GREGOR MENDEL - Winston-Salem/Forsyth County …



Unit B: History and Trends of Health Care

| |Unit/Competency/Objective |Cognitive |Performance |

|B |HISTORY AND TRENDS OF HEALTH CARE | | |

|HT02. |Evaluate historical contributions in the development of health care. |8% |4% |

|HT02.01 |Discuss medical treatments and beliefs from ancient civilizations through the |2% |1% |

| |Renaissance. | | |

|HT02.02 |Describe medical advances made in 16th- 20th century health care. |2% |1% |

|HT02.03 |Research men and women who made historical contributions to health care. |2% |1% |

|HT02.04 |Explore current trends in health care. |2% |1% |

Content Outline

Unit B History and Trends of Health Care

HT02.01 Discuss medical treatments and beliefs from ancient civilizations through the Renaissance.

A. 4000 BC – 3000 BC Primitive Times

1. Illness and diseases were a punishment from the Gods

2. Tribal witch doctors treated illness with ceremonies

3. Herbs and plants used as medicines (morphine and digitalis)

4. Trepanation or trephining

B. 3000 BC – 300 BC Ancient Egyptians

1. Physicians were priests

2. Bloodletting or leeches used as medical treatment

C. 1700 BC – AD 220 Ancient Chinese

1. Used therapies such as acupuncture

D. 1200 BC –200 BC Ancient Greeks

1. First to observe the human body and the effects of disease – led to modern medical sciences.

2. Believed illness is a result of natural causes

3. Used therapies such as massage, art therapy, and herbal treatment

E. 753 BC – AD 410 Ancient Romans

1. Established first hospital (caring for solders in their homes)

2. First public health and sanitation systems by building sewers and aqueducts

F. AD 400 – AD 800 Dark Ages

1. Began after the fall of the Roman Empire

2. Emphasis on saving the soul and study of medicine was prohibited

3. Monks and priests treated patients with prayer

G. AD 800 – AD 1400 Middle Ages

1. Renewed interest in medical practices of Greek and Romans

2. Bubonic Plague killed 75% of population in Europe and Asia

H. AD 1350 – AD 1650 Renaissance

1. Dissection of body led to increased understanding of anatomy and physiology

2. Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be shared

HT02.02 Describe medical advances made in the 16th - 20th centuries.

A. 16th, 17th, and 18th Centuries

1. Cause of disease still not known – many people died from infections

2. Invention of the microscope allowed physicians to see disease-causing organisms.

3. Apothecaries led to development of pharmacies

4. First vaccination developed – smallpox

B. 19th Century

1. Formal training for nurses began

2. Infection control developed once microorganisms were associated with disease

3. Viruses discovered in 1892

4. Women became active participants in health care

C. 20th Century

1. Increased knowledge about the role of blood in the body

a. ABO blood groups discovered

b. Found out how white blood cells protect against disease

2. New medications were developed

a. Insulin discovered and used to treat diabetes

b. Antibiotics developed to fight infections

c. Vaccines were developed

3. New machines developed

a. Kidney Dialysis Machine

b. Heart Lung Machine

4. Surgical and diagnostic techniques developed to cure once fatal conditions

a. Organ Transplants

b. Test tube babies

c. Implanted first artificial heart

5. Health Care Plans developed to help pay the cost of care

a. Medicare and Medicaid marked the entry of the federal government into the health care arena

b. HMOs provided an alternative to private insurance

c. Hospice organized

HT02.03 Research men/women who made historical contributions to health care

A. Hippocrates (c. 460 – 377 BC)

1. Greek physician known as the “Father of Medicine

2. Authored code of conduct for doctors known as the “Hippocratic Oath” that is the basis of medical practice today

3. Believed illness was not caused by evil spirits and stressed importance of good diet, fresh air, cleanliness, and exercise

B. Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)

1. Invented the microscope lens that allowed visualization of organisms

2. Scraped his teeth and observed the bacteria that causes tooth decay

C. Benjamin Franklin (1706-1790)

1. Invented bifocals

2. Found that colds could be passed from person to person

D. Edward Jenner (1749-1823) Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796

E Rene Laennec (1781-1826)

