Quiz # 1 Chapters 1 and 2 - Kean University



Homework Questions for Lecture 14

ES 1000

NOTE: This homework is for the third test.

A. Short answer:

1. The Abyssal Plain averages about ___ kilometers deep.

2. The equator receives 2.5 times more __________ than the poles.

3. Freshwater ice forms from saltwater at minus ___ degrees C. Since forming ice expels salt, polar seawater is saltier and denser, and it sinks.

4. Air masses above the equator are moving much _______ than air masses near the poles.

5. Winds in the Northern Hemisphere are deflected to the ______.

6. Evaporation makes seawater ________ and more dense.

7. A beach is a narrow strip of land, washed by ________ or tides.

8. Waves are produced by the action of ____________.

9. ________ is defined as the distance a wave-producing wind travels before hitting land.

10. The water within a mid-ocean wave has an ____________ motion.

11. Waves erode coastal rocks by forcing water and ____ under high pressure into rock crevices.

12. A __________ is a pile of sand on the backshore deposited by a storm.

13. Roots of ______________ trees dissipate wave energy, creating quiet waters where coastal deposition can occur.

14. Coral Reefs around eroding volcanoes eventually form an ________.

B. Match the Terms.

1. Hook_____ a. cliff that juts seaward

2. Tombolo____ b. curved spit

3. Thermocline ____ c. wide and shallow current

4. Gulf Stream _____ d. rapid temperature change

5. Jetty ____ e. deposition behind sea stack

6. Wave refraction____ f. narrow and deep current

7. Headland_____ g. circular coral reef

8. Atoll_____ h. parallel to main coast

9. Canary Current____ i. keeps the inlet clear of sediment

10. Barrier Island______ j. mostly due to the moon

11. Tides ____ k. lower speed in shallow water

C. True or False? Circle the correct answer.

1. Evaporation increases salinity (saltiness) and density. True or False?

2. Shallowing can force deep water up to surface where it warms. True or False?

3. Western boundary currents such as the Gulf Stream and Brazil

currents have an especially significant role in global climate as they . transport warm tropical waters to higher latitudes. True or False?

4. Waves are produced by the gravitational pull of the Moon. True or False?

5. The water within a surf zone travels with translatory motion. True or False?

6. Wave refraction refers to the bending of the direction of travel of waves as part of the wave front drags bottom. True or False?

7. Our small moon has much more tidal influence than the Sun because the Moon is closer. True or False?

8. Tidal bores can move water upstream, against the normal flow. True or False?

9. Coastlines that are gently sloping are easier to erode than coastlines with steep cliff faces. True or False?

10. Mangrove swamps help to extend the coastline seaward. True or False?

D. Multiple choice:

1) Waves are produced by:

a) the gravitational pull of the Moon.

b) the gravitational pull of the Sun.

c) the rotation of the Earth.

d) the action of wind.

2) Current gyres are started by:

a) the gravitational pull of the Moon.

b) the gravitational pull of the Sun.

c) Prevailing winds.

3) The direction of ocean currents is controlled by:

a) Winds generated by atmospheric circulation patterns

b) The distribution of continents

c) The Coriolis effect.

d) All of the above

4) The deepest ocean waters have a uniform temperature of

a) 1 to 2oC

b) 10 to 20oC

c) 20 to 30oC

d) 30 to 40oC

5) Due to the influence of fetch on the production of ocean waves, the largest wave would be expected to occur:

a) in the Pacific Ocean at the equator.

b) in the Atlantic Ocean between Africa and northern South America.

c) in the northern parts of any ocean.

d) in the ocean south of the southern tip of South America.

6) Which of the following statements about the motion of water within a wave is NOT true?

a) The water within a mid-ocean wave has an oscillatory motion.

b) The water within a mid-ocean wave travels toward a shoreline with a translatory motion.

c) The water within a surf zone travels with translatory motion.

d) The water within a surf zone moves toward the beach.

7) Wave refraction refers to:

a) the change within an ocean wave from oscillatory motion to translatory motion.

b) the bending of waves until they break, or fracture, to become breakers within the surf zone.

c) the bending of waves by constructive or destructive interference, as the waves encounter other waves.

d) the bending of the direction of travel of waves as part of the wave front drags bottom.

