Global History and Geography Regents Review



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|Date |Thematic Essay |DBQ Essay |

|Jan 2016 |Imperialism |Laws and Orders |

|Aug 2015 |Movement of People and Goods |Leaders |

|Jun 2015 |Movements of Belief Systems |Empires |

|Jan 2015 |Human and Physical Geography |Individuals who addressed Problems |

|Aug 2014 |Political Leaders |Global Issues that Affected Children |

|Jun 2014 |Individuals Who Challenged Tradition or Authority |Turning Points |

|Jan 2014 |Human Rights - Justice |How Have Humans changed the Environment |

|Aug 2013 |Conflicts – Armed Conflicts |Economic Development |

|June 2013 |Change - Revolution |Technologic Advancements |

|Jan 2013 |Change – Collapse of government |Products – Salt, Sugar, and Cotton |

|Aug 2012 |Technology |Protest Movements |

|Jun 2012 |Geography |Autocratic Leaders |

|Jan 2012 |Individuals |Transportation Systems |

|Aug 2011 |Global Issues |Conquerors |

|Jun 2011 |Technology |Human Rights |

|Jan 2011 |Geography |Ideas |

|Aug 2010 |Nationalism |Belief Systems |

|June 2010 |Individual Ideas |Geographic Factors |

|Jan 2010 |Individual Writings |Food Production Revolution |

|Aug 2009 |Belief Systems |Waterways |

|June 2009 |Human Rights |Time Periods |

|Jan 2009 |Geography |Individuals |

The Ancient Civilizations

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Marco Polo and Ibn Battuta

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Pre WWI Map

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A) The Birth of Civilization

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B) Four River Valley Civilizations

|Civilizations |Rivers |Common Characteristics |Unique |Writing system |

| | | |Characteristics | |

|Mesopotamia |Tigris-Euphrates |Irrigation, flooding, |City-states and empires |Cuneiform |

|Egypt |Nile |Annual flooding |Old Dynasties and New Dynasties|Hieroglyphics |

|China |Yellow River ( Huang He) |Silt, River of Sorrow |Dynastic Cycle |Pictograms |

|India |Indus |Northern Plain |Caste, and reincarnation |Undeciphered scripts |

C) Different Disciplines of Social Science

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D) Primary Source v. Secondary Source

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E) Greco – Roman Civilization

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F) Roman Empire

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G) Middle Ages

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H) Feudal system

Europe versus Japan

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I) Crusades

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J)

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K) Renaissance

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L) How English democracy evolved [pic]

M) Reformation

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N) Spanish Conquering of the New World

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O) Scientific Revolution [pic]

P) Enlightenment

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Q) Why Industrial Revolution started in England

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R) Consequences of Industrial Revolution

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S) French Revolution

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T) Century of Nationalism

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U) Opening Up of Japan

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V) Underlying Causes of WWI

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W) Rise of authoritarianism

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X) Road to WWII

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Y) Chinese Communist Revolution

Imperialism Fall of Qing Dynasty

Sun Yat Sen People Republic of China

Support from peasants Rise of Mao

Great Leap Forward Cultural Revolution

Deng 4 Modernizations Tiananmen Massacre

Z) Indian Independence

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AA) Beginning of the Cold War

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AB) End of Cold War/ The Dissolution of the Soviet Union

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CC) Twenty Century Genocides

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DD)Contemporary Problems

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1) Important Travelers

|Name |Time |Place visited |Importance |

|Marco Polo |1200s |China |Visited the Great Khan of the Mongol Empire, |

| | | |and wrote his book, The Travels of Marco Polo |

|Ibn Battuta |1300s |Africa, and Middle East |A Muslim scholar and judge, he travelled |

| | | |almost the entire known Islamic world, and |

| | | |wrote his account of his travels, Rihla. |

|Mansa Musa |1300s |Mecca |The king of Mali, is famous for being a |

| | | |benefactor of Islamic scholarship, and his |

| | | |hajj, pilgrimage to Mecca. |

|Christopher Columbus |1400s |Americas |A navigator and explorer who was instrumental |

