CHAPTER 12 - RECOVERY & REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE …
CHAPTER 12 - RECOVERY & REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE
Section 1 - Meaning & Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance
Renaissance – a rebirth of Greco-Roman civilization, marking the end of the backwardness of the Middle Ages
Jacob Burckhardt & The Civilization of the Renaissance – Swiss historian and art critic; the book suggested that Italy (14th and 15th century) was the birthplace of the modern world
Leon Battista Alberti – 15th century Florentine architect; said, “Men could do all things if they will” – clear theme of Renaissence
l’uomo universale – universal person, someone who was capable of many achievements in life
Section 2 - The Making of Renaissance Society
Hanseatic League – a commercial and military association formed from North German coastal towns; had monopoly on timber, fish, grains, honey, metals, wines; later collapsed due to silting of Bruges’ port and competition from other states
Bruges – southern outlet of the Hanseatic League; later declined
Entrepreneurs – one who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk in a business venture so that they could possibly earn a profit
Florence – became the top bankers in the 15th century because of the Medici
the Medici family – a powerful banking family, which started from textiles but later spread into banking, real estate, and commerce
Baldassare Castiglione & The Book of the Courtier – said that the nobles should have strong characters, have a classical education, and be artistic
Dowry – money presented from the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage
Section 3 - The Italian States in the Renaissance
five major city-states – Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples
Francesco Sforza – a leading condottieri, who betrayed his employers and conquered Milan, becoming the new duke
Condottieri – a mercenary
Oligarchy – government of merchant-aristocrats
Cosimo de’ Medici – in 2434, he took control of the oligarchy controlling Florence; 1434-1464
Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo de’ Medici) – Cosimo’s grandson; ruled from 1469 to 1492
Federigo da Montefeltro – ruled Urbino from 1444 to 1482; received a classical education and learned how to fight; made Urbino into a cultural center
Isabella d’Este – first lady of the world; intelligent and politically wise; ruled Mantua through a marriage to Francesco Gonzaga
Francesco Gonzaga – marquis of Mantua; married Isabell d’Este
Peace of Lodi (1454) – ended a half-century of war and began a peaceful 40-year long period in Italy
Ludovico Sforza – duke of Milan; stupidly invited the French to intervene in Italian politics
Charles VIII of France – ruled from 1583 to 1498; in 1494, he occupied Naples and invaded the rest of Italy, leading to Spanish interference
Niccolo Machiavelli & The Prince – a famous treatise on political power in the West; gave advice to Italian princes on how to rule
Cesare Borgia – son of Pope Alexxander VI, who used ruthless measures to achieve his goal of carving out a new state in Central Italy
Section 4 - The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy
Individualism – emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person
Secularism – the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldy, temporal things and less than spiritual and religious matters
Humanism – intellectual movement based on the study of Greek and Roman classics
Petrarch- father of Italian Renaissance humanism
civic humanism – saw Cicero as the ideal and humanists should serve the government, using their education to support the state
Leonardo Bruni – wrote a biography of Cicero praising his fusion of political action and artistic talent
Lorenzo Valla – one of the first humanists to gain a through knowledge of Greek culture
Neoplatonism – a revival of Platonic philosophy; associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to combine Christianity and Platonism
Hereticism – taught that divinity is found in all aspects of nature; works on alchemy, magic, theology, and philosophy; continued into the 17th century and influenced the Scientific Revolution
Pantheism – divinity found in all aspects of nature, the heavenly bodies, and earthly objects
Giovanni Pico della Mirandola & Oration on the Dignity of Man – Mirandola looked through the works of many philosophers for nuggets of universal truth; the Oration had a statement of universal human potential
Vittorino da Feltre – founded a humanist school for the rich in 1423
Pietro Paolo Vergerio & Concerning Character – stressed importance of humanist education; education was a gateway to true freedom and achieving human potential
Isotta Nogarola – learned Latin and wrote many treatises and letters that brought her praise from male Italian intellectuals
Cassandra Fedele – learned Latin and Greek; famous for public recitations of speeches
Laura Cereta – educated in Latin; supported women having an education
Francesco Guicciardini & History of Italy & History of Florence – greatest historian; his History of Italy/Florence marked the beginning of modern, analytical historiography
movable type – allowed for multiple printing
Johannes Gutenberg – popularized moveable type, finishing the process of developing movable type
Section 5 - The Artistic Renaissance
Masaccio – his frescos were seen as the first masterpiece of the early Renaissance; used monumental figures, perspective, and accurate distance
Sandro Botticelli – interest in Greek and Roman mythology reflected in his artwork
