Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
Portland Community College, Sylvania Campus
BI 231 Lab
Supplemental Package
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PCC-Sylvania BI 231 Laboratory Supplement
1. Upon entering the laboratory, please locate the exits, fire extinguisher, eyewash station, and clean up materials for chemical spills. Your instructor will demonstrate the location of fire blanket, safety kit, and showers.
2. Read the general laboratory directions and any objectives before coming to lab.
3. Food and drink, including water, are prohibited in laboratory. This is per Federal laboratory guidelines and per College Safety Policy. Do not chew gum, use tobacco products of any kind, store food or apply cosmetics in the laboratory. No drink containers of any kind may be on the benches.
4. Please keep all personal materials off the working area. Store backpacks and purses at the rear of the laboratory, not beside or under benches. Some laboratory spaces have shelving in rear for this purpose.
5. For your safety, please restrain long hair, loose fitting clothing and dangling jewelry. Hair ties are available, ask your instructor. Hats and bare midriffs are not acceptable in the laboratory. Shoes, not sandals, must be worn at all times in laboratory. You may wear a laboratory apron or lab coat if you desire, but it is not required.
6. We do not wish to invade your privacy, but for your safety if you are pregnant, taking
immunosuppressive drugs or who have any other medical conditions (e.g. diabetes, immunological defect) that might necessitate special precautions in the laboratory must inform the instructor immediately. If you know you have an allergy to latex or chemicals, please inform instructor.
7. Decontaminate work surfaces at the beginning of every lab period using Amphyl solution.
Decontaminate bench following any practical quiz, when given, and after labs involving the dissection of preserved material.
8. Use safety goggles in all experiments in which solutions or chemicals are heated or when instructed to do so. Never leave heat sources unattended: hot plates or Bunsen burners.
9. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
10. Keep all liquids away from the edge of the lab bench to avoid spills. Immediately notify your instructor of any spills. Keep test tubes in racks provided, except when necessary to transfer to water baths or hot plate. You will be advised of the proper clean-up procedures for any spill.
11. Report all chemical or liquid spills and all accidents, such as cuts or burns, no matter how minor, to the instructor immediately.
12. Use mechanical pipetting devices only. Mouth pipetting is prohibited.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
will be excluded from the Laboratory
Safe Disposal of Contaminated Materials
➢ Place disposable materials such as gloves, mouth pieces, swabs, toothpicks and paper towels that have come into contact with blood or other body fluids into a disposable Autoclave bag for decontamination by autoclaving. This bucket is not for general trash.
➢ Place glassware contaminated with blood and other body fluids directly into a labeled bucket of 10% bleach solution. ONLY glass or plastic-ware is to be placed in this bucket, not trash.
➢ Sharp’s container is for used lancets only. It is bright red. When using disposable lancets do not replace their covers.
1. Properly label glassware and slides, using china markers provided.
2. Wear disposable gloves when handling blood and other body fluids or when touching items or surfaces soiled with blood or other body fluids such as saliva and urine. (NOTE: cover open cuts or scrapes with a sterile bandage before donning gloves.) Wash your hands immediately after removing gloves.
3. Wear disposable gloves when handling or dissecting specimens fixed with formaldehyde or stored in Carosafe/Wardsafe.
4. Wear disposable gloves when handling chemicals denoted as hazardous or carcinogenic by your instructor. Read labels on dropper bottles provided for an experiment, they will indicate the need for gloves or goggles, etc. Upon request, detailed written information is available on every chemical used (MSDS). Ask your instructor.
5. No pen or pencil is to be used at any time on any model or bone. The bones are fragile, hard to replace and used by hundreds of students every year. To protect them and keep them in the best condition, please use pipe cleaners and probes provided instead of a writing instrument.
a. Probes may be used on models as well. The bones are very difficult and costly to replace, as are the models and may take a long time to replace.
6. At the end of an experiment:
a. Clean glassware and place where designated. Remove china marker labels at this time.
b. Return solutions & chemicals to designated area. Do not put solutions or chemicals in cupboards!
7. You cannot work alone or unsupervised in the laboratory.
8. Microscopes should be cleaned before returning to numbered cabinet. Be sure objectives are clean, use lens paper. Place objectives into storage position, and return to the storage cabinet. Be sure cord has been coiled and restrained. Your instructor may require microscope be checked before you put it away. Be sure it is in assigned cupboard.
9. Please replace your prepared slides into the box from which they came (slides and boxes are numbered), so students using them after you will be able to find the same slide. Before placing slides in box, clean it with Kimwipes if it is dirty or covered with oil. If you break a slide, please, inform you instructor so the slide can be replaced. Please be aware that there is hundreds of dollars worth of slides in each box and handle the boxes with care when carrying to and from your workbench.
10. Be sure all paper towels used in cleaning lab benches and washing hands are disposed of in trash container
provided.