| | | |in Spanish colonization of the Americas. |

|Zeng He |1400s |Indian Ocean |A Chinese Muslim who led seven naval |

| | | |expeditions to the Indian Ocean basin and |

| | | |brought envoys from more than 30 states to |

| | | |Ming court. |

|Vasco da Gama |1400s |India |The commander of the first ships to sail |

| | | |directly from Europe to India |

|Ferdinand Magellan |1500s |The World |A Portuguese explorer who led the expedition |

| | | |which completed the first circumnavigation. |

2) Reformist Leaders

|Name |Country |Time |Contributions |

|Nelson Mandela |South Africa |held office from |African reformist who became the first president elected in a fully |

| | |1994-1999 |representative democratic election. Won a Nobel Prize for his efforts in |

| | | |ending Apartheid in South Africa |

|Mikhail Gorbachev |Russia (formerly |Last general |His reforms, known as glasnost (openness) and perestroika (restructuring),|

| |USSR) |secretariat of the |contributed to the end of the Cold War, and the subsequent dissolution of |

| | |USSR, serving from 1985|the USSR. |

| | |to 1991 | |

|Deng Xiao Ping |China |Head of China from 1978|Abandoning communist ideology, he modernized Chinese economy by opening it|

| | |to 1997 |up to the global market, and transformed China into one of the fastest |

| | | |growing economies in the world. |

|Mustafa Ataturk |Turkey |Founder and the first |An admirer of the Enlightenment, Ataturk transformed the formerly Ottoman |

| | |president of the |Empire into a democratic, modern, and secular state. |

| | |Republic of Turkey | |

|Sun Yat Sen |China |Founder of the Modern |Founder of the Nationalist party, and was instrumental in overthrowing the|

| | |China |Qing Dynasty. His Three Principles of the People was considered to be his |

| | | |chief legacy. |

3) 20th Century Dictators

|Name |Country |Time in Power |Importance |

|Lenin |USSR |1917-1924 |Leader of the October Revolution and the first leader of the Soviet|

| | | |Union. |

|Stalin |USSR |1924-1953 |Leader of the USSR after Lenin’s death, he replaced Lenin’s New |

| | | |Economic Policy with several 5-year plans, and propelled the Soviet|

| | | |into an industrial power, but at a huge human cost, including a |

| | | |widespread famine in Ukraine in 1933. |

|Mao |China |1949-1976 |Led the Chinese communist party to victory over Nationalist Party, |

| | | |but was also widely blamed for his failed socio-economic reforms, |

| | | |such as the Great Leap Forward and the Cultural Revolution, which |

| | | |together accounted for a death toll of over 70 millions. |

|Hitler |Germany |1933-1945 |Leader of the Nazi party, he established a totalitarian and fascist|

| | | |regime, invaded Poland in 1939, and committed numerous atrocities |

| | | |during the WWII, including the genocide of 6 millions Jews known as|

| | | |the Holocaust. |

|Castro, Fidel |Cuba |1959-2008 |After overthrowing the US supported Batista regime in 1959, Castro |

| | | |turned the island country into a one-party socialist republic, and |

| | | |a Soviet puppet state. After the collapse of the USSR in 1991, |

| | | |Cuban economy has been in a tail-spin. |

4) Absolute Monarchs

|Name |Country |Reign |Contributions |

|Peter the Great |Russia |1682-1725 |Modernized and Westernized the Tsardom of Russia into a major European |

| | | |power, and founded the city of Saint Petersburg in 1703 |

|Louis XIV |France |1638-1715 |Also known as the Sun King, he believed in the Divine Right, and |

| | | |centralized his authority by forcing many nobles to live with him in his|

| | | |lavish Palace of Versailles. |

|Suleiman the Magnificent |Ottoman Empire |1520-1566 |Known as the lawgiver for his reconstruction of the Ottoman legal |

| | | |system, he expanded vastly the Ottoman empire until his defeat at |

| | | |Vienna. His reign also coincided with the Golden Age of the Ottoman |

| | | |Empire, a time of unparalleled cultural, literal, and architectural |

| | | |accomplishments |

|Elizabeth I |England |1558 - 1603 |Her reign is considered to be the Golden Age in English history, noted |

