Project Name: - World Bank
THE UNITED REPUBLIC OF TANZANIA
PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE REGIONAL ADMINISTRATION & LOCAL GOVERNMENT ( PMO – RALG), DODOMA, TANZANIA
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LOCAL GOVERNMENT SUPPORT PROJECT
(IDA CREDIT No. 4003-1-TA)
ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (ESIA)
FINAL REPORT
FOR
TANZANIA STRATEGIC CITIES PROJECT – MTWARA municipality
JANUARY, 2010
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SMEC INTERNATIONAL PTY LIMITED, AUSTRALIA
in association with
makconsult
Table of Contents
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY vi
1. introduction 1
1.1 Project Background 1
1.2 Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements 1
1.3 Objective and Scope of ESIA Study 1
1.4 Scope of Work 1
1.5 Approach and Methodology 2
1.5.1 Overview 3
1.6 Project Purpose and Objectives 3
1.7 Project Location 3
1.7.1 Location Map and Project Layout 3
1.8 Project Activities 5
1.8.1 Construction phases 7
1.8.2 Operational phase 8
1.8.3 Workforce and Equipment 8
1.9 Project Design 8
1.10 Project Requirements 8
2 policy, legal & administrative framework 10
2.1 National Policies 10
2.1.1 National Environment Policy (1997) 10
2.1.2 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997) 10
2.1.3 National Transport Policy (2003) 11
2.1.4 National Land Policy (1995) 11
2.1.5 National Water Policy(2002) 12
2.1.6 Energy Policy of Tanzania(1992) 12
2.1.7 National Gender Policy (1999) 12
2.2 Legal Framework 13
2.2.1 Town and Country Planning Ordinance 13
2.2.2 Land (Compensation Claims) Regulations, 2001 13
2.2.3 Other Acts Relevant to Environmental Aspects 14
2.3 International Agreements and policies 16
2.3.1 Environment agreements and conventions 16
2.3.2 World Bank (WB) / International Bank Policies 17
2.3.3 International Labour Conventions 18
2.4 Institutional Framework 18
2.4.1 Introduction 18
2.4.2 National Environment Advisory Committee 18
2.4.3 Minister Responsible for Environment 19
2.4.4 Director of Environment (DOE) 19
2.4.5 National Environment Management Council 19
2.4.6 Ministries Responsible for the project 19
2.4.7 Local Government Authorities 19
2.4.8 Ward / Street Level 20
2.4.9 Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council 20
2.4.10 OSHA 20
3 Baseline or Existing conditions 21
3.1 General 21
3.1.1 Location and Land Area 21
3.1.2 Project components 21
4 BASELINE CONDITIONS 24
4.1 Introduction 24
4.1.1 Physical Environment 24
4.1.2 Administrative Units 24
4.1.3 Climate 25
4.1.4 Water Resources 26
4.1.5 Geology and Soils 27
4.1.6 Landscape 27
4.1.7 Coastal Marine environment 27
4.1.8 Physical environment 28
4.1.9 Gas and mineral deposits 28
4.2 Biological Environment 28
4.2.1 Introduction 28
4.2.2 Natural Resource and Protected Areas 28
4.2.3 Reptiles and Amphibians 29
4.2.4 Vegetation and land use 29
4.2.5 Agriculture and livestock keeping 29
4.2.6 Urban settlement 29
4.3 Socio-economic conditions 30
4.3.1 Limitations 30
4.3.2 Introduction 30
4.3.3 Population 30
4.3.4 Ethnicity 31
4.3.5 Affected Persons / Communities 31
4.3.6 Socio-economic Baseline 31
4.3.7 Infrastructure 31
4.3.8 Power supply 31
4.3.9 Communication/Transport 31
4.3.10 Housing 31
4.3.11 Noise, Air Pollution and Dust 31
4.3.12 Education 32
4.3.13 Health Services 32
4.3.14 Burial Places 33
4.3.15 Utilities and Transport 33
4.3.16 Income Municipality 33
4.3.17 Industry, Trade and Commerce 33
4.3.18 Communication and Telecommunication 34
4.3.19 Fishing 34
4.3.20 Agriculture And Livestock 34
4.3.21 Water Supply 34
4.3.22 Tree Planting 34
4.3.23 Tourism 34
4.3.24 Institutional Setup and Capacity of Mtwara municipal Council (2009/2010) 35
4.3.25 Capacity requirement for Environmental, Health and Social Management 36
4.3.26 Description of the Social Setting of the impacted Areas 38
4.3.27 Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management 44
4.3.28 Road communication 45
4.3.29 Tourism and archaeology 46
4.3.30 Contractors for Road works and material availability 46
4.3.31 Housing Conditions 46
4.3.32 Safety (Fire) 46
4.3.33 Municipal Staffing 46
4.4 Summary of baseline features in the sub-project areas 47
5 environmental impact assessment (eia) 50
5.1 Introduction 50
5.2 Physical environment 50
5.3 Biological Environment 51
5.4 Human Environment 51
5.4.1 Houses and Land loss 51
5.4.2 Landfill site 51
5.4.3 Wastewater 52
5.4.4 Storm water and minor floods 52
5.4.5 Cultural Heritage and archaeological values 52
5.4.6 Land Use 53
5.4.7 Loss of income/ Businesses 53
5.4.8 Borrow and quarry sites 53
5.4.9 Dust, Odour and Noise pollution 53
5.4.10 Social disruption and conflicts 53
5.4.11 Traffic Accidents and disruption of vehicular movement 53
5.4.12 Children Accidents at Recreational Parks 54
5.4.13 Income and Employment Opportunities 54
5.4.14 Interruption of utility services for water, gas, oil and power supply 54
5.4.15 Human Health and safety 55
5.4.16 Impacts Expected by Beneficiaries 55
5.5 Public Consultations 55
5.6 Summary of Potential Project Impacts 61
5.6.1 Summary of impacts during construction phase 61
5.6.2 Summary of impacts during Operational phase 65
6 social impact assessment (sia) 67
6.1 Project Components and Descriptions of Social Settings 67
6.2 Social Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts 72
7 Selection of Alternatives 75
8 IMPACTs Mitigation 76
8.1 Introduction 76
8.2 General Commitments 76
8.3 Physical Environment 77
8.4 Biological Environment 78
8.5 Human Environment 79
8.6 Summary from Public consultation 82
8.6.1 Community Participation and Consultation 82
8.6.2 Stakeholders’ Project Appreciation 84
8.7 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts 84
9 environmental & social management plan (esmp) 91
9.1 Background 91
9.2 ESMP activities 91
9.2.1 General Mitigation activities 91
9.2.2 Air pollution by Dust 92
9.2.3 Leachate and hydrocarbons control and management 92
9.2.4 Health and Safety Measures 92
9.2.5 Traffic Disruption (Construction phase) 92
9.2.6 Land acquisition and Compensation Plan 92
9.3 Summary of Environmental Management Plan (ESMP) 93
9.3.1 Arterial Roads 94
9.3.2 Collector Roads 96
9.3.3 Residential/Commercial Roads 98
9.3.4 Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal 100
9.3.5 Public Parks 102
9.3.6 Solid Waste Sub Projects (landfill and collection centres) 103
9.3.7 Solid waste equipment Acquisition 105
9.3.8 Environmental Priorities of the City Council and Residents 106
9.3.9 Environmental Conditions and Problems Posed by subprojects 106
9.3.10 Review of Institution Capability and Recommendations 106
9.3.11 Environmental Monitoring Program at Council/Community Levels 106
9.3.12 Assessment of the Proposed Resettlement Sites 106
9.3.13 Process Used to Prepare EMPs 106
9.3.14 Institutional Arrangement Responsibilities for Monitoring EMPs 107
9.3.15 Institutional set up for EMP 107
9.4 Reporting structure 108
9.4.1 Formats for EMPs 108
9.4.2 EIA Capacity Building Program 108
10 resettlement action plan (rap)… 109
10.1 RAP Report 109
11 conclusion 110
12 recommendations 111
13 bibliography 112
appendix 1: list of consulted people 114
appendix 2: ‘pAP’- LOCATION LAYOUT 116
appendix 3: signatures from public consultations 118
List of Tables
Table 1 : project subcomponents/clusters and scope of planned works 5
table 2: population distribution by ward 30
table 3: national standards of maximum permissible noise levels (db) at work places 32
table 4: establishment and strength 2009/ june 2010 35
table 5: capacity for environmental and social management 36
table 6: statistics for traffic accidents in mtwara-mikindani. 45
table 7: permissible limits for municipal and industrial wastewaters 45
table 8: staffing for fire department and others 47
table 9: project clusters and summary of baseline features 47
table 10: summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during community meetings 57
table 11: baseline features and predicted impacts for construction phase 62
table 12: summary of impacts during operational phase as predicted by community 65
table 13: effects of mitigation measures 66
table 14: project subcomponents and socioeconomic characteristics of communities involved 68
table 15: social economic impacts from community meetings 72
table 16: permissible noise levels in tanzania 80
table 17: a summary of concerns expressed by selected stakeholder groups 82
table 18: summary of mitigation measures 85
table 19: proposed mitigation measures in social perspective and show of responsibility 88
table 20: summary of mitigation measures- during the construction phase 90
List of figures
figure 1 location map 4
figure 2: historical building at old slave market 21
figure 3: a solid waste collection center at tilla park 22
figure 4 road sub-projects 23
figure 5 mean total precipitation (mm) for mtwara region 1961-90 25
figure 6: sizes of families in the study area 39
figure 7: state of working and dependency groups among the respondents 40
figure 8: types of vulnerable members available in the communities 40
figure 9: existing land tenure systems in the area 41
figure 10: nature of business conducted by community members 42
figure 11: household average expenditures per month in ‘000 tshs 43
figure 12: location of water services in project affected areas (n=1077 44
figure 13 landfill site at mangamba area 51
figure 14 a view of a house along zambia road potential for relocation 52
figure 15 gas pipes 55
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council (MMC) under the Ministry of Regional Administration and Local Government is planning to implement a Strategic City Project (TSCP). The project is implemented through a government credit received from International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of Local Government Support Project (LGSP). TSCP is part of the proposed Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSP).
The project has infrastructural and social services upgrading components. These include upgrading of earth or gravel surface roads to bitumen surfacing level, street lighting, construction of recreational parks, construction of solid waste damp and facilities for collection of solid and liquid waste. The present situation is as follow;
• That the current road infrastructures are in poor conditions;
• Solid Waste Collection Services are inadequate and posing sanitation risks to municipality population;
• There is no manageable landfill for refuge collection and processing;
• That security of people in at risk because of poor lighting of the streets; and
• Solid Collection equipment like trucks is insufficient and unreliable.
Following these reasons, the Municipality through PMO-RALG is planning to implement the Strategic City Project to improve the situation. Some people will be impacted by the project in Mdenga area and will need to be relocated. The process of acquiring land has been initiated and already sites have been identified and people have stopped operating in the area. The proposed project for Mtwara-Mikindani will be implemented under the following clusters;
1. Arterial Roads (by pass or semi ring roads);
2. Collector Roads;
3. Residential / Commercial Roads (local roads);
4. Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal;
5. Public parks/gardens;
6. Solid Waste Project (landfill, collection centers); and
7. Solid waste equipment Acquisition.
The project clusters can further be detailed as follows;
• Improvement of roads to bitumen level: The project will improve approximately 25kms roads to double surface dressing road standards divided on fourteen street roads. It will also include improvement of vertical and horizontal alignments, pavement designs, drainage structures etc.
• Installation of streetlights: These will be established in various points. This component will comprise of streetlights of approximately 107 units along various roads in the municipal roads.
• Recreational parks/gardens: It comprises of car parks and renting areas for small cars in the municipality and this will be developed at approximately 40,000 square meters. In general this subproject will involve Construction of refreshments stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence, and fountain together with ornamented gardens, children playgrounds, basketball/volleyball area, lawn tennis, tree planting, water and electricity.
• Refuse transfer centers: This component will improve centers for solid waste collections where communities living around these areas will be able to assemble refuse for further transfer to the landfill. Approximately 25 collection centers will be constructed within the municipality.
• Landfill for solid wastes: The project will construct a landfill for solid waste disposal where solid wastes from all collection points will be transferred for disposal. This subproject will include creation of cells, inner and access roads, protection works, storm water drainage systems and leachate discharge facilities in order to meet environmental requirements.
Policy, Legal Framework
A study has been conducted in respect of national and international policies and legal frameworks abiding ESIA and Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) which include National Environmental Policy (1997), National Policy on HIV/AIDS (2001), National Land Policy (1995), Environmental Management Act (2004), and Environmental Impact Assessment Audit Regulations (2005) and World Bank OP 4.12. With the above mentioned guidelines, ESIA team is aware that such project intervention should provide maximum benefit to the communities and that there should be mitigation strategies for every negative effects emanating from the intervention.
Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA)
In general, there are two types of land tenure, government allocation (surveyed areas) and few squatters (un-surveyed areas) at Mikindani street area. Mikindani street have been declared as a historical area that reflect typical cultural and socio-economic conditions of local people in Mtwara therefore in spite of the fact that there are numerous number of structures along the RoW, they will be preserved to protect history of the people. On the other hand, street like Mdenga Namadi (along Zambia road) was in the township plan, surveyed as an industrial area but later on it was changed to residential area.
The housing pattern in this municipality is characterized by formal and informal comprising of temporary and permanent buildings located on planned areas as well as unplanned and poor service environment.
The economy of the people of Mtwara-Mikindani municipality depends on trade and agricultural products such as cassava Sorghum, maize, millet, legumes. About 33% of the total populations are engaged in agriculture and other related activities. Other activities include fishing, petty trade, small and medium enterprises, (small scale industries.) small scale animals keeping such as cows, goats, hens etc.
ASSESSMENT OF IMPACTS AND MITIGATION MEASURES
An integrated evaluation of the impacts of the construction of the new project on physical, biological and socio-economic spheres indicated some significant impacts if no mitigation measures are implemented. The impacts vary between construction and operation phases.
The construction activities of the proposed project would result in an impact on planted trees and a number of socio-economic impacts with significance in relation to a positive impact on employment (job creation) and negative impacts on human health. Some of the impacts on health such as HIV infections would be irreversible and long-term suggesting that implementation of recommended mitigation measures is of utmost importance.
The long-term operation of some the project clusters would result in negative and significant positive environmental and socio-economic impacts. In particular, most clusters will create employment for instance the running recreational facilities at of Public Park. In contrast the operation of solid waste collection facilities and landfill is anticipated to create negative impacts which may affect human health if not appropriately mitigated. There potential risk for the landfill to pollute underground water and soils if the developer will not take precautionary measures during project design and mitigation measures in the operational phase.
The details of potential impacts and mitigation measures for the subproject clusters are summarized in the following table:
|Topic |Predicted Impacts |Cluster |Impact phases |Mitigation Measures |
|PHYSICAL Environment | | | | |
|Modification of landscape |Demolition of old structures at proposed |P |Construction |Limit construction works to the |
| |recreational parks | | |design. |
|BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT | | | | |
|Tree cutting and Aesthetics |Trees and ornamental plants on street |A, C, R, M, |Construction |Minimize tree cutting. |
| |frontages will be reduced/ removed to pave|P, S | |Replant after construction using |
| |way to the construction works. | | |suitable tree species. Include |
| | | | |tree replacement in project |
| | | | |design. |
|Conservation of Mangrove |Any use of mangrove wood for construction |M, A, R |Construction |Restrict use of mangrove |
|forest and protected species |will degrade mangrove forests. | | |poles/wood in the project |
| |Damage of Dalbergia Melonoxylon (Mpingo) | | |activities. |
| |will impact on species conservation. | | |Avoid damage to Mpingo species |
| | | | |during construction. |
|HUMAN ENVIRONMENT | | | | |
|Loss of residence and |About 55 residential houses will be |A, R |Construction |Replacement or compensation of |
|business sheds and land plot |demolished in Zambia Road. | | |houses and structural properties. |
| |Business stalls may be demolished on road | | | |
| |reserve. | | | |
|Loss of crops, |Some crops will be destroyed along roads |A |Construction |Compensate crop owners. |
| |to give way for construction works. | | | |
| |Example along Zambia Road. | | | |
|Damage to tourism and |Potential risk lies along Mikindani road |R, M |Construction |Careful design to minimize damage |
|historical site |which is tourist attraction because of | | |to historical sites and buildings.|
| |historical buildings and events. | | |use of kerbstones and light |
| | | | |equipment. |
|Employment |The project will create temporary and |A, C, R, M, |Construction & |Encourage local employment. |
| |permanent employment. |P, S |Operation | |
|Noise pollution |Construction works will disturb neighbors/|A, C, R, M, |Construction |Observe ambient sound levels and |
| |public by creation of noise. |P, S | |attenuate equipments. |
| | | | |Observe noise limits during |
| | | | |procurement of equipments |
|Air pollution by dust and |Transportation of sand and aggregates to |A, R, M, P, S|Construction |Watering and covering of earth |
|ordour |working sites. | | |materials |
| |Road works (clearing, excavation). | | |Create buffer zone to keep |
| |Creation of nuisance odour from solid | |Operation |residence away from new landfill |
| |waste collection centers. | | |area. |
| | | | |Immediate treatment of waste at |
| | | | |landfill by burning or covering by|
| | | | |soil/sand. |
|Contamination of water supply|Transportation waste by trucks may |A, C, R, S |Operation |Daily inspection of sewerage |
|and spread of communicable |contaminate water or human environment. | | |trucks. Consult MTUWASA about |
|diseases | | | |sewerage and water supply systems.|
| | | | |Severance of water pipes |
|Diseases or HIV/AIDS |Risk for spreading of communicable |A, C, R, M, |Construction |Awareness creation |
| |diseases such as HIV/AIDS between workers |P, S | | |
| |and host community | | | |
|Accidents and disruption of |Interruption of traffic and pedestrian |A, R, M, S |Construction & |Use of sign/warning posters at |
|traffic and pedestrian |movement by project activities. | | |project sites against traffic |
|movement |Children/elderly people crossing roads to | | |accidents |
| |access recreational parks. |S |Operation |Construction of humps/road bumps |
| |Reckless driving on tarmac roads | | |to slow down speeding vehicles. |
|Safety to workers and road |General construction works. |A, R, M, P, S|Construction |Adhere to OSHA* and contractors |
|users. |Possible burning accidents by hot asphalt.| | |regulations. |
| | | | |Practice safety and Health |
| | |S, E |& Operation |measures/ policy. |
| |Accidents related to running of solid | | |Regular maintenance of equipments |
| |waste equipment | | |and use of Instruction manuals. |
| | | | |Hoarding of working sites. |
|Solid waste |Haphazard disposal of solid waste such as |A, R, M, P, S|Construction |Proper handling of waste by |
| |plastics and metal objects may contaminate| |Operation |installation of facilities for |
| |water supplies and affect human/animal | | |solid. |
| |life if ingested. | | |Fencing of landfill and solid |
| | | | |waste collection centers |
|Surface runoff and flooding |Roads which are located in the poor |A, C, R |Construction & |Careful road design. |
|effect |drainage sites especially Chuno , Indian | |Operational phase |Regular road maintenance to |
| |Quarters and Tandika are vulnerable to | | |unblock culverts and drainage |
| |flooding and effects of run off | | |canals. |
Key: Arterial Roads (A); Residential Commercial Roads (R), Mikindani Commuter terminal (M), Public Parks (P), Solid Waste Collection and landfill (S), Solid waste equipment Acquisition (E).