8) Longshore currents are propelled by:

a) tidal fluctuations.

b) the zigzag motion of swash and backwash, i.e. wave reflection

c) wave refraction.

d) destructive interference between currents.

9) The Sun’s proportional influence over tides is best explained by the fact that:

a) the Sun is larger than the Moon.

b) only one side of the Earth is facing the Sun at any given time.

c) solar warming initiates movement of water molecules.

d) gravitational influence decreases as distance increases.

10) Two high tides occur on opposite sides of the Earth because:

a) one is caused by the Moon and one by the Sun.

b) one is in the Southern Hemisphere and one is in the Northern Hemisphere.

c) the gravitational pull of the Moon and the lack of pull on the opposite side.

11) A turbulent tide that moves up a stream and can reverse the direction of stream flow is called:

a) a reverse flood tide.

b) a reverse current.

c) a tidal bore.

d) a tidal flood.

12) The principal mechanism by which waves erode coastlines is:

a) abrasion by the sediment load.

b) by forcing water and air under high pressure into rock crevices.

c) dissolution.

13) All of the following conditions increase the erosion of coastlines EXCEPT:

a) coastlines with prominent headlands.

b) soft or fractured bedrock.

c) coastlines that are gently sloping.

d) coastlines oriented perpendicular to the dominant wind direction

E. Short Answers Explain the role of currents in distributing equatorial heat. Be sure to include:

a. What is heat capacity?

b. How does the heat capacity of water compare to air?

c. Why does water pile up on the western shore of oceans in tropical latitudes?

d. Why do equatorial surface waters turn towards the poles near the western boundaries of world oceans?

e. Why are western boundary currents (for example, the Gulf Stream) deflected towards the right in the northern hemisphere?

f. Why does surface water in western boundary currents become saltier and cooler as it moves towards the poles? Give at least two reasons.

g. Why do the eastern surface currents returning to the tropics (for example, the Canary Current) carry less water than western boundary currents? You should include the consequences of your answer to question f in your answer.

h. What is the North Atlantic Deep Water?

i. What is the Thermohaline Conveyor Belt?

j. Which would be warmer, western Ireland for a particular date and time, or the Labrador coast of northeast Canada at the same time?

k. Notice that Ireland and Labrador are at the same latitudes. What current warms Ireland?

F. Calculations illustrating Yates Correction Factor for X2.

1. In the leaf litter that forms the O horizon a variety of animals, including Pillbugs Armadillium vulgare and Sowbugs Oniscus asellus, live. Both can damage young trees. Here are average numbers of each species in 32 samples measuring 0.1 x 0.1 meters of O-horizon in woods near Wilson, North Carolina. Are Oniscus and Armadillium equally likely on soils derived from Limestone or Clay soils?

a. Your null hypothesis: Limestone and Clay soils near Wilson, NC have equal numbers of Oniscus and Armadillium.

b. I calculated the Expected value, E = (the row total) x (the column total) / the grand total. I entered each Expected Value E below its observation. (For example: ( 20 x 36) / 88 = 8.18).

c. The number "degrees of freedom or d.f." counts the number of unconstrained cells in our table, i.e. the number of white blocks whose number of observations is not already known if we also know, for example, the row and column totals.

The number of degrees of freedom in a 2x2 table of observations is the number of columns C less one times the number of rows R less one. That is, d.f. = (C-1) x (R-1) = (2-1) x (2-1) = 1. When there is only one degree of freedom, we apply Yates Correction Factor to X2, shown to the right:

d. For each observation cell (the white cells) , calculate ( |O-E| -1/2 )2 /E)

The -1/2 is the Yates Correction Factor for one degree of freedom. I did one.

|Labels | |Oniscus |Armadillium |

|1 |3.84 |6.64 |10.83 |

For P = 0.05, this data shows that (choose one: we must accept the null hypothesis/we must reject the null hypothesis)

h. We conclude that (choose one: H0, Limestone and Clay soils near Wilson, NC have equal numbers of Oniscus and Armadillium. /Ha Limestone and Clay soils near Wilson, NC have unequal numbers of Oniscus and Armadillium).

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