1. Invented the stethoscope in 1819

2. First stethoscope was made of wood

F. Elizabeth Blackwell (1821-1910) First female physician in the United States in 1849

G. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910)

1. Known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing”

2. Established efficient and sanitary nursing units during the Crimean War in 1854

3. Invented the call bell system and use of dumbwaiters to deliver meals

4. Begin the professional education of nurses

H. Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)

1. Known as the “Father of Microbiology”

2. His germ theory proved that microorganisms cause disease

3. Proved that heat can be used to destroy germs through a process called pasteurization

4. Created a vaccine for rabies in 1885

5. Founded the basic rules for sterilization

I. Joseph Lister (1827-1912)

1. Used carbolic acid on wounds to kill germs

2. First doctor to use an antiseptic during surgery

J. Clara Barton (1821-1912)

1. Volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War

2. After Civil War, established a bureau of records to search for missing men

3. Campaigned for the USA to sign the Treaty of Geneva, which provided relief for sick and wounded soldiers

4. Formed American Red Cross in 1881 and served as its first president

K. Robert Koch (1843-1910)

1. Developed the culture plate method to identify pathogens

2. Isolated the bacterium that causes tuberculosis

L. Wilhelm Roentgen (1845-1923)

1. Discovered roentgenograms (X-rays) in 1895

2. Let doctors see inside the body

3. X-rayed wife’s hand

M. Sigmund Freud (1836-1939)

1. Discovered the conscious and unconscious part of the mind

2. His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry

N. Sir Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) Discovered penicillin in 1928 which is considered one of the most important discoveries of the twentieth century

O. Jonas Salk (1914-1995) and Albert Sabin (1906 – 1993)

1. Discovered polio vaccine

2. Saved many people from this virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year.

P. Francis Crick and James Watson

1. Described the structure of DNA and how it carries genetic information in 1953

2. Built a three-dimensional model of the molecules of DNA

3. Shared the Noble Prize in 1962

Q. Christian Barnard - Performed first successful heart transplant in 1968

R. Ben Carson

1. Famous for his surgeries to separate Siamese twins

1. Currently Director of Pediatric Neurosurgery at John Hopkins

2. He has refined hemispherectomy, a surgery on the brain to stop seizures

HT02.04 Explore current trends in health care.

A. Cost containment

1. Reasons for high health care costs

a. Technological advances

b. Aging population

c. Health-related lawsuits

2. Methods of cost containment

a. Diagnostic related groups (DRG)

b. Combination of services

c. Outpatient services

d. Mass or bulk purchasing

e. Early intervention and preventive services

B. Home health care

C. Geriatric care

1. Types of facilities

2. Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act (OBRA)

D. Telemedicine

E. Wellness

1. Physical wellness

2. Emotional wellness

3. Social wellness

4. Mental and intellectual wellness

5. Spiritual Wellness

6. Holistic Health

F. Alternative and Complementary Methods of Health Care

1. Ayurvedic practitioners

2. Chinese medicine practitioners

3. Chiropractors

4. Homeopaths

5. Hypnotists

6. Naturopaths

Human Medical History Timeline

Using prior learning from History classes, students should be able to take a card and arrange themselves in the proper historical order.

A PowerPoint is provided on your course CD as B Timeline Pages. You can print out the pages and randomly give them to eight (8) students to hold while they stand in the front of the room in what they think is the proper historical order.

Once students line themselves up, you can call on student observers to suggest corrections.