The summary of the effect of mitigation measures during the construction phase are presented in the table below.
|Impact |Nature |Clusters | |
| | | |Without mitigation |With mitigation |
|Employment (local) opportunities |Positive |P, M |Low |High Positive |
|Ordour nuisance |Negative |S |High |Low |
|Attraction of economic investments |Positive |A, C, R, M, S, P |Low |High Positive |
|Physical Health (Sporting) |Positive |P |Low |High Positive |
|Improvement of Tourism |Positive |M |Low | |
|Solid waste pollution because scavenging |Negative |S |Medium |Low |
|from landfill | | | | |
|Reduced maintenance cost for vehicles |Negative |A, C, R |High |Low |
|Impacts of noise |Negative |S |Medium |Low |
|Impacts on road traffic |Negative |P |Medium |Low |
|Impacts of waste management |Positive |S, E |High |Low |
|Impacts of surface runoff |Negative |A, C, R |Medium |Low |
| | | | | |
That is:
Traffic accidents - entrance for kids to recreational facility; will require speed humps to force vehicles reducing speed as they approach/pass park area.
Odour nuisance - Creation of nuisance odour from solid waste collection centers.
Surface runoff - Storm water flows due to creation of embankments/ impermeable surface along roads. Clogging of culverts along roads will cause flooding of people’s houses during rainfall.
The anticipated positive Impacts as a result of project development are:
• The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project through increased economic activities both during construction and operation phases;
• Creation of temporary employment during construction;
• Increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food and other goods to construction workforce;
• Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks;
• Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management;
• Reduced accidents and increased safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads;
The work force in construction phase will comprise the following team members for each subproject: Site Engineers, Foremen and skilled and non-skilled labour. In addition, there will be project manager and Quantity Surveyors. Skilled and semiskilled people will be employed permanently during the operational phase. For example, people who will operate or run waste facilities and equipment, and recreational centers.
Management and Mitigation Recommendations
The report contains plans for environmental and social mitigation, management and monitoring. Recommendations have been presented in order to improve the information basis for further planning of the project, mitigation of potential negative impacts and monitoring of developments and effect of mitigation measures:
The summary of the most important mitigation and management measures and initiatives to minimize the potential impacts are:
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP)
The project will negatively affect at least 55 people. Whereas Fourteen (14) people will be affected (possessing only crops without buildings) and forty one (41) of the affected people possess both buildings and permanent crops. Compensation will not be paid for land within the construction corridor along the existing alignment. In addition to the direct compensation total costs are Tshs 101,022,155 which include Tshs 2,641,000 for crops and TShs 98,381,155 for building. Details of RAP are included in the RAP report, which is annexure A of this report.
STAKEHOLDERS INVOLVEMENT AND CONCERNS
A number of individual stakeholders were identified within the immediate impact area including the; Municipal inhabitants, TANROADS, Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO), Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL), Gas and Oil companies such as ARTUMAS GROUP and sister companies, BP and Oil COM. In addition, Mtwara Port Authority, Mtwara Water supply and Sanitation Authority (MTUWASA), Local Governments (Ward and Streets), Naliendele Agricultural Institute and Regional Administrative Secretary (RAS). Others are Institutional/NGO for Mikindani Historical Town, Marine Area Conservation Ecosystem Project and Management Area (MACEMP) and Tanzania Social Action Fund (TASAF), NGOS dealing with employment/poverty, HIV/AIDs, environmental conservation and solid waste collection.
Expert judgment and consultations with identified stakeholders identified several issues that need considerations during project initialization, construction, operation and decommissioning. The major negative issues include loss of land and housing properties, tree and crop loss, possible damage to historical sites and tourism at Mikindani because of equipment vibrations during construction phase. Also and noise from vehicles, machinery and workers, dust from moving vehicles, accidents which may include those related to physical damages as well as due to work place accidents, poor disposal of solid and liquid wastes during construction. The major positive issues were urban development which is likely to attract economic investments and creation of local employment opportunities during different phases of the project.
ASSESSMENT OF ALTERNATIVES
The client has made strong commitment on land availability and compensation feasibility hence any changes will have bearing cost on engineering designs and land availability. For example the construction of solid waste collection centers/structures and landfill is determined by land availability in particular ownership by municipality.
COSTS-BENEFIT ANALYSIS
The largest part of the total project cost of TSH 16.5 billion used to upgrade road infrastructure, recreational parks and urban sanitation services in Mtwara-Mikindani town. A substantial amount will be injected into the local economy for sustainability of livelihood and economic activities. Therefore the Mtwara-Mikindani population of about 94,000 and Tanzania population at large will benefit economically from the project.
The main benefits will be to improved road infrastructure, sanitation services and public recreational activities. The summaries of benefits are as follow:
In addition, the following non-tangible benefits are likely to be realized as a part of this project.
• Positive contribution to Mtwara-Mikindani city development by improved/upgraded roads;
• Improvement of solid waste management system;
• Employment opportunities, both short-term construction jobs and long-term operation of the offices of landfill and Public Park;
• Medium and small business opportunities will become available for accommodation and medium scale services materials supplies and petty scale food and service supplies to construction workers;
• Increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food and other goods to construction workforce;
• Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks; and
• Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management.
DECOMMISSIONING
The road infrastructures are likely to remain in place for over 20 years (design life) unless other factors may lead to its premature destruction. In the case when decommissioning is considered, this will take place as a series of structural demolition activities that will dismantle road and other structural members of the predominantly concrete building. However, before the option of structural demolition is considered, an alternative use after, say structural strengthening by component member’s rehabilitation should be considered.
RECOMMENDATIONS
The report contains plans for environmental and social management, monitoring and impact mitigation measures. Recommendations have been presented in order to improve the information basis for further planning of the project, mitigation of potential negative impacts and monitoring of developments and effect of mitigation measures:
Recommendations by various parties including stakeholders and the ESIA project team have been summarized below and the majority is incorporated into specific mitigation measures within the Environmental and Social Management Plan (ESMP). The project developer is obliged to allocate the proposed resources for implementation of ESMP. This includes appointment of managers or responsible person for ESMP. Project construction should adhere to best construction practices that adhere to workplace safety, minimize damage to utilities and protect the environment like restricting use of mangrove and other natural wood in the construction activities. These also include measures to reduce accidents at work, traffic accidents, haphazard disposal of solid waste, safeguard of local employment etc. Construction activities should be scheduled appropriately to minimize noise and dust pollution. More importantly, there is need for careful design to minimize land and property loss and compensation should be paid to people affected by project according to existing regulation. The main recommendations are summarized below:
|Cluster |Recommendation |
|Arterial Roads |Measures to reduce high noise levels and dust during construction |
| |Reduce traffic accidents and obstructions. |
| |Restrict construction to daytime to avoid nighttime discomfort noise levels. |
| |Compensate land and property loss |
|Collector Roads |Measures to reduce high noise levels. |
| |Reduce traffic accidents and obstructions |
| |Restrict construction to daytime to avoid nighttime discomfort noise levels. |
| |Compensate property loss |
|Residential / Commercial Roads |Avoid dust production. |
| |Regular maintenance of roads by unblocking culverts and cleaning drainage canals to avert flooding. |
|Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal |Careful design to minimize damage to historical sites and buildings. use of kerbstones and light |
| |equipment. |
|Public parks |Avert accidents for children during operational phase |
|Solid Waste Land Fill |Employment of Landfill Manager |
| |Measures to avert odour for example early sorting of refuse and timely disposal |
| |Maintenance of landfill fence and gate control to keep away scavengers. |
| |Fencing to keep scavengers away |
| |Control of leachate against pollution of ground water and soils |
|Solid waste equipment Acquisition |Measures to reduce high noise levels and dust. |
| |Avoid solid and liquid waste pollution |
| |Attenuation of equipment to reduce noise impact |
List of Abbreviations
|AIDS |Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome |
| | |
|CBO |Community-Based Organization |
|DOE |Director of Environment |
|EA |Environmental Assessment |
|EIA |Environmental Impact Assessment |
|EIA |Environmental and Social Impact Assessment |
|EIS |Environmental Impact Statement |
|EMA |Environmental Management Act |
|EMP |Environmental Management Plan |
|ESMP |Environmental and Social Management Plan |
|MTUWASA |Mtwara Urban Water Supply and Sanitation Authority |
|HIV |Human Immunodeficiency Virus |
|ILO |International Labour Organization |
|NEMC |National Environment Management Council |
|NEP |National Environment Policy |
|NGO |Non-Governmental Organization |
|OSHA |Occupational Health and Safety Act |
|PAP |People Affected by the project |
|PPE |Personal Protective Equipment |
|TAC |Technical Advisory Committee |
|TOR |Terms of Reference |
|Tshs |Tanzania Shilling |
|WB |World Bank |
1. introduction
1 Project Background
The Government of the United Republic of Tanzania (GoT) has received a credit from the International Development Association (IDA) towards the cost of the Local Government Support Project (LGSP). It is intended that part of the proceeds of the credit will be used to cover eligible payments under the contract for the Provision of Consultancy Services for Preparation of Preliminary and Detailed Engineering Designs, Cost Estimates and Bidding Documents, and Environmental and Social Impact Assessments for the Investment Sub-Projects in Mbeya City and in Mtwara Municipality under the proposed Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP). The LGSP, which is in advanced stage of implementation, became effective in April 2005, and is expected to close on June 30, 2011.
SMEC has been engaged by the Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) to prepare design and documentation for Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) Mbeya City and Mtwara municipal roads.
Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) - The GoT and the World Bank are preparing a new credit for the TSCP. The overall objective of the TSCP is to: (i) improve basic urban infrastructure and services in selected urban LGAs; and (ii) strengthen the management and fiscal capacity of those urban LGAs for improved operations, maintenance and infrastructure development. The Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) is the Implementing Agency (IA) for the Project which will be done over a period of five years. The selected urban LGAs to be supported under the proposed credit are: Mwanza, Kigoma, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya, Mtwara, and Dodoma.
This is an Environmental and Social Impact (ESIA) report for Mtwara Municipality.
2 Environmental Impact Assessment Requirements
The project is essentially about infrastructure development for with sub-project of roads improvement, construction of Solid Waste Collection (SWC) structures, recreational parks/gardens and solid waste landfill.
The EIA regulation of 2005 GN No. 349 of 2005 puts the project under type a mandatory list of projects which requires EIA. These fall under petroleum industry and specifically for construction of oil and gas handling and storage facilities.
3 Objective and Scope of ESIA Study
The objective of the ESIA (Environmental and Social Impact Assessment) study is to identify potential environmental and social impacts and key issues associated with project implementation and propose appropriate mitigation measures to minimize negative impacts and enhance positive ones.
Specifically Section 2 of the Terms of Reference (TOR) includes ESIA objectives as follows:
• Undertaking of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of individual sub-projects proposed for investment in the urban LGAs and prepare an overall ESIA report for the LGA investments; and
• Prepare Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) in and where necessary, Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs). EMP and RAP are to be prepared according to Attachment 1 (TOR for EMP) and Attachment 2 (TOR for RAP) of the Terms of Reference respectively.
4 Scope of Work
The agreed scope of works for the Mtwara Municipal Council is as follows:
• Upgrading/rehabilitation of approximately 25 km of existing earth/gravel or bitumen roads to asphalt concrete or double surface dressing (bitumen surfacing); including vertical and horizontal alignments, pavement design, drainage structures, etc;
• Provision of street lights at various points (approximately 107 units) along existing municipal roads;
• Development of recreational parks/gardens (approximately 40,000 m²);
• Construction of approximately 25 solid waste collection centers (refuse transfer stations) for communities in the municipality;
• Construction of a landfill site for solid waste disposal; including creation of cells, construction of inner and access roads, protection works, storm water drains and leachate discharge facilities; all to meet environmental requirements with necessary mitigation measures or provide alternative; and
• Acquisition of a package of solid and liquid waste management equipment (refuse collection trucks, cesspit emptier, wheel loader, and bulldozer.
The project sub-projects will be clustered as follows:
1. Arterial Roads (by pass or semi ring roads);
2. Collector Roads;
3. Residential / Commercial Roads (local roads);
4. Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal;
5. Public parks/gardens;
6. Solid Waste Landfill and collection centers; and
7. Solid waste equipment Acquisition.
5 Approach and Methodology
1 Specific Social Methodology
ESIA team conducted environmental and social survey and consultative meetings in selected streets of Mtwara municipality to gather relevant information related to social impacts of proposed road projects and other subcomponents as explained in ToR of this study.
ESIA study was conducted in a participatory and consultative manner in order to gather information appropriate to the given ToR. The team sampled out specific number of households in streets where the projects based. Likewise, participatory meetings were held in all streets/wards to identify key issues pertaining to the projects including perceptions, knowledge and attitudes of the beneficiaries. Also, consultations were made to street leaders, ward governments, politicians and representatives of communities at local levels. The aim was to gather relevant information related to the impact of the proposed projects as explained in the ToR of this study.
Consultant recognizes the requirements for social impact assessment studies to address site specific characteristics required for identification of positive and negative socio economic impacts and make recommendations on effective solutions to be considered during implementation of ESMP. A Triangulation of various data collection methods was necessary to elicit various quantitative and qualitative data. These methods include review of secondary data/ information, focus group discussions, household interviews, and meetings with key community/family people/informers e.g. relevant staff in respective institutions, relevant government officials and district authorities and household interviews with affected people.
Various data analysis methods were used (e.g. SPSS and Excel) to come up with descriptive Statistics and establish baseline information. Qualitative information was collected from focus groups discussions, street/ward meetings and in-depth interviews with key informers. During the focus group discussions, the consultant identified perceived positive and negative impacts of the project and established community’s opinion on a sound SMP, mitigation measures and their associated costs.
The specific objectives for the social impact assessment include:
• Obtain information on community concerns;
• Identify what the impacts on the community will be;
• Raise awareness of what effects will be expected; and
• Obtain suggestions and recommendations from the communities regarding the project.
2 Further Work
As part of the ESIA, an Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been prepared and integrated within this ESIA report.
The purpose of the EMP is to provide a framework for the management of mitigation measures and the monitoring of performance and compliance, during the construction and operation of the project.
The document does not form the final management plan but rather sets a framework and structure for the detailed development of plans by the contractor(s) and Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council.
1 Overview
The project has infrastructural and social services upgrading components. These include upgrading of earth or gravel surface roads to bitumen surfacing level, street lighting, construction of recreational parks, construction of solid waste damp and facilities for collection of solid and liquid waste.
6 Project Purpose and Objectives
Tanzania Strategic Cities Project (TSCP) - The GoT and the World Bank are preparing a new credit for the TSCP. The overall objective/purpose of the TSCP is to: (i) improve basic urban infrastructure and services in selected urban LGAs; and (ii) strengthen the management and fiscal capacity of those urban LGAs for improved operations, maintenance and infrastructure development. The Prime Minister’s Office, Regional Administration and Local Government (PMO-RALG) is the Implementing Agency (IA) for the Project which will be done over a period of five years. The selected urban LGAs to be supported under the proposed credit are: Mwanza, Kigoma, Arusha, Tanga, Mbeya, Mtwara, and Dodoma.
The basic objectives of this consultancy assignment are to:
• Prepare preliminary designs and cost estimates for the LGA sub-projects and group them into two phases for implementation purposes;
• Prepare detailed designs, drawings and cost estimates for the LGA sub-projects, package them into suitable contracts, prepare final bidding documents and overall time-bound implementation schedule;
• Conduct an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) of individual sub-projects proposed for investment in the urban LGAs and prepare an overall ESIA report for the LGA investments; and
• Prepare Environmental Management Plans (EMPs) and where necessary, Resettlement Action Plans (RAPs) and, in the case of Arusha, Indigenous Peoples Development Plans (IPDPs) for individual sub-projects and prepare overall EMP and RAP for the LGA investments.
2 Project Location
1 Location Map and Project Layout
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal is located in the South-eastern part of Tanzania on the coastal line of Indian Ocean. It lies between Longitude 400 and 410 East and Latitude 100 and 110 South. The Council is bordered by Indian Ocean in the East and Mtwara District council in all other directions.
[pic]
Figure 1 Location Map
7 Project Activities
The elements of the sub projects are presented in the Table below:
Table 1 : Project Subcomponents/clusters and scope of planned works
|S/No |Cluster |Sub projects |Description of Sub-project |Length (km) / Size (m2, ton) |Elements/ Scope of construction works |
| | | | |/Capacity (ton) | |
| | |Zambia Road |-do- |3.7 |-do- |
| | |Tandika Road |-do- |1.1 |-do- |
|2 |Collection roads |Kunambi Road |-do- |1.8 |-do- |
| | |Chikongola Road |Upgrading from gravel / Earth |0.9 |-do- |
| | | |Surface to tarmac level | | |
| | |Tandika Road |-do- |1.1 |-do- |
|3 |Residential/Commercial Road |Morocco Road |-do- |1.7 |-do- |
| | |Boma Road; |-do- |1.8 |-do- |
| | |Indian Quarters Road |-do- |1.2 |-do- |
| | |COTC Road; |-do- |0.9 |-do- |
| | |Mikindani Road; |-do- |1.7 |-do- |
| | |Luanda Road |-do- |0.8 |-do- |
| | |Senegal Road. |-do- |0.8 |-do- |
|4 |Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal | | | | |
|5 |Public parks |Mashujaa Park; |Recreational parks: construction of |33,188 |Refreshment stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence, fountain, gardens, |
| | | |recreational stalls | |children play grounds, sport courts, tree planting, water and electric supply. |
| | |Tilla Park; and Maduka |Recreational parks: construction of |4,687 |Refreshment stalls, toilets, paved paths, concrete seats, fence, fountain, gardens, |
| | |Makubwa Park. |recreational stalls | |children play grounds, sport courts, tree planting, water and electric supply. |
|6 |Solid Waste Project (landfill, collection |Solid Waste Project- New | | |New l at Mangamba. |
| |centres) |Landfill | | | |
| | |Solid Waste Project: | |25 New canters |Collection centers, sand-block structures, cover with corrugated iron sheets. |
| | |collection centres | | | |
|7 |Solid waste equipment Acquisition |Solid waste equipment | |2 trucks |Purchase of 2 refuse collection trucks, one cesspit emptier & one bulldozer and |
| | |Acquisition | | |Wheel Loader |
The project requires an installation of 107 street lights in some selected sub projects. That is in TANU Road, Zambia Road, Port Road, main market, central bus stand and Shangani Roads. The main project activities fall under the construction and operational phases as discussed below;
1 Construction phases
The important stages of the construction can be summarized as follows;
• Clearing and grubbing within the road reserve;
• Earthworks for roads, solid waste structures and landfill;
• Underground works for roads and superstructure construction for waste landfill and street lights;
• Surfacing of roads with gravel and asphalt ;
• Clearing of overhead trees for equipment movement and installation of streetlights;
• Transporting of borrow materials/ gravel and aggregate materials from as far as 10Km and 150Km respectively from borrow pits and stone crusher/ quarry;
• Fencing of proposed landfill to curb scavengers and control blowing of light materials;
• External earth works and demobilization such as landscaping;
• Erection of poles and installation of streetlights; and
• Use of concrete paving blocks as an alternative for asphalt concrete pavement for Mikindani Road to avoid heavy duty construction machine.
a) Site clearance and sub-structure
The contractor will clear works site by use of equipment or manual labour. The process may involve clearing of trees and crops. Also, demolition of concrete structures around Tilla and Mashujaa Parks will be undertaken. The old furniture in particular benches will be demolished to pave way for construction activities. The rubble will be disposed off or used at the site. About 150mm depth of top soils will be removed as spoil or overburden materials where structural buildings will be constructed.
b) Underground works and superstructure
Road activities involve excavation, ditching and leveling activities, which will be confined within the respective rights of Ways. Road works will equally require excavation, cuts and fills. About 1.5m depth of soils will be excavated for concrete foundation. Top soils and spoils from the site may be stored close to the site for other uses. Excavation of foundation for solid waste collection facilities will take place at 25 spots. Subsequently, the contractor will use a vibrator to compact the reinforced foundation and concrete columns.
c) Finishing works
The finishing works will include the following;
• Plastering of walls at recreational Parks;
• Painting of recreational facilities/buildings;
• Fixing ceiling board and fencing;
• Plumbing and electrical installations for the Recreational Parks; and
• Cleaning of road surface to remove loose particles and debris.
d) Land restoration works and demobilization
Following the completion of roads and surface structures, restoration of land will follow to give the sites its original condition to improve scenery and environmental functions. Measures to control storm water along roads and consequently soil erosion will be implemented. Restoration tasks will entail the use of kerbstones, top soils/spoils, and paving bricks, paving slabs and planting of ornamental and shed trees. Subsequently, the contractor will engage in the demobilization process. The process will involve the removal of the camps, clearing of the working site of solid wastes such as plastics and metals. Backfilling of trenches will be done by use of imported and desirable quality soil materials.
