Tea Advisory Panel
TEA, HYDRATION AND FLUORIDEExecutive summaryTea is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water.83% of UK adults drink tea with average consumption of just over two servings daily (542ml).Tea contains approximately 99% water. It is an important source of fluid and can count towards the daily intake of 8 cups of fluid. Both the Food Standards Agency and the British Dietetic Association advise that tea can help to meeting daily fluid requirements.The idea that tea contains as much caffeine as coffee is erroneous. A cup of tea contains about a third of the caffeine in an average cup of filtered coffee and proportionately much less compared to an espresso.Tea is a source of polyphenolic compounds which are linked with a range of health benefits.Media concerns about caffeine and fluoride in tea have led to questions about the suitability of tea as a source of fluid and its role in hydration.Studies evaluating the effect of tea on markers of hydration suggest no impact of tea on hydration even at higher levels of intake than average UK intakes.Studies suggesting that caffeine can impact on hydration markers have used caffeine pills and sometimes in people who do not normally consume caffeine.Overall the data on caffeine and hydration suggest that high doses of caffeine in people who do not normally consume caffeine may increase urine output, but this does not occur with acute doses of low to moderate doses of caffeine nor with chronic caffeine consumption.Fluoride is mineral that has beneficial effects on both teeth and bone. With regards to teeth the most common benefit is prevention of dental caries. In small to moderate doses, fluoride may help to strengthen bone.Tea is a source of fluoride and could in theory make a dental health claim.The UK typical intake of tea of 2-3 servings a day is likely to contribute fluoride levels below the RDA and AI for fluoride. Among higher consumers of tea (up to 5 cups daily) fluoride intakes are likely to exceed the RDA and AI but remain below the upper level. In children aged 4-10 years an appropriate intake would be 1-2 servings and in older children up to 4 servings daily could be consumed.IntroductionTea (Camellia sinensis) is the most widely consumed beverage in the world after water. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Hodgson</Author><Year>2010</Year><RecNum>1</RecNum><DisplayText>(1)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>1</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461246544">1</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Hodgson, J. M.</author><author>Croft, K. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia. Jonathan.Hodgson@uwa.edu.au</auth-address><titles><title>Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health</title><secondary-title>Mol Aspects Med</secondary-title><alt-title>Molecular aspects of medicine</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Mol Aspects Med</full-title><abbr-1>Molecular aspects of medicine</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Mol Aspects Med</full-title><abbr-1>Molecular aspects of medicine</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>495-502</pages><volume>31</volume><number>6</number><edition>2010/09/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Cardiovascular Diseases/metabolism/ prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Flavonoids/administration & dosage/metabolism/ pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Health Behavior</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Models, Animal</keyword><keyword>Tea</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2010</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1872-9452 (Electronic)
0098-2997 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>20837049</accession-num><urls><related-urls><url>;(1) Black tea is the most popular type representing 78% of the tea consumed worldwide, 20% is green tea and 2% oolong. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Siddiqui</Author><Year>2004</Year><RecNum>2</RecNum><DisplayText>(2)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>2</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461248684">2</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Siddiqui, I. A.</author><author>Afaq, F.</author><author>Adhami, V. M.</author><author>Ahmad, N.</author><author>Mukhtar, H.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.</auth-address><titles><title>Antioxidants of the beverage tea in promotion of human health</title><secondary-title>Antioxid Redox Signal</secondary-title><alt-title>Antioxidants & redox signaling</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Antioxid Redox Signal</full-title><abbr-1>Antioxidants & redox signaling</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Antioxid Redox Signal</full-title><abbr-1>Antioxidants & redox signaling</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>571-82</pages><volume>6</volume><number>3</number><edition>2004/05/08</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Anticarcinogenic Agents/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Antioxidants/ pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Flavonoids/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Health</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Models, Chemical</keyword><keyword>Neoplasms/prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Phenols/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Polyphenols</keyword><keyword>Tea/ metabolism</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2004</year><pub-dates><date>Jun</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1523-0864 (Print)
1523-0864 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>15130283</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1089/152308604773934323</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(2) Up to 83% of UK adults drink tea with older adults (> 65 years) drinking more than those aged 19-64 years. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>(3)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461250631">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, C</author><author>Phillips, F</author><author>Bond, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is tea a healthy source of hydration?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>166-176</pages><volume>40</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(3) Tea consumption in the UK has decreased during the last 30 years from seven servings to just over two servings daily. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>(3)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461250631">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, C</author><author>Phillips, F</author><author>Bond, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is tea a healthy source of hydration?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>166-176</pages><volume>40</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(3) Tea contains an array of compounds including amino acids, organic acids, methylxanthines, flavonoids and related polyphenols, as well as small quantities of micronutrients, including B vitamins, manganese, zinc and fluorine, and also caffeine and L-theanine. Tea polyphenols are of great interest because of their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and their links with reduced mortality,PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXJkZW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HYXJkZW5lcjwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (4) cardiovascular health,PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaGFuZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJl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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5aaGFuZzwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTU8L1llYXI+PFJl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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (5) improved cognitive function, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Einother</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>6</RecNum><DisplayText>(6)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>6</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461252142">6</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Einother, S. J.</author><author>Martens, V. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>From Unilever Research and Development, Vlaardingen, Netherlands.</auth-address><titles><title>Acute effects of tea consumption on attention and mood</title><secondary-title>Am J Clin Nutr</secondary-title><alt-title>The American journal of clinical nutrition</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Am J Clin Nutr</full-title><abbr-1>The American journal of clinical nutrition</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Am J Clin Nutr</full-title><abbr-1>The American journal of clinical nutrition</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1700S-1708S</pages><volume>98</volume><number>6 Suppl</number><edition>2013/11/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Affect/ drug effects</keyword><keyword>Attention/ drug effects</keyword><keyword>Caffeine/ pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Camellia sinensis/ chemistry</keyword><keyword>Cognition/ drug effects</keyword><keyword>Glutamates/ pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Plant Extracts/pharmacology</keyword><keyword>Tea/ chemistry</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Dec</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1938-3207 (Electronic)
0002-9165 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24172303</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.3945/ajcn.113.058248</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(6)protection against diabetes, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>7</RecNum><DisplayText>(7)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>7</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461252247">7</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author><author>Mason, P</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is black tea consumption associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>4-15</pages><volume>37</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2012</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(7) bone healthPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGVuPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (8) and weight management.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2huPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj
TnVtPjk8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KDkpPC9EaXNwbGF5VGV4dD48cmVjb3JkPjxyZWMt