| | | |for its playwrights such as Shakespeare and Marlowe, the expeditions by |

| | | |Francis Drake and the victory over the Spanish Armada. |

|Frederick the Great |Prussia |1740-1786 |A supporter of the Enlightened Absolutism, he also supported religious |

| | | |toleration, and modernized Prussia’s economy. |

|Catherine the Great |Russia |1762-1796 |She revitalized Russia, expanded its territory, improved its |

| | | |administration, and modernized its economy and culture. But she also |

| | | |found it impractical to improve the status of the serfs. |

5) Major Human Rights Violations

|Event |Place |Time |Highlights |

|Holocaust |Nazi occupied |WWII |Six million Jews were systematically and deliberately executed by Hitler and his |

| |Europe |(1939-1945) |Nazi corroborators. Millions more were forced to work in labor and concentration |

| | | |camps, and were rescued by the Allies. |

|Apartheid |South Africa |1948-1994 |Segregated citizens into racial groups. Blacks were stripped of their citizenship, |

| | | |and the government segregated education, medical care, and other public services, |

| | | |and provided black people with services inferior to those of whites. Ended in a |

| | | |multi-racial democratic election in 1994, when Mandela was elected president. |

|One Child Policy |China |1979 - present |Facing an ever escalating population, Deng implemented this policy of restricting |

| | | |married urban couples to have no more than one child. This policy is said to have |

| | | |prevented more than 300 million births since 1979, but is also widely criticized |

| | | |for the related female infanticide, and forced abortions. |

|Rwanda Genocide |Rwanda |1994 |It had its root in the Hutu-Tutsi ethnic divide, and resulted in the mass killing |

| |( Africa) | |of hundreds of thousands of Tutsis by the Hutu militias. |

|Khmer Rouge |Cambodia |1975-1979 |During the four year rule by the communist leader Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge |

|Genocide | | |party, an estimated 2 million Cambodians died either of starvation, forced labor, |

| | | |summary execution, or violence. It only ended after Vietnam invaded the country. |

|Armenian Genocide |Ottoman Empire |1915-1917 |It is widely acknowledged as the first modern genocide, and took place during the |

| |(Turkey) | |WWI when an estimated one to one and a half million Armenians during the massacres |

| | | |and the forced deportations. |

6) Contemporary Problems

|Problems |Causes |Consequences |Mitigations |

|Global Warming |Burning of fossil fuels such|Increasing global temperature raised |The Kyoto Protocol that was signed and |

| |as oil and natural gas |sea level, destroyed natural habitat, |ratified by more than 180 nations and imposed|

| | |and disrupted natural weather pattern. |limitations on greenhouse gases’ emission on |

| | | |the signing countries. |

|Nuclear Proliferation |Regional conflicts (e.g. |In Kashmir, where India and Pakistan |Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty signed by |

| |Kashmir, North Korea, and |both claim sovereignty, the two nuclear|189 countries; International Atomic Energy |

| |the NIS) |countries have fought three wars since |Agency set up by the United Nations to |

| | |1947. |monitor and to safeguard nuclear fuels and |

| | | |facilities. |

|Over-population |Life expectancy and infant |Currently at 7 billion, the world |Green Revolution around 1950s alleviated some|

| |mortality have been |population is expected to grow to 9 |of the problems, but countries like China and|

| |drastically improved in less|billion by 2040, creating tremendous |India have resorted to drastic measures such |

| |developed regions |pressure in regions like Africa, Latin |as One Child Policy and forced sterilization |

| | |America, as well as India sub-continent|programs. |

| | |and China. | |

|Desertification |Overgrazing, over-farming, |Widespread in many regions in China, |Tougher government regulation and monitoring,|

| |deforestation, |Africa, Chile and several Central Asian|financial aids from the developed nations to |

| |slash-and-burn and climatic |countries |the natives. |

| |change | | |

7) Golden Ages and High Cultures

|Name |Time period |Place |Characteristics |

|Classical Golden Age |448 B.C. to 429 B.C. |Greece ( Athens) |Philosophy ( Socrates, Plato, and |