2 Operational phase
The activities for operation phase can be summarized as follow;
• Roads: Improved access and movement of vehicles on improved roads. Speed check by road signs and humps;
• Emptying of solid waste into 25 collection centers by organized youth groups by use of wheelbarrows and carts followed by sorting and removal of waste by vetted trucks. Garbage trucks will subsequently offload the waste at the new landfill site at Mangamba area;
• Lighting of streets with 107 lights to increase visibility and enhance road safety; and
• Running of three recreational parks/gardens by the council. Access to play grounds and sports facilities by children and other people.
Water supply at recreational parks will be undertaken by Mtwara Water Supply and Sanitation Authority (MTUWASA) while Tanzania Electric Supply Company (TANESCO) or Umoja Lighting which is expected to takeover supply of power will supply the required power
3 Workforce and Equipment
The construction will employ Project Managers, engineers, supervisors, skilled and unskilled labour. A number of people will be employed permanently to man the new landfill and recreational centers. Additional people will be employed to maintain road infrastructures and solid waste facilities including operation of equipment.
8 Project Design
The detail design for the project components has not been completed. However it is expected to observe the following features/dimensions;
• Road works will be generally be confined within the existing road reserves;
• The project will be implemented close to road utility areas; Power transmission lines (TANESCO), water pipes (MTUWASA), and gas pipes for ARTUMAS. Also, fuel pipelines owned by BP and Oil Com. The gas pipes are buried 1.0-1.8M below the ground surface;
• The project will install side road structures to control storm water. Also drainage canals at proposed landfill to control run off downstream; and
• During construction phase, the development may include workshops and temporary shelters with sanitary facilities for construction team. Other accessory structures are traps and drainage system for waste oils.
9 Project Requirements
The materials and equipment which will be required under the construction and operational phases of the project are presented below;
1 Construction phase
In developing the project, the proponent is committed to use materials, which are environmentally acceptable.
The construction of infrastructures and associated buildings (roads, walls, beams, columns) will require the use of soil /earth materials, blocks, sand, concrete aggregates, asphalt, and timber.
The equipment, which will be used at the construction sites, will include;
• Heavy construction plants like bulldozers, graders, wheel loader, vibrators etc;
• Hauling trucks;
• Trans mixer trucks;
• Water tanks;
• Concrete vibrators;
• Trucks for material haulage; and
• Cable stringing tensioners for streetlights.
Ready mixed concrete will be brought to the site by trans-mixer trucks. At the end of construction phase, the contractor will use kerbstones, top soils/spoils, and paving bricks, paving slabs and live plants for landscape restoration.
2 Operational phase
During the operation phase, little materials will be used as input to run or service the project. For instance maintenance works such as, replacement of lights by use of incandescent bulbs. Asphalts and concrete mix will be used to repair roads and storm water drains respectively.
3 Products/ and by products
The project is not expected to generate hazardous materials, which are toxic to human beings. Wastewater and liquid waste may be generated from washing rooms or toilets at recreational parks. Likewise solid waste may be generated by users of roads and at recreational facilities. Potential risks lie with proposed landfill and solid waste collection centers if solid waste management is not undertaken properly e.g. burning of refuse, a practice which will not be included under this project.
4 Testing and Commissioning
The subproject and associated facilities will undergo safety tests before commissioning for use. The purpose is to make sure the facilities and equipment meets the design tests. The subprojects/facilities include the following;
• Bull dozers for the landfill;
• Street lights; and
• Electrical and water equipment or facilities at recreational parks if applicable.
Following the installation and connection of power system or circuits, testing for street lights and overall electrical functions at the recreational parks and landfill, will be done by inspection engineers. This will involve emergency shut-off switch and emergency alarms before commissioning of the recreational park.
5 Operation and Maintenance
Regular maintenance; oiling and replacement of worn out parts will be conducted on regular basis for liquid and solid waste equipment. The landfill will need protection regular inspection of fence for safety and security.
1 policy, legal & administrative framework
10 National Policies
1 National Environment Policy (1997)
National Environmental Policy (NEP, 1997) is the main policy document governing environmental management in the country. The policy addresses environmental issues as both natural and social concerns, and adopts key principles of sustainable development. The policy has also proposed framework environmental legislation to take account of the numerous agencies of Government involved in regulating various sectors. Thus, the policy provides strategic plans on environmental management at all levels. It provides approach for mainstreaming environmental issues for decision-making and defining sector policy action plans.
In regards to environmental management and protection the policy identifies six key problem areas as:
• Land degradation;
• Lack of access to good quality water;
• Environmental pollution;
• Loss of wildlife habitat and biodiversity;
• Deterioration of aquatic ecosystems; and
• Deforestation.
The policy requires EIA to be mandatory for all development projects likely to have significant environmental impacts. The intention is to ensure that development projects are implemented in an economically sustainable manner while safeguarding environmental and social issues for the benefit of the present and future generations.
Relevance to the project:
The project will be required to address policy objectives by ensuring that environmental degradation / pollution is minimized during implementation of sub projects, which have are expected to have impacts.
2 Agricultural and Livestock Policy (1997)
The number and nature of guidelines that constitute Tanzania Agricultural and Livestock policy is complex. However, the overall aim is to promote and ensure a secure land tenure system to encourage the optimal use of land resources, and facilitate broad-based social and economic development without upsetting or endangering the ecological balance of the environment. The major theme is the conversion of land into an economic asset to which all citizens should have equal access, especially in response to the vulnerability of smallholders and livestock keepers who do not produce a surplus. The focus is therefore on the commercialization of agriculture to increase income levels and alleviate poverty.
On the other hand, land occupiers are required to develop land use plans where by a certain amount of land is put aside for livestock grazing while the area for agriculture is also categorized. This is done to minimise conflict between farmers and livestock keepers. It has also an advantage in relation to proper land management and conservation. However, during the study it was observed that the land use plan has been interfered and in some places it does not exist at all. Generally absence of land use plans lead to problems and conflicts between different land users and during project intervention.
Relevance to the project:
Most of the subprojects (roads, a landfill and a parking area) and are on existing sites in urban areas. Therefore no major specific issues regarding agriculture land are expected to for the proposed works.
3 National Transport Policy (2003)
The policy vision is to have efficient and cost effective domestic and international transport services, while at the same time maintaining maximum safety and minimum environmental degradation. The policy emphasizes on having bitumen roads for all trunk roads but at the same time ensure regional and district roads are sufficiently rehabilitated and maintained to ensure smooth traffic flow.
The policy recognizes the importance of involving the private sector and local communities in the planning and rehabilitation of the road that pass within their areas. The policy wants urban residents to contribute towards maintenance of the road in their areas through direct involvement or through user charges.
It wants the design of residential area to be done in tandem with provision of adequate transport infrastructure to ensure security, safety and comfortably to pedestrians and cyclists by providing them with dedicated lanes, especially in urban areas. The policy promotes / supports ongoing programs by encouraging improvement of transport infrastructure and services to inaccessible parts of the country.
It requires people to influence land use planning and settlement patterns to achieve easy access to amenities. It discourages the use of road reserve to prevent smooth flow of traffic and future road expansion. The policy recognizes the need to provide urban transport that is environmentally friendly and sustainable. It recognizes the importance of providing sewerage and drainage systems when developing road infrastructure. The policy calls for timely and adequate road maintenance to avoid flooding and damage to infrastructure and road pavement. Thus, the policy calls for:
• Reduction of traffic generated pollution;
• Enhancement of traffic safety and management;
• Promoting environmental awareness;
• Strengthening human resource development; and
• Provision of adequate and comprehensive drainage system during design, and Maintenance of urban road infrastructure.
Relevance to the project
The policy is relevant to this project because the road infrastructure project which is addressed in the policy as one of the important transport infrastructures and reduction of unnecessary traffic jam in the city. Thus, to address the policy objectives the project management would be required to adhere to the relevant issues outlined in the policy regarding the road infrastructure development.
4 National Land Policy (1995)
The National Land Policy of 1995 (Revised in 1997) recognizes the need for protecting environmentally sensitive areas. The policy emphasizes on the protection of environment and natural ecosystems from pollution, degradation and physical destruction.
In addition, the policy recognizes the importance of social services such as water, roads, energy and solid waste management for environmental protection. It also identifies the need for conservation and preservation of prehistoric/historic sites and buildings.
Relevance to the project
This policy is relevant to the subprojects and the design and project management will need to ensure protection of existing social services, proper disposal of solid wastes (landfill design) and suitable landscape works (design of bus/lorry parking area).
5 National Water Policy(2002)
National water policy objective is to develop a comprehensive framework for sustainable management of the national water resources. In this case the policy recognizes the need to protect water sources against pollution and environmental degradation. The policy recognizes the role of road transport system as one of the effective tool in the implementation of water resource management activities.
Relevance to the project
The road project could result into degradation of water source for instance if proper drainage and disposal of storm water is not designed and executed properly. In this case the designs and project management need to ensure water sources (including streams, which ultimately flow into the water sources) are suitably protected to minimize impacts during construction and operation of the sub projects.
6 Energy Policy of Tanzania(1992)
Objective of this policy is to provide input into development process through the establishment of an efficient energy production, procurement, transportation, distribution with its end resulting in an environmentally sound exploitation of available resources.
Energy policy recognizes the critical role of energy in all sub-sectors of economy, including road sector and electricity infrastructures. It underscores importance of having sufficient supply and efficient use of energy in order to realize sustainable development and satisfy basic needs of the society. This policy also recognizes the relationship between road condition and fossil fuel consumption energy by vehicles, which is one of the important sources of energy in the country. Therefore, the policy recognizes the need to rehabilitate roads to minimize fuel consumption.
Relevance to the project
The policy is relevant to this project because the road transportation relies on fossil fuel, which is the major source energy supply in the transport sector. However, poor road condition may lead into increased consumption of fuel, with low efficiency. Poor road condition also leads into increased emission of exhaust fumes due to overworking of vehicle engines. It is expected that city roads improvement will ensure efficient use of energy resource is being used efficiently in an environmentally sound manner. Within the proposed road reserved areas there are electricity poles of which will need to be relocated to maintain lighting energy for the people.
7 National Gender Policy (1999)
Main objective of this policy is to provide guidelines to ensure gender sensitive plans, programs and strategies in all sectors and institutions. The policy gives emphasis on gender equality with its aims at establishing strategies on poverty eradication through ensuring that both women and men get access to existing resources for their development. It values the role played by women in bringing about development in the society.
Road sector is also highly committed to gender mainstreaming at all levels, through provision of equal opportunities to both men and women in road works and related activities.
Relevance to the project
The policy requires the project management to ensure that gender issues are given emphasis. It also requires that women and men are given equal employment opportunities in the project, whenever possible.
2
11 Legal Framework
The following legal documents and acts have been reviewed within this section.
• The EIA and Audit Regulations (2005);
• The Land Act Cap 113 and Village Land Act Cap 114;
• The Land Regulation (2001);
• Public Health Ordinance Cap. 336 (1956);
• By-laws for Mtwara-Mikindani Town;
• The Contractors Registration Act Cap 235;
• The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 6 (2004);
• The Workman Compensation Act ;
• Explosives Act, 538;
• The Engineers Registration Act Cap 63;
• The Occupational Health and Safety Act No 5 (2003); and
• Waste Management Regulation (1982).
1 Town and Country Planning Ordinance
Under the provisions of the Town and Country Planning Ordinance also the President is empowered to acquire any land for projects that proves to have public interest. The 1956 ordinance after its revision in 1961, states:
• Where it appears to the President that it is necessary to acquire land within a planning area for the scheme applicable thereto and agreement for the acquisition thereof between Local Authorities and land owners cannot be reached, the President may acquire such land under any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land;
• Without prejudice to the generality of the provision of subsection (1) of this section, the power of the President hereunder shall extend to the acquisition of land which has not been developed in accordance with the scheme applicable thereto which, in his opinion, it is necessary to acquire in order to secure its good development or proper, orderly and continuous development of a planning area or any part of it or for good development of neighboring land; and
• Without prejudice to the provisions of any law relating to the compulsory acquisition of land, purposes for which land may be acquired under provisions of this ordinance shall be deemed to be for the public purposes.
.
2 Land (Compensation Claims) Regulations, 2001
These regulations provide criteria for the assessment of compensation on land, as per market value for real property. Disturbance allowance is calculated as a percentage of market value of the acquired assets over twelve months; and transport allowance calculated at the cost of 12 tons hauled over a distance not exceeding 20 km. Other criteria includes loss of profit on accommodation based on business audited accounts and accommodation allowance equivalent to the rent of the acquired property per month over a 36 month period.
According to The Land (Compensation Claims) Regulation of 2001, the following are eligible for compensation / resettlement:
• Holder of right of occupancy (Section 22 of the Land Act of 1999);
• Holder of customary right of occupancy whose land has been declared a hazard land (Section 49 of the Land Act, 1999);
• Holder of customary land, whose land becomes granted to other person and is moved or relocated under Section 34 of the Land Act, 1999;
• Land obtained as a consequence of disposition by a holder of right of granted or customary right of occupancy but is refused a right of occupancy under section 54 of the Land Act, 1999; and
• Urban or peri-urban land acquired by the President under Section 60 of the Land Act, 1999.
Sub-section 2 of Section 9 applies to all applications or claims for compensation against government or Local Government authority, public body or institution. According to Section 10(1) compensation shall take the form of:
• Monetary compensation;
• Plot of land of comparable quality, extent and productive potential to the land lost;
• A building or buildings of comparable quality, extent and use comparable to structures that will be impacted;
• Plants and seedlings;
• Regular supplies of grain and other basic foodstuffs for a specified time.
• The compensation issues include:
• Value of un-exhausted improvement;
• Disturbance allowance;
• Transport allowance;
• Accommodation allowance; and
• Loss of profits.
Relevance to the project
The Act will require:
• Selections of road alignment, location of borrow pits, quarry sites and other road infrastructure to avoid hazard lands;
• Prompt compensation to be paid for acquired land or damaged properties; and
• Project to involve Qualified Valuation Officer and follow all procedures as outlined in The Land (Compensation Claims) Regulations (2001) and The Land (Assessment of Value for Compensation) Regulations (2001).
3 Other Acts Relevant to Environmental Aspects
|Act |Responsible Ministry or |Specific Measures applicable to the proposed project |
| |Sector/Authority | |
|The EIA and Audit |Vice presidents’ Office/ NEMC |The regulations provide the basis for undertaking EIAs and Environmental |
|Regulations (2005) | |Audits for various types of development projects with significant |
| | |environmental impacts. |
| | |It also outline step[s to be followed in carrying out EIA such as ; |
| | |Project registration, scoping and full EIA |
|Environmental Management |Vice presidents’ Office |Overall, it speaks for sustainable management of environment protection of|
|(EMA) of 2004 | |environmental pollution. It is against discharge of effluent from any |
| | |commercial, industrial or other trade wastes systems into receiving waters|
| | |without a consent duly granted by an authorized Water Officer. |
|Public Health (Sewerage and|Ministry of Health, local governments |The ordinance deals with various conditions regarding the regulations of |
|Drainage) Ordinance Cap. |and Water and Sewerage Authorities |sewerage and drainage systems. |
|336 (1956) | |For example against poor disposal of sewerage, chemical effluent and hot |
| | |materials into natural water courses and environment and subsequently |
| | |risking human health. |
|The Contractors |Contractors Registration Board |The law requires the contractors to ensure that all construction sites |
|Registration Act Cap 235 | |abide to the laws of occupational health and safety in the construction |
| | |sites. The contractors should also comply to; To maintain and provide site|
| | |workers with proper PPE. |
| | |To register all accidents and its causes at construction site. |
| | |Ensure access to fire-fighting equipment and hygienic facilities on site |
| | |This Act requires all construction contracts to be executed by registered |
| | |companies and entitled class in respect to the project size |
|By-laws for Mtwara- |Mtwara-Mikindani District |The by-laws specifications in relations to management of proper management|
|Mikindani Municipal City | |of landscape, natural environment of forests and marine ecology. In |
| | |addition it emphasis the need for conservation of local heritage values |
| | |and historical sites. General it is about environmental sustainability. |
|The local Government Act of|Ministry of Regional Administration and|The Act requires stakeholders of proposed development projects to be |
|2000 |Local Government and |informed about the EIA process. |
| | |It states that the local government is responsible for prevention of |
| | |damages on historical heritage and archaeological sites. |
| | |It empowers the local governments to control pollution of water resource |
| | |and regulation of drainage and sewerage works |
|Explosives Act, No. 538 |Ministry of Infrastructure Development.|The law requires all persons using explosives in their activities to |
| |Ministry of Energy and Minerals |possess an explosive licence. |
| | |It is applicable for the proposed project especially if explosives are |
| | |used during excavation works. |
|The Antiquities Act, 1964 |Director of Antiquities in the Ministry|The act seeks to protect areas with archaeological significance. It |
| |of Information, Culture and Sports |restricts collection and export of ethnographic objects without the permit|
| | |from relevant authority. Mikindani historical buildings fall under this |
| | |Act as advised by the council |
|The Land Regulation Act |Ministry of Lands, Housing and Human |Regulation 4 and 10 of Land (Compensation Claims) Regulation (L.N. No. 79)|
|(2001) |Settlement Development |of 2001 stipulates that , compensation shall take the following forms |
| | |among others: |
| | |Monetary compensation; |
| | |Plot to plot compensation |
| | |Replacement of building |
| | |The basis for the value of any land shall be the market value of such |
| | |land. |
| | |The assessment of the value of land and any improvements needs to be done |
| | |by a Qualified Valuer and verified by the Chief Valuer of the Government |
|The Occupational Health and|OSHA, Ministry of Labour, Employment |The Act deals with the regulation of health, safety and welfare of |
|Safety Act No. 5 , 2003. |and Youth Development |workers in factories and workplaces. It requires the project contractors |
| | |to provide Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) to workers at the site to |
| | |protect them from accidents and health hazard. |
| | |The project developer is duty bound to register the work place and submit |
| | |the building plan of the proposed project to the Chief Inspector of OSHA |
| | |for the approval. This regulation is relevant to the proposed project. |
|Waste Management Regulation|Ministry of Health and Social Welfare |The Act empowers the District Councils to take necessary measures to |
|Act No.7, 1982. | |safeguard of public health. Additionally, it requires the provision of |
| | |effective solid and liquid waste management to protect human health and |
| | |regulates pollution problems. |
| | |It requires the implementation of sufficient measures to control solid and|
| | |liquid waste. |
| | |Requires precautions to be taken against the risk of fire and measures to |
| | |be taken in order to ensure safe evacuation and regular inspection of |
| | |fire-fighting equipment. |
| | |Also, it provides guidelines for protection of all those who work under |
| | |dusty, smoky or environments with exhaust fumes. |
|The Employment and Labour |Ministry of Labour, Employment and |The Employment and Labour Relations Act No. 6 of 2004 repealed the |
|Relations Act (2004) |Youth Development |Employment Ordinance Cap 366. It speaks about restriction of child labour |
| | |and stipulates the employment age limits. The Act sets the basic minimum |
| | |age for employment at 12 years of age and requires that 12 to 14 year old |
| | |child workers receive a daily wage, work on a day-to-day basis, are |
| | |provided transportation home each evening, and obtain permission to work |
| | |from their parents. It restricts children from working in dangerous or |
| | |injurious places as well as in many industrial occupations. This Act is |
| | |relevant to the proposed project. |
|The Workmen’s Compensation |Ministry of Labour, Employment and |The Workmen’s Compensation Act Cap 263 the amendment of 2002 makes |
|Act (2002) |Youth Development |provisions of compensation or benefits as result of injuries or diseases |
| | |or death at work place. However, the legislation is undergoing reform to |
| | |make it encourage the prevention of accidents instead of compensation. The|
| | |contractors of the project should observe this regulation. |
|The Contractors |Contractors Registration Board, |It requires the contractors to ensure that all construction sites abide |
|Registration Act Cap 235, |Ministry of Infrastructure Development |to the laws of occupational health and safety in the construction. These |
|1997. |Ministry of Labour, Employment and |include the Contractors Registration By-laws 1999. The By-laws |
| |Youth Development Contractors |administered by Contractors Registration Board govern contractors to |
| |Registration t |legally do as follows: |
| | |to maintain and provide site workers with proper PPE. |
| | |to register all accidents and its causes at construction site. |
| | |to provide site workers with PPE. |
| | |Ensure access to fire-fighting equipment and hygienic facilities on site.|
| | |This Act requires all construction contracts to be executed by registered |
| | |companies and entitled class in respect to the project size. This |
| | |regulation is applicable to the proposed project |
12 International Agreements and policies
1 Environment agreements and conventions
Tanzania is a party to several international agreements and conventions relating to the environment. Agreements of potential relevance for the proposed project and its sub-projects are briefly mentioned below.
