CHAPTER 12 - RECOVERY & REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE …



CHAPTER 12 - RECOVERY & REBIRTH: THE AGE OF THE RENAISSANCE

Section 1 - Meaning & Characteristics of the Italian Renaissance

Renaissance – a rebirth of Greco-Roman civilization, marking the end of the backwardness of the Middle Ages

Jacob Burckhardt & The Civilization of the Renaissance – Swiss historian and art critic; the book suggested that Italy (14th and 15th century) was the birthplace of the modern world

Leon Battista Alberti – 15th century Florentine architect; said, “Men could do all things if they will” – clear theme of Renaissence

l’uomo universale – universal person, someone who was capable of many achievements in life

Section 2 - The Making of Renaissance Society

Hanseatic League – a commercial and military association formed from North German coastal towns; had monopoly on timber, fish, grains, honey, metals, wines; later collapsed due to silting of Bruges’ port and competition from other states

Bruges – southern outlet of the Hanseatic League; later declined

Entrepreneurs – one who organizes, operates, and assumes the risk in a business venture so that they could possibly earn a profit

Florence – became the top bankers in the 15th century because of the Medici

the Medici family – a powerful banking family, which started from textiles but later spread into banking, real estate, and commerce

Baldassare Castiglione & The Book of the Courtier – said that the nobles should have strong characters, have a classical education, and be artistic

Dowry – money presented from the wife’s family to the husband upon marriage

Section 3 - The Italian States in the Renaissance

five major city-states – Milan, Florence, the Papal States, and Naples

Francesco Sforza – a leading condottieri, who betrayed his employers and conquered Milan, becoming the new duke

Condottieri – a mercenary

Oligarchy – government of merchant-aristocrats

Cosimo de’ Medici – in 2434, he took control of the oligarchy controlling Florence; 1434-1464

Lorenzo the Magnificent (Lorenzo de’ Medici) – Cosimo’s grandson; ruled from 1469 to 1492

Federigo da Montefeltro – ruled Urbino from 1444 to 1482; received a classical education and learned how to fight; made Urbino into a cultural center

Isabella d’Este – first lady of the world; intelligent and politically wise; ruled Mantua through a marriage to Francesco Gonzaga

Francesco Gonzaga – marquis of Mantua; married Isabell d’Este

Peace of Lodi (1454) – ended a half-century of war and began a peaceful 40-year long period in Italy

Ludovico Sforza – duke of Milan; stupidly invited the French to intervene in Italian politics

Charles VIII of France – ruled from 1583 to 1498; in 1494, he occupied Naples and invaded the rest of Italy, leading to Spanish interference

Niccolo Machiavelli & The Prince – a famous treatise on political power in the West; gave advice to Italian princes on how to rule

Cesare Borgia – son of Pope Alexxander VI, who used ruthless measures to achieve his goal of carving out a new state in Central Italy

Section 4 - The Intellectual Renaissance in Italy

Individualism – emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person

Secularism – the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldy, temporal things and less than spiritual and religious matters

Humanism – intellectual movement based on the study of Greek and Roman classics

Petrarch- father of Italian Renaissance humanism

civic humanism – saw Cicero as the ideal and humanists should serve the government, using their education to support the state

Leonardo Bruni – wrote a biography of Cicero praising his fusion of political action and artistic talent

Lorenzo Valla – one of the first humanists to gain a through knowledge of Greek culture

Neoplatonism – a revival of Platonic philosophy; associated with Marsilio Ficino, who attempted to combine Christianity and Platonism

Hereticism – taught that divinity is found in all aspects of nature; works on alchemy, magic, theology, and philosophy; continued into the 17th century and influenced the Scientific Revolution

Pantheism – divinity found in all aspects of nature, the heavenly bodies, and earthly objects

Giovanni Pico della Mirandola & Oration on the Dignity of Man – Mirandola looked through the works of many philosophers for nuggets of universal truth; the Oration had a statement of universal human potential

Vittorino da Feltre – founded a humanist school for the rich in 1423

Pietro Paolo Vergerio & Concerning Character – stressed importance of humanist education; education was a gateway to true freedom and achieving human potential

Isotta Nogarola – learned Latin and wrote many treatises and letters that brought her praise from male Italian intellectuals

Cassandra Fedele – learned Latin and Greek; famous for public recitations of speeches

Laura Cereta – educated in Latin; supported women having an education

Francesco Guicciardini & History of Italy & History of Florence – greatest historian; his History of Italy/Florence marked the beginning of modern, analytical historiography

movable type – allowed for multiple printing

Johannes Gutenberg – popularized moveable type, finishing the process of developing movable type

Section 5 - The Artistic Renaissance

Masaccio – his frescos were seen as the first masterpiece of the early Renaissance; used monumental figures, perspective, and accurate distance

Sandro Botticelli – interest in Greek and Roman mythology reflected in his artwork