The PowerPoint slides are as follows:

|Slide 1 | |Slide 5 |

|PRIMITIVE TIMES | |ANCIENT ROMANS |

|Thought illness and disease a punishment from the Gods | |Established the first hospitals by caring for soldiers in |

|Witch doctors used herbs and plants as medicines | |their homes. |

| | |Built sewers and aqueducts to create the first public health |

| | |and sanitation systems. |

|Slide 2 | |Slide 6 |

|ANCIENT EGYPTIANS | |DARK AGES |

|Physicians were priests | |Emphasis on saving the soul – the study of medicine was |

|Treated illness with bloodletting and leeches | |prohibited |

| | |Monks and priests treated patients with prayer |

|Slide 3 | |Slide 7 |

|ANCIENT CHINESE | |MIDDLE AGES |

|Used acupuncture | |Renewed interest in the medical practices of the Greeks and |

|Believed to cure the body you must nourish the spirit | |Romans |

| | |Bubonic plague killed 75% of the people in Europe |

|Slide 4 | |Slide 8 |

|ANCIENT GREEKS | |RENAISSANCE |

|First to observe the human body and the effects of disease | |Dissection of the body led to understanding of anatomy and |

|Believed disease the result of natural causes | |physiology |

| | |Invention of printing press allowed medical knowledge to be |

| | |shared |

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Unlocking the History of Health Care

Study Guide to accompany the PowerPoint

Primitive Times 4000 BC – 3000 BC

1. If you had a stomach ache and chills during primitive times, would you tell someone? Why or why not?

2. What do you think were the complications of trepanation?

Egyptians 3000 BC – 300 BC

3. What have you learned about Egyptians from your Mummy?

4. Why do you think the Egyptians used leeches, and what do you suspect was the result?

Ancient Chinese (1700 BC –AD220)

5. Do you think acupuncture works? Why or why not?

Greeks (1200 BC – 200 BC)

6. Why do some people say that the Greeks are the founders of modern medicine?

Romans (753 BC – AD410)

7. In history class you learned that the Romans were known for building roads and impressive buildings, and for fighting wars. How do those facts relate to the Romans’ contributions to medicine?

Dark Ages (AD400 – AD 800)

8. Why did they call it the Dark Ages?

Middle Ages (AD 800 – AD 1400)

9. What killed 75% of the population in Europe and Asia? _______________________ Do you recall learning another name for that disease, what caused it, and how it was transmitted?

Renaissance (AD 1350 – AD 1650)

10. What led to a better understanding of anatomy and physiology during this historical period, and why was that important?

16th, 17th, and 18th Century

11. What invention led to doctors being able to see disease-causing organisms for the first time?

12. What did Edward Jenner do?

19th Century

13. What is infection control, and have you practiced any infection control today?

20th Century

14. What did we learn about blood in the 20th century?

15. What 20th century discovery in medicine do you think was the most important? Why?

16. What 20th century medical discovery are you most hopeful to see by the year 2010?

Medical History Display

Designing a Display of Medical Accomplishments and Historical Significance

This project involves researching a period of medical history as well as medical accomplishments and/or persons who contributed to medicine during that time frame. You will work in a group of three or four to create a medical history display that contains exhibits pertinent to your historical time period. The display, which you will construct on poster board, butcher paper, or a display board, must incorporate a variety of elements – pictures, replications of art and artifacts, graphic displays, maps, primary source documents, current events –to show a clear view of your era.

Requirements

1. Your display should include most of the statements listed below:

• Discoveries or accomplishments of the era

• People who contributed to the developments or discoveries

• Beliefs or theories related to diseases

• Health care workers of the era

• Health care trends of the era

1. Each exhibit of your museum display must combine at least four elements listed below. A caption should accompany each explaining how the information relates to your topic.

( Pictures ( Copies of primary source documents

( Timelines ( Illustrations

( Symbols ( Maps

( Charts, graphs, tables ( Collages

( Music ( Important Quotes

( Computer display ( Replications of art and artifacts

( Diary accounts of participants ( Poetry and literature

2. Each exhibit in your display must have written plaques that introduce viewers to the exhibit. The plaques should include:

1) An introduction to the topic

2) The people or person involved

3) An explanation of the discovery or innovation

4) The significance of the innovation both then and now

The plaques should be on index cards – any size.

3. Each group member is required to brainstorm ideas, do research and contribute information for each exhibit, create the design of the elements, and help with the writing and creation of the elements of each display.

4. Each student also will be assigned one or more of the following roles:

Logistics Designs the layout for each part of the display. Helps with the production and assembly of the exhibits.