bnVtYmVyPjk8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlkPSJ0
cHhhMHIwdjEwMnd6NmVydGRsdnR2d2d6ZjV3dzBwMnY1dHQiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ2MTI1MjUz
NyI+OTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFydGljbGUi
PjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+Qm9obiwgUy4gSy48
L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNyb2Z0LCBLLiBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+QnVycm93cywgUy48
L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlB1ZGRleSwgSS4gQi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPk11bGRlciwgVC4g
UC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkZ1Y2hzLCBELjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+V29vZG1hbiwgUi4g
Si48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhvZGdzb24sIEouIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PC9hdXRob3JzPjwvY29u
dHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRoLWFkZHJlc3M+RGVwYXJ0bWVudCBvZiBOdXRyaXRpb24sIEluc3RpdHV0
ZSBvZiBCYXNpYyBNZWRpY2FsIFNjaWVuY2VzLCBGYWN1bHR5IG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBVbml2ZXJz
aXR5IG9mIE9zbG8sIE5vcndheS4gcy5rLmJvaG5AbWVkaXNpbi51aW8ubm8uPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl
c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+RWZmZWN0cyBvZiBibGFjayB0ZWEgb24gYm9keSBjb21wb3NpdGlv
biBhbmQgbWV0YWJvbGljIG91dGNvbWVzIHJlbGF0ZWQgdG8gY2FyZGlvdmFzY3VsYXIgZGlzZWFz
ZSByaXNrOiBhIHJhbmRvbWl6ZWQgY29udHJvbGxlZCB0cmlhbDwvdGl0bGU+PHNlY29uZGFyeS10
aXRsZT5Gb29kIEZ1bmN0PC9zZWNvbmRhcnktdGl0bGU+PGFsdC10aXRsZT5Gb29kICZhbXA7IGZ1
bmN0aW9uPC9hbHQtdGl0bGU+PC90aXRsZXM+PHBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0bGU+Rm9vZCBG
dW5jdDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkZvb2QgJmFtcDsgZnVuY3Rpb248L2FiYnItMT48L3Bl
cmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkZvb2QgRnVuY3Q8L2Z1bGwtdGl0
bGU+PGFiYnItMT5Gb29kICZhbXA7IGZ1bmN0aW9uPC9hYmJyLTE+PC9hbHQtcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48
cGFnZXM+MTYxMy0yMDwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVtZT41PC92b2x1bWU+PG51bWJlcj43PC9udW1iZXI+
PGVkaXRpb24+MjAxNC8wNi8wNDwvZWRpdGlvbj48a2V5d29yZHM+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWR1bHQ8L2tl
eXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+QWdlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5CaW9tYXJrZXJzL2Jsb29kL3Vy
aW5lPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJsb29kIEdsdWNvc2UvbWV0YWJvbGlzbTwva2V5d29yZD48
a2V5d29yZD5CbG9vZCBQcmVzc3VyZS9kcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9k
eSBDb21wb3NpdGlvbi8gZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJvZHkgV2VpZ2h0
L2RydWcgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DYW1lbGxpYSBzaW5lbnNpcy8gY2hlbWlz
dHJ5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhcmRpb3Zhc2N1bGFyIERpc2Vhc2VzLyBwcmV2ZW50aW9u
ICZhbXA7IGNvbnRyb2w8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2hvbGVzdGVyb2wsIEhETC9ibG9vZDwv
a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5DaG9sZXN0ZXJvbCwgTERML2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3Jk
PkRvdWJsZS1CbGluZCBNZXRob2Q8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RW5kb3RoZWxpdW0vZHJ1ZyBl
ZmZlY3RzL21ldGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RmVtYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3
b3JkPkZsYXZvbm9pZHMvYWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpb24gJmFtcDsgZG9zYWdlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3
b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk1pZGRs
ZSBBZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlBsYW50IEV4dHJhY3RzL2FkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uICZh
bXA7IGRvc2FnZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5UZWEvIGNoZW1pc3RyeTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5
d29yZD5UcmlnbHljZXJpZGVzL2Jsb29kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhaXN0IENpcmN1bWZl
cmVuY2UvZHJ1ZyBlZmZlY3RzPC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTQ8
L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdWwgMjU8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48
aXNibj4yMDQyLTY1MFggKEVsZWN0cm9uaWMpJiN4RDsyMDQyLTY0OTYgKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2Ju
PjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjI0ODg5MTM3PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxl
Y3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAuMTAzOS9jNGZvMDAyMDlhPC9lbGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291
cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXBy
b3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwvQ2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+
AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Cb2huPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxNDwvWWVhcj48UmVj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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (9)Media concerns about caffeine and fluoride have led to questions about the suitability of tea as a source of fluid and its role in hydration. However, studies on caffeine commensurate with the amounts found in tea as well as studies on tea itself, suggesting that tea contributes to normal hydration in contrast to lay beliefs that caffeine is dehydrating. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>3</RecNum><DisplayText>(3)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>3</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461250631">3</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, C</author><author>Phillips, F</author><author>Bond, T</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Is tea a healthy source of hydration?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>166-176</pages><volume>40</volume><number>3</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(3) Tea contains approximately 99% water. It is an important source of fluid and can count towards the daily intake of 8 cups of fluid. Both the Food Standards Agency and the British Dietetic Association advise that tea can help to meeting daily fluid requirements. Moreover, the idea that tea contains as much caffeine as coffee is erroneous. A cup of tea contains about a third of the caffeine in an average cup of filtered coffee and proportionately much less compared to an espresso.Similarly, concerns about fluoride in tea are not born out by evidence which suggests that estimated fluoride intakes from tea are well within tolerable upper limits and that tea can contribute to both dental and bone health benefits. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>(10)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461253344">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author><author>Bond, TJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride content of UK retail tea: comparisons between tea bags and infusions</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</full-title></periodical><pages>E84</pages><volume>74</volume><number>OCE1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1475-2719</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(10)Tea and hydrationHydration and healthThe human body is up to 75% water by weight and water is essential for life. Water has a number of functions in the body, participating in almost every metabolic process, as well as lubricating the joints, helping to control body temperature through sweating and also helping to flush waste. Water is a major component of body fluids, including blood, urine and saliva. The amount of water in the body is controlled by anti-diuretic hormone such that if the volume of fluid increases and the concentration of salts in the blood falls, more urine will be excreted while if the blood concentration of salts increases and the volume of fluid in the blood falls, urinary excretion will fall. However, it is still possible to become dehydrated and severe dehydration is fatal. Even mild dehydration leads to headaches, fatigue and reduced mental and physical performance while chronic mild dehydration has been associated with constipation, urinary tract infections and cardiovascular disease.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGlycmVmZnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TaGlycmVmZnM8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA0PC9ZZWFy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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (11)How much fluid do we need?Individuals vary considerably in their fluid requirements. Research has shown daily requirements ranging from 0.415litres up to 4.315 litres in a study in French adultsPEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsaXNsZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CZWxsaXNsZTwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTA8L1llYXI+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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (12) while a systematic review of studies suggested a daily requirement across children and adults ranging from 0.6 litres to 3.5 litres. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ozen</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>13</RecNum><DisplayText>(13)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>13</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461267067">13</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ozen, A. E.</author><author>Bibiloni Mdel, M.</author><author>Pons, A.</author><author>Tur, J. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Near East University, Mersin, Turkey.
Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, University of the Balearic Islands, IdISPa, and CIBERobn (Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition CB12/03/30038), Palma de Mallorca, Spain.</auth-address><titles><title>Fluid intake from beverages across age groups: a systematic review</title><secondary-title>J Hum Nutr Diet</secondary-title><alt-title>Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>J Hum Nutr Diet</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>J Hum Nutr Diet</full-title><abbr-1>Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>417-42</pages><volume>28</volume><number>5</number><edition>2014/06/18</edition><dates><year>2015</year><pub-dates><date>Oct</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1365-277X (Electronic)