Students who do not comply with these safety guidelines
and directions will be excluded from the Laboratory
Please Read
You are beginning a very intense laboratory course. Before you come to class you will want to review what the study focus is for that day’s lab. This is important because you will be liable (tested) for the information listed in your study guide and manual. There are lists of terms that you are required to know, as well as tables and diagrams. These are testable as well. If there are slides listed in the study guide then you are also liable to identify these structures under the microscope on quizzes or on practicals. There will also be various models that are available in the classroom which will be used in the tests. It is up to the student to identify the structures on these models. Remember, majority of your practicals will be on these models. Please do not think that you will be able to look at the pictures in the book and do well on quizzes and practicals. YOU NEED TO SPEND TIME WITH THE MODELS!
Some labs will have exercises that are required. Please make sure that you understand what was learned in these exercises because these are also fair game to be used for questions in the tests.
Each lab will start with a 10 point quiz. You are required to be in attendance at the beginning of each lab. You will receive a zero on the quiz if you miss it. There will not be quizzes on the weeks we have a practical or the week after a practical. If you stay in lab only long enough to take the quiz and then leave soon after the lab will be counted as a missed lab.
Spelling can account for up to 10% off of your grade so please be careful. Also be aware of singular and plural usage because these mistakes will count as spelling errors.
Absences: You cannot miss more than two labs and still pass the course. Also you can only attend another instructor’s class once during the quarter. This must be approved by both instructors. If you attend another instructor’s lab without permission your quiz will be automatically thrown out.
There are review sheets at the end of each exercise that we recommend that you do. You will not receive credit for these pages but they will help you study the material and prepare for the tests.
Any material found in the lab manual can be used for the extra credit questions.
If you have any questions please contact Marilyn Thomas, Lab Coordinator (Marilyn.thomas@pcc.edu) Thank you!
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 1
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Go over Laboratory Guidelines and Procedures, sign-up for microscopes and lab cabinet
From Lab Manual
Ex 1. Body Organizationn and Terminology
Ex 2. Care and Use of the Compound Light Microscope: This chapter is review. You should already know how to use and care for a microscope. Please ask your instructor for help if you need help have forgotten how to use the microscope.
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Study focus: Anatomical terminology, organ systems and organ
DO NOT DO ACTIVITY 2.5 on page 22.
Lab resources: Dissectable models, muscle models
➢ Anatomical body regions, relationships, and planes (Figs. 1.1, 1.2, 1.3)(Table 1.1)
➢ Organs and organ systems (Fig. 1.5)
➢ Abdominopelvic quadrants and regions (Fig. 1.6)(Table 1.2)
➢ Body cavities (Fig. 1.7)(Table 1.3)
➢ Serous membranes (Fig. 1.7)
➢ Compound light microscopes: care and use thereof
➢ Superficial muscle groups, please label image below
a. Sternocleidomastoid
b. Deltoid
c. Pectoralis major
d. External abdominal oblique
e. Rectus abdominis
f. Biceps brachii
g. Sartorius
h. Rectus femoris
i. Tibialis anterior
j. Trapezius
k. Deltoid
l. Triceps brachii
m. Latissimus dorsi
n. Gluteus maximus
o. Semitendinosus
p. Biceps femoris
q. Gastrocnemius
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BI 231 Laboratory: Week 2
Quiz 1 (material from previous week)
Tissues – Histology
Ex 5. Epithelial and Connective Tissues
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Study focus: Be able to identify various epithelial and connective tissues and know locations in the human body where these tissues can be found.
Remember that organs contain more than one tissue type so majority of the slides that you will view will have more than one tissue type so please use the characteristics of the various tissue types to identify them within the organ you are viewing.
Lab resources: Microscopes, slide boxes in designated cabinets, instructor scope
Epithelial Tissues: slides to use are outlined in parentheses (Know Table 5.1, 5.2)
➢ Simple squamous epithelium (artery, vein, capillaries, alveoli of the lung, Bowman’s capsule)
➢ Stratified squamous epithelium, keratinized (skin) and non-keratinized (esophagus)
➢ Simple cuboidal epithelium (thyroid gland, kidney tubules, some glandular ducts, sweat glands)
➢ Stratified cuboidal epithelium (ducts of mammary glands, salivary glands, sweat glands)
➢ Simple columnar epithelium, ciliated (fallopian/uterine tube) and non-ciliated (GI tract)
➢ Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium (trachea, bronchi)
➢ Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder, ureters)
Mucous membranes: epithelial tissues that secrete mucus via goblet cells
Connective Tissues: slides are labeled with corresponding tissue (know Table 5.3)
➢ Embryonic CT: Mesenchyme (no slide in lab, please use laboratory manual)
➢ Connective tissue proper: Loose CT and Dense CT
o Loose CT: Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue
o
o
o Dense CT: Dense regular CT, dense irregular CT, elastic tissue
➢ Solid connective tissues
o Cartilage: Hyaline cartilage, elastic cartilage, fibrocartilage
o Bone. Structural components of compact bone (Fig. 5.16)
➢ Fluid connective tissues
o Blood. Formed elements: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
o Lymph (no slide)
Matrix of CT = Ground substance + fibers (collagen, elastic, reticular)
I recommend drawing the slides that you view under the microscope. This helps clarify distinguishing characteristics of each tissue type. If you do not wish to draw the slides write the functions of the tissues.
