimination measures which include gender identity and expression….

b. The passages of these new laws means that for the first time 31% of Americans now live in areas that ban discrimination based on gender identity and expression.

9. Discrimination

a. Transgender people face many issues that negatively impact their quality of life due to prevalent transphobia in the US

b. Joblessness, homelessness, and acts of violence are a few.

c. Through education we can fight for the right of all people to live their lives openly without the fear of abuse or discrimination.

According to the New York Times, almost one in seven new claims filed with the EEOC are male-on-male gender harassment, double only a decade ago. For example, Joseph Oncale, plaintiff in the Supreme Court case Oncale v. Sundowner, was repeatedly menaced by oil-rig co-workers for being slender, blond, longhaired, and wearing an earring.

Gender Facts

d. Gender is excluded from federal hate crimes legislation

Gender is excluded from federal hate crimes legislation: the FBI is not authorized to collect statistics on it, and, as in the murder of Brandon Teena (memorialized in the movie Boys Don’t Cry) showed, federal authorities are not authorized to act when local officials fail to ensure that justice is done

e. In a GenderPac survey, 1/3 of gay, lesbian, and bisexual respondents who suffered workplace discrimination reported that it was due at least in part of their gender

In a recent GenderPAC survey, one third of gay, lesbian, and bisexual respondents who suffered workplace discrimination reported that it was due at least in part to their gender. For example, in New York’s Dawson v. Esteé Lauder case, 32 year-old Dawn Dawson was fired for allegedly looking 'too butch."

10. Gay-Straight Alliances

• Are student organizations, found primarily in America high schools and universities.

• Are intended to provide a safe and supportive environment for lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender(LGBT) youth and their straight allies (LGBTA)

11. Goals and Strategies of the LGBT Movement

• Political Change

Political goals include changing laws and policies in order to gain new rights, benefits, and protections from harm.

• Cultural Change

End discrimination based on gender stereotypes by changing public attitudes. Challenging dominant constructions of masculinity and femininity, and homophobia.

Activists seek both types of goals in both the civil and political spheres. Goals of transgender and bisexual activism cover similar ground.

12. Gender Rights

• Sexual orientation and gender identity/expression protections

• The International Bill of Gender Rights

13. Goals and Strategies of the LGBT Movement

• “For the lesbian and gay movement, then, cultural goals include challenging dominate constructions of masculinity and femininity, homophobia, and the primacy of the gendered heterosexual nuclear family.” –Mary Bernstein

14. Who is LGBT and who isn’t?

• As with other social movements there is conflict within the LGBT movement, especially about strategies for change and debates over exactly who comprises the people that these movements represent.

• There is debate over to what extent lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgendered people, intersexed people and others share common interests and a need to work together. Leaders of the lesbian and gay movement of the 1970s, 80s and 90s often attempted to hide butch lesbians, feminine gay men, transgendered people, and bisexuals from the public eye, creating internal divisions within LGBT communities.

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