| | | |Aristotle),architecture ( Parthenon), |

| | | |drama ( Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides)|

| | | |politics ( democracy), epics(Iliad, |

| | | |Odyssey), mathematics, and science |

|Hellenistic Age |Period after the conquests of |Greece, Near East and Central |A new wave of Greek colonization which |

| |Alexander the Great (332 B.C.) |Asia, Africa |established Greek cities, kingdoms and |

| | | |culture in Asia and Africa. |

|Roman Empire |44 B.C. to 476 A.D. |Much of Europe, near East, and |Latin language, rule of law, roads and |

| | |Northern Africa |aqueducts, epic (Aeneid) Coliseum, |

| | | |gladiators. |

|Byzantine Civilization |330 A.D. – 1453 A.D. |Asia Minor, Eastern Europe |Preservation of Greco-Roman cultures, |

| | | |laws (Justinian Codes) architecture |

| | | |(Hagia Sophia), astronomy and |

| | | |mathematics. |

|Gupta Golden Age |320 A.D. to 550 A.D. |India |Zero, decimal system, medicine, |

| | | |astronomy, literature, and architecture |

|Islamic Golden Age |700 A.D. to 1400 A.D. |Middle East, Africa |Mathematics, science, astronomy, |

| | | |medicine, arts, calligraphy, literature,|

| | | |and philosophy |

|African Civilizations |1200 A.D. to 1500 A.D. |Western Africa ( Mali, Songhai, |Bronze statues, art, centers of learning|

| | |and Ghana) Bantu civilization ( |(Timbuktu), gold and salt trade, Islam |

| | |central and Southern Africa) |civilization. |

|Mesoamerican Civilizations |900 A.D. to 1500 A.D. |Mexico to Honduras |Writing, calendar, art, arithmetic, |

| | | |architecture, domestication of maize and|

| | | |other crops. |

|Renaissance |1300-1600 |Western Europe |Humanism, rediscovery of classical texts|

| | | |and art, new painting styles and |

| | | |methodology, vernacular literature, |

| | | |famous artists (da Vinci, Raphael, and |

| | | |Michelangelo) political theory |

| | | |(Machiavelli). |

|Han and Tang Golden Ages |Han202 B.C. – 220 A.D. |China |Paper, silk, ceramic, printing, art, |

| |Tang 618 A.D. – 910 A.D. | |poem, and architecture. |

|Enlightenment |18th century |Western Europe |Freedom, democracy, social contract, |

| | | |natural rights, Voltaire, Locke, |

| | | |Rousseau, Kant, Smith. |

8) Justice/ Legal History

|Name |Time |Place |Significance |

|Code of Hammurabi |About 1800 B.C. |Babylon (Modern Iraq) |First major legal code in history craved in stone and |

| | | |displayed for everyone to see. |

|Roman Twelve Tables |449 B.C. |Rome ( Italy) |Carved in ivory tablets, listed various private rights and |

| | | |legal procedures, they formed the foundation of the Roman |

| | | |justice system. |

|Justinian Code |529 A.D. to 534 A.D. |Byzantine ( Modern Turkey) |It compiled and streamlined all the existing imperial |

| | | |constitutions going back to the time of Hadrian. |

|Magna Carta |1215 A.D. |England |The first English charter, it limited the king’s power, and |

| | | |protected the nobles privileges. |

|Nuremberg Trials |1945-1946 |Germany |It tried 22 of the most important Nazi leaders, and convicted|

| | | |19 on charge of “crime against humanity”. |

|Universal Declaration of |1948 A.D. |United Nations |Arose after WWII after the atrocity of Holocaust had been |

|Human Rights | | |known, it represents the first global expression of rights to|

| | | |which all human beings are inherently entitled. |

9) Scientific and Technological Breakthroughs

|Name |Time |Place |Contributions |

|Neolithic Revolution |Around 10000 B.C. |Middle East |Transition from hunter-gatherers communities to farming |

| | | |settlements; domestication of animals and plants; beginning of |

| | | |river-valley civilizations. |

|Gutenberg Press |Around 1440 A.D. |Germany |The first movable type press in Europe, was used to publish the |