Terms to know:
Blast cells
Fibroblasts
Chondroblasts
Osteoblasts
Hemocytoblasts
Fibrocytes
Chondrocytes*
Osteocytes*
Collagen fibers*
Elastic fibers*
Reticular fibers*
Matrix
Ground substance
Goblet cells*
Erythrocytes*
Leukocytes*
*Be able to identify these cells and fibers under the microscope
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 3
Quiz 2 (material from previous week)
The Integument and its Accessory Structures
Ex 6. The Integumentary System: Cutaneous membrane (skin) + accessory structures (pp69-79)
Ex 7. Part I: Introduction to the Skeletal System (pp. 83 - 88
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Study focus: Be able to identify organizational layers of the epidermis and dermis as well as identify accessory structures of the skin
Slides available: thick and thin skin slides and compact bone slides
Lab resources: Integument models, integument and finger nail models, microscope, slide boxes
➢ Microscopic structure of the skin
➢ Anatomical model of the skin, images
➢ Specialized cells of the skin
➢ Accessory structures of the skin
➢ The structure of nails
Terms to know:
Organ level
Organ system
Organ
Cutaneous membrane
Accessory structures of skin
Integumentary system
Epidermis
Dermis
Thick skin
Thin skin
Stratum germinativum/ basale
Stratum spinosum
Stratum granulosum
Stratum lucidum
Stratum corneum
Keratinocytes
Papillary layer
Reticular layer
Dermal papillae
Epidermal ridges
Hypodermis (superficial fascia or subcutaneous tissue)
Stratified squamous, keratinized epithelium
Melanocytes
Hair follicles
Hair bulb
Hair matrix
Hair root
Hair shaft
Keratin
Sebaceous glands
Arrector pili muscle
Merocrine (eccrine) sweat glands
Apocrine sweat glands
Tactile (Meissner’s) corpuscles
Lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles
Nail plate
Nail bed
Free edge
Hyponychium
Lunula
Cuticle or eponychium
Lateral nail folds
Nail matrix
Nail root
Exercise 7: Terms to know
Fig 7.1 Classification of bones by shape
Fig 7.3 structure of compact and spongy bone (All)
Lamellae
Compact bone
Osteon (Haversian system)
Spongy (cancellous) bone
Trabeculae
Red bone marrow
Yellow bone marrow
Central (Haversian) canal
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
Interstitial lamellae
Circumferential lamellae
Osteocytes
Lacunae
Canaliculi
Medullary cavity
Diploe
Axial skeleton
Appendicular skeleton
Endosteum
Periosteum
Perforating or Sharpey’s fibers
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 4
Quiz 3 (material from previous week)
Muscle Tissue – Histology & Nervous Tissue – Anatomy and Histology
Ex 10. Histology of Muscle Tissue
Ex 13. Histology of Nervous Tissue (pages 249-255)
Review for Lab Practical I
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Study focus: Muscle and nervous tissue histology taken from exercises 10 and 13
Lab resources: Model of neuron, model of muscle w/neuromuscular junction, microscope, slide boxes
Slides available: Neuron, nerve, skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle slides
Terms to know from exercise 10:
Skeletal muscle
Cardiac muscle
Smooth muscle
Skeletal muscle fibers
epimysium
Endomysium
Perimysium
Fascicle
Striations
Myofibrils
I bands
A band
H band
Intercalated discs
Actin (thin filaments)
Myosin (thick filaments)
Sarcoplasm
Action potentials
M line
Zones of overlap
Z lines
Sarcomere
Sarcolemma
Neuromuscular junction
Neurotransmitter
Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE)
Motor nerve fiber (axon)
Synaptic terminal
Motor end plate
Motor unit
Draw and label a sarcomere:
Muscle tissue (skeletal, smooth, cardiac)
Terms to know from Exercise 13
Table 13.1 Neuroglia cell types
Central nervous system (CNS)
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Cranial nerves
Spinal nerves
Receptors
Motor (efferent) division
Sensory (afferent) division
Somatic nervous system
Autonomic nervous system
Somatic sensory receptors
Visceral sensory receptors
Special sensory receptors
Neuron or nerve cell
Chromatophilic (Nissl) bodies
Nuclei (singular = nucleus)
Ganglia (singular = ganglion)
Dendrites
Axons
Synaptic (axon) terminal (synaptic knob)
Myelin sheath
Neurolemmocytes (Schwann cells)
Oligodendrocytes
Myelinated fibers
Unmyelinated fibers
Nodes (nodes of Ranvier)
Interneurons or association neurons
Multipolar neurons
Anaxonic neurons
Bipolar neurons
Unipolar neurons
Pseudounipolar neurons
Neuroglia or glial cells
Cell body
Axon hillock
Synapses
axoplasm
Lab Practical I will be next week (week 5)!
The practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab
➢ Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
➢ Models
➢ Images
➢ Microscopes (images will also be provided for histology questions)
➢ 75 questions
➢ Timed stations
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 6
No quiz this week!
The Axial Skeleton
Ex 7. Part 2, The Axial Skeleton (pp. 89-110)
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Study focus: Be able to identify all bones and landmarks on tables 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4
Lab resources: Skulls, bags of ribs, sternum, box of vertebrae, boxes of articulated spines. Also, there is a fetal skull and a model of disarticulated skull (please leave on the instructor bench)
For clarification:
Zygomatic arch: Zygomatic process (temporal bone) + Temporal process (zygomatic bone)
Nasal septum: Perpendicular plate (ethmoid bone) + vomer
Terms to know: Along with the Tables listed above
Frontal sinus
Sphenoidal sinus
Maxillary sinus
Ethmoid sinus
Anterior (frontal) fontanel
Posterior (occipital) fontanel
Anterolateral (sphenoidal) fontanel
Posterolateral (mastoid) fontanel
Primary curvatures
Secondary curvatures
Intervertebral foramen
Atlas
Axis
Dens
Sternum
Manubrium
Body
Xiphoid process
Sternal angle
Costal cartilages
True ribs
False ribs
Vertebrochondral ribs
Floating ribs
Vertebral end of rib
Sternal end of rib
Head, tubercle, neck, shaft or body, angle and costal groove of ribs
Coronal suture
Squamous suture
Sagittal suture
Lambdoid suture
Nuchal lines of occipital bone
Alveolar ridge
Lateral, medial and superior borders of scapula
Study Tips and How to cope with the amount of material for the following labs
✓ Write out a list of terms
✓ Write out terms as many times as it takes you to get the spelling correct
✓ Test yourself …you can do this in many ways! Former successful students have
o Made up quizzes near the end of lab using models
o Had other students quiz them using models or – if not present – images
o Taken pictures of models/specimen and made up a PowerPoint quiz
o Drawn structures and named them
✓ If you do the above, test yourself randomly by using several models at once …remember that in the practical you will have to recall names of structures in a random fashion!
✓ If you do the above, write down the structures you are naming to practice spelling!
✓ If a name is hard for you to remember, it helps to know the meaning of root words and to make the connection to the structure… after all, they have a name for a reason
✓ Some student use mnemonics to remember names for structures
✓ Taking pictures of models always helps!
✓ There are also great web resources with labeled images of the models we use in lab
✓ Use a coloring book! Successful students have raved about them…
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 7
Quiz on the Axial Skeleton
Ex 8. Part 2, The Appendicular Skeleton
Ex 9: The structure of the knee joint
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Study focus: Know all the bones and landmarks listed in Tables 8.1 and 8.2, fig. 8.9
Lab resources: Articulated skeletons, bone boxes
Terms to know:
Male and female pelvis characteristics (See fig 8.8)
Hyoid bone
Interosseous membrane
Quadriceps tendon
Patellar ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
Fibular collateral ligament
Anterior cruciate ligament
Posterior cruciate ligament
Medial meniscus
Lateral meniscus
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 8
Quiz on the Appendicular Skeleton
Ex 11. Part 1, The Muscle System
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Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in Exercise 11 on pp. 166 - 187 of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Give definition of origin of a muscle:
Give definition of insertion of a muscle:
Table 9.2 Anatomical terms of movement
Flexion-
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Supination-
Pronation-
Opposition-
Reposition-
Eversion-
Inversion
Protraction
Retraction
Elevation
Depression
Dorsiflexion
Plantar flexion
Medial rotation
Lateral rotation
Circumduction
Lateral flexion
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
Muscles
|MUSCLES OF THE HEAD |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Frontalis |Epicranial aponeurosis |Skin over forehead |Elevates eyebrows and wrinkles skin of forehead |Facial VII |
|Occipitalis |Nuchal line on occipital bone |Epicranial aponeurosis |Fixes epicranial aponeurosis and pulls scalp |Facial VII |
| | | |posteriorly | |
|Orbicularis oculi |Medial orbital margin |Skin surrounding eye |Closes eyelids and acts during squinting and |Facial VII |
| | | |blinking | |
|Temporalis |Temporal bone |Coronoid process of mandible |Elevates and retracts mandible |Trigeminal V |
|Masseter |Zygomatic process and arch |Ramus of mandible |Elevates mandible |Trigeminal V |