0952-3871 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24935211</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1111/jhn.12250</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(13) A review of 24-hour beverage requirements in British adults aged up to 64 years reported mean total daily water intakes of 2.53 litres in men and 2.03 litres in women. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Gibson</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>14</RecNum><DisplayText>(14)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>14</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461267260">14</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Gibson, S.</author><author>Shirreffs, S. M.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Sig-Nurture Ltd., Guildford, Surrey Gu1 2TF, UK. sigrid@sig-</auth-address><titles><title>Beverage consumption habits "24/7" among British adults: association with total water intake and energy intake</title><secondary-title>Nutr J</secondary-title><alt-title>Nutrition journal</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutr J</full-title><abbr-1>Nutrition journal</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Nutr J</full-title><abbr-1>Nutrition journal</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>9</pages><volume>12</volume><edition>2013/01/12</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Beverages</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Diet Records</keyword><keyword>Drinking</keyword><keyword>Energy Intake</keyword><keyword>European Continental Ancestry Group</keyword><keyword>Female</keyword><keyword>Food Habits</keyword><keyword>Great Britain</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Multivariate Analysis</keyword><keyword>Nutrition Surveys</keyword><keyword>Surveys and Questionnaires</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>1475-2891 (Electronic)
1475-2891 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>23305461</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC3575376</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1186/1475-2891-12-9</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(14)Several official bodies provide guidelines on fluid consumption. In Europe, EFSA has set Dietary Reference Values for water which in healthy adults are 2.5 litres daily for men and 2 litres daily for women with smaller amounts for children (see Table 1). These guidelines do not make specific recommendations on which drinks should be included but recognize that water is consumed from different drinks and food, and they state that regular and moderate consumption of caffeinated drinks does not impair hydration. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461268209">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2010. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1459, 48 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15)Table 1: Dietary Reference Values for WaterSource EFSA (2010) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>15</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>15</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461268209">15</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2010. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water. EFSA Journal 2010; 8(3):1459, 48 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15)AgeAdequate fluid intakes (food and beverages)Infants < 6 months100-190ml/kg/dayInfants 6-12 months800-1000ml/dayChildren 1-2 years1100-1200ml/dayChildren 2-3 years1.3 litres/dayChildren 4-8 years1.6 litres/dayBoys 9-13 years2.1 litres/dayGirls 9-13 years1.9 litres/dayAdults (age 14+) (Male)2.1 litres/dayAdults (age 14+) (Female)2.0 litres/dayAdults (age 14+) (Female) pregnant2.3 litres/dayAdults (age 14+) (Female) breastfeeding2.7 litres/dayWhat impact does tea have on hydration?Two studies have evaluated the influence of tea on hydration. One was a study in 13 members of an expedition at high altitude which found no significant differences in urine colour, urine sodium and potassium and urine specific gravity following ad libitum tea versus water consumption.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY290dDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5TY290dDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDQ8L1llYXI+PFJl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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (16) Although the study was non-randomised and the number of study participants was small, the study did test the impact of tea consumption in an environment where the risk of dehydration is high.The other, more recent study, was a randomized crossover trial in 21 healthy men who abstained from caffeine, alcohol and exercise in the 24 hours before the study. The test group of men consumed 4 or 6 cups (240ml per cup) of black tea, providing a total of 168 and 252mg caffeine respectively, while the placebo group consumed the same volume of water. No differences were observed in any of the markers of hydration in blood or urine, nor were there any differences in mean 24-hour urine output. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2011</Year><RecNum>17</RecNum><DisplayText>(17)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>17</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461269749">17</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, C. H.</author><author>Hart, V. A.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Nutrition Communications, Front Lebanon, Cupar, UK. carrie@nutrition-</auth-address><titles><title>Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial</title><secondary-title>Br J Nutr</secondary-title><alt-title>The British journal of nutrition</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Br J Nutr</full-title><abbr-1>The British journal of nutrition</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Br J Nutr</full-title><abbr-1>The British journal of nutrition</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>588-95</pages><volume>106</volume><number>4</number><edition>2011/04/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Caffeine/administration & dosage/adverse effects/analysis</keyword><keyword>Cross-Over Studies</keyword><keyword>Dehydration/chemically induced/prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Kinetics</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Potassium/blood/urine</keyword><keyword>Sodium/blood/urine</keyword><keyword>Tea/ adverse effects/chemistry</keyword><keyword>Water-Electrolyte Balance</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2011</year><pub-dates><date>Aug</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>1475-2662 (Electronic)
0007-1145 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>21450118</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1017/s0007114511000456</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(17) The amounts of tea consumed in this study (960 or 1440ml) are higher than mean daily tea intakes in UK adults aged 19-64 years (which are 542ml) and adults > 65 years ( which are 648ml). This suggests that current average tea intakes of two to three cups each day are unlikely to cause diuresis and impair hydration.Caffeine and hydrationTea contains caffeine, and media reports have often stated that caffeinated drinks are dehydrating. Theoretically, caffeine can stimulate urine output because it increases blood flow to the kidneys and inhibits the reabsorption of sodium, potassium and magnesium thus causing water loss. However, such evidence as it exists for a diuretic effect of caffeine has largely come from trials involving caffeine pills at moderate to high doses and often in people who do not normally consume caffeine. Two studies reported moderate diuresis with caffeine pills in doses of 370-612 mg daily PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CaXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5CaXJkPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNTwvWWVhcj48UmVj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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (18, 19) while another study showed no effect of caffeine in doses of 3-6mg/kg bodyweight on markers of hydration.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1zdHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFy
PjxSZWNOdW0+MjE8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KDIwKTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29y
ZD48cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yMTwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIg
ZGItaWQ9InRweGEwcjB2MTAyd3o2ZXJ0ZGx2dHZ3Z3pmNXd3MHAydjV0dCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIx
NDYxMjcyODg5Ij4yMTwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFs
IEFydGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+QXJt
c3Ryb25nLCBMLiBFLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+UHVtZXJhbnR6LCBBLiBDLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh
dXRob3I+Um90aSwgTS4gVy48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkp1ZGVsc29uLCBELiBBLjwvYXV0aG9y
PjxhdXRob3I+V2F0c29uLCBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RGlhcywgSi4gQy48L2F1dGhvcj48
YXV0aG9yPlNva21lbiwgQi48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkNhc2EsIEQuIEouPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1
dGhvcj5NYXJlc2gsIEMuIE0uPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5MaWViZXJtYW4sIEguPC9hdXRob3I+
PGF1dGhvcj5LZWxsb2dnLCBNLjwvYXV0aG9yPjwvYXV0aG9ycz48L2NvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0
aC1hZGRyZXNzPlVuaXZlcnNpdHkgb2YgQ29ubmVjdGljdXQsIEh1bWFuIFBlcmZvcm1hbmNlIExh
Ym9yYXRvcnksIFN0b3JycywgQ1QgMDYyNjksIFVTQS48L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0
aXRsZT5GbHVpZCwgZWxlY3Ryb2x5dGUsIGFuZCByZW5hbCBpbmRpY2VzIG9mIGh5ZHJhdGlvbiBk
dXJpbmcgMTEgZGF5cyBvZiBjb250cm9sbGVkIGNhZmZlaW5lIGNvbnN1bXB0aW9uPC90aXRsZT48
c2Vjb25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkludCBKIFNwb3J0IE51dHIgRXhlcmMgTWV0YWI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10
aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxlPkludGVybmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBzcG9ydCBudXRyaXRpb24g
YW5kIGV4ZXJjaXNlIG1ldGFib2xpc208L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48
ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5JbnQgSiBTcG9ydCBOdXRyIEV4ZXJjIE1ldGFiPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJy
LTE+SW50ZXJuYXRpb25hbCBqb3VybmFsIG9mIHNwb3J0IG51dHJpdGlvbiBhbmQgZXhlcmNpc2Ug
bWV0YWJvbGlzbTwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0
bGU+SW50IEogU3BvcnQgTnV0ciBFeGVyYyBNZXRhYjwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkludGVy
bmF0aW9uYWwgam91cm5hbCBvZiBzcG9ydCBudXRyaXRpb24gYW5kIGV4ZXJjaXNlIG1ldGFib2xp
c208L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxwYWdlcz4yNTItNjU8L3BhZ2VzPjx2b2x1bWU+
MTU8L3ZvbHVtZT48bnVtYmVyPjM8L251bWJlcj48ZWRpdGlvbj4yMDA1LzA5LzAxPC9lZGl0aW9u
PjxrZXl3b3Jkcz48a2V5d29yZD5BZG9sZXNjZW50PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFkdWx0PC9r
ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJvZHkgV2F0ZXIvIGRydWcgZWZmZWN0cy9tZXRhYm9saXNtPC9rZXl3
b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhZmZlaW5lLyBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2UvYWR2ZXJz
ZSBlZmZlY3RzL21ldGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Q2VudHJhbCBOZXJ2b3VzIFN5
c3RlbSBTdGltdWxhbnRzLyBhZG1pbmlzdHJhdGlvbiAmYW1wOyBkb3NhZ2UvYWR2ZXJzZTwva2V5