• Tanzania has ratified the Convention concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (World Heritage Convention); and
• Tanzania has additionally signed the Climatic change Conventions, The United Nations Framework Convention on Climatic Change (1992) and the Kyoto Protocol (1997)
2 World Bank (WB) / International Bank Policies
The World Bank’s set of safeguard policies consists of a number of Operational Policies (OP), Operational Directives (OD), and Bank Procedures, which are considered particularly important in ensuring that Bank supported projects, are environmentally acceptable and that negative environmental and social impacts are minimized or mitigated.
|Environmental Assessment (OP |The policy requires Environmental Assessment to be undertaken of all supported projects to ensure that they are |
|4.01) in October 1998 |environmentally sound and sustainable, and to improve the basis for decision making. |
|Involuntary Resettlement (OP |The Bank’s policy on involuntary resettlement advocates the following: |
|4.12) in June 1990 |Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimised, exploring all viable alternative project |
| |designs; |
| |Measures to avoid resettlement and provision of sufficient investment resources to enable displaced people to share |
| |project benefits. |
| |Meaningful consultation of affected persons and participation in planning and implementation in resettlement |
| |programs; and |
| |Provision of assistance to people affected by the project (PAPs) to improve and restore livelihoods /standards of |
| |living. |
|Cultural Property (OP 4.11), |The policy aims to ensure that projects contribute to the preservation of cultural property and seeks to avoid their |
|September 1996 |elimination. If projects cannot avoid negative effects on cultural property, the policy requires mitigation |
| |activities to be undertaken to limit adverse impacts as far as possible. |
|Indigenous Peoples (OP 4.20), |This operational directive is intended to ensure that indigenous peoples and ethnic minority groups are consulted and|
|September 19991 |benefit from World Bank funded operations in a culturally appropriate way, and that adverse impacts on them are |
| |avoided, or where not feasible, minimised or mitigated. |
|OP 7.50 Projects in International|The objective is to ensure that Bank-financed project affecting international waterways would not affect relations |
|Water |between the bank and its borrowers and between states and the efficient utilization and protection of international |
| |waterways. |
| |Contravention occurs if any river, canal or body of water that forms a boundary between, or any river or body of |
| |surface water that flows through two or more states; any tributary; or any bay, gulf straight or channel bounded by |
| |two or more states is affected. |
|OP 7.60 Projects in Disputed |This policy ensures that projects in disputed areas are dealt with at the earliest possible stage: (a) so as not to |
|Areas |effect relations between the Bank and its member countries; (b) so as not to be affect relations between the Borrower|
| |and neighbouring countries or other claimants; and (c) so as not to prejudice the position of either the bank or the |
| |countries concerned |
| |This policy will be triggered if the proposed project will be in a “disputed area”; if the Borrower(s) is/are |
| |involved in any disputes over an area with any of its neighbors; and if there is a chance that any component or sub |
| |component finance or likely to be finance as part of the project is situated in a disputed area. |
|Forests (OP 4.36), November 1998|The Forestry Policy aims to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate |
| |forests effectively into sustainable development and protect the vital local and global environmental values of |
| |forests. |
|Public Disclosure |World Bank policy provides that key stakeholders be systematically identified and involved in project planning and |
| |implementation. |
| |The WB policy seeks to ensure that all interested parties can access information on specific projects. |
3 International Labour Conventions
The Government of Tanzania has ratified the U.N. Convention on the Rights of the Child. Consequently, it has ratified the International Labour Organisation (ILO) Convention No. 59 (Fundamental Conventions, 2002) regarding the minimum age for the admission to employment. These are;
|ILO fundamental rights of workers (1999) |Employers are prohibited to employ children below the age of 14 years. |
| |Children aged between 14 and 18 years may be employed to do light work which is not harmful to |
| |their health and development. The work should not prejudice them from attending school or expose |
| |them to hazardous conditions. |
| |The Convention prohibits all forms of slavery or practices such as forced labour. |
|ILO Conventions on Occupational Safety |The conventions speak about protection of workers in the field of occupational, safety and health. |
|and Health (1997/1996) |It asks for measures to protect workers from the risks related to chemical, physical and biological|
| |agents at work. |
| |It speaks about the need to protect the working environment for example air pollution, noise and |
| |vibration. |
3 Institutional Framework
4 Introduction
According to the EMA of 2004, the institutional set-up for environmental management from national level to village level includes:
• National Environment Advisory Committee;
• Minister Responsible for Environment;
• Director of Environment (DOE);
• National Environmental Management Council (NEMC);
• Sector Ministries;
• Local Government Authorities; and
• Others are OSHA and GCLA.
The Office of the DOE and the NEMC are the main regulatory bodies for environmental management in Tanzania. However, other sector ministries and agencies, play an important role in implementing environmental policy objectives. The environmental management functions of each institution are outlined under EMA.
5 National Environment Advisory Committee
The National Environment Advisory Committee is the top advisory body to the Responsible Minister and sector ministries on matters concerning the environment. It is comprised of members from various fields of environmental management from the public and private sector and from civil society. The members are specified in the first schedule of the EMA (2004). The Permanent Secretary chairs the body. Other members include:
• Director of Environment – Secretary;
• Director General of NEMC;
• Commissioners for Minerals and Energy;
• Representatives from the Office of the Attorney General and the Ministry of Community Development;
• Directors of sector ministries such as Local Government, Roads, Human Settlement and Health .
• Chief Government Chemist; and
• Representatives from higher learning institutions, civil society and the private sector.
6 Minister Responsible for Environment
This Minister has the overall responsibility for environmental matters, including policy articulation for promotion, protection and sustainable management of the environment in the country. Other duties include issuing policy guidelines to: sector ministries, government departments, NEMC, National Environment Advisory Committee, Environment Management Committees at lower government levels, and any other public or private institution.
7 Director of Environment (DOE)
The DOE heads the Office of the Division (Directorate) of Environment under the Office of the Vice President and is responsible for coordination, monitoring and assessment of various environmental activities. He gives early warning on impending environmental emergencies. The Director is responsible for advising the Government on policy and legislative matters and international agreements and conventions.
8 National Environment Management Council
The Council is responsible for enforcement, compliance, review and monitoring of EIA. It prepares and submits bi-annual reports on the implementation of the provisions set out in the Environment Management Act.
The Director General of NEMC is appointed by the President. The Council and the Board of Directors consist of:
• A Chairperson appointed by the President;
• The Director General – as the Secretary to the Council;
• The Director of Environment; and
• Seven members appointed by the Minister.
9 Ministries Responsible for the project
The Environment Section in each the sector ministries are responsible for ensuring compliance with the requirements of the EMA (2004). The sections are also responsible for liaising with the Director of Environment and the NEMC.
The Sector Environment Coordinator, who is appointed from within the Sector Ministry, heads the Sector Environment Section. The Coordinator is responsible for the following:
• Coordination of all activities and performance of the functions relating to environment;
• Prevention and control of any activity likely to cause or bring out environmental degradation; and
• Reporting on the implementation and enforcement of environmental provisions of laws falling under the jurisdiction of the sector.
10 Local Government Authorities
Local Government Environmental Management Officers are appointed by each City, Municipal, District and Town Council. Their responsibilities, among others, include:
• Ensuring enforcement of the Environment Act;
• Advising the Environment Management Committee;
• Promoting environmental awareness;
• Reviewing by-laws on environmental management and on sector specific activities related to environment; and
• Reporting to the Director of Environment and the Director General on the implementation of the EMA.
The City, Municipal and District Environment Management Committees are responsible for functions set out under the Local Government Act. In addition, they perform functions as prescribed by the EMA and they may be assigned by the Minister to carry out directives related to the promotion and enhancement of sustainable management of the environment. The Township Environment Management Committees are responsible for the following:
• Management of the environment within their jurisdictions;
• Performing duties assigned by the Minister of Councils; and
• Promote and enhance environmental sustainability.
11 Ward / Street Level
At the Ward and Street levels, there are respective Development Committees, responsible for proper management of the environment and other functions as provided in paragraphs (a), (b), (c) and (d) of sub-section (1) of Section 38 of the Environment Management Act, 2004. In addition, there are the Environmental Management Officers for Wards and Street as follows:
• Ward Environment Management Officer;
• Village Environmental Management Officer;
The Environmental Management Officers are responsible for coordination of all functions and activities for protection of environment within their areas of jurisdiction.
12 Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council
At the project level, the implementation of environmental management including EIA recommendations shall be handled by Mtwara Municipality. Within the Mtwara –Mikindani council there is a section dealing with Environmental Inspection. The section is also responsible for handling environmental management issues. The Municipal capacity for environmental and social management is indicated in section 4.3.32.
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council observes the national and international practices at large which have been developed and processes to ensure that the environmental and social impacts of new project are thoroughly assessed to ensure that potential risks are minimized. In particular, interfering with historical and natural heritage sites is a serious concern for the municipality and our stakeholders.
13 OSHA
The Occupational Health and Safety Authority or OSHA is a legally established Authority in the country which performs the role of inspection and advising the government on matters related to occupational, health and safety at work places (construction sites for bridges, roads, dams and steel structures).
| | |
2 Baseline or Existing conditions
4 General
14 Location and Land Area
The project components will cover part of the municipal area of 163Km2 of which 64Km2 is urban proper and 98.75Km2 is sub-urban.
The project site is located in Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal which is located on the South-eastern part of Tanzania. It lies between Longitude 400 and 410 East and Latitude 100 and 110 South. The Council is bordered by Indian Ocean in the East and Mtwara District council in all other directions. The town is renowned for its historical buildings especially the old slave market at Mikindani. See figure below. The project will be undertaken to ensure that the historical values are preserved. This will be achieved in liaison with relevant authorities in the country.
[pic]
Figure 2: Historical Building at old slave market
The project components will cover part of the municipal area of 163Km2 of which 64Km2 is urban proper and 98.75Km2 is sub-urban.
The project components and activities are discussed under this section.
15 Project components
The proposed Strategic City Project for Mtwara-Mikindani has sub projects that are grouped into clusters, which may be associated in the negative impact. These include:
• Road works;
• Solid waste collection centres;
• Municipal Solid Waste landfill facility; and
• Development of public parks/gardens.
According to the EIA regulation of 2005 GN No. 349 of 2005, the proposed projects fall under type A list of projects that require mandatory EIA.
[pic]
Figure 3: A Solid Waste collection center at Tilla Park
The main objective of the project is to improve socio-economic services in Mtwara-Mikindani town in particular improvement of road infrastructure, sanitation through collection of waste, welfare improvement by provision of recreational facilities for sporting and refreshment and security or safety enhancement through provision of streetlights.
5 [pic]
Figure 4 Road Sub-projects
3 BASELINE CONDITIONS
6 Introduction
This chapter considers the baseline environment, for all physical, biological and human. Associated with each topic, a consideration is made as to the value of the resource which allows for the assessment of potential impacts by the sub projects.
16 Physical Environment
1 Introduction
The physical environment within the project area is shaped by its geographical location within central East Africa. This location and altitude has helped to shape the physical environment influencing not only the land through the geology and soils but also the climate and hydrology of the region. All these processes and factors have defined the landscape of the project area.
The region can be characterised by its climate, the distinct wet and dry seasons playing a significant role in the regions hydrology and soil development.
2 Sources of Information
The following sources of information have been used specifically in the collation of the physical baseline for the project area.
• Soils of Tanzania and their Potential for Agriculture Development – Draft Report, Mlingano Agricultural Research Institute, November 2006;
• Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Cooperatives’ website: .;
• Tanzania Standard Topographic sheet 1:50,000 scale maps;
• Socio-economic profile report for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality;
• Physical field assessment/ Site visit and survey;
• Marine data from Marine Conservation projects for example MACEMP;
• Consultation meetings with Municipal staff and executives;
• NGOs;
• Private developers;
• Contractors; and
• Local elders.
17 Administrative Units
The administrative situation within the project area it is important to understand the administrative system within Tanzania. The hierarchical system of local government is presented as follow:
|Regional |The regional administration is the highest level of local government within Tanzania. The regional authorities are |
| |responsible for the coordination of all the district development activities. |
|Municipal or |The Municipal or district authorities are responsible for all development activities and permission to undertake any |
|District |development activity must be obtained from the district or municipal director. A permit is required in order to |
| |obtain information or assistance from the director’s office. This process helps to minimise potential |
| |misunderstandings through open consultation and informative dialogue. |
|Division |Division comprise a number of wards. The responsibility of the division is to coordinate wards and ward development |
| |activities. |
|Wards |Wards comprise a number of villages. The responsibility of the wards is the coordinate villages as well as village |
| |development activities. The wards also monitor all such activities which take place within the villages. |
|Streets or |This is the lowest level of local government and is where the development activities are conducted and coordinated |
|Village | |
The Mtwara-Mikindani municipal council has been divided into divisions, wards, villages and sub villages as follows:
|Division | Wards |Street (Mitaa) |Villages |Sub villages/Vitongoji |
|Mtwara urban |8 |71 |5 |24 |
|Mikindani |5 |14 |1 |3 |
|Total |13 |85 |6 |27 |
As for gender, the Village councils for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality have between 15 and 25 members. As for gender composition Women normally make at least 25 % of the members.
18 Climate
The project area is located in eastern Africa and is predominately affected by air masses and weather systems from the east and the Indian Ocean. It has typical tropical climate influenced by Monson winds of Indian Ocean that subsequently influence the rainfall in the area.
The town has bi-season climate, a hot humid rainy Season from November to May influenced by dominant North – East winds humid dry Season from June to October influenced by South-East Winds. Average annual precipitation is about 800mm -1000mm.
The highest and lowest monthly mean air temperatures are 27ºC and 23.8ºC in December and July respectively. Relative humidity varies between 87% in March and 79% in October.
[pic]
Source: Tanzania Meteorological Agency Website Data, based on World Meteorological Organisation (Ministry of Water Development, 2004)
Figure 5 Mean Total Precipitation (mm) for Mtwara Region 1961-90
19 Water Resources
3 Hydrology
Water catchment areas for Mtwara-Mikindani are located in the following upland areas; Mchuchu, Mtawanya, Rwelu, Mbawala chini/ Mkangala and Mbae. Others are Mkundi and Kisungule.
Geophysical. Part of the town is below sea level a phenomenon which causes seasonal flooding especially in Mdenga area/ Zambia Road and Kwa Limo area. As result the management of road becomes difficult because of raising waters.
The majority of watercourses within this area are seasonal and therefore are dry during the dry season. The main source of water is from bore holes. And because of the predominant sand soils the area is well drained with little and not water logged, wetland areas. The hills on the west side of Mikindani/Jangwani uplands as catchment areas for the small springs at Mikindani.
Groundwater forms an important source of water supply in the project area. Therefore, the municipality depends on water pumped from Mtawanya bore holes. The water is treated at MTUWASA water station before it is supplied to the population. MTUWASA is the water supply agent for the municipality.
4 Water Quality
As for quality, water from Bore Hole (BH) No 20/69 has high fluoride while that from GH No. 113/71 is rated as good.
There are number of potential threat to water quality in the project area is human population. Lack of sanitary facilities. Largely linked to lack of sewerage system and safe disposal of sewerage. The facilities are poor and infrastructure is not available. There are no treatment mechanisms for waste in the urban area.
5 Flooding and storm water management
Flooding: In addition, there is risk in terms of storm water management or disposal because of flat terrain and flooding spots along the roads which will be covered by the project. The hot spot roads are Chuno and Indian Quarters Road because of flooding vulnerability. These are areas which will be considered as vulnerable to seasonal flooding during project development.
Management of storm water: The physiography of Mtwara-Mikindani makes management of storm water a critical issue. Some parts of the land lies below sea level, a situation which is attributed to seasonal flooding. The problem is more pronounced at Kwa Limo Bwawani and Shangani area and it affects nearby roads. Mikindani area along the coast is affected by high tide, which causes water to enter peoples’ houses and the rise could get as high as 0.5m inside houses.
6 Contamination
There are no records of existing contaminated land along the project area. Industrial activities are limited in the Mtwara –Mikindani because of inherent poor communication with other towns and cities and even neighbouring country of Mozambique. The petroleum deports outside the port harbour such as BP and Oilcom are well connected by strong pipes safeguarding it against possible leakage.
In general the proposed project does not comprise any large scale industry or potential sources of significant contamination.
20 Geology and Soils
Geology determines soils. The region has two geological zones and hence two geologically determined soils types. The first zone is geologically the coastal sedimentary formation extending some 125 Km from the Indian Ocean to the edge of the Makonde Plateau of Newala. This zone produces deep, well drained, sandy soils of low fertility and low moisture holding capacity. They are produced from sandstones. Some areas give rise to marine heavy clay soils or verticals. Further, coastal limestone produces red, well drained, heavy textured soils.
The second zone geologically extends west of the coastal sediments. It is a zone of pre-cambrian basement rocks consisting of gneisses and granulites. Soils from this basement are variable. They are deep, well drained, red clays to the north of Masasi town. These are the best soils in the region since they suit best the upland crops of the region. South of Masasi course grained sandy soils occur frequently.
The project area lies on sedimentary deposits from Jurassic and lower Crestaceous. There is a marled extension of rocky limestone along the coastal line.
The coastal soils are sedimentary, well drained sandy soils with low fertility and low moisture holding capacity.
The cause of soil degradation can be considered under two broad categories; agriculture and fertiliser use. Evidence of some localised erosion was visible during the site visits to the project particularly around Mikindani Hills, notably associated with erosion along routes of communications (tracks and paths) and on bare sloping ground. Heavy rains during the wet season often result in the breakup of soils from the impact of the rains. This then makes them susceptible to being washed away over the surface of the ground.
Parts of the project (roads, recreational parks, street lighting and proposed landfill) are on areas with flat or gradual falling ground and depressions which are seasonally flooded.
There is considerable potential risk to slope stability at present associated primarily with nature of the soils (sand) and seasonal rains which may result in destabilisation of road embankments/shoulders.
The project area lies on sedimentary deposits from Jurassic and lower Crestaceous. There is a marled extension of rocky limestone along the coastal line. The soils are predominantly sand.
21 Landscape
In general the landscape of the project area can be characterised as urban or settlement with some gentle undulation and flats. The town is lines by stretch of sand beaches along the Indian Ocean.
Geophysically, part of the town is below the sea level a phenomenon which causes seasonal flooding especially in Mdenga area/ Zambia Road and Kwa Limo area. As result the management of road is becoming difficult because of raising waters.