|Orbicularis oris |Maxillary bone; mandible |lips |Closes and purses lips |Facial VII |
|Zygomaticus major |Zygomatic bone |Corner of mouth |Elevates corner of mouth |Facial VII |
|Mentalis |Alveolar ridge of incisors of mandible |Skin over chin |Elevates and protrudes lower lip |Facial VII |
|Risorius |Fascia of masseter |Corner of mouth |Draws corner of mouth laterally |Facial VII |
|SUPERFICIAL MUSCULATURE OF |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|THE NECK | | | | |
|Omohyoid | | | | |
|Superior belly |Clavicle and first rib |Hyoid bone |Depresses hyoid bone |Ansa cervicalis |
|Inferior belly |Superior margin of scapula |Clavicle and 1st rib | | |
|Thyrohyoid |Thyroid cartilage of the larynx |Hyoid bone |Depresses hyoid bone, elevates thyroid cartilage |Ansa cervicalis |
|Sternothyroid |Posterior surface of manubrium |Thyroid cartilage of the larynx |Depresses thyroid cartilage |Ansa cervicalis |
|Sternohyoid |Posterior surface of manubrium, and medial clavicle|Hyoid bone |Depresses hyoid bone |Ansa cervicalis |
|Stylohyoid |Styloid process |Hyoid bone |Moves hyoid bone up and back |Facial VII |
|Mylohyoid |Inferior margin of mandible |Hyoid bone |Elevates hyoid bone and floor of mouth, depresses|Trigeminal V |
| | | |mandible | |
|Digastric |Anterior: Lower border of mandible near midline |Hyoid bone |Elevates hyoid bone and base of tongue, depresses|Ant: Trigeminal V |
|- Anterior belly |Posterior: Mastoid process of temporal bone | |mandible |Post: Facial VII |
|-Posterior belly | | | | |
|MUSCLES OF THE NECK & BACK |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Sternocleidomastoid |Manubrium and medial third of clavicle |Mastoid process |Flexion and lateral flexion of neck; rotates head |C2 and C2, spinal |
| | | |so face is turned superiorly and to the opposite |accessory, XI |
| | | |side | |
|Trapezius |Posterior surface of occipital bone; ligamentum |Lateral third of clavicle; acromion process; |Superior fibers: elevates scapula |Spinal accessory XI, C3,|
| |nuchae; and spinous process of thoracic vertebrae |spine of scapula |Middle fibers: retracts scapula |and C4 |
| | | |Inferior fibers: depress scapula | |
|Latissimus dorsi |Spinous processes of lower 6 thoracic vertebrae, |Intertubercular groove of humerus |Extension, adduction and medial rotation of arm |Thoracodorsal |
| |thoracolumbar fascia, crest of ilium | | | |
|Levator scapula |Transverse processes of C1-4 |Medial border above spine of scapula |Elevates scapula; acts with pectoralis minor to |Doral scapular |
| | | |inferiorly rotate scapula | |
|Rhomboid major |Spinous process of T2-5 and supraspinous ligament |Medial border below spine of scapula |Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; |Dorsal scapular |
| | | |stabilizes scapula | |
|Rhomboid minor |Spinous process of C7-T1 |Medial border of scapula at base of spine |Adducts scapula and rotates it downward; |Dorsal scapular |
| | | |stabilizes scapula | |
|Serratus anterior |External surface of upper 8 ribs |Medial border of scapula |Abducts scapula and rotates it upward. Important |Long thoracic |
| | | |in horizontal arm movements (‘boxer’s muscle) | |
|Erector Spinae |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Angle of the last 6 or 7 ribs |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |
|--Iliocoastalis |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |
| --Longissimus |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Transverse processes of thoracic vertebrae |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |
| |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |
| --Spinalis |Sacrum, iliac crest, spinous processes of lumbar |Spinous processes of upper thoracic vertebrae |Extension of vertebral column |Spinal nerves dorsal |
| |vertebrae and T11,12 | | |rami |
|Scalenes | | |Ant. and middle: elevates 1st rib, flexes neck |Cervical spinal C3-C8. |
|Anterior |Transverse processes of C3-C6 |1st rib |forward and laterally, rotates neck | |
|Middle |Transverse processes of C2-C7 |1st rib |Post: elevates 2nd rib, flexes neck laterally, | |
|Posterior |Transverse processes of C4-C6 |2nd rib |slightly rotates neck | |
|MUSCLES OF THORACIC WALL |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|External intercostal |Inferior border of rib above |Superior border of rib below |Elevates rib cage during normal inspiration |Intercostal |
|Internal intercostal |Superior border of rib below |Inferior border of rib above |Depresses rib cage during forced expiration |Intercostal |
|Pectoralis major |Medial half of clavicle, sternum, costal |Lateral lip of intertubular groove of humerus |Flexion, medial rotation and adduction of the arm |Lateral and medial |
| |cartilages, aponeurosis of external abdominal | | |pectoral |
| |oblique | | | |