Historical Writer Oversees the writing of the text for each plaque.

Creates brief captions for all parts of the exhibits.

Graphic Artist Oversees the design of all graphic elements –

illustrations, maps, collages, and the like – for each of

the exhibits. List all ideas for the museum display and

the resources needed.

Collector Responsible for ensuring that all necessary resources

for the exhibits are gathered. Assembles and glues or

tapes all part of each display.

Possible Topics for Your Displays

1. Ancient Egyptians and Chinese

2. Ancient Greeks and Romans

3. The Dark Ages and Middle Ages – AD 400 to AD 1400

4. The Renaissance - AD 1350 to AD 1650

5. The 16th and 17th Centuries

6. The 18th Century

7. The 19th Century

8. The 20th Century

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Medical History Display Rubric

| |Points Possible |Assessment |

| |Excellent Good Fair Poor |Student |Teacher |

|Quality of Medical History Display | | | |

|Display contains historical evidence to support | | | |

|subject. |16 12 8 4 | | |

| 2. Shows understanding of health issues during | | | |

|that period of time |12 9 6 3 | | |

| 3. Information plaques are concise and clearly | 8 6 4 2 | | |

|written. | | | |

| 4. A variety of methods were used to complete | | | |

|the historical research. |4 3 2 1 | | |

| 5. Artistic design/value | 12 9 6 3 | | |

|Effectiveness of Group Interaction | | | |

|6. Oral Presentation: Organization, delivery, | | | |

|poise, creativity |16 12 8 4 | | |

| 7. Group used cooperative skills to complete the| 12 9 6 3 | | |

|display | | | |

|Individual Contribution | | | |

|8. Team member contributed ideas at all stages of|4 3 2 1 | | |

|the project | | | |

| 9. Team member shared equally in the planning, | | | |

|research, and design of the project |8 6 4 2 | | |

| 10. Team member completed the responsibilities | | | |

|of the role he/she was assigned |8 6 4 2 | | |

|TOTAL | 100 75 50 25 | | |

Teacher Comments:

Medical History Skit Instructions

Understanding the medical discoveries of the past will help you understand the development of the treatments and medical advances we enjoy today. The purpose of this assignment is to give you a chance to take a closer look at a significant event in medical history. You will:

1. Research an event

2. Write a script

3. Present your skit to your class

Your teacher will assign you to groups of three – six students. Please list below the members of your group and the role they will play in the skit.

1. _______________________________ _____________________________

2. _______________________________ _____________________________

3. _______________________________ _____________________________

4. _______________________________ _____________________________

5. _______________________________ _____________________________

6. _______________________________ _____________________________

Day One: You and the members of your group will select (or be assigned) a significant event in Medical History.

Our Event __________________________________________________

You will spend this day finding information about your event, and plan the scene you are going to present to the class.

Day Two: Write your script and practice your lines.

Day Three: Present your skit to the class.

Rules:

• Your skit should last a maximum of five minutes.

• You will be required to turn in a written copy of your skit.

• All group members must participate in the skit.

• Remember that the purpose of the skit is to inform your audience of what happened during a significant event in medical history.

• Use the rubric as a planning guide to assure you meet all the requirements for this assignment.

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Medical History Skit Rubric

Title of Skit _____________________________________________________

| |Points Possible |Assessment |

| |Excellent Good Fair Poor |Student |Teacher |

|Written Skit | | | |

|Content shares important information clearly and |16 12 8 4 | | |

|concisely | | | |

| 2. Grammar and vocabulary, no spelling errors | 12 9 6 3 | | |

| 3. Neatness – word processed or legible writing | 8 6 4 2 | | |

| 4. Creativity | 8 6 4 2 | | |

|Effectiveness of Group Interaction | | | |

|5. Worked cooperatively with partners all the | | | |

|time and contributed to all aspects of the |16 12 8 4 | | |

|assignment | | | |

|Presentation | | | |

|6. Clarity - performer was easy to understand, |12 9 6 3 | | |

|pronounced words correctly and could be heard | | | |

|easily | | | |

| 7. Drama – performer was dramatic and in | | | |

|character throughout the skit |12 9 6 3 | | |

| 8. Presence – good facial expression and | | | |

|gestures, no laughing or figiting, took a serious|8 6 4 2 | | |

|approach to the assignment | | | |

| 9. Costumes/props added to the quality of the | | | |

|presentation |8 6 4 2 | | |

|TOTAL | 100 75 50 25 | | |

Teacher Comments:

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Medical History: Fact or Fiction?