Generally, the elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from the Sea level up to 50 metres. The topography is slightly undulating.
22 Coastal Marine environment
Patches of Mangrove forests near Mikindani Forest: Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora mucronata. These have ecological (erosion protection, breeding sites for prawns) and socio-economic (poles, charcoal) benefits to the area. Illegal felling of mangrove trees for poles and boat making. Marine communities include sea grass beds found in the marine ecology, reef species; and marine turtles of fresh and salt water; Birds include shorebirds especially herons and egrets, Whales include Humpback are found in the nearby Indian Ocean waters.
Overfishing and destructive fishing through the use of dynamite fishing is reported to take place in the area. Turtles have been hunted for meat and shells.
Other marine organisms include algae, sea weed species, crabs, fish and mulluscs.
23 Physical environment
The town is located on the coastal line of Indian Ocean with predominantly flat and undulating terrain. Elevated areas can be found on the gentle hills on westerns side of Mikindani. The elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from 0 to 50m average sea level (a.s.l). Generally, the elevation of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council is low ranging from the Sea level up to 50 metres. The topography is slightly undulating.
24 Gas and mineral deposits
Coral mining is taking place around Mikindani upland areas. The limestone is used for construction activities including roads in the town centres. A cement plant is being developed outside Mikindani which will be fed by limestone rock for cement processing.
Gas deposits and gas well at Manazi Bay, the extraction of natural gas is today taking place under ARTUMAS Company. The gas is used for power production which is sold to TANESCO for supply to Mtwara and nearby towns.
13 Biological Environment
1 Introduction
The project area is a designated urban development area and therefore no significant existence of forestry and wildlife resources that could be impacted by the proposed sub projects. The marine resources can be considered as the most sensitive part of the Municipality in terms of conservation. The marine resources provide food in terms of fish, molluscs etc. Any pollution in terms of hydrocarbons pollution will put the marine resources at risk. This means that adequate measures must be put in the project activities /area to ensure oil and chemical if applicable do not find its way to the water ways and consequently to the nearby ocean.
2 Natural Resource and Protected Areas
The natural vegetation in the project area is secondary and most areas are today under construction or subsistence farming. The woody vegetation is dominated by cashew nut trees with little remnant of coastal forest which originally inhabited the area. As with the physical environment, the biological environment is affected by anthropogenic and infrastructural development. Natural habitat has long undergone modification. The present baseline does not include significant biological value, this being primarily related to the nature of the land use and habitat present. As such significant further degradation of the biological environment is unlikely.
A review of available information has not identified any protected or designated areas within the project area. Tree species that require protection include Mpingo and Mangrove forests. The mpingo wood is popular for carvings and it a protected species in Tanzania. Carving by use of the Mpingo wood is traditionally a common practice among the Makonde people. The Makonde carvings which are world renown derived its name from the ethnic people of Mtwara namely Makonde. .
Mangrove forests (Mikoko) are found on the ocean shore near Mikindani but its habitats will not be affected by the project. The risk will befall if the contractor use wood from Mikoko or Mangrove forests for construction works. Illegal felling of mangrove trees for poles and boat making is common in the area. The marine ecology is inhabited by creatures such as fresh and salt water turtles, crabs as well as whales. The areas within and outside the town have low wildlife values because of long time inhabitation by human beings. Overfishing and destructive fishing through the use of dynamite fishing is reported to take place in the area. Turtles have been hunted for meat and shells.
Designs for this project will ensure that all specifications that require use of mangrove and Mpingo are excluded from construction documents for the works.
3 Reptiles and Amphibians
One purpose associated with the clearance of natural vegetation within the peri urban area is with regard to the removal of habitat suitable for snakes. This is particularly applicable to areas in and around settlements.
Typical snake species present within the project area include python (Python sebae), black mamba (Dendroaspis polyleps),Vine snake Imantodes spp, Cobra (Hemachatus spp). In addition other reptile species include sand lizard (Lacerta anglis), eyed lizard (lacerta lepida),common lizard (Lacerta vivipara), turtles and toads (Pleurodema spp).
No reference to existence of rare and endangered animal species in the area.
4 Vegetation and land use
The large area of Mtwara region is now cultivated predominantly with Cashew nuts, but the vast majority of the land is still covered by natural miombo and coastal forests. In the valleys or depression you have tropical or valley grasslands. The current land use along the urban and per urban area of Mtwara Municipality can be considered within the following categories: Urban Settlement, Urban infrastructure, Open areas, Cultivated Land, Salt pans, Beach sands and Water bodies. Terrestrial ecology is coastal forests and shrubs. Most degraded because of extraction of charcoal and timber. Fleets of bicycles can see in the morning hours transporting sawn timber and charcoal from urban per urban areas to the town centers. Forest lands and resources have been remarkably reduced after extensive cutting and encroachment by urbanization.
Mtwara area is famous for Makonde carvings which name is derived from the name of the name of the predominant ethnic group. The carvings are curved from black tree species use of Dalberguia melonoxylon or Mpingo is on placed on the list of protected and endangered species in Tanzania. Patches of Mangrove forests near Mikindani Forest: Avicennia marina, Xylocarpus granatum and Rhizophora mucronata. These have ecological ( erosion protection, breeding sites for prawns) and socio-economic (poles, charcoal) benefits to the area.
The urban setting is characterized by planted exotic trees for shed and ornamental purposes. Some plots are planted with hedges and other plants.
5 Agriculture and livestock keeping
Most agricultural output, which occurs in the peril urban areas, is by small holder farmers hence subsistence. The main food crops include cassava, sorghum, millet and, maize and rice. Cashew nut is the most important cash crop. Sesame and groundnuts also contribute to the cash income of the peasant farmer. Coconut is important along the Coast.
Mtwara region has chronic shortage of food and most food stuff is supplied from other regions. Horticultural farming is taking place in the depressions where moisture favors the farming even in the dry seasons. Subsistence agriculture outside the core urban area includes farming of cash crops such as coconut, cashew nuts, simsim and groundnuts, and food such as cassava, banana, maize, sorghum, rice and pigeon peas. The standard of livestock keeping in Mtwara region is very low.
6 Urban settlement
A large proportion of the project area comprises urban settlement consisting of business and residential properties. Existing roads includes sealed and unsealed roads.
14 Socio-economic conditions
1 Limitations
Much of the information for the social impact assessment is based on secondary data.
Many of the Municipality profiles are incomplete and/or lacking important information while some data for example demography or gender is aggregated.
Most of the data, particularly population numbers are relatively old i.e. based on the 2002 population census.
2 Introduction
The human environment within the project area can be characterized as a sparsely populated settlements linked with a few roads, both tarmac and more traditional gravel tracks and paths. The economy of the majority of the area is subsistence based although sufficient is grown and harvested for some trade to be undertaken.
3 Population
According to national census 2002, Mtwara-Mikindani population was as follows:
Table 2: Population Distribution by Ward
| | |Population |
|Division |Ward |Male |Female |Total |
|Total | |39,809 |41,761 |81,570 |
|Mikindani |Jangwani |2,256 |2,419 |4,675 |
| |Kisungule |647 |689 |1,336 |
| |Mitengo |559 |580 |1,139 |
| |Mtonya |980 |1,045 |2,025 |
| |Magengeni |871 |986 |1,857 |
|Total | |5,313 |5,719 |11,032 |
|Grand Total | |45,122 |47,480 |92,602 |
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality has tried to ensure that people are getting better services in various aspects such as water, education, roads, health, and so on. But these efforts have been hampered by lack of enough funds to support those activities.
Source: National Population Census, 2002
The projected population for 2009 for Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal is 118,285 with 58,145 Males and 60,138 Females. Growth rate is 1.3%. The Council has an area of 163Km2 or 1.0% of the regional area of which 64Km2 is Urban proper and 98.75Km2 has characteristics of sub – urban. The present population figures provide a population density of 726/km2.
4 Ethnicity
The ethnicity of the project area is composed of Makonde, Yao and Makua and other smaller tribes from all over Tanzania.
5 Affected Persons / Communities
People living along Zambia Road in Mtawanya village will be affected to some degree by the construction works. These people will be directly affected including requirements for relocation of their properties. Details are for relocation and associated compensation costs are included in the Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report which is Annexure A of this report.
6 Socio-economic Baseline
This section provides an overview of the socio-economic baseline and setting along the sub-project locations/routes. Details are provided both at the district level and within each of the wards / villages affected.
7 Infrastructure
There is a network of roads within the Municipality, both gravel and tarmac including a main road from the south-North to Dar es Salaam (tarmac/earth). Boats/ships for ferrying from and to Lindi region as well as Dar es Salaam have stopped providing services for several some years now. Daily flights are available between Mtwara and Dar es Salam airports.
8 Power supply
There is a network of power supply within the town. Power is supplied by generators which uses natural gas/ ARTUMAS PROJET. The town is connected to 132 kV transmission line.
9 Communication/Transport
The use of commuter buses is common within the municipality. Other Types of transport are ships, tri cycles, tri-motorcycles (Bajajs), motorcycles and boats. Buses connect towns. Telephone communication is available both through TTCL and the mobile phone network.
Traffic accidents are likely in all roads. Motorcycles and tri cycles are fast emerging type of public transport in Mtwara and notorious for accidents.
10 Housing
The majority of houses is built of cement and burnt bricks with iron sheet roofing. The remaining minority is mud brick construction with iron sheet roofing.
11 Noise, Air Pollution and Dust
The project area, in general, currently has a low level of noise and air pollution although during the dry season and in certain areas higher levels of dust are caused especially along the earth roads. Locally some areas are subjected to higher levels of noise, notably along the main road network. The level of vehicle use of these is however low and the extent of noise pollution limited. The level of noise is relatively insignificant because of low traffic volumes and limited industrial activities. Noise from the power generators of ARTUMAS is also low. According to the Tanzania Bureau of Statistics (TBS, the allowable noise levels are as shown in Table 3.
Table 3: National standards of maximum permissible noise levels (dB) at work places
|Noise level (Leq dBA) |Duration in minutes/ hours per day |Duration in minutes/ hours per week |
|85 |8 hrs |40 hrs |
|88 |4 hrs |20 hrs |
|91 |2 hrs |10 hrs |
|94 |1 hr |5 hrs |
|97 |30 min |2.5 hrs |
|100 |15 min |1.25 hrs |
|103 |7.5 min |37.5 min |
|106 |3.75 min |18.75 min |
|109 |1.87 min |9.37 min |
12 Education
Mtwara-Mikindani has 23 primary schools with 16475 pupils of whom 8195 are boys and 8280 girls. There are 249 classrooms, 46 teacher’s houses, and 424 primary School teachers. By using Primary Education Development Program (PEDP), the Council in collaboration with available communities and other development partners has constructed a total of 48 classrooms in past three years. Increased numbers of classrooms result into an increase in enrolment of standard one pupil in primary schools.
An increase in number of pupils enrolled in primary schools directly increase number of standard VII pupils who complete primary education. Inadequate number Secondary Schools available in the Municipality limit chances for standard VII pupils who pass national examination to join Secondary Education. Although there are several efforts made by local people and government resources, need for better environment especially more classrooms, better and enough teaching materials as well as staff training are still not sufficient.
Concerning to secondary education, Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality has 15 Secondary Schools whereby 10 of them are owned by government. Seven Secondary Schools are owned by Community and three (3) are central government owned schools. Five (5) Secondary Schools are owned by private Sector (Religious and non religious). Among 12 secondary schools only six of them offer chances to local standard seven leavers who pass STD seven examinations.
13 Health Services
Mtwara regional hospital is in Mtwara-Mikindani municipality where by various services are provided, but there are other health institutions which are run by the community, council and other stakeholders. Generally there is well distribution of health services within the municipality. Most of the people are living within five kilometers of reach to the health centre. However services provided by health services available in the council are limited to the following drawbacks:
• Inadequate number of expert doctors;
• Insufficient number of ambulances;
• high needs of referral hospital;
• Shortage of medicines and other medical equipments;
• Deterioration of some of the buildings; and
• Insufficient number of staff quarters.
Health institutions are facing a big challenge whereby health facilities have been allocated in remote areas where infrastructure is a big problem. Installation of radio calls in these health centers is important for better referral system.
14 Burial Places
Mtwara Council has high need of burial places because the existing cemetery areas are absolutely full. Also these places are not well attended and there do not have fence to protect them.
15 Utilities and Transport
In this area there are urban roads and Water supply. Most of the houses within the municipality are not well accessed by good road. This situation needs to be rectified so as to improve the road systems within the municipality. Most of the roads need water drainage system so as to preserve these roads especially during the rain seasons. Also there is a need for street lights so as to improve the security of the users.
16 Income Municipality
Most of the Mtwara-Mikindani municipal council’s income comes from government allocations as Government disbursements for subsidizing development activities in the area. The municipality gets its income from few sources such as:-
• Hotel levy (Hotel Levy Act No.25 of 1997 R.E.2002);
• Service levy;
• Business licence (The law No. 25 of 1972);
• Liquors licence(Intoxicating liquors act no.28 of 1968 and its amendments);
• Markets levy;
• Property tax;
• Bus Stand fees;
• Slaughters fees;
• Taxi registration fees;
• Crops fee;
• Charges on refuse collection;
• Fines;
• Public toilets fees;
• Tender application fees;
• Rent obtained from Council Properties;
• Fishing licence and marine products;
• Advertisement fees; and
• Containers fees.
Moreover, employees who are responsible for revenue collection are facing various problems such as lack of enough training on better ways of revenue collection, shortage of equipment such as motorcycles and motor vehicles to be used in revenue collection in various places, better and enough office equipments and so on.
17 Industry, Trade and Commerce
Having enough area for locating industries, enough labor power, and good source of power (electricity) etc all these have made Mtwara-Mikindani to be among the best area to invest both for foreign and indigenous investors. There are some industries such as OLAM cashew nuts industry, and other small scale producers, Some of the industries had been closed example soda, cashew nuts, and mattress industries because of problems like high production costs, lack of reliable markets for cashew nuts etc but we hope due to increased level of development on infrastructure sector, most of these industries will be re established.
Majority of the commercial enterprises are located at BIMA area, Maduka Makubwa, Bus stand and Mtwara Market area. Also there are trading activities in various streets. decision of GoT to make various reforms so as to simplify procedures of starting business by entrepreneurs has brought many positive changes. Many people have managed to start their business and they are developing successfully.
18 Communication and Telecommunication
In Mtwara there are about five telephone service providers which are: Tanzania Telecommunication Company Limited (TTCL) - which provides both mobile as well as land line services, Zain, Vodacom, Zantel and TIGO. There are also post services, 3 Radio stations and Television services.
19 Fishing
Mtwara – Mikindani Municipal Council has coastal strip of 25 Kilometers, The average annual fish production is 320 tons. Fishing activities are done mainly at Shangani. Low fish earning is attributed by inadequate and insufficient fishing means such as vessels. There are total of 600 fishers and 320 small vessels mostly bearing dugout canoes which carry 1-2 fishers, There are also 200 basket traps, 5 ring nets, 120 gillnets, 2 long lines, 130 hand lines, 20 shank nets.
20 Agriculture And Livestock
Council has a total of 9,000 hectors of arable land favorable for agriculture which is equal to 55.2% of the whole area of council. Among the 9,000 hectors only 6,757 hectors is used for agriculture.
Normally agricultural and forestry activities are practiced at subsistence (hand to mouth) level. There are no enough surpluses from those activities. Among the challenges faced by the municipality is the handling of livestock within the municipality. Some measures have been put forward such as encouraging zero grazing, keeping cattle far away from the municipality area and so on.
21 Water Supply
Mtwara Urban Water Supply Authority (MUWSA) is the sole distributer of water in the municipality. Almost 83% of the population in this municipality gets water within the distance of 400m from their homes. The distribution of water in municipality is of three kinds:-
• Domestic water collection points;
• Clean water distributed by pipes; and
• Bore and shallow holes.
The municipality faces some challenges such as:
• Higher need of water compared with the actual amount of water available. It is estimated that the actual amount needed is 12,500m³ per day while the production capacity is 8,769m³ per; day. There is a shortage of 3,231m³ per day;
• Shortage of areas for treating water;
• Difficulties in collection of water bills;
• Destruction of water catchments areas;
• Deterioration of water supply infrastructures;
• Existence of many pit latrines in most places where water treatments can be done; and
• Need of developing Central Sewerage System.
22 Tree Planting
Tree planting Program was established in 2000’s by the Government of Republic of Tanzania, The largest of the Municipal Council Mtwara was to raise and plant more than 2250,000/= trees ( 2000-2005) until 2005 the Mtwara Municipal Council had raised and planted 1,600,000 (ct a ratio of 320,000/= trees per year) . This was done by different stakeholders that included Mtwara Municipal Council Schools, Colleges , different Institutions, societies (Individual persons) and the like .
23 Tourism
A sole tourist attraction in the council is an Indian Ocean beach. There are good resting beaches but most of available local people do not have habit of visiting beaches.
24 Institutional Setup and Capacity of Mtwara municipal Council (2009/2010)
The institutional set up and capacity is shown in the Table below
Table 4: Establishment and Strength 2009/ June 2010
|S/No |Department |Required Staff (No) |Available Staff (No) |Staff Shortage (No) |Designation |
|2 |Community Development |37 |23 |12 |Community Development Officer II |
| | | | | |(12) |
|3 |Urban planning & |45 |42 |3 |Economist II |
| |Environment | | | |Land technician II |
| | | | | |Senior Land Surveyor |
| | | | | |Land Surveyor I (+ 1) |
|4 |Road & Services |42 |22 |20 |Police Auxiliary ( 4) |
| | | | | |Technical roads II (2) |
| | | | | |Quantity surveyor II |
| | | | | |Fire constable (5) |
| | | | | |Surgent of fire (2) |
| | | | | |Asst. inspector of fire (2) |
| | | | | |Personal secretary driver II |
| | | | | |Engineer II (water) |
| | | | | |Supplies Officers II (2) |
| |Education - Administration |9 |9 |- | |
| |Primary Education |414 |4i4 |- | |
| |Adult Education |16 |16 |- | |
| |Secondary Education |204 |204 |- | |
| |Health - Curative |134 |85 |49 | |
| |Preventive services |33 |27 |10 |Prin. Health Off. I (2) |
| | | | | |Sen. Health Off. (+2) |
| | | | | |Sen. Document typist |
| | | | | |Sen . Security guard |
| | | | | |Security guard (+1) |
| | | | | |Mun. Med. Officer (HoD) |
| | | | | |Health Officer II (4) |
| | | | | |Personal secretary III |
| |Dispensary |46 |33 |13 |Senior Nurse |
| | | | | |Nurse I |
| | | | | |Nurse II ( 3) |
| | | | | |Med. Att. I (+1) |
| | | | | |Med . Att. II (2) |
| | | | | |Sen. Med. Att. (4) |
| | | | | |sen. security guard |
| | | | | |security guard ( 3) |
| | | | | |med. |
| |Health services |56 |38 |17 |Clinical Officer II (7) |
| | | | | |Sen. Nursing Officer |
| | | | | |Nursing officer III (4) |
| | | | | |Med. Att. I (5) |
| |Livestock |30 |23 |7 |Beekeeping officer II |
| | | | | |Livestock Field Officer II (5) |
| |Agriculture |11 |6 |5 |Agro technician |
| | | | | |Personal secretary II |
| | | | | |Cooperative Officer II (3) |
| |Mtaa Executive Officer |85 |77 |8 |MEO (8) |
| |Village Executive Officers |6 |6 |- | |
| |Ward Executive officer |36 |36 |- | |
| | |1306 |1153 |153 | |
25 Capacity requirement for Environmental, Health and Social Management
The present capacity for environmental, health and social management in the Municipal council in view of implementing the proposed project is assessed as shown in Table below
Table 5: Capacity for Environmental and Social Management
|S/No |Department |Available Staff (No) |Staff Shortage (No) |Designation |
|2 |Health |3 Health Officers (Diplomas,) |1 |Environmental & Sanitation |
| | |1 Sanitation Officer (Diploma) | |Engineer |
|3 |Community Development |7 Sociologists ( Degrees) |4 |Assistant Sociologist – Diploma|
| | |3 Social workers (2 Diplomas,1 Certificate |2 |holders |
| | |) | |Assistant Sociologist- |
| | | | |certificate Holders |
7 The municipal Council is responsible for:-
• Ensuring effective and equitable delivery of qualitative and quantitative services to the people in our municipality;
• Promotion of economic and social welfare of the people;
• Maintenance of law, order and good governance;
• Ensuring, regulating and coordinating development plans, projects and various programs in our area of jurisdiction;
• Ensuring the collection and proper utilization of the revenues of the council; and
• Making by-laws applicable in our municipality.