|Pectoralis minor |Anterior surface of ribs 3 to 5 |Coracoid process of scapula |Depression and inferior rotation of scapula |Medial pectoral |
|MUSCLES OF THE ANTERIOR |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|ABDOMINAL WALL | | | | |
|Rectus abdominis |Pubis symphysis and crest of pubis |Xiphoid process and cartilages of ribs 5 to 7 |Flexion of vertebral column; stabilizes pelvis |Intercostal 7 to 12 |
| | | |during walking; compresses abdomen to aid in | |
| | | |defecation, urination, forced exhalation. | |
|External abdominal oblique |External surface of lower 8 ribs |Linea alba; pubic crest; pubic tubercle; iliac|Rotation and lateral flexion of trunk; increases |Intercostals 8 to 12, |
| | |crest |intraabdominal pressure during forced expiration |iliohypogastric, |
| | | | |ilioinguinal |
|Internal abdominal oblique |Lateral half of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac |Lower four ribs, linea alba and by conjoined |Compresses abdomen, and flex vertebral column; |Intercostals 8 to 12, |
| |crest and thoracolumbar fascia |tendon to pubis |acting singly, laterally flex vertebral column |iliohypogastric, |
| | | | |ilioinguinal |
|Transverse abdominis |Lateral third of inguinal ligament, anterior iliac |Linea alba, pubis crest |Compresses abdomen and Increases intraabdominal |Intercostals 7 to 12, |
| |crest, and thoracolumbar fascia | |pressure during forced expiration |iliohypogastric, |
| | | | |ilioinguinal |
|MUSCLES OF THE SHOULDER AND |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|ARM | | | | |
|Deltoid | lateral third of clavicle, acromion process and |Deltoid tuberosity of humerus |Anterior fibers: medial rotation and flexion of|Axillary |
| |spine of scapula | |arm | |
| | | |Middle fibers: abduction of arm | |
| | | |Posterior fibers: lateral rotation and | |
| | | |extension of arm | |
| Supraspinatus |Supraspinous fossa |Superior portion of greater tubercle of |Abducts humerus |Suprascapular |
| | |humerus | | |
|Infraspinatus |Infraspinous fossa |Middle portion of greater tubercle of humerus |Rotates humerus laterally |Suprascapular |
|Teres minor |Lateral border of scapula |Greater tubercle of humerus |Rotates humerus laterally |Scapular circumflex |
|Subscapularis |Subscapular fossa |Lesser tubercle of humerus |Rotates humerus medially |Upper and lower |
| | | | |subscapularis |
|Teres major |Scapula, near inferior angle |Medial lip of intertubular groove of humerus |Extends arm at shoulder joint and assists in |Lower subscapular |
| | | |adduction and medial rotation of arm at | |
| | | |shoulder joint. | |
|Biceps brachii |Long head, supraglenoid tubercle; |Tuberosity of radius |Flexes and supination of forearm; flexion of |Musculocutaneous |
| |Short head, coracoid process scapula | |arm | |
|Brachialis |Anterior distal two-thirds of humerus |Coronoid process of ulna |Flexes forearm |Musculocutaneous and radial|
|Coracobrachialis |Coracoid process of scapula |Middle third of humerus |Flexes and adducts arm at shoulder joint |Musculocutaneous nerve |
|Triceps brachii |Long head, infraglenoid tubercle; |Olecranon process of ulna |Extension of forearm; long head extends and |Radial |
| |Lateral head, proximal portion of posterior | |adducts arm | |
| |humerus; | | | |
| |Medial head, distal half of posterior humerus | | | |
BI 231 Laboratory: Week 9
Quiz on Muscle Group 1
Ex 11. Part 2, The Muscle System
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Study focus: List of muscles included in this packet ONLY found in exercise 11 on pp. 187 - 232 of lab manual, Exercise 11 review sheet
Lab resources: Models, Muscle men
Be able to identify the muscle, action, origin and insertion for each muscle
|Anconeus |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Olecranon process, posterior surface of ulna |Weak extensor of ulna, stabilizes elbow joint |Radial |
| | | |in extension | |
|MUSCLES OF ANT. FOREARM |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Flexor carpi radialis |Medial epicondyle of humerus |Base of second metacarpal |Flexion and abduction of the wrist |Median |
|Flexor carpi ulnaris |Medial epicondyle of humerus, olecranon process, & |Pisiform, hamate, and fifth metacarpal |Flexes and adducts wrist |Ulnar |
| |posterior ulna | | | |
|Pronator teres |Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process |Lateral surface of radius |Pronates and flexes forearm |Median |
| |of ulna | | | |
|Flexor digitorum |Medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process |Middle phalanges of fingers |Flexes fingers and wrist |Median |
|superficialis |of ulna | | | |
|Flexor digitorum profundus |Anterior and medial surfaces of ulna and |Distal phalanges of fingers |Flexes fingers and wrist |Median and Ulnar |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Flexor pollicis longus |Middle half of radius, interosseous membrane, |Distal phalanx of thumb |Flexes thumb and wrist |Median |