d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5lZmZlY3RzL21ldGFib2xpc208L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+RGVoeWRy
YXRpb24vIGNoZW1pY2FsbHkgaW5kdWNlZDwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Eb3NlLVJlc3BvbnNl
IFJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCwgRHJ1Zzwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Eb3VibGUtQmxpbmQgTWV0aG9k
PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkh1bWFuczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5LaWRuZXkvIGRydWcg
ZWZmZWN0cy9waHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPktpZG5leSBGdW5jdGlvbiBUZXN0
czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5NYWxlPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPldhdGVyLUVsZWN0cm9s
eXRlIEJhbGFuY2UvIGRydWcgZWZmZWN0cy9waHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+
PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMDU8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0ZT5KdW48L2RhdGU+PC9wdWIt
ZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xNTI2LTQ4NFggKFByaW50KSYjeEQ7MTUyNi00ODRYIChMaW5r
aW5nKTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4xNjEzMTY5NjwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48
L3VybHM+PHJlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92aWRlcj5OTE08L3JlbW90ZS1kYXRhYmFzZS1wcm92
aWRlcj48bGFuZ3VhZ2U+ZW5nPC9sYW5ndWFnZT48L3JlY29yZD48L0NpdGU+PC9FbmROb3RlPgB=
ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Bcm1zdHJvbmc8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDA1PC9ZZWFy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=
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (20) A review of evidence from 41 studies on caffeine which included an examination of the impact on hydration of caffeinated drinks concluded there was no significant impact on hydration with a caffeine intake of 1.4-6mg per kg bodyweight. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>22</RecNum><DisplayText>(21)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>22</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461273495">22</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>15-25</pages><volume>33</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(21) A more recent study in 50 male moderate coffee drinkers found that compared with drinking 4 cups of water each day over 3 days the same amount of coffee had no significant impact on markers of hydration. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Killer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><DisplayText>(22)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461273806">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Killer, S. C.</author><author>Blannin, A. K.</author><author>Jeukendrup, A. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population</title><secondary-title>PLoS One</secondary-title><alt-title>PloS one</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS One</full-title><abbr-1>PloS one</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>PLoS One</full-title><abbr-1>PloS one</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>e84154</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/01/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomarkers/blood/urine</keyword><keyword>Body Water</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Coffee</keyword><keyword>Cross-Over Studies</keyword><keyword>Dehydration/ metabolism</keyword><keyword>Drinking Behavior</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Urination</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24416202</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC3886980</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1371/journal.pone.0084154</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(22) Overall the data on caffeine and hydration suggest that high doses of caffeine in people who do not normally consume caffeine may increase urine output, but this does not occur with acute doses of low to moderate doses of caffeine nor with chronic caffeine consumption. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Killer</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>23</RecNum><DisplayText>(22)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>23</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461273806">23</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Killer, S. C.</author><author>Blannin, A. K.</author><author>Jeukendrup, A. E.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, West Midlands, United Kingdom.</auth-address><titles><title>No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population</title><secondary-title>PLoS One</secondary-title><alt-title>PloS one</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>PLoS One</full-title><abbr-1>PloS one</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>PLoS One</full-title><abbr-1>PloS one</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>e84154</pages><volume>9</volume><number>1</number><edition>2014/01/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Adolescent</keyword><keyword>Adult</keyword><keyword>Biomarkers/blood/urine</keyword><keyword>Body Water</keyword><keyword>Body Weight</keyword><keyword>Coffee</keyword><keyword>Cross-Over Studies</keyword><keyword>Dehydration/ metabolism</keyword><keyword>Drinking Behavior</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Male</keyword><keyword>Middle Aged</keyword><keyword>Urination</keyword><keyword>Young Adult</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1932-6203 (Electronic)
1932-6203 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24416202</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC3886980</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.1371/journal.pone.0084154</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(22)The amount of caffeine in tea is largely dependent on brewing time and varies between 1 and 90mg per 100ml, although the average is 17mg per 100ml of brewed tea. Given that the average daily intake of tea in UK adults <65 years is 542ml, mean daily intake of caffeine from tea is approximately 92 mg. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>(10)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461253344">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author><author>Bond, TJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride content of UK retail tea: comparisons between tea bags and infusions</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</full-title></periodical><pages>E84</pages><volume>74</volume><number>OCE1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1475-2719</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(10) EFSA has produced draft guidelines on safe intakes of caffeine recommending that for adults aged 18-65 years 400mg of caffeine daily, including single doses of up to 200mg are safe. For pregnant women, 200mg per day is considered safe while 3mg per kg bodyweight per day is considered appropriate for children and adolescents. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>18</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>18</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461271363">18</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2015. Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102, 120 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15)Tea and fluoride What is fluoride?Fluoride is a naturally occurring mineral that can be obtained from foods and fluids originating from soils containing fluoride, as well as by drinking water that has been fluoridated. In the UK, 10% of the population receives fluoridated water at a level of 1mg/litre. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Society</Author><Year>2012</Year><RecNum>30</RecNum><DisplayText>(23)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>30</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461324051">30</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>British Fluoridation Society</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>One in a million. The facts about water fluoridation. . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2012</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(23) Fluoride plays a major role in the mineralization of bones and teeth, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYWxtZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5QYWxtZXI8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEyPC9ZZWFyPjxS
ZWNOdW0+MjQ8L1JlY051bT48RGlzcGxheVRleHQ+KDI0KTwvRGlzcGxheVRleHQ+PHJlY29yZD48
cmVjLW51bWJlcj4yNDwvcmVjLW51bWJlcj48Zm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxrZXkgYXBwPSJFTiIgZGIt
aWQ9InRweGEwcjB2MTAyd3o2ZXJ0ZGx2dHZ3Z3pmNXd3MHAydjV0dCIgdGltZXN0YW1wPSIxNDYx
MzE5MzkxIj4yNDwva2V5PjwvZm9yZWlnbi1rZXlzPjxyZWYtdHlwZSBuYW1lPSJKb3VybmFsIEFy
dGljbGUiPjE3PC9yZWYtdHlwZT48Y29udHJpYnV0b3JzPjxhdXRob3JzPjxhdXRob3I+UGFsbWVy
LCBDLiBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+R2lsYmVydCwgSi4gQS48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+
PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz5UdWZ0cyBVbml2ZXJzaXR5IFNjaG9vbCBvZiBE
ZW50YWwgTWVkaWNpbmUgYW5kIEZyaWVkbWFuIFNjaG9vbCBvZiBOdXRyaXRpb24gU2NpZW5jZSBh
bmQgUG9saWN5LCBUdWZ0cyBVbml2ZXJzaXR5LCBCb3N0b24sIE1BLCBVU0EuPC9hdXRoLWFkZHJl
c3M+PHRpdGxlcz48dGl0bGU+UG9zaXRpb24gb2YgdGhlIEFjYWRlbXkgb2YgTnV0cml0aW9uIGFu
ZCBEaWV0ZXRpY3M6IHRoZSBpbXBhY3Qgb2YgZmx1b3JpZGUgb24gaGVhbHRoPC90aXRsZT48c2Vj
b25kYXJ5LXRpdGxlPkogQWNhZCBOdXRyIERpZXQ8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0LXRpdGxl
PkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFjYWRlbXkgb2YgTnV0cml0aW9uIGFuZCBEaWV0ZXRpY3M8L2FsdC10
aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIEFjYWQgTnV0ciBEaWV0PC9m
dWxsLXRpdGxlPjxhYmJyLTE+Sm91cm5hbCBvZiB0aGUgQWNhZGVteSBvZiBOdXRyaXRpb24gYW5k
IERpZXRldGljczwvYWJici0xPjwvcGVyaW9kaWNhbD48YWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PGZ1bGwtdGl0
bGU+SiBBY2FkIE51dHIgRGlldDwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPkpvdXJuYWwgb2YgdGhlIEFj
YWRlbXkgb2YgTnV0cml0aW9uIGFuZCBEaWV0ZXRpY3M8L2FiYnItMT48L2FsdC1wZXJpb2RpY2Fs
PjxwYWdlcz4xNDQzLTUzPC9wYWdlcz48dm9sdW1lPjExMjwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+OTwvbnVt
YmVyPjxlZGl0aW9uPjIwMTIvMDkvMDQ8L2VkaXRpb24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkJvbmUg
YW5kIEJvbmVzL2RydWcgZWZmZWN0cy9waHlzaW9sb2d5PC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhbGNp
ZmljYXRpb24sIFBoeXNpb2xvZ2ljPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkNhcmlvc3RhdGljIEFnZW50
cy8gYWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpb24gJmFtcDsgZG9zYWdlL2FkdmVyc2UgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48
a2V5d29yZD5EZW50YWwgQ2FyaWVzLyBwcmV2ZW50aW9uICZhbXA7IGNvbnRyb2w8L2tleXdvcmQ+
PGtleXdvcmQ+RGlldGV0aWNzLyBzdGFuZGFyZHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Rmx1b3JpZGF0