8 Institutional strengthening component
The municipal has conducted needs assessment under this component intends to strengthen the management and fiscal performance of the Municipal Council; this is one of TSCP component. The focus of the component is spearheading activities in the area of:
• The technical design, procurement and contract management for council infrastructure development;
• Improved assets management and O & M;
• Enhanced cost recovery, private sector and community involvement in waste management and other council services; and
• Improved own source revenue generation.
9 Identified key issues/problems
• Lack of enough competent, qualified and experienced staff;
• Understaffing in the departments;
• Lack of transport facilities, technical equipments and working tools;
• Insufficient budgets;
• Lack of routine/regular maintenance to the assets ;
• Lack of regular training and short courses to improve staff performance capacities
• Lack of an accurate Data base;
• Lack of updated Council by- laws;
• Few people/ community contributing towards the collection and transportation of solid wastes from households to the communal collection centers; and
• Lack of information and education leading to low compliance.
Strengthening the municipal council management requires the following activities.
• Recruiting enough staffs- there are departments that have shortage of staff as shown in table 3 above, for the year 2009/2010 the city has shortage of 153 staff;
• Retooling- provision of the different tools, furniture and technical equipments will solve the problem of lack of technical equipments and tools facing various departments;
• Professional training that are available on the education market;
• Transport facilities- e.g. four (4) vehicles and twelve (12) motor cycles are needed for use in different departments in improving service delivery to the community;
• Upgrading valuation rolls; and
• Establishment of database.
The availability of qualified staff in the revenue section is vital. The council requested for financial advisor from German Development Service who is already working, assisted by recruited local financial advisor and conducting a continuous on – job training for other interested staff.
Expecting impact from the activities for the performance of the municipal council is:
10 Short-term impacts:
• improved staff performance capacities;
• improved working conditions and environment; and
• Reliable data base.
11 Long-term impacts:
• Improved service delivery to the community;
• Improved economic and social services;
• Increased surveyed , upgraded and planned settlements;
• Increased own source collection; and
• Tax payers complying positively.
12 Concluding the Municipal capacity:
If the explained gaps will be worked on (as per the observed effort and desire by the council to do so), then the council will have capacity to manage the project.
26 Description of the Social Setting of the impacted Areas
13 Ethnic groups
Demographic data from the survey revealed that mixed ethnic groups are found in all streets of Mtwara municipality including the adjacent parts of town centers.
14 Ownership of housing structures
Majority of house structures in the surveyed households are mainly owned by male. Data obtained shows that 71% of the owners are male whereas 21.4% are female owned property. Moreover, 6.5% of properties are under elderly children in the families especially after parents pass away whereas the rest 1.1% were managed by other relatives next to kin after parents of the affected families pass on. This can either be a husband or a close kin, a son, a brother or an uncle.
15 Household Composition size and education level
Dominant family structure is of extended family. Figure below shows that about half of surveyed households (45.8%) comprise of 4-6 members followed by 21.3% who have 7-9 family members and 18.6% containing fewer 1-3 family members. Meanwhile 14.4% comprise of very large family size of 10 and above members in one family unit.
[pic]
Figure 6: Sizes of Families in the Study area
Moreover, the survey revealed that very few families have another household structure where they can shift in case any thing happen to one structure. Data shows 84.3% do not have alternative relocation area and only 15.7% are capable of moving into another family owned household structure. When respondents were asked if household heads live at the same house structure, the information obtained revealed that 53.4% of household heads live with their families under same roof whereas 46.6% live elsewhere in different structures. Further exploration on where the household heads live revealed that majority live in the same street or at neighboring street in the municipality, and few of them live outside the municipality.
Implication of the above information is that some male in the study area might be polygamous with more than one separate family unit to support. Experience drawn from other similar programs implemented in our country shows that some men especially those who are either polygamous or have concubine ties dare utilize income earned under compensations from projects like this one in unintended issues to fulfill their own desires without consent from respective wives and children. Implementation of RAP will address this issue before project implementation.
16 Maximum Education Achieved
Concerning to the level of education reached by respondents the data from household survey shows that 71.8% respondents have attained primary education whereas 19.9% did not attend any formal education therefore they do not even have basic knowledge appropriate to assist them in reading and writing. On the other hand 7.1% have gone beyond primary education to secondary level but very few i.e. 1.3% have attended higher learning trainings appropriate for specific skills specialization, 0.5% have been in one of technical/vocational trainings institutions and 0.9% have been in one of training colleges in the country. Low level of education of these communities connotes the need of building their capacities before implementing this program.
17 Working age and dependency ratio
Dependants mainly found in this area pre-school youngsters, youths at school ages and elderly people who are no longer productive. Analysis on working and dependency ratio in shows that one person support more than three 3.4 dependants in the community. As shown by Figure below majority of dependants are children either at school age or preschool who counts 66% of population size of surveyed families whereas 2.6% are elderly people who are unable to produce. The population at working age comprise of 31.4%.
[pic]
Figure 7: State of working and dependency groups among the respondents
Furthermore, more than quarter of surveyed households i.e. 27.4% have infants below five years. Data shows that there are more female in most of households than male. One of the reasons could be that many families are polygamous whereby men have more than one wife.
18 Vulnerable members among the affected households
Social study explored and scrutinized extent and availability of vulnerable groups in the communities and responses are as summarized in Figure below shows that 14% of entire affected families have at least one family member with physical disability whereas widows were 6.6%, those who had been divorced from their spouse were 3.8% and orphan vulnerable children were 2.5%.The findings show 73.1% had no vulnerable person in their families.
[pic]
Figure 8: Types of vulnerable members available in the communities
During public meetings the affected people raised issues regarding project’s performance on economic empowerment of project affected persons. The council under the project should ensure that vulnerable people are treated equally and fairly in accordance with the law.
19 Main Occupation of Affected people
Socio-economic study results revealed that majority of affected people are basically small scale farmers with some involved in both farming and simple animal husbandry. Household survey data shows that the main source of income for majority as in most rural communities is small scale farming (86.8%) with most of them divided into permanent and seasonal crops. Also, there are 7.7% who depend on small business followed by 3.1% who are formally employed and 2.5% engage in other economic activities like hunting, handcraft artisan activities, and timber activities.
Economy of these areas is characterized by subsistence sector, with low productivity and dependency on rain and soil fertility. The economy/livelihoods of people along the road line include:
• Household or subsistence crop production (agriculture)
• Livestock mainly to meet household requirements but also for selling mainly chicken.
• Harvesting and selling of wood for construction, block making are also another sources of income for the communities.
• Small commercial businesses comprising of small retails and medium wholesaler shops.
There are also some hawkers who set movable assets along some areas of the street for business practice.
20 Land tenure
All Tanzanians land is a public owned property but it is given to people for occupation and development. There are diversified land tenure systems in the area. As shown in the figure below, 54.5% of the affected households bought the lands from previous occupiers in either surveyed or unsurveyed areas, followed by 22.2% who obtained land through government allocation. The rest 21.7% inherited the portions of land from their ancestors and an insignificant part of population (1.6%) were renting premises where they live.
[pic]
Figure 9: Existing Land tenure systems in the area
Regarding purchase of land right of occupancy, owners makes decision on size of land to sell and fix prices. Street governments witness the transaction and keep records for future reference. Implication of the above information is that the land in these streets has more value than it was in the past. Since there is no more land left for allocation to the increasing population, immigrants buy from indigenous landlords who have extra unused land/plots. The municipal has allocated plots for all affected people that will need to be resettled. The detailed compensation costs/procedures are discussed in the RAP report.
21 Livelihood
Main source of livelihood as described by the respondents is farming. Main crop produced by the majority is cashew nut followed by coconut and vegetables. Food crops grown include cassava, beans, potatoes and maize. Generally 98.4% of interviewed people own farms and only 1.6% do not have farm/plots at all. For those who have farmland, 87.1% of the farms are within their own villages at distance of 0-4 km and 11.5% depend of farmlands are on adjacent parts of municipal areas in one of the neighboring villages at distance of up to six kilometers and very few walk above six kilometers.
Sizes of farms owned range from up to ten acres. Majority (40.4%) poses 1-2 acres followed by those who own 3-4 acres (29.2%), 7-10 acres (16.1%) and 5-6 acres (9.2%). The survey revealed that about all farms (93.9%) are usually cultivated every year and 6.1% are for some years left without development for reasons like inadequate capital, limited/insufficient labour force at family level, deterioration of soil fertility, inadequate climate and limited technology.
22 Business engagement
Social survey results revealed that 38.4% of households had at least one family member engaged in business whereas 61.6% had no any member employed or conducting business activities. Concerning to the nature of businesses conducted by the people majority of them own shops (10.8%) and selling of vegetables and fruits (10.5%). The rest 7.7% are engaged in artisan handicraft activities, local brew 3.6%, selling charcoal 3.2%, and food vending 2.6%. All business activities are conducted on daily basis and they rely on village as their main source of market. However, most of these business activities are of small scale type in nature and they have little capital some depending on movable assets. For some families, business is not basis but rather a supplement to agriculture. This is done because cash from agriculture is normally not enough to meet household requirements.
Regarding categories of business owned by people in the area, Figure below depicts a summary of affected business as expressed household respondents. It shows that 30.4% are shops followed by”genge” (25.3%) where fresh food relishes and fruits are usually sold. Also small restaurants (advanced teashops) consist of 15.7%, bars/groceries (10.1%) guest houses and houses for lease (8.4%) and even working offices.
[pic]
Figure 10: Nature of business conducted by community members
Considering economic activities of the people it can be said that the project will have direct negative impact on their sources of livelihood whereas the rest population who depend on services provided by these people will also be impacted in terms of distance and accessibility of such services. This project needs to conduct RAP study to minimize impacts experienced by the people.
23 Income Level of the people in the communities
Regarding household average incomes per month answers regarding livestock sales and animal products shows that majority (89.7%) do not earn anything from this source whereas 4.7%% obtain an average income of less than Tshs 100,000 per annum per household as an income earned from selling chicken eggs, milk or animal meat. Also two respondents sold their livestock and obtained between 700,000 and 1, 000,000.
Income earned by business operators (profit) is another source of earnings for the affected people. However, information collected indicates that income generated from business is not much implying that they were not ready to provide the information. Data shows that 69.7% earn nothing from business whereas 12.8% collected less than Tsh. 100,000 per month, 12.1% obtained between 100,000 and 300,000, 4% earn a range of Tsh. 300,001 to Tsh. 500,000 and very few (0.3%) earn more than one million.
As it has been stated earlier, crops are major sources of income compared to other sources. However, 42.5% households did not get anything from sales of crops last year probably all harvests were consumed at their families. The rest (23.2%) obtained an average of Tshs 100,000-300,000 followed by 13.8% obtain 300,000-500,000.
Concerning to expenditure per month the information obtained from the respondents is summarized in figure below. The figure shows that majority (46.4%) spend between 100,000- 500,000 per month, followed by 27.5% of households spending less than 100,000, 21.6% use between Tsh. 300,000-500,000 and 3.7% spend above 500,000 Tshs per month. Few respondents i.e. 1.9% stated that they don’t spend any cash because they obtain everything needed in their families from farms/own sources and they cannot remember amount of cash spent on other sources.
[pic]
Figure 11: Household average expenditures per month in ‘000 Tshs
Household tenants whose livelihoods depend on the affected structures will also be negatively impacted by the road project. Renters must move from the affected structure and look for other alternative premises to carry out businesses. The RAP study must address issues related to tenants and if they will expect anything from the project.
24 Income gender base
Distribution of income among men and women in the area is uneven. Men own all major means of production like land, livestock and controls household income though main producers are women. On the other hand women are considered as a group meant to provide labour, just to be paid nothing but marriage responsibilities. Proper intervention is needed to assist women in the area to be conscious and eager to engage on income generating activities.
25 Community Social Services
Social services accessed by the communities were also explored. The results show that 20.1% of affected structures were not connected to electricity services at the time this study was undertaken and 79.9% were connected. Also, 2.5% of the structures were connected to telecommunication services and the rest 97.5% were not. Concerning to private water connections 11.6% were connected to this service but the majority 88.4% depended on communal water sources.
On the other hand almost all affected families (98.4%) dispose their solid wastes outside the compounds on informal facilities whereas only few families’ (1.6%) disposes municipal collection points. For liquid wastes about all families (98.9%) lack improved drainage systems and very few i.e. (1.1%) families disposes on drained facilities like cesspit emptier areas or dug holes within farms/plots.
26 Health
Regarding health services very few (12.8%) access them at neighbouring streets whereas majority (86.1%) access these services at their own streets within distances of 1-2kms (76.5%), less than 1km (21.3%). In the course of the survey, the Consultant learned that access to appropriate modern treatment was inaccessible to many community members due to factors including high costs of treatment since health services are subjected to cost sharing system. This incident is so much prominent in low income communities because cash flow is very little and unreliable, therefore they opt to go to laboratories for advice and then but treatments from pharmacies.
27 Water Sources
Water services for the majority (97.7%) are accessed within the streets as depicted in the Figure below with very few 2.3% going to a neighbouring street probably these are those living on adjacent parts of streets. These travel a short distance of 0-2kms (94.3%) followed by 5.6% who walk 3-4kms.
[pic]
Figure 12: Location of water services in project affected areas (n=1077
In a nut shell it can be said that 99.8% of the affected villages access water services within 0-4kms which is nationally and internationally preferred level.
28 Location and accessibility to worship houses
Moreover, majority of the impacted people access worship services at their own streets Christian being as much as 95.3% and Moslem being 95.5% the remaining part walk to one of neighboring streets. Distance to worship places for majority Christians is 1-2kms (75.4%) followed by less than 1km (18.6%) whereas for the Moslem majority also walk 1-2kms (74.9%) followed by less than 1km (19.8%).
27 Water Supply, Sewerage and Solid Waste Management
Water supply is provided by MTUWASCO. However, only Almost 83%of the population gets water within 400 metres distance from homes. The distribution is; Domestic water collection points; Clean water distributed by pipes and from bore and shallow holes
The demand for water is higher than supply. In estimate the demand is 12,500m³ per day against the production capacity of 8,769m³ per day making a deficit of 3,231m³ per day.
Piped water is benefitting enjoyed by about 87% of the population. The municipal lack central sewerage system supposed to take care of sewerage. This was supposed to be the responsibility of MTUWASCO. Instead, the population uses septic / soak pit and pit latrines according to URT (2004). The permissible waste water levels for Tanzania are shown in Table 7. The municipal lacks treatment facility for sewerage. In most houses septic tanks and soak pits area used. Emptying is done by Municipal sewerage truck, which has capacity fluid materials only. Pit latrines are also used in the urban and peri-urban areas.
Today solid waste is collected by organized groups in particular those formed by youth. Nyerere Youth Group is the most popular one. They use wheelbarrows and carts to collect the waste from households and empties at specified centers for example Tilla open area for burning. Substantial loads are collected by Municipal trucks and disposed off at designated areas outside the town.
The daily production of solid waste in the municipal council is estimated to 3,699 tones. Major sources are Households refuse, industries, market areas and retail shops. The collection is done by use of dustbins, pit holes and collection centers. Wheelbarrows and vehicles are used to transport solid waste to collection centers and Disposal grounds. Of late the town has switched from the old landfill site at Mbezi and moved to the new site at Mangamba. Burning is the method used to destruct the waste at landfill site.
28 Road communication
Traffic accidents are common in Mtwara-Mikinda town in the table below.
Table 6: Statistics for Traffic accidents in Mtwara-Mikindani.
|Year |Number of accidents |Number of Deaths |Number of Causalities |
|2005 |160 |11 |125 |
|2006 |258 |17 |144 |
|2007 |100 |13 |125 |
|2008 |91 |10 |162 |
Source: Traffic Police, Mtwara-Mikindani 2009.
Zebra crossings for pedestrians are missing. Also, the introduction of motorcycles and rickshaws as public means of transport is blamed for traffic accidents.
According to road agency, the Right of Way for the road is today 30m. However, most of Mtwara-Mikindani has 22.5M. Encroachment of right of way is low.
Table 7: Permissible limits for municipal and industrial wastewaters
|Parameter |Units |
|pH |6.6 – 8.5 |
|Electrical conductivity | |
|Total suspended solids |100 mg/l |
|Sulphates (SO4) |500 mg/l |
|Dissolved Oxygen | |
|BOD5 |30 mg/l |
|Total Phosphates as P |6 mg/l |
|Turbidity |300 NTU |
|COD |60 mg/l |
|Nitrates (NO3) |20 mg/l |
|Ammonia-Nitrogen | |
|Colour |300 TCU |
|Fluorides (F) |8 mg/l |
|Chlorides (Cl) |200 mg/l |
|Mercury (Hg) |0.005 mg/l |
|Total Chromium |1.0 mg/l |
|Chromium VI |0.1 mg/l |
|Oil and grease (fatty matters and hydrocarbons) | |
| |10 mg/l |
|Temperature |20 – 35 ºC |
|Organochlorine pesticides |0.0005 mg/l |
|Pesticides other than organochlorines |0.01 mg/l |
Source: TZS 860:2006 (TBS, 2006)
29 Tourism and archaeology
Mikindani area on the beach front along Mtwara-Lindi is rich in history and touristic values which is dated back to Arab and Portuguese era. Notable historical sites include the old slave market, old German Boma and the house where the famous explorer Dr. David Livingstone lives. It is a historical town with old slave trade market, Old German administrative building “Boma” which is now being used as tourist hotel. There is also a house which was used by Dr. David Livingstone, early explorer.
30 Contractors for Road works and material availability
According to municipal and TANROAD engineers, the number of contractors is low and has poor equipments and capacity. Most of the injured were onlookers. It is the obligation of contractors to raise awareness about HIV/AIDS infection amongst workers as matter of policy.
There are two borrow pits for municipality located at Mtawanya and Mikindani about 8Km and 10Km away each. These are used by TANROADS and municipality.
Aggregates are collected about 150Km away in Chipata village. The crashing site lies on hilly area and away from human population thus minimizing effects of air pollution to people’s life.
31 Housing Conditions
According to Population and Housing census of 2002, 65% house roofing, 50% walls and 51% floor of houses in Mtwara-Mikindani are constructed by use of modern materials as against traditional ones. Mainly, they are made of iron sheets for roofing, blocks or bricks for walls and concrete floors.
32 Safety (Fire)
Fire rescue services in the project area are provided by Municipal Authority, Tanzania Port Authority (TPA) and Tanzania Airports Authority.
33 Municipal Staffing
The staffing capacity for various departments in Mtwara Municipality is shown in Table 8.