| | | |Gutenberg Bible, and helped to spread Renaissance and Reformation|

| | | |ideas |

|Scientific Revolution |1543 A.D. to around |Europe |Works by Copernicus, Galileo, Kepler, Newton and others replaced |

| |1700 | |the ancient Ptolemy geocentric theory with heliocentric theory, |

| | | |and Aristotelian 5 elements theory with atomic theory. |

|Industrial Revolution |Late 1700s to early |Britain |The invention of steam engine by James Watt propelled the English|

| |1800s | |economy into the modern age, and created the world’s capitalistic|

| | | |system. |

|Green Revolution |1940s |Mexico, Philippines, |In 1943, Norman Borlaug developed new high yield varieties of |

| | |India, and the third |wheat and later rice, and later on combined these with chemical |

| | |world |fertilizers, mechanical farming machines in India. |

|Computer |1950 to present |The whole world |Computer and digital technology have drastically improved our |

|Revolution | | |work, study, communication, and entertainment, but also created a|

| | | |digital divide. Moore’s Law is said to hold for another decade at|

| | | |least. |

10) Economic Systems

|Type |Time/Place |Characteristics |Significance |

|Traditional Economy |Medieval Europe; some |An economy usually based on subsistence |The living standard is low, and is often |

| |contemporary Third World |farming, producing enough to feed only |tradition bound, family based. |

| |countries |one’s family. | |

|Barter economy |Most economies in ancient |Absence of money, the economy is usually |Trade and commerce are not common, and |

| |time. |farming based. |residents exchange what they produced with |

| | | |each other. |

|Manorialism |Medieval Europe |Based on the manor, an estate that |Was essential for feudalism to work; |

| | |included one or more villages and the |provided resources, food etc. for knights |

| | |surrounding lands. |and local lords. |

|Mercantilism |16 – 18th century/ Europe |An economy theory that holds that the |European governments such as Spain and |

| | |prosperity of a country depends on its |England which sought to increase their |

| | |control of capital. |exports and limit their imports by |

| | | |controlling overseas colonies. |

|Capitalism or Free |19 - 20th century/ Europe and|Wealth and the means to produce wealth |Sometimes known as laissez faire economy, |

|Market |much of the world |are privately owned |this theory holds that government should not|

| | | |interfere with market activities. |

|Marxism, central planning|20th century/ USSR, China, |All means of production are controlled by|Led to major confrontations such as the Cold|

|economy, or command |Cuba, Vietnam, North Korea. |the workers. |War during the 1900s. |

|economy | | | |

11) Belief Systems

|Religion |Major Figures/Deities |Sacred Place/ areas of practice |Major Tenets |

|Buddhism |Founded by Gautama Buddha around |Has about 250 million followers |Four Nobel Truths, Nobel Eightfold Path, and |

| |500B.C. in India |mostly in East and Southeast Asia|Nirvana. |

|Christianity |A monotheistic religion founded |Popular in Africa, Europe, Asia, |Holy Bible, Ten Commandments, Resurrection, and |

| |on the teachings of Jesus Christ |and South America. |Salvation. |

|Confucianism |Confucius, Mencius |China, and East Asia |Filial Piety, rites, humility, and 5 |

| | | |Relationships |

|Hinduism |Vishna and Shiva |Predominantly in India |Reincarnation, Dharma (personal duty), and |

| | |Subcontinent, with about 1 |Karma. |

| | |billion followers worldwide. | |

|Judaism |One God - Yahweh. World’s first |Jerusalem. Some Jews are |Hebrew Bible, Covenant between God and Abraham, |

| |monotheistic religion ,influenced|dispersed over Europe, but most |dietary laws and religious clothing. |

| |Islam and Christianity. |live in N. America, and Israel. | |

|Islam |One God - Allah; Final Prophet - |Middle East, Africa and Asia. |God revealed the Quran to Muhammad; adherence to|

| |Muhammad | |5 pillars, Sharia ( Islamic laws) |

|Shinto |Polytheism, worship of natural |Indigenous religion of Japan |Has a strong focus on rite and practice, but is |