Fill in the blank with “Fact” if the statement is true about medical history, or “Fiction” if the statement is NOT TRUE. Be prepared to share the “true story” for the statements you mark as fiction.

_____ 1. The French established the first hospitals when physicians cared for soldiers and ill people in their homes.

_____ 2. In ancient times, it was believed that illness and disease were

punishment from the Gods.

_____ 3. Ancient Romans were the first to record health records.

_____ 4. During the Middle Ages, the Bubonic Plague killed 75% of the

population in Europe and Asia.

_____ 5. The Renaissance is called “the rebirth of the science of medicine.”

_____ 6. The Greeks were the first to require physicians to pass examinations and obtain licenses.

_____ 7. The Chinese are credited with establishing “Holistic Health” methods that treat the mind, body, and soul.

_____ 8. Formal training for nurses was started in the 19th century.

_____ 9. A medication called morphine that is used today to treat pain is made from the poppy plant.

_____ 10. Clara Barton is known as the “founder of nursing.”

_____ 11. The first pharmacies were started in the Middle Ages.

_____ 12. The development of television helped medical knowledge spread more rapidly during the Renaissance.

_____ 13. Once microorganisms were associated with disease in the 19th century,

methods of infection control were developed by scientists such as Joseph

Lister and Louis Pasteur.

_____ 14. The first vaccine which was made to prevent smallpox, was developed by

William Harvey.

_____ 15. The discovery of DNA in the 1950’s began the search for gene therapy to

cure inherited diseases.

_____ 16. The Ancient Greeks were the first to believe illness was a result of natural

causes as well as diet and cleanliness could prevent disease.

_____ 17. In ancient times government laws prohibited dissection of bodies.

_____ 18. Hippocrates is credited with doing some of the first dissections and anatomical drawings.

_____ 19. The stethoscope and X-rays were diagnostic tools developed in the 19th century.

_____ 20. The first health insurance plans were developed in the 18th century.

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Is the Doctor In?

1. Go to the following website: wgbh/aso/tryit/doctor/

2. Select a set of symptoms. You have three choices. Fill in the blank below for the symptoms you have chosen.

3. Next, visit each year and complete the charts below. Use your own words to paraphrase the information.

Symptoms: ____________________________________________________________

|Year |1900 |1950 |1998 |

|Examination | | | |

|(What did it involve?) | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Diagnosis | | | |

|(What tests, etc. did the | | | |

|doctors use to make the | | | |

|diagnosis?) | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Treatment | | | |

|(How did they treat the | | | |

|problem?) | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

|Prognosis | | | |

|(What was the outcome of the | | | |

|condition after treatment and | | | |

|what was the timeframe? | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

| | | | |

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Medical History Job

1. Gather data related to _____________________’s influence on health care, health services, or preventive medicine.

2. You are to create a resume for this person that he or she might use if applying for a medical job today. The resume must be typed (word-processed) and in correct format. Your English and computer applications teachers can help with this format. Sections you will need to include are:

• Personal Information

• Education

• Employment / Volunteer Experience

• Qualifications and Special Skills

• Notable Accomplishments

1. This project is due __________________. On this date you are to come to class as this person. You need to dress like this person and bring a model or prop to show the class what you contributed. Do not forget your resume. You will have 3 to 4 minutes to convince your fellow class members why you are the most qualified person for the medical position based on your past experiences and contributions.

3. Remember you must take on the person’s identity. After you speak to them and they examine your resume your classmates will have time to question you.