Table 8: Staffing for fire department and others
|S/No |DEPARTMENT |NO.OF EMPLOYEES |PRESENT NUMBER |EXCESS/ SHORTAGE |EXPLANATION |
| | |REQUIRED | | | |
| |Health and Sanitation |108 |93 |-15 |-One Pharmacist, One Dentist, Ten|
| | | | | |Clinical Officers, Two Nurses |
| | | | | |One records keeper |
| |Finance and Trade |38 |42 |+4 |No shortage |
| |Works and Fire service |38 |33 |-5 |Assistant inspector 4 has not |
| | | | | |been employed |
| |Agriculture, Livestock |15 |13 |-2 |Two Agricultural Field Officers |
| |and Cooperative | | | |have not been employed |
| |Town planning and |13 |13 |0 |No shortage |
| |Environment | | | | |
| |Community development and|14 |10 |-4 |Two employees have been |
| |Welfare | | | |transferred. One post for Senior |
| | | | | |welfare officer had not been |
| | | | | |filled |
| |Education and Vocational |438 |484 |+46 |No shortage |
| |Training | | | | |
| |Total |797 |820 |27 | |
15 Summary of baseline features in the sub-project areas
The summaries of road of important environmental features that may be impacted by the proposed sub-project are presented in
Table 9: Project Clusters and summary of baseline features
Table 9: Project Clusters and summary of baseline features
|S/No |Cluster |Sub projects |Baseline Features |
|1 |Arterial Road- by pass- semi- ring|Port Road , Zambia Rd|Residential Houses, Likombe dispensary. |
| |roads |and Chuno |Gas and oil pipes, side trees, Business stalls (Chuno Rd), sign boards,|
| | | |houses, farm plots, |
| | | |Open market at Port Rd. |
| | | |Water pipes. |
| | | |Trees and natural bushes. |
| | | |Water ways blocked by construction in Chuno Rd. |
| | | |Chuno road runs along coral beach. |
| | | |St. August University along Port Rd. |
| | | |TTCL and Power lines |
|2 |Collection roads |Kunambi Road |Town market at Kunambi Rd, |
| | |Chikongola Road |Planted trees |
| | |Tandika Road |Drainage ways blocked by construction (Kunambi Rd). |
| | | |Kunambi Rd is vulnerable to flooding effects because of depression. |
| | | |Business stall/ Kiosks and sign boards. |
| | | |Chikongola has a central bus stand. Tandika Rd has drainage |
| | | |difficulties |
| | | |Power lines |
|3 |Residential/Commercial Road |Morocco Road |Beach front/ Marine vegetation/ Mangroves. |
| | | |Morocco Rd has few houses on road reserve. |
| | | |Ornamental trees |
| | |Boma Road; |Passes near police quarters. |
| | | |Business on Rd sides, Animal crossings. |
| | | |Regional Hospital and Church |
| | |Indian Quarters Road |Dense residential area. |
| | |COTC Road; |Health Colleague at COTC Rd, Vulnerability to soil erosion and storm |
| | | |water/rapid rain-off because of sloping terrain. COTC is Unpaved road. |
| | |Mikindani Road; |Historical buildings. Old slave market. Dr. Livingstone House. Old Boma|
| | | |Hotel. Ten Degrees Hotel. |
| | | |Road curves, |
| | | |Ocean water crossing during high tide. Road culverts and water pipes. |
| | | |People showed high HIV and AIDS worries. |
| | | |Poor sanitation because of high water table and beach phenomenon. |
| | |Luanda Road |Nursery and Primary school location. |
| | | |Business stalls, Hotels ( Mtwara Peninsular), |
| | |Senegal Road. |Improved residential area. |
| | | |Live fence and trees. Plain terrain. |
|4 |Mikindani Daladala Commuter | |Ocean water effect, |
| |terminal | |Along Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway, |
| | | |High HIV and AIDS worries. |
| | | |Poor sanitation because of high water table |
| | | |Business and residential properties. |
| | | |Water pipes, |
| | | |Existence of big canal to the Indian ocean. |
| | | |Mud houses. |
|5 |Public parks |Mashujaa Park; |Muslim Masjid school nearby, Church nearby. |
| | | |Trees, Mosque, Askari (Heroes) Monument. |
| | | |Lies adjacent to Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway. |
| | |Tilla Park; and |Open Solid Waste Collection at Tilla Park. |
| | |Maduka Makubwa Park. |Concrete seats at Maduka Makumbwa. Planted ornamental trees. |
|6 |Solid Waste Project (landfill, |New Landfill |Old farmland land with remnants of agricultural crops such as cashew |
| |collection centres) | |nuts and coconut. |
| | | |Land under natural regeneration following cessation of agriculture |
| | | |activities. Generally a flat land with low points or depressions. |
| | | |Landfill boundaries not marked on the ground. |
| | | |Temporarily used as land fill. |
| | |Solid Waste Project: |Open spaces owned by municipality |
| | |collection centres | |
|7 |Solid waste equipment Acquisition |Solid waste equipment|Current equipment insufficient and old |
| | |Acquisition | |
4 environmental impact assessment (eia)
16 Introduction
The potential environmental and social impacts are presented in this chapter.
The proposed project is expected to cause negative and specific impacts on the physical and biological environment. The impacts will be realised within and around the site where the building will be constructed. Direct impact will be within the boundaries of the subprojects or clusters. These impacts are predominately short-term and temporary in nature and are likely to affect the human and physical environment. Impacts presented in this section are a result of field observation, consultation and prediction of impacts. Generic predictions of impacts are also presented at this stage. The neighbouring community was informed about the project details through the consultation process. The study team obtained feedback about their concerns and feelings. Details of the consultation are presented in Appendix 1. “Stakeholders’ consultation”. This assessment is not considering an alternative to the proposed site because the selection is based on suitable potential options for development as judged by engineering side. Thus, the developer has made decisive economic commitments. For example, the develop considered a range of factors such as land ownership by municipality, engineering feasibility, accessibility by target community (recreational park), settlements and social aspects as well as environmental considerations.
The impact discussions follow below.
17 Physical environment
29 Climate
The project has no negative impacts on climate change because it will not involve significant generation of carbon emission gases. It is also not associated with extraction of wood from forest, which is sinks for carbon gases.
30 Hydrology
There are no potential impacts on hydrology associated with construction of the proposed sub projects. The catchment areas are in Mchuchu, Mtawanya. Rwelu and Mkundi. Others are Mbawala chini/ Mkangala, Mbae and Kisungule
Most sites for the subprojects are not located near permanent surface watercourses and water points. Therefore, the construction activities will not divert water from its natural course or source. Hence, the sub-projects are not anticipated to cause pollution of water sources or affect downstream users.
31 Landscape and soil erosion
Land clearing during construction phase will disturb the land but not likely to trigger significant soil erosion because of the flat topography/terrain of the sites. Observation indicated no visible evidence of vulnerability to soil erosion on the proposed sites.
32 Visual Impression
The visual impression and aesthetic impact of the subprojects structures is a question of subjective perception and individual preferences. The proposed tarmac and paved roads and recreational parks might be perceived as new infrastructures and symbols of development like others in the designated urban area hence to be treated as positive development like others.
The construction of propose recreational parks will have components of tree planting, Green gardens and pavement of pathways. These land use activities are considered environmentally friendly as they fit into the natural environment.
Therefore, the visual impacts of the proposed sub-projects in most cases will be regarded negatively low.
18 Biological Environment
Construction works may attract felling of natural wood from costal forest and mangrove forests for sale. However the preliminary design so far indicates no removal of these type of forests and does not include any specifications for use of this type of trees.
Road sub-project: Standing trees not mangroves on road sides will be cut to pave way for construction activities. This will take place during land clearing.
Landfill sub-project: The proposed landfill site is now largely covered by natural and farm trees. Part of this vegetation may be cleared to give way to construction works.
[pic]
Figure 13 Landfill site at Mangamba area
2
19 Human Environment
1 Houses and Land loss
About 55 houses will be relocated along Zambia road including a dispensary. See Figure 14. The council has agreed to pay compensation for resettlement of these people including allocation for resettlement sites. The resettlement details are included in the RAP report as Annexure A to this report.
2 Landfill site
The proposed landfill will be constructed at Mangamba on the 7.2Ha area which is now owned by municipality after compensation of original occupiers. Human activities have ceased in the area since 2005. The area lies adjacent to rural Mtwara-Mtawanya Road and bordered by Indian Ocean beach. The vegetation is combination of secondary forest. There are also some abandoned farm land with coconut, mango and cashew nut trees.
The area is surveyed and boundaries demarcated by us of beacons. The people’s residence is within 300-400m from the landfill.
3 Wastewater
Workshop can be sources of wastewater and, if proper disposal and treatment is not organised, microbiological and organic pollution of the surrounding environment could result. Stagnant wastewater could represent sources for pests (rats, cockroaches) and the spreading of diseases and unpleasant odours. It will be important to ensure that any wastewater generated during construction is properly disposed of. The number of people working at site during the construction phase will probably be quite significant and the risk for serious contamination of surface and groundwater resources as result of workers’ lunch boxes /food vendors (Mama Ntilie).
The overall impact as result of waste water is considered none or minimum.
4 Storm water and minor floods
During the operational phase, storm water flows will be generated due to creation of embankments/ impermeable surface along the roads. Clogging of culverts along roads will cause nuisance ponds to people’s houses during rainfalls. The design of the project has included drainage systems and the council will need to undertake maintenance of the system to ensure the ponds and minor floods are prevented.
5 Cultural Heritage and archaeological values
Disturbance on the historical sites/building in Mikindani Historical and Tourism town. The old slave market and Dr. Livingstone House. The construction works in particular excavations for arterial, Collector and residential roads, can directly or indirectly affect sites with archaeological, historical, cultural or religious significance. In Tanzania, legislation exists to ensure that sites of archaeological and historic significance are protected. Historical facilities include Dr. Livingstone House, Old Slave Market at Old Town of Mikindani, Old Slave prison, Dr. David Livingstone house, Slave market and a number of ruins and other old buildings with historical value. There is also a preserved history of slave trade for the coast of East Africa. The old Germany administration building is today renovated and serving as Tourist Hotel. Formerly it served as administrative building during Germany and British colonial period. The construction of the proposed project must be done with appropriate respect for sites of cultural and religious significance. During the EIA process, no cultural heritage values were reported within the target site.
The detailed design will include proposed works along Mikindani Road that exclude heavy duty construction machines and road access limitation to personal and light vehicles. This is to minimise vibrations that could damage the old buildings.
6 Land Use
The most important environmental and social impact in relation to land use will be by land fill and recreational park sub-projects.
7 Loss of income/ Businesses
These impacts may be significant to Zambia road as commented in Section 5.4.1 above.
8 Borrow and quarry sites
Mtawanya borrow site is located about 8.0Km from the town center. It is currently used by TANROADS and Municipal council. The surroundings are well drained. The soil material is predominantly sand which is suitable for construction purposes. Because of nature of the soils, possibility to form a water pond during rainy season is low.
9 Dust, Odour and Noise pollution
During clearing of vegetation and demolition of concrete structures, movement of vehicles and the operation of heavy machinery will increase the levels of dust and noise. The effect will be nuisance and even cause minor health problems to the community around the project site.
The construction of works at recreational park and installation of street lights will requires nailing (hammering) and bolting to hold the iron sheets and pole members. Drilling equipment is important to make holes on the trusses. Compressors and vibrators if used to compact/ reinforce concrete will create minor noises as a nuisance.
Road works: Noise and Air pollution due to dust together with exhaust emissions from excavations, breaking up, crushing, transportation and stockpiling of overburden and spoil materials as well as emission of exhaust fumes from heavy trucks, machinery and construction equipment. Hauling of aggregates from long distances by trucks may cause minor dust air pollution due to exhaust smokes from the trucks.
Transportation of aggregates and earth materials from borrow pits and quarries will likely result into dust pollution if preventive measures are not undertaken. Delays in disposing refuse at collection centers will likely to create odour and become nuisance for the neighboring people.
10 Social disruption and conflicts
Conflicts might arise from competition for business and employment opportunities and create influx to the project site. The possible effect is people looming around in a bid to find employment in the construction works. Second is the influx of business opportunist in particular tax operators and street vendors during the operation phase of the project. Therefore, the neighbouring residents are worried that the situation will lead to increase of theft/ burglary cases and cause social disruption. However, it needs mentioning that the service was provided under good gesture.
The overall assessment on disruption of social services consider the project will result into none or minimum to low negative impact.
11 Traffic Accidents and disruption of vehicular movement
The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project as result of upgrading of infrastructures for transport. The positive impacts associated with the project include reduced accidents, reduced travel times(reduced vehicle congestion in town center) as a result of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks. In addition, reduced accidents and increased safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads. However, there is risk for increased traffic accidents in the project area and along access roads as result of frequent movement of construction vehicles/equipment. The most vulnerable cluster is the Arterial, Collector and Residential Roads. Apart from affecting the traffic, it may risk accident to young children and elderly people. The volume of heavy traffic slowing and stoppage at the construction sites can increase significantly during the construction and operation period. Typically, the most serious consequences of this are increased risk of traffic accidents. Disruption of traffic flow and increased risk of traffic accidents will occur during construction of roads and recreational parks in the town centers.
Our detailed designs have included concept Temporary Traffic Management Plans, which will be part of tender/contract documents for the contractor as a minimum traffic management requirements during construction works. The plans will address issues of safety access to the roads and properties adjacent to the sites for site workers and all road users including vehicles, pedestrians, cyclists and equestrians (where applicable). The design will include traffic calming devices such as speed humps, tight radii at some intersections (where required) to force drivers to slow down and road signs.
The overall impact assessment on traffic accident shows the project will create medium to low negative impact.
12 Children Accidents at Recreational Parks
Traffic accidents: entrance for kids to recreational facility; will require speed calming devices such as speed humps and pedestrian crossings to check vehicles speed as they approach/pass park area during the operation phase.
13 Income and Employment Opportunities
Creation of temporary employment during construction is expected as result of increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food and other goods to construction workforce.
The work force in construction phase will be comprised of the following team members for each subproject; Site Engineers, Foremen and skilled and non-skilled labour. In addition, there will be Project Manager and Quantity Surveyors. Skilled and semiskilled people will be employed permanently during the operational phase. For example, people who will operate or run waste facilities and equipment, and recreational centers.
During the consultative meetings, neighbouring residents accepted the project in expectation that it will create temporary and permanent employment during construction and operation phases. During operative phase, most businesses that will be attracted as results of good infrastructure will employ people. And during construction people will be directly employed as site workers and at the same time other people will indirectly employed (self employment) as traders trading food items and others to site workers
14 Interruption of utility services for water, gas, oil and power supply
There is potential risk for disruption of public service utilities of water /power during excavation of roads, recreational parks and erection of poles for street lighting. Generally, this impact lies with arterial, collector, residential and public parks. Specifically the road reserves for Zambia and Port roads have gas and oil pipes on the utility zone. The potential for damage during road woks are high if careful design and sharing of information with owners will be undertaken. Namely the Artmus Group for gas and BP and OILCOM for oil pipes. See Figure 15. However the designs have included investigations on existing services and utilities including their physical locations to minimise impacts on the services during construction works and operation phase of the projects.
[pic]
Figure 15 Gas pipes
15 Human Health and safety
Occupational health and safety risks to workers due to exposure to dust emissions as well risk of accidents during operation of heavy equipment. However improvement is expected on health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management.
16 Impacts Expected by Beneficiaries
As expected two types of impacts were mentioned that is positive and negative. Concerning to positive improvements, upgrading the infrastructure will play central role in improving socio-economic status and general open up of development in the streets. The stunning expectation on positive impacts of the proposed subprojects which was mentioned by respondents is employment opportunities and increased values of street assets. This was mentioned by about three quarter (71.8%) of the affected people whereas 19.9% mentioned comfortable travel and reliability of transport throughout a year, 7.1% anticipated that road improvement will enhance business expansion and 0.8% mentioned reduced transport costs. Another expectation is increase in government revenue which counted to 0.5%.
Contrary to positive impacts of road improvements discussed above there were some negative expectations as indicated by respondents during the interviews. Negative impact associated with the road improvements were mentioned with loss of properties ranked maximum at 72.9% followed by road accidents (13.1%), environmental pollution and degradation (4.0%), family conflicts (3.6%), HIV/AIDS (2.8%), loss of social services (1.3%) and loss of income sources. Few respondents (0.5%) did not respond while 0.6% thought no negative effects on road construction.
This report has included a RAP report as Annexure A and the council has agreed to implement the RAP to address the issue of people losing assets. This report has also included ESMP to mitigate the other negative environmental and social impacts.
20 Public Consultations
Public participation process recommended in this section takes into consideration particular aspects of municipal subproject, specifically its diversifications in various wards and streets comprising of diversified socio-economic settings.
1 Aim of Public Involvement
Overall goal of the consultation process is to disseminate Project information to project beneficiaries and to incorporate their views during the project design and while planning for mitigation measures, project management plan. This will assist the beneficiaries in discussing benefits and hazards of the project before its implementation. Specific aims of consultation process are to:
• Improve Project design and, thereby, minimize conflicts and delays in implementation;
• Facilitate development of appropriate and acceptable entitlement options;
• Increase long term Project sustainability and ownership;
• Reduce problems of institutional coordination;
• Increase effectiveness and sustainability of income restoration strategies, and
• improve coping mechanisms.
An important element in social impact assessment is consulting with stakeholders to collect information needed to complete the assessment. In our public consultation process we considered two types of consultations which are:
• Consultations with municipal council and other Local authorities; and
• Consultations with communities along the proposed roads.
Consultations were intended to disseminate project information and to collect feedback regarding project. Also they intended to collect information regarding sources of livelihood, living standards, and views and perceptions regarding to the project.
2 Reporting on the consultative meeting
During consultative meeting, respective street leaders selected a person (mainly street executive officer) to take minutes by hand written. These minutes later were scanned and annexed to the report including participants in the meetings. The minutes show dates of which these meetings were conducted. Every concerns and issues raised by participants are included in the minutes as well as the responses from the consultant. After every meeting, respective street chairperson and executive officers signed and stamp the minutes to make it more official document. The consultant also recorded issues, concerns and views of the participants to be included in the public consultation summarized in this chapter.
3 Summary of Wards and Street Governments Concerns
Almost all government officials at local level had similar concerns regarding the proposed project. They include the following:-
Streets conditions will change as a result of omission of rough roads accompanied by dusts. More visitors of different kind i.e. tourist, jobs seekers and employee will smoothly visit and even invest in the streets for different purposes hence facilitate availability social services i.e. more NGOs, health facilities, schools, transport facilities and security forces.
Employment opportunities to some people and add up on money circulation in the city. They anticipate that during construction the project will provide temporary and permanent employment to youth as well as women will be able to sell food to project workers, this will increase household income reducing poverty to some extent.
Interaction of communities with project workers and job speculators will accelerate infectious disease such as AIDS/HIV, unwanted school children pregnancies and other related STI diseases. The workers will have more money than other street people, and their spouse will definitely be not at working site therefore some might engage into sexual relations that makes people susceptible to STIs.
During construction phase robbery and thefts cases might increase because other project workers are not faithful therefore some of them usually steal materials and facilities from site and sell to people in the streets for cheaper prices. Some people from surrounding streets might also steal materials and facilities from contractors camp site.
Street leaders and district authorities should understand exactly what contractor is supposed to do in their respective territory. Also street leaders do not know their role in improvement of this project. It should be stated clearly what should be done and what they should expect from the government during and after the project implementation.
After completion of the project the streets life will be safer in terms of security caused by street lights and also considering sanitary conditions in the streets because solid wastes will be collected at specific places where they will not stay longer before being dumped.
4 Issues and concerns rose during consultative meetings
Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during each consultative meetings are as presented herewith in Table 10: Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during community meetings
.