aW9uPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZsdW9yaWRlcy8gYWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpb24gJmFtcDsgZG9z
YWdlL2FkdmVyc2UgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GbHVvcmlkZXMsIFRvcGljYWwv
YWRtaW5pc3RyYXRpb24gJmFtcDsgZG9zYWdlL2FkdmVyc2UgZWZmZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5
d29yZD5GbHVvcm9zaXMsIERlbnRhbC9ldGlvbG9neS9wcmV2ZW50aW9uICZhbXA7IGNvbnRyb2w8
L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk9yYWwgSGVhbHRoPC9r
ZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPlNvY2lldGllczwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Vbml0ZWQgU3RhdGVz
PC9rZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTI8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48
ZGF0ZT5TZXA8L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4yMjEyLTI2NzIgKFByaW50
KTwvaXNibj48YWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT4yMjkzOTQ0NDwvYWNjZXNzaW9uLW51bT48dXJscz48L3Vy
bHM+PGVsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjEwLjEwMTYvai5qYW5kLjIwMTIuMDcuMDEyPC9l
bGVjdHJvbmljLXJlc291cmNlLW51bT48cmVtb3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPk5MTTwvcmVt
b3RlLWRhdGFiYXNlLXByb3ZpZGVyPjxsYW5ndWFnZT5lbmc8L2xhbmd1YWdlPjwvcmVjb3JkPjwv
Q2l0ZT48L0VuZE5vdGU+AG==
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (24) and hence has a protective effect on bone and dental health. A chronically high intake exceeding the safe upper levels for fluoride intake can lead to dental and skeletal fluorosis. Mild to moderate dental fluorosis causes white mottling of the tooth enamel and despite being considered unsightly actually has the effect of increasing resistance of the teeth to dental caries. Moderate to severe dental fluorosis affecting 3-6% of people in fluoridated areas can result in yellow marks and pits on tooth enamel but does not cause a danger to the tooth. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Public Health England</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText>(25)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461327262">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Public Health England,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Water fluoridation. Health monitoring report for England. . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(25) A recent review that included an evaluation of the effect of fluoride on bone and dental health found from the balance of evidence that while adverse effects on bone can occur at chronically high levels of fluoride intake, bone density and strength can be improved at recommended levels of fluoride intake there are few negative implications for people living in the UK apart from mild to moderate dental fluorosis. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>35</RecNum><DisplayText>(26)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>35</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461327543">35</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, C.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Nutrition Communications, Cupar, Fife, Scotland.</auth-address><titles><title>Fluoride in the UK diet</title><secondary-title>Nurs Stand</secondary-title><alt-title>Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nurs Stand</full-title><abbr-1>Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Nurs Stand</full-title><abbr-1>Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987)</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>52-9</pages><volume>28</volume><number>49</number><edition>2014/08/07</edition><dates><year>2014</year><pub-dates><date>Aug 12</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>2047-9018 (Electronic)
0029-6570 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>25095960</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.7748/ns.28.49.52.e9031</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(26)Tea is a major contributor to fluoride in the UK. Other sources include fish and milk as well as artificially fluoridated sources such as tablets, drops or chewing gum. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461319812">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride. EFSA Journal 2013;11(8):3332, 46 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15) Among adults, tea has been found to provide 70% of the average daily fluoride intake, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Health</Author><Year>1991</Year><RecNum>26</RecNum><DisplayText>(27)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>26</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461320219">26</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Department of Health</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom</title><secondary-title>Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report on Health and Social Subjects 41</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy. Report on Health and Social Subjects 41</full-title></periodical><dates><year>1991</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(27) although this depends on the type of tea consumed and whether fluoridated tap water was used ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText>(28)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461320392">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chan, Laura</author><author>Mehra, Aradhana</author><author>Saikat, Sohel</author><author>Lynch, Paul</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (Camellia sinensis L.): A UK based issue?</title><secondary-title>Food Research International</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Research International</full-title></periodical><pages>564-570</pages><volume>51</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>0963-9969</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(28) In children, a 2006 study showed that tap water, squashes and cordials were the main sources of fluoride whether tap water was fluoridated or not. PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2hvdXJpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5ab2hvdXJpPC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAwNjwvWWVhcj48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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (29)Fluoride guidelinesGuidelines for fluoride intake have been set by official bodies including in Europe and the UK (see Table 2). In Europe, fluoride is considered to have a beneficial effect on dental health and an adequate intake of 0.05mg/kg/body weight has been set for adults, children and pregnant women. This reflects the chronic intake that would be expected to meet the body’s requirement for fluoride. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>25</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>25</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461319812">25</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2013. Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for fluoride. EFSA Journal 2013;11(8):3332, 46 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3332</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15) The UK set a safe and adequate intake level of 0.05mg/kg/body weight/day to reflect the ‘no observed adverse effect’ level for dental fluorosis, which is a condition causing mottling of the teeth arising from excessive fluoride consumption. Safe upper levels have been set in Europe at 0.1mg/kg/body weight/day for children aged 1-8 years, 5mg daily for children aged 9-14 years and 7mg daily for adults, including pregnant and breastfeeding women.Table 2: UK and European Guidelines for FluorideOfficial bodyGuidelineBritish Dental Association (1997)Fluoride is unnecessary for infants < 6 monthsFluoride should not be given where the drinking water contains >700 microgram fluoride/litreDepartment of Health (199!)Safe intakes of fluoride for adults are 0.05mg/kg body weight/dayEuropean Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2013)Adequate Intake (AI) of 0.05mg/kg/body weight/day for children, adult, pregnant and breastfeeding womenEFSA (2006)Upper levels of fluoride:Children aged 1-8 years: 0.1mg/kg/bodyweight/day (equivalent to 1.5mg/day for children 1-3 years; 2.5mg/day for children 4-8 years)5mg/day for children aged 9-14 years7mg/day for those > 15 years including pregnant and breastfeeding womenFluoride intakesFluoride intakes vary quite widely. In Europe generally, fluoride intakes vary broadly from 0.13 to 8.40 mg daily. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Commission</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>31</RecNum><DisplayText>(30)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>31</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461324645">31</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>European Commission</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Are there any concerns about people's fluoride intake? If so, who is at risk? . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(30) In the UK, a 2000 COT analysis ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Toxicology</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText>(31)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461325278">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Committee on Toxicology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>COT statement on fluorine in the 1997 Total Diet Study. . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(31) found fluoride exposure in children aged 18 months to 10 years to range from 0.023 to 0.031 mg/kg/body weight/day and in youngsters aged 11-18 years, the range was 0.015 to 0.017 mg/kg body weight/day, while in adults intake averaged 0.016mg/kg/body weight/day. High consumers of fluoride had intakes ranging from 0.06mg/kg in children aged 4-6 years to 0.033mg/kg/body weight/day in adults. Urinary excretion data from the NDNS for 2002-2003 have been used to estimate fluoride intakes and it was concluded that only 1% of men and 3% of women had fluoride intakes above the adequate intake (AI) of 0.05mg/kg/body weight/day. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Henderson</Author><Year>2003</Year><RecNum>33</RecNum><DisplayText>(32)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>33</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461326263">33</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Henderson, Lynne</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years</title></titles><dates><year>2003</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(32)Benefits of fluorideFluoride has beneficial effects on both teeth and bone. With regards to teeth the most common benefit is prevention of dental caries. Fluoride helps to prevent caries when provided systemically in the diet or in supplements, or topically as toothpastes or mouthwashes. When given systemically, fluoride works only at the pre-eruptive stage of tooth development, before the second teeth appear, i.e. at the ages of 2-8 years. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Toxicology</Author><Year>2000</Year><RecNum>32</RecNum><DisplayText>(31)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>32</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461325278">32</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Committee on Toxicology</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>COT statement on fluorine in the 1997 Total Diet Study. . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2000</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(31) In contrast, topical fluoride does not have an age limit which is why toothpastes and other dental products contain it. In areas of water fluoridation, 28% fewer 5 year olds and 21% fewer 12-year olds present with decay. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Public Health England</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>34</RecNum><DisplayText>(25)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>34</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461327262">34</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Public Health England,</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Water fluoridation. Health monitoring report for England. . Accessed 22 April, 2016</title></titles><dates><year>2014</year></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(25)Fluoride also has benefits on bone, since at low doses, it can embed in the bone matrix protecting against erosion, ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chachra</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>36</RecNum><DisplayText>(33)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>36</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461403575">36</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chachra, D.</author><author>Vieira, A. P.</author><author>Grynpas, M. D.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Franklin W. Olin College of Engineering, Needham, MA 02492, USA. debbie.chachra@olin.edu</auth-address><titles><title>Fluoride and mineralized tissues</title><secondary-title>Crit Rev Biomed Eng</secondary-title><alt-title>Critical reviews in biomedical engineering</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Crit Rev Biomed Eng</full-title><abbr-1>Critical reviews in biomedical engineering</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Crit Rev Biomed Eng</full-title><abbr-1>Critical reviews in biomedical engineering</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>183-223</pages><volume>36</volume><number>2-3</number><edition>2008/01/01</edition><keywords><keyword>Animals</keyword><keyword>Bone and Bones/ drug effects/ physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Calcification, Physiologic/ drug effects</keyword><keyword>Dental Caries/ physiopathology/ prevention & control</keyword><keyword>Fluorides/ administration & dosage/ adverse effects</keyword><keyword>Fluorosis, Dental/etiology/ physiopathology</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Models, Biological</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year></dates><isbn>0278-940X (Print)
0278-940X (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>19740071</accession-num><urls></urls><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(33)resulting in increased density and hardness. A meta-analysis of 25 studies found that 20mg/day fluoride equivalents was associated with a significant reduction in fracture risk.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZXN0ZXJnYWFyZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1ll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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5WZXN0ZXJnYWFyZDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMDg8L1ll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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (34) However, a randomised controlled trial in 180 post-menopausal women using fluoride supplements providing 2.5mg, 5mg or 10mg/day found no significant effect on bone mineral density after a year.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HcmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5HcmV5PC9BdXRob3I+PFllYXI+MjAxMzwvWWVhcj48UmVj
TnVtPjQ0PC9SZWNOdW0+PERpc3BsYXlUZXh0PigzNSk8L0Rpc3BsYXlUZXh0PjxyZWNvcmQ+PHJl
Yy1udW1iZXI+NDQ8L3JlYy1udW1iZXI+PGZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48a2V5IGFwcD0iRU4iIGRiLWlk
PSJ0cHhhMHIwdjEwMnd6NmVydGRsdnR2d2d6ZjV3dzBwMnY1dHQiIHRpbWVzdGFtcD0iMTQ2MTQy
NDk0NSI+NDQ8L2tleT48L2ZvcmVpZ24ta2V5cz48cmVmLXR5cGUgbmFtZT0iSm91cm5hbCBBcnRp
Y2xlIj4xNzwvcmVmLXR5cGU+PGNvbnRyaWJ1dG9ycz48YXV0aG9ycz48YXV0aG9yPkdyZXksIEEu
PC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhvcj5HYXJnLCBTLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+RHJheSwgTS48L2F1dGhv
cj48YXV0aG9yPlB1cnZpcywgTC48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPkhvcm5lLCBBLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxh
dXRob3I+Q2FsbG9uLCBLLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRob3I+R2FtYmxlLCBHLjwvYXV0aG9yPjxhdXRo
b3I+Qm9sbGFuZCwgTS48L2F1dGhvcj48YXV0aG9yPlJlaWQsIEkuIFIuPC9hdXRob3I+PGF1dGhv
cj5DdW5keSwgVC48L2F1dGhvcj48L2F1dGhvcnM+PC9jb250cmlidXRvcnM+PGF1dGgtYWRkcmVz
cz5Vbml2ZXJzaXR5IG9mIEF1Y2tsYW5kLCBEZXBhcnRtZW50IG9mIE1lZGljaW5lLCBQcml2YXRl
IEJhZyA5MjAxOSwgQXVja2xhbmQsIE5ldyBaZWFsYW5kLiBhLmdyZXlAYXVja2xhbmQuYWMubno8
L2F1dGgtYWRkcmVzcz48dGl0bGVzPjx0aXRsZT5Mb3ctZG9zZSBmbHVvcmlkZSBpbiBwb3N0bWVu
b3BhdXNhbCB3b21lbjogYSByYW5kb21pemVkIGNvbnRyb2xsZWQgdHJpYWw8L3RpdGxlPjxzZWNv
bmRhcnktdGl0bGU+SiBDbGluIEVuZG9jcmlub2wgTWV0YWI8L3NlY29uZGFyeS10aXRsZT48YWx0
LXRpdGxlPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIGNsaW5pY2FsIGVuZG9jcmlub2xvZ3kgYW5kIG1ldGFib2xp
c208L2FsdC10aXRsZT48L3RpdGxlcz48cGVyaW9kaWNhbD48ZnVsbC10aXRsZT5KIENsaW4gRW5k
b2NyaW5vbCBNZXRhYjwvZnVsbC10aXRsZT48YWJici0xPlRoZSBKb3VybmFsIG9mIGNsaW5pY2Fs
IGVuZG9jcmlub2xvZ3kgYW5kIG1ldGFib2xpc208L2FiYnItMT48L3BlcmlvZGljYWw+PGFsdC1w
ZXJpb2RpY2FsPjxmdWxsLXRpdGxlPkogQ2xpbiBFbmRvY3Jpbm9sIE1ldGFiPC9mdWxsLXRpdGxl
PjxhYmJyLTE+VGhlIEpvdXJuYWwgb2YgY2xpbmljYWwgZW5kb2NyaW5vbG9neSBhbmQgbWV0YWJv
bGlzbTwvYWJici0xPjwvYWx0LXBlcmlvZGljYWw+PHBhZ2VzPjIzMDEtNzwvcGFnZXM+PHZvbHVt
ZT45ODwvdm9sdW1lPjxudW1iZXI+NjwvbnVtYmVyPjxlZGl0aW9uPjIwMTMvMDQvMDU8L2VkaXRp
b24+PGtleXdvcmRzPjxrZXl3b3JkPkFnZWQ8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9uZSBEZW5zaXR5
LyBkcnVnIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+Qm9uZSBSZW1vZGVsaW5nL2RydWcgZWZm
ZWN0czwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Eb3NlLVJlc3BvbnNlIFJlbGF0aW9uc2hpcCwgRHJ1Zzwv
a2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Eb3VibGUtQmxpbmQgTWV0aG9kPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPkZl
bWFsZTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5GbHVvcmlkZXMvIGFkbWluaXN0cmF0aW9uICZhbXA7IGRv
c2FnZS9hZHZlcnNlIGVmZmVjdHM8L2tleXdvcmQ+PGtleXdvcmQ+SHVtYW5zPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxr
ZXl3b3JkPk1pZGRsZSBBZ2VkPC9rZXl3b3JkPjxrZXl3b3JkPk9zdGVvcG9yb3NpcywgUG9zdG1l
bm9wYXVzYWwvIGRydWcgdGhlcmFweTwva2V5d29yZD48a2V5d29yZD5Qb3N0bWVub3BhdXNlPC9r
ZXl3b3JkPjwva2V5d29yZHM+PGRhdGVzPjx5ZWFyPjIwMTM8L3llYXI+PHB1Yi1kYXRlcz48ZGF0
ZT5KdW48L2RhdGU+PC9wdWItZGF0ZXM+PC9kYXRlcz48aXNibj4xOTQ1LTcxOTcgKEVsZWN0cm9u
aWMpJiN4RDswMDIxLTk3MlggKExpbmtpbmcpPC9pc2JuPjxhY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjIzNTUzODY2
PC9hY2Nlc3Npb24tbnVtPjx1cmxzPjwvdXJscz48ZWxlY3Ryb25pYy1yZXNvdXJjZS1udW0+MTAu
MTIxMC9qYy4yMDEyLTQwNjI8L2VsZWN0cm9uaWMtcmVzb3VyY2UtbnVtPjxyZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJh
c2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+TkxNPC9yZW1vdGUtZGF0YWJhc2UtcHJvdmlkZXI+PGxhbmd1YWdlPmVuZzwv
bGFuZ3VhZ2U+PC9yZWNvcmQ+PC9DaXRlPjwvRW5kTm90ZT4A
ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (35)Fluoride health claimsDental health claims for fluoride have been approved by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). A ‘source’ claim can be made for foods and beverages that provide at least 15% of the EU RDA (3.5mg) per 100g. Claims could therefore be made for products containing at least 0.5mg/100g or 100ml as sold.Approved health claims for fluoride ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products</Author><RecNum>37</RecNum><DisplayText>(15)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>37</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461404351">37</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies), 2009. Scientific Opinion on the substantiation of health claims related to fluoride and maintenance of tooth mineralisation (ID 275, 276) and maintenance of bone (ID 371) pursuant to Article 13(1) of Regulation (EC) No 1924/2006. EFSA Journal 2009; 7(9):1212, 13 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2009.1212</author></authors></contributors><titles></titles><dates></dates><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(15)Proposed health claimCondition of useFluoride strengthens the teeth/enamel:Fluoride helps protect the teethFluoride helps the teeth to recover after mealsMust be at least a ‘source’ of fluoride for example 0.5mg/100g or 100ml as soldFluoride contributes to the maintenance of healthy teeth or tooth mineralizationAs above. Applicable to both children and adults.One example of a beverage that could make fluoride-related dental health claims in future is tea since the amount of fluoride per 100g dry weight meets the criteria for a ‘source’ claim. Interestingly, the dental health benefits of tea have been highlighted previously since tea polyphenol compounds have antibacterial actions, PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BcmFnaGl6YWRlaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1ll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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5BcmFnaGl6YWRlaDwvQXV0aG9yPjxZZWFyPjIwMTM8L1ll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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (36) and can regulate acid production in dental plaque ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Goenka</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>39</RecNum><DisplayText>(37)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>39</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461404857">39</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Goenka, P.</author><author>Sarawgi, A.</author><author>Karun, V.</author><author>Nigam, A. G.</author><author>Dutta, S.</author><author>Marwah, N.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Mahatma Gandhi Dental College and Hospital, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
Department of Prosthodontics, Krishnadevaraya College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India.