4. The more creative you are, the better your grade

5. This project counts as a test grade.

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Medical History Job Resume Rubric

Historical Figure __________________________________________________

| |Points Possible |Assessment |

| |Excellent Good Fair Poor |Student |Teacher |

|Structure of Resume | | | |

|Neat and well formatted, consistent margins, |16 12 8 4 | | |

|attractive design | | | |

| 2. Proper grammar and vocabulary, no spelling | 16 12 8 4 | | |

|errors | | | |

| 3. 1-2 pages in length | 8 6 4 2 | | |

|Content of Resume | | | |

|Includes the date and location of birth, |24 18 12 6 | | |

|education, job experience, qualifications and | | | |

|notable accomplishments. | | | |

|Includes two appropriate references |8 6 4 2 | | |

|Presentation | | | |

|6. Clarity – student was easy to understand, |12 9 6 3 | | |

|pronounced words correctly and could be heard | | | |

|easily | | | |

| 7. Presence – good facial expression and | | | |

|gestures, no laughing or figiting, took a serious|8 6 4 2 | | |

|approach to the assignment | | | |

| 8. Costumes/props added to the quality of the | | | |

|presentation |8 6 4 2 | | |

|TOTAL | 100 75 50 25 | | |

Teacher Comments:

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

People Who Contributed to the History of Medicine

|Historical Person |My Contribution to Medicine Was… |

|Hippocrates | |

|Anton van Leeuwenhoek | |

| |Developed a vaccination for smallpox in 1796, a discovery that led to preventive medicine in public |

| |health. |

| |Invented bifocals and found that colds could be passed from person to person. |

|Sir Alexander Fleming | |

| |Invented the first stethoscope. |

|Elizabeth Blackwell | |

| |Founder of “Modern Nursing.” |

| |Germ theory proved microorganisms caused disease. Discovered rabies vaccine and that heat could |

| |destroy germs – “pasteurization” |

|Joseph Lister | |

| |Formed American Red Cross |

|Robert Koch | |

|Wilhelm Roentgen | |

| |His studies were the basis for psychology and psychiatry |

|Jonas Salk and | |

|Albert Sabin | |

| |Described the structure of DNA |

|Christian Barnard | |

|Ben Carson | |

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Who Am I and What Did I Do Quiz

Read the riddle below and complete the statement by writing the name or medical contribution of the person.

1. I am known as the “Father of Microbiology.” My germ theory proved that microorganisms cause diseases. I also created a vaccine for rabies and proved that heat can be used to destroy germs. My name is________________________.

2. I accidentally discovered X-rays when I took a picture of my wife’s hand. This let doctors see inside the human body. May name is ___________________________.

3. My name is Christian Barnard. I performed a famous surgery in 1968. What did I do? _____________________________________________________________

4. My name is Rene Laennec. I invented a medical instrument out of wood that is used to help diagnose cardiac problems. What did I invent? ______________________

5. I am known as the “Father of Medicine.” I lived in Ancient Greece and developed an organized method to observe the human body. I was one of the first physicians concerned with medical ethics and I wrote a code of conduct that became the basis for modern medical practice. Who am I? _________________________________

6. I was a volunteer nurse for wounded soldiers during the Civil War and I helped

find missing men when the war was over. I formed the American Red Cross and

served as its first president. Who am I? _________________________________

7. Our names are Frances Crick and James Watson. We won the Noble Prize in

1962 for our discovery related to genetics. What did we discover? ____________

8. I am credited with discovering the microscope because I invented the lens that allowed people to see microorganisms. The first bacteria I observed was the bacteria that causes tooth decay. Who am I? ____________________________

9. I am known as the “Founder of Modern Nursing.” I established sanitary nursing units and invented the call bell system. I began the professional education of nurses when I opened my school. What is my name? __________________________________

10. My name is Jonas Salk and along with my associate, Albert Sabin, we discovered something that saved many people from a virus that paralyzed thousands of adults and children each year. What was our discovery? ___________________________

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Trends in Health Care

Reading Guide

This assignment is a self-paced study of Section 1:2: Trends in Health Care, in Health Science Career Exploration. You must read the information in the textbook, complete each section on this assignment sheet, and turn in your work by the date given by your teacher.