| |forces (spirits) | |nonetheless lack of a centralized structure. |

12) Geography and its relationship with humans

|Feature |Region |Time Period |Influence on the Life/People |

|Island/ |Japan |From 600 A.D. to |Cultural diffusion. Japan borrows much of its culture from China, but |

|Proximity to China | |Present |because of its geographical isolation, is able to develop its own |

| | | |unique culture. e.g. Buddhism, Confucianism, writings, tea, and |

| | | |clothing. |

|Rivers |Early Civilizations ( |3100 B.C. to 1300 B.C. |Annual flooding of River Nile brings fertile soil from upstream. |

| |Egypt) | |Abundance of food supply thus enabled the Egyptians to build monuments|

| | | |such as Pyramids, and to devote resources in culture, religion, |

| | | |technology and art. |

|Natural Resources |England |Late 18th century |An abundance of iron deposit, coal, and supply of wool enabled the |

| | | |nation to become the first industrialized nation, but the |

| | | |Industrialization Revolution also came with a high human cost. |

|Monsoons |India |Throughout history |A seasonal prevailing wind that lasts for several months, it brings |

| | | |heavy rainfall and flooding to India and Pakistan, and affects a huge |

| | | |population. |

|Mountains |China |Before modern time |The mountains isolate China from its neighbors, and help the country |

| | | |to develop its own unique culture. |

|Rain Forest |Brazil |1960-present |The dense Amazon rainforest comprises the largest and most species |

| | | |rich rainforest in the world, but is facing the danger of |

| | | |deforestation as the region becomes more densely populated in recent |

| | | |times. |

13) Turning Points, Revolutions, Changes, Leaders and Individuals who Changed History

|Events |Individuals |Time/Place |Impact |

|Reformation |Martin Luther |1517/ Germany |Posed his 95 Theses to dispute the Church’s claim that money could |

| | | |absolve punishment of sin, sparking the Protestant Reformation. He taught|

| | | |that salvation is a free gift of God and received only by grace through |

| | | |faith in Jesus. |

|Russian Revolution |Lenin |1910s/ Russia | Leader of the October Revolution and the first leader of the Soviet |

| | | |Union, he, using the slogan, “Land, bread and peace,” led Russia out of |

| | | |the WWI, won the Civil War with the Whites, and created a state |

| | | |security/terror system. |

|Chinese Revolution |Chairman Mao |1940s/ China |Leader of the People Republic of China from 1949 until his death in 1976,|

| | | |Mao was instrumental in winning the Chinese Civil War against Chiang and |

| | | |the Nationalist party. |

|Voyages of Columbus |Christopher Columbus|15th Century/ |Initiated widespread contact between the Old and the New World, he led to|

| | |Americas |the Spanish colonization of the South America, and the subsequent |

| | | |Columbian Exchange that depopulated the New World, and circulated a wide |

| | | |variety of crops and livestock. |

|Collapse of The USSR |Mikhail Gorbachev |1980s / Russia |The last leader of the USSR, Gorbachev initiated his Glasnost (Openness) |

| | | |and Perestroika (Restructuring) policies, but was unable to arrest the |

| | | |rapid economic decline. Cold War and USSR came to an end in 1991 as the |

| | | |various Soviet Republics declared their independence. |

|WWII |Adolf Hitler |1933-45/ Germany |Came to power in a democratic election, Hitler nonetheless quickly |

| | | |declared a fascist dictatorship. Claiming that Germany needed Lebensraum|

| | | |(living space), he annexed Austria, invaded Sudetenland in |

| | | |Czechoslovakia, and started the WWII by invading Poland. |

|Iranian Revolution |Ayatollah Khomeini |1979/ Iran |The overthrow of Shan monarchy and its replacement with an Islamic |

| | | |theocracy. |

14) Nationalist Leaders

| Individual |Time/ Country |Action |Contribution |

|Otto von Bismarck |19th Century/ Germany |Creator and first Chancellor of the German Empire from|Built Germany into the continent’s most |