Department of Oral Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dental Sciences, Rau, Indore, India.
Department of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry, Government Dental College, Rohtak, Haryana, India.</auth-address><titles><title>Camellia sinensis (Tea): Implications and role in preventing dental decay</title><secondary-title>Pharmacogn Rev</secondary-title><alt-title>Pharmacognosy reviews</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Pharmacogn Rev</full-title><abbr-1>Pharmacognosy reviews</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Pharmacogn Rev</full-title><abbr-1>Pharmacognosy reviews</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>152-6</pages><volume>7</volume><number>14</number><edition>2013/12/19</edition><dates><year>2013</year><pub-dates><date>Jul</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0973-7847 (Print)
0973-6581 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>24347923</accession-num><urls></urls><custom2>PMC3841993</custom2><electronic-resource-num>10.4103/0973-7847.120515</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(37)while tea consumption has been associated with reduced tooth loss.PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3lhbWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE PEVuZE5vdGU+PENpdGU+PEF1dGhvcj5Lb3lhbWE8L0F1dGhvcj48WWVhcj4yMDEwPC9ZZWFyPjxS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ADDIN EN.CITE.DATA (38) What level of fluoride is found in tea?Tea accumulates fluoride from soil and water during its growth and estimates of fluoride content of retail tea leaves vary considerably depending on the grade of tea, country of origin and level of fermentation (i.e. whether the tea is black, green, white or oolong) ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Malinowska</Author><Year>2008</Year><RecNum>40</RecNum><DisplayText>(39)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>40</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461413170">40</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Malinowska, E.</author><author>Inkielewicz, I.</author><author>Czarnowski, W.</author><author>Szefer, P.</author></authors></contributors><auth-address>Department of Food Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland.</auth-address><titles><title>Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions</title><secondary-title>Food Chem Toxicol</secondary-title><alt-title>Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association</alt-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title><abbr-1>Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association</abbr-1></periodical><alt-periodical><full-title>Food Chem Toxicol</full-title><abbr-1>Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association</abbr-1></alt-periodical><pages>1055-61</pages><volume>46</volume><number>3</number><edition>2007/12/15</edition><keywords><keyword>Fluorides/administration & dosage/ analysis</keyword><keyword>Humans</keyword><keyword>Tea/ chemistry</keyword></keywords><dates><year>2008</year><pub-dates><date>Mar</date></pub-dates></dates><isbn>0278-6915 (Print)
0278-6915 (Linking)</isbn><accession-num>18078704</accession-num><urls></urls><electronic-resource-num>10.1016/j.fct.2007.10.039</electronic-resource-num><remote-database-provider>NLM</remote-database-provider><language>eng</language></record></Cite></EndNote>(39).An analysis of fluoride in retail tea bags published in 2013 suggested that consuming typical amounts of tea from economy brands could lead to excessive fluoride exposure. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Chan</Author><Year>2013</Year><RecNum>27</RecNum><DisplayText>(28)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>27</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461320392">27</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Chan, Laura</author><author>Mehra, Aradhana</author><author>Saikat, Sohel</author><author>Lynch, Paul</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (Camellia sinensis L.): A UK based issue?</title><secondary-title>Food Research International</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Food Research International</full-title></periodical><pages>564-570</pages><volume>51</volume><number>2</number><dates><year>2013</year></dates><isbn>0963-9969</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(28) This publication led to media coverage about the potential dangers of tea consumption. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McArthur</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>41</RecNum><DisplayText>(40)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461413442">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McArthur, Alastair</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride in tea: Could your daily cuppa really make you ill?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>95-98</pages><volume>39</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(40) However, there were several drawbacks to the study including the creation of a standard brew using 2g of tea in 100ml whereas 3.1g of tea in 180-200ml is more common. Long brewing times of 2, 10 and 30 minutes were also used in the study. In addition, the authors determined fluoride intake from tea based on a daily intake of 1 litre whereas typical tea intakes in the UK are 500-600ml. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>McArthur</Author><Year>2014</Year><RecNum>41</RecNum><DisplayText>(40)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>41</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461413442">41</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>McArthur, Alastair</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride in tea: Could your daily cuppa really make you ill?</title><secondary-title>Nutrition Bulletin</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Nutrition Bulletin</full-title></periodical><pages>95-98</pages><volume>39</volume><number>1</number><dates><year>2014</year></dates><isbn>1467-3010</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(40) They also compared estimated fluoride intake with the US male adequate intake (AI) level of 4mg daily rather than the tolerable upper intake level which in Europe is 7mg daily. Different methods were used to measure fluoride in dry tea and tea infusions. All of these issues could have served to overestimate the potential exposure of fluoride exposure from tea.A more recent study of the fluoride content of typical UK black-blended retail tea bags, specialty tea and decaffeinated tea used more robust and more realistic methodology in that a single validated analytic method was used for fluoride measurement together with a standardized brew typically consumed by the UK consumer. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>(10)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461253344">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author><author>Bond, TJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride content of UK retail tea: comparisons between tea bags and infusions</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</full-title></periodical><pages>E84</pages><volume>74</volume><number>OCE1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1475-2719</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(10) Based on the analysed content of fluoride in the teas and typical intakes of tea in the UK, daily intakes of fluoride were less than the EU RDA and AI in this study except for those with very high tea consumption (>95th percentile) and were also within age appropriate tolerable upper intake levels at both mean and very high tea intakes. When non-consumers were excluded from the data, intakes of fluoride remained less than the UL for all groups except those aged 1.5-3 years and those > 65 years with very high intakes. The authors concluded that their findings suggest that tea can safely be consumed from the age of 4 years. Some of the brands they examined contained sufficient fluoride for an EU health claim relating to strengthening and maintaining tooth enamel.Overall, tea can be considered to be an important source of fluoride in the UK diet and in typical amounts of tea consumed in the UK of 2-3 servings a day is likely to contribute fluoride levels below the RDA and AI for fluoride. Among higher consumers of tea (up to 5 cups daily) fluoride intakes are likely to exceed the RDA and AI but remain below the UL. In children aged 4-10 an appropriate intake would be 1-2 servings and in older children up to 4 servings daily could be consumed. ADDIN EN.CITE <EndNote><Cite><Author>Ruxton</Author><Year>2015</Year><RecNum>10</RecNum><DisplayText>(10)</DisplayText><record><rec-number>10</rec-number><foreign-keys><key app="EN" db-id="tpxa0r0v102wz6ertdlvtvwgzf5ww0p2v5tt" timestamp="1461253344">10</key></foreign-keys><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author>Ruxton, CHS</author><author>Bond, TJ</author></authors></contributors><titles><title>Fluoride content of UK retail tea: comparisons between tea bags and infusions</title><secondary-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</secondary-title></titles><periodical><full-title>Proceedings of the Nutrition Society</full-title></periodical><pages>E84</pages><volume>74</volume><number>OCE1</number><dates><year>2015</year></dates><isbn>1475-2719</isbn><urls></urls></record></Cite></EndNote>(10)?References ADDIN EN.REFLIST 1.Hodgson JM, Croft KD. Tea flavonoids and cardiovascular health. Molecular aspects of medicine. 