Donato di Donatello – studied and copied Roman and Greek styles of sculpting; created the famous statue of David
Filippo Brunelleschi – drew inspiration from Roman architecture; developed his observations in Italy into a new style of architecture
Leonardo da Vinci - transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance principles; drew an idealized version of nature; used space and perspective
Raphael – one of Italy’s best painters; attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty surpassing humanity through Madonnas; painted School of Athens
Michelangelo – an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect; influenced by Neoplatonism, which reflected in his paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel
Pope Julius II – a patron of the arts; asked Michelangelo to paint the celing of the Sistine Church and Bramante to build St. Peter’s Basilica
Donato Bramante – a prominent High Renaissance architect, who built the Tempietto, which represented High Renaissance views
Jan van Eyck – one of the first to use oil paints, which allowed the artist to use a varied range of colors and make changes to create fine details
Albrecht Durer – a northern artist greatly influenced by the Italians; he learned about perspective and proportions, but kept to the northern tradition of fine detail
Guillaume Dufay - most important composer of the 15th century
Madrigal – a poem set to music, which originated from 14th century Italian courts
Section 6 - The European State in the Renaissance
“new monarchies” – states in which their monarchs succeeded in increasing political authority; especially Spain, France, and England
Hundred Years’ War – a war between England and France, which led to depopulation, destroyed farmlands, ruined commerce, and independent nobles in France; these made it difficult to establish central authority
Charles VII of France – ruled from 1422 to 1461; policies in war time used the war as a reason to strengthen the authority of the king
Taille – an annual direct tax usually on land or property
Louis XI of France – greatly advanced the process of developing a French territorial state
War of the Roses – a civil war in England, which pitted the ducal house of Lancaster (red rose) against the ducal house of York (white rose) and many aristocratic families were drawn into the war; the Red Roses won
Henry Tudor/Henry VII – ruled from 1486 to 1509; reduced internal problems; established a strong monarchial government; ended the private wars of nobility by abolishing livery and maintenance – the practice of keeping private armies
Court of Star Chamber – controlled the nobles; did not use juries and allowed torture in order to extract confessions
Isabella of Castile – married Ferdinand of Aragon in a dynastic union; made Spain Catholic; strengthened the government
Ferdinand of Aragon – married Isabella of Castile in a dynastic union; made Spain Catholic
Cortes – parliaments of Castile and Aragon
Cardinal Ximenes - a religious reformer, twice regent of Spain, Cardinal, Grand Inquisitor, missionary of the Moors, promoted the Crusades in North Africa, and founded the Complutense University
Spanish Inquisition – worked to ensure that new converts to Christianity (Spanish Jews) were faithful, but had no authority over practicing Jews
Maximilian I – through the Reichstag, the parliament, he attempted to centralize the Austrian empire by creating new institutions common to the entire empire; however opposing German princes ruined these plans; his only success was marriage alliances
Sejm – Polish national diet
Matthias Corvinus – under him, Hungary became an important and dominant Eastern Europe state; broke the power of the nobles and created a bureaucracy; patronized humanist culture; after his death, Hungary decayed
Ivan III of Russia – founded the new Russian state, the principality of Moscow; he annexed other Russian states and took advantage of dissention between Mongols to kick them out in 1480
Sultan Murad – Under him, Ottoman forces moved through Bulgaria and Serbia, where under King Lazer, Serbia provided resistance
Battle of Kosovo – In 1389, Ottoman forces defeated the Serbs; King Lazar and Sultan Murad both died; battle became a reason to fight for the Serbs
Mehmet II – laid siege to Constantinople successfully in 1453
Wallachia – taken by the Ottomans in 1417; a territory of Romania
Section 7 - The Church in the Renaissance
John Wycliffe – disgust with clerical corruption led him to attack papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs; said there was no basis for papal authority in the Bible
Lollards – followers of Wycliffe
John Hus – leader of Czech reformers; urged elimination of corruption of the clergy and attacked the excessive power of the pope; he was killed by the Church, leading to a revolt in Bohemia by his supporters
The Council of Constance – church reform council
Sacrosancta – stated a general council of the church received uts authority from God; therefore the Pope had to listen to it
Frequens – a reform decree that provided for the regular holding of general councils to supervise church reforms
Pope Martin V – started the attempt to defeat the conciliar movement which lasted 30 years
Pope Pius II – issued the papal bull Execrabilis
Execrabilis – condemned appeals to a council over the head og a pop as heretical
Nepotism – the promotion of family members to important positions in an organization
Pope Alexander VI – known for his debauchery and sensuality; did all he could to promote his children and relatives
Pope Leo X – patron of Renaissence culture, but not for policy – for personal states; pope form 1513 to 1521
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