| | |1871 – 1890. He was instrumental in Prussian victory |powerful nation, and paved the way for |

| | |over Denmark, Austria, and France. |the WWI, and the WWII. |

|Monhandas Gandhi |20th Century/ India |The pre-eminent leader of the Indian Independence |The spiritual leader of the Indian |

| | |Movement, he championed resisting tyranny through mass|independence, he inspired millions to |

| | |civil disobedience, such as Salt March and Home Spun |struggle against the British empire by |

| | |Movement. |using peaceful means. |

|Jomo Kenyatta |20th century / Kenya |The first prime minister and president of Kenya, he |A corrupt authoritarian who turned the |

| | |was a member of the radical Mau Mau Society, and used |country into a relatively prosperous |

| | |violence to ended British colonialism in Kenya. |capitalistic society, but ruled until |

| | | |the day he died. |

|Simon Bolivar |19th century / South |One of the most important leaders of South American |Lauded by six S. American countries as |

| |America |independence movement against Spain. He founded Gran |their founder, he was known as the |

| | |Columbia, and was its president from 1821 – 1830. |Liberator, and remained influential even|

| | | |posthumously. |

15) Movement of People and Goods/Interdependence

|Movement |Time/Place |Reason |Effect |

|Silk Road |100 B.C. to 1030 A.D./ From China|An extensive network of trade in |An important factor linking |

| |to Europe and North Africa |silk and many other luxurious |China, India, Central Asia, |

| | |products |Egypt, Rome and Persia to form |

| | | |an extensive trading network. |

|Crusades |1095 to 1291/ From Europe to |A series of religion driven |Opened up Europe to Islamic |

| |Jerusalem and the Holy Land |campaigns to fight against the |culture and trade, ended the |

| | |Muslims who were occupying the |Middle Ages, and aided the |

| | |Holy Land then. |Italian Renaissance. |

|IMF/ World Bank/ EU/ WTO |1950s to present/ worldwide |Seeking international cooperation|Successfully built the most |

| | |to prevent the next Great |prosperous half-century in human|

| | |Depression from happening again |history, during which global |

| | | |living standard and |

| | | |international trade improved. |

|Bantu Migration |1000s B.C. to 1600s A.D./ |a millennia-long series of |Completed the colonization of |

| |Sub-Sahara Desert |migrations of herders and farmers|south Africa by the 17th |

| | |seeking water and pasture |century, with its language |

| | | |spoken all over Africa |

Continued Movement/Interdependence

|Movement |Time/Place |Reason |Effect |

|Potato Famine |1850s / Ireland |A potato disease exacerbated by a |One million died and another |

| | |host of other factors, including an|million emigrated to other |

| | |indifferent English government |countries such as US. |

|Global Migration |Current / mostly from |Global income inequality and |Leading to massive migration to |

| |developing countries to the |political unrest in home country |European countries |

| |West | | |

|Zionism |Late 19th century/ Europe | Began as a reaction to Dreyfus |After the Balfour Declaration, |

| | |Affair, and founded by Theodor |more Jewish moved back to Israel|

| | |Herzl to create a Jewish nation | |

| | |state in today’s Israel. | |

|United Nations |Established in 1945/ New York |To maintain world peace and promote|Results have been mixed at best, |

| | |global cooperation in various |impotent during the Cold War, but|

| | |issues |has more successes in human |

| | | |rights and health related issues |

16) Important Treaties/ Conferences

|Title |Time/ |Purpose |Consequences |

| |Participants | | |

|Council of Trent |1545 – 1563/ Catholic |To condemn Protestantism and began|Reaffirmed traditional Catholic |

| |fathers |the Counter Reformation |doctrines, and ended abuses |

|Congress of Vienna |1814-5/ Austria |To establish a balance of power |Prevented another continental war |

| | |and to turn back the clock |for almost one century |

|Berlin Conference/ Scramble |1884/ Germany |To prevent bloodshed among |With no African invaded, the great |

|for Africa | |European colonial powers |powers divided up Africa continent |

|Treaty of Versailles |1919/ Paris, France |To decide the future of the post |Imposed a huge indemnity and |