• You may write your answers in the space provided or use a word processing program.

• You are encouraged to get help with this assignment from a parent, guardian, siblings or peers.

Cost Containment

1. Describe the concept of cost containment in your own words:

2. Politicians running for office often talk about cost containment. When you review the three reasons given for high health care costs, what strategy do you think politicians say will reduce health care spending? ____________________________ Why do they pick that strategy?

3. To show that you understand what a DRG is and does, give a real-world example (you can make up the actual $$) of a DRG.

4. Does Medicare and Medicaid use DRGs to reduce costs? ________ What are the challenges to people on Medicare with DRGs?

5. Mary goes to the doctor, who determines she needs some blood drawn and an x-ray. She ends up having to go to a different office for the blood and another for the x-ray. Please explain to Mary WHY this is?

6. Why is outpatient surgery less expensive than in-patient surgery?

Trends in Health Care – Page 2

7. Mass or bulk purchasing is a cost containment method. Can you give an example of something in your world, outside of health care, where purchasing in bulk saves money?

8. “Preventing illness is always cheaper than treating illness.” Can you give an example, and do you think insurance companies do a good job of funding preventive health care? (An older adult might be a good resource for this question.)

Home Health Care

9. What is home health care? Is it new? Are there any home health care agencies in your area? (Look on the Internet or in the phone book.)

Geriatric Care

10. What types of facilities provide geriatric care?

11. Is OBRA a good idea? Why or why not?

Telemedicine

12. On a separate sheet of paper, creatively develop a plot (or sub-plot) for your favorite TV show in which telemedicine is used. (You must use telemedicine in your plot.)

Wellness

13. What types of services would you expect to find at a neighborhood wellness center?

14. On a separate sheet of 8 ½ x 11” white paper (or on the back of this page) draw a picture of holistic health.

Trends in Health Care – Page 3

15. Fill in the chart below, indicating the things you do to achieve that type of wellness. Then, identify with a “1” your greatest strength, numbering the rest 2-5 in the order you feel applies to you.

|Type of Wellness | |My Strength |

| |How I Achieve It |Order |

|Physical wellness | | |

|Emotional wellness | | |

|Social wellness | | |

|Mental and intellectual | | |

|wellness | | |

|Spiritual wellness | | |

Alternative and Complementary Methods of Health Care

16. Complete the chart by identifying what you believe is important to know about different types of alternative and complementary practitioners.

|Practitioner |What I Think is Important to Know |

|Ayurvedic practitioners | |

|Chinese Medicine | |

|Practitioners | |

|Chiropractors | |

|Homeopaths | |

|Hypnotists | |

|Naturopaths | |

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Trends in Health Care Rubric

|Section |Content Criteria |Points Possible |Correct Grammar and |Points Awarded |

| | | |Spelling | |

| |Assignment turned in on time. (Subtract 5 pts. for each |20 | | |

| |date late.) | | | |

| |Neat and legible |10 | | |

|1 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|2 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|3 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|4 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|5 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|6 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|7 |Gives a plausible example. |3 |1 | |

|8 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|9 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|10 |Provides at least four examples. |3 |1 | |

|11 |Answer demonstrates understanding and application of |3 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|12 |Plot demonstrates understanding and application of |5 |1 | |

| |content. | | | |

|13 |Provides at least four examples. |3 |1 | |

|14 |Content shows holistic health. |4 | | |

|15 |Chart complete, demonstrates understanding. |5 |1 | |

|16 |Chart complete, demonstrates understanding. |5 |1 | |

|TOTAL POSSIBLE |85 |15 | |

Teacher Comments:

Alternative Therapy Guest Speaker

When guest speakers are invited to the classroom, students take an active role in facilitating the process.

