Hudson City School District
KEYBRAINBrain Gross Anatomy Terms1) Explain each of the following in terms of structure of the braina) Central sulcus- shallow groove that runs across brain sagitallyb) Lateral fissure- deep groove that runs anterior to posterior on lateral side of brainc) Precentral gyri- ridge anterior to the the central sulcusd) Temporal lobe- rounded region of brain on lateral aspect2) Describe the structure /location for each of the major parts of the braina)Cerebrum-forebrain, forms the bulk of the brains massb)Diencephalon-composed of thalamus and hypothalamus in central portion of brainc)Cerebellum-posterior/inferior brain, consists of two hemispheresd)Midbrain-in the middle of two other regions: the forebrain and the hindbrain.?e)Brain stem- includes the pons and medulla oblongataf)Corpus callosum- band of tissue that connects the right and left hemispheres.3) Meningesa) Dura mater-most superior of the meningeal layers, it is tough and inflexibleb) Arachnoid mater-middle layer of the meninges, spider web like appearance of the blood vessels below this membrane. CSF circulates through.c) Pia mater-innermost layer of the meninges, covers the surface of the brainBrain Lobes and RegionsBrain RegionLocationFunctionsFrontal lobeAnterior brain, 2 hemispheresConcentration, problem solving, cognition-Primary motor cortexPosterior frontal lobeVoluntary execution of movement-Prefrontal cortexAnterior frontal lobeProcessing area to reason and plan our actionsParietal lobePosterior to frontal lobeUnderstanding speech, perception of stimuli, spatial orientation-Primary sensory cortexAnterior parietal lobeProcesses and analyzes sensory information Temporal lobeInferior to frontal and parietal lobesSound, smell, memory-Auditory cortexSuperior temporal lobeReceive information the ears-Wernicke’s areaLateral, posterior parietalPerception and language processing-HippocampusMedial temporal lobeShort term to long term memoryOccipital lobePosterior cerebral hemisphereVisual images-Vision centersPosterior occipital lobeAssociate visual information with memoriesDiencephalon-HypothalamusIn diencephalon, below thalamusRegulate appetite, thirst, and temperature. Produces hormones-ThalamusIn diencephalonRelay station for sensory input-Limbic systemIn diencephalonRegulate emotional responsesPituitary glandAttached to base of brainRegulates hormone controlMidbrainCentral part of brainReflex of head and neck in response to sight and soundPonsAnterior bulge of brain stemRelay center between cerebellum and cerebrumMedulla oblongataFrom pons to spinal cordVital functions such as heartbeat, BP, and breathingCerebellumPosterior/inferior to cerebrumCoordinates complex movementsLabel the following each of the following structures First drawing: Frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, primary sensory cortex, primary motor cortex, Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, central sulcusSecond drawing: Cerebrum, thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, pons, midbrain, medulla oblongata, cerebellum, corpus callosumVentricles1) What is the importance of ventricles? Produces CSF2) What is Cerebrospinal fluid? - clear, watery fluid that fills the ventricles of the brain and the subarachnoid space around the brain and spinal cord.?It protects, provides nutrients and eliminates waste.3) Label the correct parts of the diagram. Describe the location of each partVentricleLocationFourth ventricle?located posterior to the pons and upper medulla oblongata and anterior-inferior to the cerebellumThird Ventriclecavity of the diencephalonLateral ventricles (right and left)is located within the parietal lobe. The roof is formed by the corpus callosum-409575-45974000EYE EyeStructureFunctionACorneaProtection and refraction of lightBAqueous humorGives cornea shape and nutrientsCIrisPigmented muscle that controls pupil sizeDCiliary bodyChanges the size of the lensELensRefracts lightFRetinaPhotoreceptors that collect light (cones and rods)GChoroidLayer that contains blood vesselsHScleraWhite of eye that gives eyes shape and supportIFoveaHighest concentration of photoreceptorsJOptic nerveSends signals to brain (also blind spot)KVitreous humorJelly-like substance that support the eye ball1)Describe Myopia and Hyperopia and how we correct these eye disorders.Myopia is nearsightedness. Focal point is before the retina. Concave (divergent) lens correctsHyperopia is farsightedness. Focal point is past the retina. Convex (convergent) lens corrects.2)What is astigmatism? How is it corrected? Irregular shape of cornea. Lens is shape to account for.1428757239000EAREyeStructureFunctionAPinnaExternal ear that collects vibrationBMalleusHammer bone that amplify vibrationCSemicircular canalsRotational equilibriumDVestibular nerveCarries information for gravitational equilibriumECochleaSnail shape structure contains hair receptors that send vibration information to brainFEustachian tube (auditory)Tube that equalize pressure in inner ear. Connects to back of throat.GTympanic membraneVibrates to generate physical vibrations to send them to the ossicles (malleus, incus, and stapes)HEar or auditory canalConnect pinna to tympanic membraneTrace the path of sound through the ear- include structures and functions.Pinna auditory canal tympanic membrane malleus incus stapes oval window - vestibule cochleaWhat are the two types of equilibrium and what controls them?Gravitational- vestibuleRotational – semicircular canals of ................
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