| |coronoid process of ulna | | | |
|Palmaris longus |Medial epicondyle of the humerus |Palmar aponeurosis |Weak flexion of wrist |Median |
|MUSCLES OF POSTEROLATERAL FOREARM|ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Brachioradialis |Lateral supracondylar ridge |Styloid process of radius |Flexes forearm |Radial |
|Extensor carpi radialis longus |Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus |Second metacarpal |Extends and abducts wrist |Radial |
|Extensor carpi radialis brevis |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Third metacarpal |Extends and abducts wrist |Radial |
|Extensor digitorum |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Distal and middle phalanges of each finger |Extends fingers and hand |Radial |
|Extensor digiti minimi |Lateral epicondyle of humerus |Tendon of extensor digitorum on fifth phalanx |Extends 5th digit and hand |Radial |
|Extensor carpi ulnaris |Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior |Fifth metacarpal |Extends and adducts hand at wrist joint |Radial |
| |border of ulna | | | |
|Abductor pollicis longus |Posterior surface of ulna and radius, and |First metacarpal |Abducts and extends thumb |Radial |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Extensor pollicis brevis |Posterior surface of middle of radius and |Base of proximal phalanx of thumb |Extends thumb |Radial |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Extensor pollicis longus |Posterior surface of middle third of ulna and |Base of distal phalanx of thumb |Extends thumb |Radial |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Supinator |Lateral epicondyle of humerus, proximal ulna |Lateral surface and posterior border of radius|Supinates forearm |Radial |
|MUSCLES OF THE PALM |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Abductor pollicis brevis |Scaphoid and trapezium |Proximal phalanx of thumb |Abduction of thumb; opposition of thumb |Median |
|Flexor pollicis brevis |Trapezium |Proximal phalanx of thumb |Flexes thumb; opposition of thumb |Median |
|Flexor digiti minimi |Hook of hamate |Proximal phalanx of fifth digit |Flexes fifth digit |Ulnar |
|Abductor digiti minimi |Pisiform and tendon of flexor carpi ulnaris |Proximal phalanx of fifth digit |Abducts fifth digit |Ulnar |
|MUSCLES OF DEEP BACK AND GLUTEAL |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|REGION | | | | |
|Gluteus maximus |Upper portion of ilium, the sacrum and coccyx |Gluteal tuberosity and iliotibial tract |Principal extensor and lateral rotator of thigh; |Inferior gluteal |
|Gluteus medius |Lateral surface of ilium |Greater trochanter of femur, lateral surface |Abduction and medial rotation of thigh; steadies |Superior gluteal |
| | | |the pelvis during walking | |
|Piriformis |Anterior surface of sacrum |Greater trochanter of femur |Abducts thigh |Twigs from sacral one |
| | | | |and two |
|Quadratus femoris |Ischial tuberosity |Elevation superior to mid-portion of |Laterally rotates and stabilizes hip joint |Nerve to quadratus |
| | |intertrochanteric crest on posterior femur | |lumborum |
|Psoas |Transverse processes of bodies of lumbar vertebrae |Lesser trochanter of femur with iliacus |Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, |Femoral |
|Major | | |and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine| |
| | | |position | |
|Iliacus |Iliac fossa and lateral margin of sacrum |Lesser trochanter of femur with psoas major |Flex thigh at hip joint, rotate thigh laterally, |Femoral |
| | | |and flex trunk at hip as in sitting up from supine| |
| | | |position | |
|MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|THIGH | | | | |
|Biceps femoris |Long head, ischial tuberosity; |Head of fibula and lateral condyle of tibia |Extension of thigh; flexion of leg |Sciatic |
| |Short head, lateral supracondylar ridge of femur | | | |
|Semimembranosus |Ischial tuberosity |Medial condyle of tibia |Extension of thigh; flexion of leg |Sciatic |
|Semitendinosus |Ischial tuberosity, |Medial condyle of tibia |Extension of thigh; flexion of leg |Sciatic |
|MUSCLES OF ANTERIOR AND MEDIAL |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|THIGH | | | | |
|Sartorius |Anterior superior iliac spine |Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint |Flexion, abduction, and lateral rotation of thigh;|Femoral |
| | | |flexion of leg | |
|Tensor fasciae latae |Anterior superior iliac spine of ilium |Iliotibial tract |Flexes thigh, abducts, and medially rotates thigh;|Superior gluteal |
| | | |steadies trunk on thigh while standing | |
|Quadriceps femoris |Anterior inferior iliac spine and upper margin|Tibial tuberosity |Extension of leg; flexion of thigh |Femoral |
|Rectus femoris |of acetabulum | | | |