|Student Objectives: |

|Demonstrate professionalism. |

|Hear examples of a complementary/alternative therapy. |

|Begin the process of understanding alternatives to traditional medical care. |

|Materials Needed: |

|Contact information for guest speaker, including topic, date, etc. |

|Speaker’s resume (for introduction) |

|Digital camera |

|Media contact information |

|Thank you notes |

|Steps: |

|The teacher makes the initial contact for a guest speaker(s) for this topic. You will provide the speaker(s) with the “Alternative|

|Therapy Speaker Notes.” |

|Once the professional agrees to speak, the instructor explains that students will extend a formal invitation (phone call or personal|

|visit), follow up in writing, ask for a resume (for the introduction), etc. |

|Assign all leadership roles related to the guest speaker to students in the class. Be sure students understand the importance of |

|professional behavior in hosting a guest speaker. |

|Assure that students understand and carry out their roles as assigned. |

|Have students take notes during the speaker’s presentation. |

|The day after the speaker, ask students questions to assess their understanding of the presentation. |

|Praise/recognize students for their successful completion of leadership roles. |

|Assessment: |

|Verbally or in writing, provide each student with feedback on his/her performance. Did the student meet professional standards in |

|carrying out his/her assignment related to the guest speaker? |

|Additional Instructions: |

|BE SURE the students involved can pronounce the speaker’s name, topic and profession correctly. |

|An “Assignment Sheet” is provided that explains the expectations for each role in facilitating the guest speaker. |

|Different students should be selected to perform different roles with each speaker. Most CTE classrooms invite at least 4 guest |

|speakers a year. |

Alternative Therapy Speaker Notes

Thank you for agreeing to speak with students enrolled in Health Team Relations. We have learned about the history of health care, wellness, and alternative and complementary practitioners. In this unit of instruction, these students will:

• Analyze the history of health care.

• Explore current trends in health care.

• Identify selected alternative/complementary therapies.

We are hopeful that you can share real examples for the concepts students are learning in this unit. Here are a few sample topics to address.

1. Describe the form of therapy/health care you provide.

2. How does this form of therapy support traditional medical care?

3. What is the historical significance of this therapy? (How did it develop.)

4. How does this form of therapy improve health?

Thank you for your willingness to help our students learn more about alternative and complementary methods of health care!

Name _____________________________________ Date ___________________

Guest Speaker Student Instructions

|Speaker | |

|Topic | |

|Date |________________________________________________________________ |

|Student |Assignment |

| |Invitation – Obtain contact information from the teacher. Place the phone call, introduce yourself, and |

| |invite the speaker. Offer to answer any questions. Ask if any equipment is needed. Explain that written |

| |confirmation will follow via E-mail or mail. |

| |Written Confirmation – Write a letter or E-mail that confirms date, time and topic. Explain that a student |

| |will meet the speaker in the school office at a specified time to escort the speaker to the classroom. |

| |Include details like the number of students in the class, any equipment that will be available, etc. |

| |Media Contact – Call or E-mail local newspaper. Inform education reporter of speaker and invite media |

| |coverage. Provide all appropriate details (date, time, location, etc.) If possible, call 2-3 hours before |

| |the speaker to determine if a reporter will be present. Greet/host reporter. |

| |Host – Be sure you know about the speaker, his/her profession, employer, and scheduled topic. You will need to|

| |carry on a conversation with the speaker on the way to the classroom. Go to the office 15 minutes prior to the|

| |scheduled arrival of the speaker and wait. Introduce self and provide assistance as necessary. On the way to|

| |the classroom, explain WHY the class is eager to hear what the speaker has to say. Introduce the speaker to |

| |the student making the introduction. When the speaker is finished, walk the speaker back to his/her vehicle. |

| |Introduction – Obtain the speaker’s resume from the teacher and write an introduction. Greet the speaker upon|

| |arrival to the classroom, help with the speaker’s equipment/materials, and make the introduction when the |

| |speaker is ready. |

| |Reporter – Bring a digital camera and take a picture of the speaker. Make notes of the speech. Write a news |

| |article about the speaker and key points made during the speech. Submit the news article to the HOSA |

| |Newsletter, school newspaper, PTA newsletter, and/or school website for publication. |

| |Thank you – Write and mail a handwritten thank you note on behalf of the entire class. |

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