2010;31(6):495-502.2.Siddiqui IA, Afaq F, Adhami VM, Ahmad N, Mukhtar H. Antioxidants of the beverage tea in promotion of human health. Antioxidants & redox signaling. 2004;6(3):571-82.3.Ruxton C, Phillips F, Bond T. Is tea a healthy source of hydration? Nutrition Bulletin. 2015;40(3):166-76.4.Gardener H, Rundek T, Wright CB, Elkind MS, Sacco RL. Coffee and tea consumption are inversely associated with mortality in a multiethnic urban population. The Journal of nutrition. 2013;143(8):1299-308.5.Zhang C, Qin YY, Wei X, Yu FF, Zhou YH, He J. Tea consumption and risk of cardiovascular outcomes and total mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective observational studies. European journal of epidemiology. 2015;30(2):103-13.6.Einother SJ, Martens VE. Acute effects of tea consumption on attention and mood. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;98(6 Suppl):1700S-8S.7.Ruxton C, Mason P. Is black tea consumption associated with a lower risk of cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes? Nutrition Bulletin. 2012;37(1):4-15.8.Shen CL, Chyu MC, Wang JS. Tea and bone health: steps forward in translational nutrition. The American journal of clinical nutrition. 2013;98(6 Suppl):1694S-9S.9.Bohn SK, Croft KD, Burrows S, Puddey IB, Mulder TP, Fuchs D, et al. Effects of black tea on body composition and metabolic outcomes related to cardiovascular disease risk: a randomized controlled trial. Food & function. 2014;5(7):1613-20.10.Ruxton C, Bond T. Fluoride content of UK retail tea: comparisons between tea bags and infusions. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society. 2015;74(OCE1):E84.11.Shirreffs SM, Merson SJ, Fraser SM, Archer DT. The effects of fluid restriction on hydration status and subjective feelings in man. The British journal of nutrition. 2004;91(6):951-8.12.Bellisle F, Thornton SN, Hebel P, Denizeau M, Tahiri M. A study of fluid intake from beverages in a sample of healthy French children, adolescents and adults. European journal of clinical nutrition. 2010;64(4):350-5.13.Ozen AE, Bibiloni Mdel M, Pons A, Tur JA. Fluid intake from beverages across age groups: a systematic review. Journal of human nutrition and dietetics : the official journal of the British Dietetic Association. 2015;28(5):417-42.14.Gibson S, Shirreffs SM. Beverage consumption habits "24/7" among British adults: association with total water intake and energy intake. Nutrition journal. 2013;12:9.15.EFSA NDA Panel (EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products NaA, 2015. Scientific Opinion on the safety of caffeine. EFSA Journal 2015;13(5):4102, 120 pp. doi:10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4102.16.Scott D, Rycroft JA, Aspen J, Chapman C, Brown B. The effect of drinking tea at high altitude on hydration status and mood. European journal of applied physiology. 2004;91(4):493-8.17.Ruxton CH, Hart VA. Black tea is not significantly different from water in the maintenance of normal hydration in human subjects: results from a randomised controlled trial. The British journal of nutrition. 2011;106(4):588-95.18.Bird ET, Parker BD, Kim HS, Coffield KS. Caffeine ingestion and lower urinary tract symptoms in healthy volunteers. Neurourology and urodynamics. 2005;24(7):611-5.19.Wemple RD, Lamb DR, McKeever KH. Caffeine vs caffeine-free sports drinks: effects on urine production at rest and during prolonged exercise. International journal of sports medicine. 1997;18(1):40-6.20.Armstrong LE, Pumerantz AC, Roti MW, Judelson DA, Watson G, Dias JC, et al. Fluid, electrolyte, and renal indices of hydration during 11 days of controlled caffeine consumption. International journal of sport nutrition and exercise metabolism. 2005;15(3):252-65.21.Ruxton C. The impact of caffeine on mood, cognitive function, performance and hydration: a review of benefits and risks. Nutrition Bulletin. 2008;33(1):15-25.22.Killer SC, Blannin AK, Jeukendrup AE. No evidence of dehydration with moderate daily coffee intake: a counterbalanced cross-over study in a free-living population. PloS one. 2014;9(1):e84154.23.British Fluoridation Society. One in a million. The facts about water fluoridation. . Accessed 22 April, 2016. 2012.24.Palmer CA, Gilbert JA. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: the impact of fluoride on health. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics. 2012;112(9):1443-53.25.Public Health England. Water fluoridation. Health monitoring report for England. . Accessed 22 April, 2016. 2014.26.Ruxton C. Fluoride in the UK diet. Nursing standard (Royal College of Nursing (Great Britain) : 1987). 2014;28(49):52-9.27.Department of Health. Dietary reference values for food energy and nutrients for the United Kingdom. Committee on Medical Aspects of Food Policy Report on Health and Social Subjects 41. 1991.28.Chan L, Mehra A, Saikat S, Lynch P. Human exposure assessment of fluoride from tea (Camellia sinensis L.): A UK based issue? Food Research International. 2013;51(2):564-70.29.Zohouri FV, Maguire A, Moynihan PJ. Sources of dietary fluoride intake in 6-7-year-old English children receiving optimally, sub-optimally, and non-fluoridated water. Journal of public health dentistry. 2006;66(4):227-34.30.European Commission. Are there any concerns about people's fluoride intake? If so, who is at risk? - 3. Accessed 22 April, 2016. 2014.mittee on Toxicology. COT statement on fluorine in the 1997 Total Diet Study. . Accessed 22 April, 2016. 2000.32.Henderson L. The National Diet & Nutrition Survey: adults aged 19 to 64 years. 2003.33.Chachra D, Vieira AP, Grynpas MD. Fluoride and mineralized tissues. Critical reviews in biomedical engineering. 2008;36(2-3):183-223.34.Vestergaard P, Jorgensen NR, Schwarz P, Mosekilde L. Effects of treatment with fluoride on bone mineral density and fracture risk--a meta-analysis. Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 2008;19(3):257-68.35.Grey A, Garg S, Dray M, Purvis L, Horne A, Callon K, et al. Low-dose fluoride in postmenopausal women: a randomized controlled trial. The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism. 2013;98(6):2301-7.36.Araghizadeh A, Kohanteb J, Fani MM. Inhibitory activity of green tea (Camellia sinensis) extract on some clinically isolated cariogenic and periodontopathic bacteria. Medical principles and practice : international journal of the Kuwait University, Health Science Centre. 2013;22(4):368-72.37.Goenka P, Sarawgi A, Karun V, Nigam AG, Dutta S, Marwah N. Camellia sinensis (Tea): Implications and role in preventing dental decay. Pharmacognosy reviews. 2013;7(14):152-6.38.Koyama Y, Kuriyama S, Aida J, Sone T, Nakaya N, Ohmori-Matsuda K, et al. Association between green tea consumption and tooth loss: cross-sectional results from the Ohsaki Cohort 2006 Study. Preventive medicine. 2010;50(4):173-9.39.Malinowska E, Inkielewicz I, Czarnowski W, Szefer P. Assessment of fluoride concentration and daily intake by human from tea and herbal infusions. Food and chemical toxicology : an international journal published for the British Industrial Biological Research Association. 2008;46(3):1055-61.40.McArthur A. Fluoride in tea: Could your daily cuppa really make you ill? Nutrition Bulletin. 2014;39(1):95-8. ................
................
In order to avoid copyright disputes, this page is only a partial summary.
To fulfill the demand for quickly locating and searching documents.
It is intelligent file search solution for home and business.
Related searches
- best stock advisory service reviews
- best stock advisory service
- top stock advisory services
- fidelity portfolio advisory service
- professional advisory services inc
- advisory vs consulting
- pa advisory services
- best stock advisory service 2019
- stock advisory app
- fidelity advisory fee schedule pdf
- fidelity portfolio advisory service reviews
- fidelity portfolio advisory services fees