| | |WWI world |restraint on Germany, led to the |

| | | |rise of radical parties in Germany |

|Munich Conference |1938/ Germany |To settle the crisis caused by |Known as Appeasement, the British |

| | |Hitler’s annexation of Sudetenland|and English leaders allowed Germany|

| | | |to keep the land without any |

| | | |consequences |

|Yalta Conference |1945/ USSR |To decide the future of post war |Soviet was allowed to keep Eastern |

| | |Europe |Europe, a major factor leading to |

| | | |the Cold War |

|Treaty of Nanjing |1842/ China |To mark the Opium War between |Led to a century of defeat and |

| | |Britain and China, the first of |humiliation for the Chinese, and |

| | |many unequal treaties to come |eventually led to the rise of |

| | | |nationalism and Boxer Rebellion |

17) Terms You Should Know

|Term |Time/ Place |Meaning |

|Terrace farming |Used widely in China and S. E. Asia and Inca |used in farming to cultivate sloped land |

| |empire | |

|Totalitarian state |20th century/ Nazi Germany, Communist China, |Government in which a one party dictatorship |

| |Fascist Italy, and USSR |regulates every aspect of citizens’ lives |

|Cultural Diffusion |Examples: Buddhism spread from India- China- |The spread of ideas, customs, and technologies|

| |Korea-Japan, and the concept of zero from |from one people to another |

| |India to Arabic land | |

|Ethnocentrism |Ancient China |The belief in the inherent superiority of |

| | |one's own ethnic group or culture |

|Colonialism |Practiced by European powers after the Age of |The establishment of colonies in one territory|

| |Exploration |by people from another territory. |

|Divine Right |James I of England, Louis XIV of France and |The assertion that a monarch derives his right|

| |Phillip II of Spain |to rule directly from the will of God. |

|Marshall Plan |1948-51/ W. Europe |The U. S. poured financial aiding totaling $13|

| | |billion into the economies of Western Europe |

|Containment |Post WWII |a United States policy using numerous |

| | |strategies to prevent the spread of communism |

| | |abroad |

|Five Year Plans |1928 – 1991/ USSR |a series of nation-wide centralized economic |

| | |plans in the Soviet Union |

|Unit 1 : Covering all the ancient civilizations (golden Ages) up to |ANCIENT WORLD—CIVILIZATIONS AND RELIGIONS (4000 BC - 500 AD) |

|the fall of Roman Empires | |

|Unit 2 : From the Middle Ages to the Islamic empire to the Mongols |EXPANDING ZONES OF EXCHANGE AND ENCOUNTER (500 - 1200) |

|Empire | |

|Unit 3 : The African and Meso-American civilizations and Renaissance |GLOBAL INTERACTIONS (1200 - 1650) |

|in Europe | |

|Unit 4: From Zeng he’s explorations and Spanish and Portuguese |THE FIRST GLOBAL AGE (1450 - 1770) |

|expeditions to the Absolute monarchs | |

|Unit 5 : From the Scientific Revolution to Enlightenment to French |AN AGE OF REVOLUTION (1750 - 1914) |

|Revolution till the WWI | |

|Unit 6: From the WWI to the end of WWII |A HALF CENTURY OF CRISIS AND ACHIEVEMENT (1900 - 1945) |

|Unit 7 : From the Cold War to the current world and its problems |THE 20TH CENTURY SINCE 1945 |

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John Dewey High School Connie Hamilton, Principal

Social Studies Department Larry Orsini, AP

Global History and Geography Regents Review 2016

Ptolemy - Geocentric Theory

Earth is at the center of the Universe

Copernicus – Heliocentric Theory

Sun is at the center of the Universe

Galileo – Telescope

Used observation to prove the heliocentric theory

Newton – Gravitation Theory

A mechanical view of the universe

Enlighten-ment Philosophers

John Locke

Natural Laws

Enlightened Despots Catherine the Great

Montesquieu Separation of Powers

Genocide

Mass Killing of a race or a people

Holocaust

Nuremberg Trials

Cambodia

Pol Pot

Khmer Rouge

Rwanda

Hutu and Tutsi

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