| Vastus lateralis |Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of |Tibial tuberosity |Extends leg |Femoral |
| |femur | | | |
| Vastus medialis |Intertrochanteric line and linea aspera of |Tibial tuberosity |Extends leg |Femoral |
| |femur | | | |
| Vastus intermedius |Upper shaft of femur |Tibial tuberosity |Extends leg |Femoral |
|Adductor longus |Body of pubic bone |Middle third of linea aspera |Adduction and flexion of thigh |Obturator |
|Adductor magnus |Inferior ramus of pubic bone; ramus of ischium|Linea aspera and adductor tubercle |Adduction and flexion of thigh; extension of thigh|Obturator & sciatic |
| |Ischial tuberosity of ischium | | | |
|Gracilis |Body and inferior ramus of pubic bone |Medial surface of tibia near the knee joint |Adducts thigh at hip joint, medially rotates |Obturator |
| | | |thigh, and flexes leg at knee joint. | |
|Pectineus |Superior ramus of pubis |Just inferior to the lesser trochanter |Adducts and flexes thigh, assists with medial |Femoral |
| | | |rotation of thigh | |
|MUSCLES OF THE POSTERIOR LEG |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|Tibialis posterior |Posterior surfaces of tibia and fibula; |Navicular, with slips to cuneiform; cuboid; |Plantar flexion and inversion of foot |Tibial |
| |interosseous membrane |metatarsals 2-4 | | |
|Flexor digitorum longus |Posterior surface of tibia |Distal phalanges of digits 2-5 |Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of toes |Tibial |
|Flexor hallucis longus |Posterior surface of fibula; interosseous membrane|Distal phalanx of great toe |Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of great toe |Tibial |
|Soleus |Head of fibula; posterior surface of fibula; |With gastrocnemius into calcaneus via |Plantar flexion of foot |Tibial |
| |medial aspect of tibia |calcaneal tendon | | |
|Gastrocnemius |Medial and lateral condyles of femur |With soleus into calcaneus via calcaneal |Plantar flexion of foot; flexion of the leg |Tibial |
| | |tendon | | |
|Popliteus |Lateral surface of lateral condyle |Posterior surface of tibia just below condyles|Flexion of leg; medial rotation of leg to unlock |Tibial |
| | | |knee prior to leg flexion | |
|Plantaris |Lateral supracondylar line of femur |Posterior calcaneus via calcaneal tendon |Assists in plantar flexion of foot and flexion of |Tibial |
| | | |leg | |
|MUSCLES OF THE ANTEROLATERAL |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|LEG AND DORSUM OF THE FOOT | | | | |
|Tibialis anterior |Lateral condyle and lateral surface of tibia and |Base of first cuneiform and first metatarsal |Dorsiflexes and inverts foot |Deep fibular |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Extensor hallucis longus |Anterior surface of fibula and interosseous |Distal phalanx of great toe |Dorsiflexes foot and extends great toe |Deep fibular |
| |membrane | | | |
|Extensor digitorum longus |Lateral condyle of tibia; medial surface of fibula |Middle and distal phalanges of digits 2-5 |Dorsiflexes foot and extends toes |Deep fibular |
| |& interosseous membrane | | | |
|Fibularis longus |Head and lateral surface of fibula |First metatarsal and first cuneiform and |Eversion of foot |Superficial fibular |
|Fibularis brevis |Lateral surface of fibula |Fifth metatarsal |Eversion of foot |Superficial fibular |
|Fibularis tertius |Inferior third of anterior surface of fibula and | 5th metatarsal |Dorsiflexes ankle and aids in eversion of the foot|Deep fibular |
| |interosseous membrane | | | |
|Extensor digitorum brevis |Dorsal surface of calcaneus |By four tendons into extensor expansion |Extends toes |Deep fibular |
|Extensor hallucis brevis |Medial surface of calcaneus |Proximal phalanx of great toe |Extends toes |Deep fibular |
|MUSCLES OF THE SOLE OF THE |ORIGIN |INSERTION |ACTION |NERVE |
|FOOT | | | | |
|Abductor hallucis |Tuberosity of calcaneus |Medial aspect of proximal phalanx of great toe|Abducts and flexes great toe; supports medial |Medial plantar |
| | | |longitudinal arch | |
|Flexor digitorum brevis |Tuberosity of calcaneus |By four tendons into middle phalanx of lateral|Flexes lateral four toes |Medial plantar |
| | |four toes | | |
|Abductor digiti minimi |Tuberosisty of calcaneus |Lateral side of proximal 5th phalanx |Abducts 5th Toe |Lateral plantar |
|Flexor hallucis brevis |Cuboid and lateral cuneiform bones |Base of proximal phalanx of 1st toe |Flexes great toe |Medial plantar |
|Flexor digiti minimi brevis |Base of 5th Metatarsal |Base of proximal 5th phalanx |Flexes 5th toe |Lateral plantar |
The final practical will cover all the material discussed in the last 4 weeks of lab (bones and muscles)
➢ Terms to know, labeled figures, tables, any additional info outlined in the package
➢ Models
➢ Images
➢ 75 questions
➢ Timed stations
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