Donato di Donatello – studied and copied Roman and Greek styles of sculpting; created the famous statue of David

Filippo Brunelleschi – drew inspiration from Roman architecture; developed his observations in Italy into a new style of architecture

Leonardo da Vinci - transitional figure in the shift to High Renaissance principles; drew an idealized version of nature; used space and perspective

Raphael – one of Italy’s best painters; attempted to achieve an ideal of beauty surpassing humanity through Madonnas; painted School of Athens

Michelangelo – an accomplished painter, sculptor, and architect; influenced by Neoplatonism, which reflected in his paintings on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel

Pope Julius II – a patron of the arts; asked Michelangelo to paint the celing of the Sistine Church and Bramante to build St. Peter’s Basilica

Donato Bramante – a prominent High Renaissance architect, who built the Tempietto, which represented High Renaissance views

Jan van Eyck – one of the first to use oil paints, which allowed the artist to use a varied range of colors and make changes to create fine details

Albrecht Durer – a northern artist greatly influenced by the Italians; he learned about perspective and proportions, but kept to the northern tradition of fine detail

Guillaume Dufay - most important composer of the 15th century

Madrigal – a poem set to music, which originated from 14th century Italian courts

Section 6 - The European State in the Renaissance

“new monarchies” – states in which their monarchs succeeded in increasing political authority; especially Spain, France, and England

Hundred Years’ War – a war between England and France, which led to depopulation, destroyed farmlands, ruined commerce, and independent nobles in France; these made it difficult to establish central authority

Charles VII of France – ruled from 1422 to 1461; policies in war time used the war as a reason to strengthen the authority of the king

Taille – an annual direct tax usually on land or property

Louis XI of France – greatly advanced the process of developing a French territorial state

War of the Roses – a civil war in England, which pitted the ducal house of Lancaster (red rose) against the ducal house of York (white rose) and many aristocratic families were drawn into the war; the Red Roses won

Henry Tudor/Henry VII – ruled from 1486 to 1509; reduced internal problems; established a strong monarchial government; ended the private wars of nobility by abolishing livery and maintenance – the practice of keeping private armies

Court of Star Chamber – controlled the nobles; did not use juries and allowed torture in order to extract confessions

Isabella of Castile – married Ferdinand of Aragon in a dynastic union; made Spain Catholic; strengthened the government

Ferdinand of Aragon – married Isabella of Castile in a dynastic union; made Spain Catholic

Cortes – parliaments of Castile and Aragon

Cardinal Ximenes - a religious reformer, twice regent of Spain, Cardinal, Grand Inquisitor, missionary of the Moors, promoted the Crusades in North Africa, and founded the Complutense University

Spanish Inquisition – worked to ensure that new converts to Christianity (Spanish Jews) were faithful, but had no authority over practicing Jews

Maximilian I – through the Reichstag, the parliament, he attempted to centralize the Austrian empire by creating new institutions common to the entire empire; however opposing German princes ruined these plans; his only success was marriage alliances

Sejm – Polish national diet

Matthias Corvinus – under him, Hungary became an important and dominant Eastern Europe state; broke the power of the nobles and created a bureaucracy; patronized humanist culture; after his death, Hungary decayed

Ivan III of Russia – founded the new Russian state, the principality of Moscow; he annexed other Russian states and took advantage of dissention between Mongols to kick them out in 1480

Sultan Murad – Under him, Ottoman forces moved through Bulgaria and Serbia, where under King Lazer, Serbia provided resistance

Battle of Kosovo – In 1389, Ottoman forces defeated the Serbs; King Lazar and Sultan Murad both died; battle became a reason to fight for the Serbs

Mehmet II – laid siege to Constantinople successfully in 1453

Wallachia – taken by the Ottomans in 1417; a territory of Romania

Section 7 - The Church in the Renaissance

John Wycliffe – disgust with clerical corruption led him to attack papal authority and medieval Christian beliefs; said there was no basis for papal authority in the Bible

Lollards – followers of Wycliffe

John Hus – leader of Czech reformers; urged elimination of corruption of the clergy and attacked the excessive power of the pope; he was killed by the Church, leading to a revolt in Bohemia by his supporters

The Council of Constance – church reform council

Sacrosancta – stated a general council of the church received uts authority from God; therefore the Pope had to listen to it

Frequens – a reform decree that provided for the regular holding of general councils to supervise church reforms

Pope Martin V – started the attempt to defeat the conciliar movement which lasted 30 years

Pope Pius II – issued the papal bull Execrabilis

Execrabilis – condemned appeals to a council over the head og a pop as heretical

Nepotism – the promotion of family members to important positions in an organization

Pope Alexander VI – known for his debauchery and sensuality; did all he could to promote his children and relatives

Pope Leo X – patron of Renaissence culture, but not for policy – for personal states; pope form 1513 to 1521

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