Table 10: Summary of key issues raised by stakeholders during community meetings
|S/No |cluster |Issue of concern |
|1. |Artery Roads |Possible impacts of the road project are improved transportation, displacement/resettlement of the people,|
| | |increased road accidents and destruction of sources of livelihoods. Design will include traffic |
| | |management during construction and traffic calming devices for operation phases |
| | |During the road construction the priority for employment opportunities should be given to villagers not |
| | |to bring people from other places to work in the section of the street while the youth are unemployed |
| | |During improvement of the roads the project will affect so many houses located along the street. People |
| | |will lose settlements and sources of livelihoods. They wanted to know if there is any section in this |
| | |project that will compensate the affected properties. The council has agreed to compensate affected |
| | |people |
| | |Some of the participants associated the intervention with political agenda of the next election. They |
| | |express their feeling that these projects have been introduced to them at this time just to get political |
| | |popularity in order to win the 2010 elections |
| | |Other participants proposed that the assignment to execute this project should be given to foreign |
| | |companies because local ones have low level of producing decent task. Tender should give priority to |
| | |foreign companies while rehabilitation of roads under municipal supervision can be done by local |
| | |companies. |
| | |WB project needs to be undertaken and implemented at higher standard as compared to those implemented by |
| | |municipal council. To facilitate this the project must choose the best contractor and best supervisor |
| | |In order to minimize theft and robbery cases for the project workers the contractor need to be more |
| | |flexible and ready to pay attractive packages to workers |
| | |Selection of contractor should base on ability and experience of contractors and discrimination should be |
| | |avoided. |
| | |Participants claimed that there is a good number of drivers in this street who have experience and ability|
| | |to work for the contractors therefore they should not come with their own drivers from outside the area. |
| | |People who have structures along the RoW wanted to be informed if they will be compensated from the loss |
| | |properties and if so what kind of compensation that will be adopted. |
| | |Suggestions were that public must be informed before demolition of houses, youths and women should be |
| | |employed in non-technical works, bumps are needed to minimize / control over-speeding. RAP report requires|
| | |that people be given enough time in advance about the project and resettlements. |
| | |Main water pipeline is located underneath within the road reserve hence it might be affected during |
| | |construction. Participants wanted to know what will happen to it and on distributaries points if they will|
| | |be destroyed |
| | |Usually roads constructions use heavy machines and facilities therefore people who are outside the RoW |
| | |were worried that their houses might be affected by shakings emanating from heavy machines operations. |
| | |The tender/contract documents will require the contractor to undertake risk assessments prior to start of |
| | |any works |
| | |Projects are very beneficial to the people of the area therefore they should be implemented as soon as |
| | |possible for development of all communities |
| | |Participants were asking what will be the destiny of encroachers at some open space at Tilla park |
| | |They were grateful to WB because they have decided to implement this project in a participatory manner |
| | |unlike many other development projects |
| | |Participants were worried on drainage systems because they live on flat land where water stagnation and |
| | |floods are common. The design will include suitable drainage systems. |
| | |Community members wanted to understand their role in making this project proceed properly. They want to be|
| | |informed on their role and expectations of government and donor. |
| | |They doubt if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal |
| | |council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, landfill, gardens and even street |
| | |lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed. |
|2. |Collection roads |People in this town have bad experience on issues pertaining to tendering especially if the municipal |
| | |council is involved. They are wondering if the municipal council will be able to supervise the exercise |
| | |and later to monitor constructors when doing their jobs in the fields. |
| | |Participants wanted to know if there are procedures already laid down on how wastes will be collected and |
| | |amalgamated on dumping sites. In general they wanted to be informed about these projects because they are |
| | |not properly informed |
| | |During construction phase priority for employment opportunities should be given to local people and not |
| | |to bring people from other places to work in sections that are not professional while youths in the |
| | |streets remain unemployed |
| | |During rain seasons people along Zambian road are highly affected by floods therefore they proposed that |
| | |the project should build drainage systems that will drain water a bit far away after settlement areas |
| | |Currently rehabilitations on the streets roads do not bother on construction of drainage systems. The |
| | |participants wanted to understand if this project will consider drainage system |
| | |Since every project has both positive and negative impacts, this one will bring in more deaths, |
| | |disabilities and accidents. To reduce road accidents bumps and zebra crossing as well as signboards should|
| | |be considered especially on highly populated areas and at public places such as market, school, medical |
| | |facilities etc. Yes, the design will include such traffic calming devices |
| | |Some were asking on what will happen at Mashujaa and ultimate of the existing open space. This shows the |
| | |need for more awareness raising programs on project components to the stakeholders. |
| | |Some proposed that if there is any other implementing agency rather than municipal council then they |
| | |should be the one to supervise the project because they have no confidence with municipal council. |
| | |Participants proposed that solid waste collection points be located after every ten houses to reduce |
| | |distances to collection points. If the distance will be longer people will opt for other areas closer to |
| | |them. |
| | |They doubt if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal |
| | |council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, dumping site, gardens and even street |
| | |lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed. |
| | |People in this town have bad experience on issues pertaining to tendering especially if the municipal |
| | |council is involved. They are wondering if the municipal council will be able to supervise the exercise |
| | |and later to monitor constructors when doing their jobs in the fields. |
|3. |Residential /commercial |One participant proposed that majority of the residents in Mikindani just afford one meal per day |
| |roads |therefore priority for improving their lives is not bitumen road but rather there must be strategies to |
| | |increase food productivity and people’s income |
| | |Another participant was surprised by this social intervention because as far as majority are aware is that|
| | |decision to improve Mikindani road to bitumen standard was made long time ago. This exercise should have |
| | |been done before that decision |
| | |Participants from Lwelu asked the possibility of bitumen road to extend to Lwelu so that they also enjoy |
| | |benefits of bitumen road. |
| | |They were keen to see the project is implemented therefore they wanted to understand when will the project|
| | |start. |
| | |Community members wanted to understand their role in making this project proceed properly. They want to be|
| | |informed on their role and expectations of government and donor. |
| | |In order to reduce road accidents bumps and zebra crossing as well as signboards should be placed at |
| | |public places such as market, school, medical facilities and etc |
| | |Adoption of unwanted/ desired habit in the communities like prostitution, too much use of alcohol etc. |
| | |People are happy to the project and are eager to see it be implemented as per plan because it will |
| | |increase sources of income to them including employment and chances for business. |
| | |People have heard so many promises but they never be fulfilled therefore for this one they proposed their |
| | |“diwani” be the one to push implementation of the project. |
|4. |Parks/gardens |Some of the participants were asking on where the street lights will specifically be located because they |
| | |have never been consulted for this issue. In general they were not comfortable that the street lights will|
| | |be at market because this place no one go there during night |
| | |They wanted the project to be implemented as soon as possible because of inflation on prices of materials |
| | |Doubts were on if these subcomponents will be sustainable especially when mandates is given to municipal |
| | |council. This is because facilities like collection points, trucks, landfill site, gardens and even street|
| | |lights were available in the past but they were poorly managed. |
| | |Some proposed that at Tilla park there are big shops that are closer to the road and therefore they are |
| | |worried they will be impacted. They though such destruction can be avoided if other areas like Naliende |
| | |and Mikindani would be preferred over Tilla par |
| | |During project construction the community members would like to be allowed to supply soft drinks including|
| | |water and even food for project workers |
| | |After completion of the project, they proposed that local people should be given priority in development |
| | |of parks and gardens so that they can benefit from resources available in their streets |
| | |Procedures for allocating tender of operating the park and garden need to be open to all people so that |
| | |some of beneficiaries who think they have relevant qualities needed respond on tender |
| | |Presence of garden and resting place will increased infection of HIV/AIDS due to increased interaction |
| | |either between local people themselves or even with visitors from other region and country |
|5 |Waste collection centers |Some are place near to the nursery school and the children are playing closer that means there is a danger|
| | |to contract some disease, they asked if possible to be shifted this is Situsi and biafra centers. |
| | |Detailed design will investigate and address this issue, including a proposal for relocation of the |
| | |collection centre. |
21 Summary of Potential Project Impacts
There are a number of predicted impacts of the proposed project on the physical, biological and human environment. As detailed in this Chapter, these are predominately low level impacts on the natural environment and society and can practically be mitigated by suitable designs of this project. Most of these are considered as short lived or temporary impacts (during construction only). The project can be characterised as generally having none or low value impact on the natural environment. All social impacts can be mitigated including people affected by the projects that will be compensated and relocated to allocated sites as part of RAP.
1 Summary of impacts during construction phase
The summary of important environmental features of roads and impacts according to field survey are presented in Table 11: Baseline features and predicted impacts for construction phase
.
Table 11: Baseline features and predicted impacts for construction phase
|S/No |Cluster |Sub projects |Baseline Features |Predicted Impacts |
|2 |Collection roads |Kunambi Road |Town market at Kunambi Rd, |Disruption of traffic at buss stand. |
| | |Chikongola Road |Planted trees |Disruption of business at markets and business kiosks |
| | |Tandika Road |Drainage ways blocked by construction (Kunambi Rd). |Impact on business |
| | | |Kunambi Rd is vulnerable to flooding effects because of depression. |Loss of planted trees |
| | | |Business stall/ Kiosks and sign boards. |Storm water effect/flooding |
| | | |Chikongola has a central bus stand. |Loss of properties |
| | | |Power lines. |Disruption of traffic especially at central bus stand |
| | | | |Dust and noise pollution |
|3 |Residential/Commercial Road |Morocco Road |Beach front/ Marine vegetation/ Mangroves. |Beach effect/conservation |
| | | |Morocco Rd has few houses on road reserve. |Dust and noise pollution |
| | | |Ornamental trees | |
| | |Boma Road; |Passes near police quarters. |Dust and noise pollution |
| | | |Business on Rd sides, Animal crossings. |Impact on business |
| | | |Regional Hospital. |Tree and fence disturbance |
| | | |Church | |
| | |Indian Quarters Road |Dense residential area. |Noise effect |
| | | |Siere lies in low points/ poor drainage |Dust pollution |
| | | | |Run off/flooding effect |
| | |COTC Road; |Health Colleague at COTC Rd, Vulnerability to soil erosion and storm |Noise effect |
| | | |water/rapid rain-off because of sloping terrain. |Dust pollution |
| | | |COTC is Unpaved road. |Run off/flooding effect |
| | | | |Loss of trees |
| | |Mikindani Road; |Historical buildings. Old slave market. Dr. Livingstone House. Old Boma |House damage because of vibration effect from construction equipment. |
| | | |Hotel. Ten Degrees Hotel. |Effect on tourism business |
| | | |Road curves, |Increase of HIV/AIDS spread |
| | | |Ocean water crossing during high tide. Road culverts and water pipes. | |
| | | |High HIV/AIDS worries. | |
| | | |Poor sanitation because of high water table and beach phenomenon. | |
| | |Luanda Road |Nursery and Primary school location. |Traffic accidents involving school children. |
| | | |Business stalls, Hotels (Mtwara Peninsular), |Noise |
| | | | |Effect on Hotel business |
| | |Senegal Road. |Improved residential area. |Loss of ornamental plants. |
| | | |Live fence and trees. |Loss of tree and live fence |
| | | |Plain terrain. |Dust and noise pollution |
|4 |Mikindani Daladala Commuter | |Ocean water effect, |Recent bridge construction increased HIV prevalence. |
| |terminal | |Along Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway, |Vibration effect may damage historical buildings. |
| | | |High HIV/AIDS worries. |Damage to beach/marine environment. |
| | | |Poor sanitation because of high water table |Impact on tourism industry. |
| | | |Business and residential properties. |Employment effect |
| | | |Water pipes, |Dust and noise pollution |
| | | |Existence of big canal to the Indian ocean. | |
| | | |Mud houses. | |
|5 |Public parks |Mashujaa Park; |Muslim Masjid school nearby, Church nearby. |Dust pollution |
| | | |Trees, Mosque, |Noise pollution |
| | | |Askari (Heroes) Monument. |Traffic accidents involving kids |
| | | |Lies adjacent to Mtwara-Dar es Salaam Highway, |Loss of trees |
| | |Tilla Park; and |Open Solid Waste Collection at Tilla Park. |Solid waste Pollution if not controlled |
| | |Maduka Makubwa Park. |Concrete seats at Maduka Makumbwa. |Dust and noise pollution |
| | | |Planted ornamental trees | |
|6 |Solid Waste Project (landfill, |New landfill |Old land. |Odour effect |
| |collection centres) | |Remnants of agricultural crops such as cashew nuts and coconut. |Spread of plastics and metal waste by scavengers |
| | | |Land under natural regeneration following cessation of agriculture | |
| | | |activities. | |
| | | |Generally a flat land with low points or depressions. | |
| | | |Landfill boundaries not marked on the ground. | |
| | | |Temporarily used as land fill. | |
| | |Solid Waste Project: |Open spaces owned by municipality |Solid waste pollution |
| | |collection centres | |Odour |
| | | | |Youth redundancy. |
| | | | |Noise and dust pollution |
|7 |Solid waste equipment Acquisition |Solid waste equipment|Current equipment insufficient and old |Odour effect from unmaintained equipment |
| | |Acquisition | |Littering of roads if refuse will not be covered |
| | | | |Noise pollution |
1. Summary of impacts during Operational phase
The summary of environmental features and impacts for project clusters during the operational phase are presented in the Table below:
Table 12: Summary of impacts during operational phase as predicted by community
|S/No |Cluster |Predicted Impacts |
|1 |Arterial Road- by pass- semi- ring roads |Improved road conditions |
| | |Reduced accidents |
| | |Improved human security because of street lighting |
|2 |Collection roads |Improved road conditions |
| | |Reduced accidents |
| | |Improved human security because of street lighting |
|3 |Residential/Commercial Road |Improved road conditions |
| | |Reduced accidents |
| | |Improved human security because of street lighting |
|4 |Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal |Improved tourism |
| | |Improved road conditions |
| | |Reduced accidents |
| | |Improved human security because of street lighting |
| | |Dust and noise pollution |
|5 |Public parks |Improved human physical health |
| | |Availability of recreational activities for children and adults |
|6 |Solid Waste Project (landfill, collection centres)|General improved of municipal sanitation |
| | |Possible odour effect from SWC |
| | |Spread of plastics and metal waste by scavengers |
| | |Youth redundancy. |
| | |Noise and dust pollution |
|7 |Solid waste equipment Acquisition |Odour effect from unmaintained equipment |
| | |Littering of roads if refuse will not be covered |
| | |Noise pollution |
The summary of the effects of mitigation measures during the operational phase are presented in the Table below:
Table 13: Effects of Mitigation Measures
|Impact |Nature |Impact cluster |Significance rating |
| | | |Without mitigation |With mitigation |
| | |Chuno Road |4.6km |The road starts with a cross road at the beginning which joins Masasi, Airport,|
| | |Street: Bomba la Bure, Magomeni shule, Majengo, | |and town road. Along the road, there is a mini-market on the left hand side of |
| | |Magomeni A, centre, Ligula A, Shangani West, Shangani | |the road, an open space proposed area for a construction of a new market, |
| | |East | |bridge, houses under construction, Genge, residential, shore on the right hand |
| | |Wards: Ufukoni/Chuno/Shangani | |side, bushes on both sides, Islamic college on the left hand side, schools |
| | | | |(Call & Vision Academy, Mangowela Primary school), VETA. Also there is a garage|
| | | | |for bicycle repair, fence. The road is important as it links population and |
| | | | |various Institutions with Shangani and Masasi road direct to town centre. |
|2 |Collector roads |Chikongola Road |0.9km |The road is linking with Kunambi road at the crossing way. At the beginning of |
| | |Streets; Shapriya | |the road there is a primary court on the left hand side and the bus stand on |
| | |Ward; Shangani | |the left side. There is also a shop, guest house, Biblia round about which |
| | | | |joins with other roads, JWTZ (UMOJA CAMP), municipal open space along the road.|
| | | | |Also the road passes between municipal fence and the wall of RC’s office where |
| | | | |by the road on that place is too narrow. ( both fences are RoW) The road is |
| | | | |important as it connects the population with the market, bus stand municipal |
| | | | |office and RC’s office to TANU road. |
| | |Boma Road. |1.8km |The road is linking with TANU road at the beginning whereby on the left hand |
| | |Streets: FFU and Pentecostal | |side of the road there is a Central police while on the left side on part of |
| | |Ward: Shangani | |entrance there is an office of Mtwara District Council. There are big trees on |
| | | | |both sides, an open space (on as a play ground while the other one is not in |
| | | | |use), few residential houses, shops, electrical and TTCL poles, two bridges, |
| | | | |Pentecostal church. The road splits into two parts along the police line |
| | | | |quarters. One connects to Jamhuri road and the other one to TANU road. The road|
| | | | |is important as it connects the population of Boma to the main road and Jamhuri|
| | | | |road. |
|3 |Residential/commercial roads |MATC Road |0.9km |The road is linking with Jamhuri road at the beginning. At the right hand side |
| | |Streets; Ligula A | |there is an office of the land registry |
| | |Ward; Chuno | |On the left side there is a fence of regional hospital while on the other side |
| | | | |there is a MATC college. Also there is an open space (farm), electrical poles, |
| | | | |residential area, and electrical poles. The road joins with Chuno road at the |
| | | | |end of it. There is also a slope at the centre and end of the road. The road is|
| | | | |important as it joins the population between Chuno road and Jamhuri road. |
| | |Indian Quarters Road |1.5km |The road joins Jamhuri road at the beginning. The road is wide enough as most |
| | |Streets: Ligula C/Indian Quarters | |of the features are not within the road. Along the road, there are residential |
| | |Wards: Chuno/Shangani | |on both sides, bridges, mosque on the right hand side of the road, electrical |
| | | | |poles, coconut trees on both sides, Indian quarters on the right hand side, |
| | | | |shops, bricks making. At the end of the road there is an open space which is |
| | | | |not in use, but on the other side there are two schools namely; MEDI nursery |
| | | | |and Kambarage primary school. The road is important as it links the population |
| | | | |of Indian quarters with Jamhuri and Chuno road. |
| | |Tandika Road |1.1km |The road starts from the cross road linking with road to Newala. It is situated|
| | |Street: Mtamike, Tandika, Malingano | |with Sabasaba wall on the left hand side which has a secondary school, Tanzania|
| | |Ward: Chikongola | |Institute of Accountancy, garages, quarters. Also there is residential, Tandika|
| | | | |primary school, shops along the road. At the end, the road links with Zambia |
| | | | |road. The road is important as it links with population and various |
| | | | |Institutions to Zambia road and road to Newala. |
| | |Port Road |2.6km |The road joins with Zambia road around OLAM cashew nut industry at the |
| | |Street: Mdenga, Maduka Makubwa | |beginning. Along the road there is an open space, along the road there is a lot|
| | |Ward: Likombe/Shangani/Railways | |of livelihood activities such as Artumas gas limited on the right hand side of |
| | | | |the road, godown (KPF), PSPF office, Herman Hokororo workshop, ware houses on |
| | | | |sides, GAPCO petrol station, port quarters, Mtwara port authority. Also there |
| | | | |is Umoja camp (JWTZ), NASACO buildings on both sides, residential. The road |
| | | | |ends at Jamhuri-Shangani road junction. The road is important as it connects |
| | | | |industrial area and Mtwara port to town centre. |
| | |Morocco Road |1.7km | The road links with Shangani road there after it has Morocco-Senegal junction.|
| | |Street: Shangani East | |It has residential along the road, it ahs open space with uncompleted houses, |
| | |Ward: Shangani | |threes, fence on both sides and street lights |
| | | | |The road ends at the main entrance of Msemo hotel |
| | | | |The road is important as it connects with population of Uzunguni and Msemo |
| | | | |hotel which is important tourist attraction as well as recreational area to |
| | | | |Shangani road direct to town centre. |
| | |Senegal Road |0.5km |The road crosses Shangani and morocco road. On the left side there is radio |
| | |Streets; Shangani East | |station(prime fm), incomplete house, house of government guests, trees along |
| | |Ward; Shangani | |the road, houses under construction |
| | | | |The road ends at MP Mtwara rural residence |
| | | | |The road is important as it links Shangani road with morocco road |
| | |Luanda Road |0.74km |The road links with boma road at the beginning |
| | |Streets; Ligula shuleni, Ligula kati | |It has open space on the right hand side, residential, shops on sides, |
| | |Ward; Shangani | |electrical poles as well as peninsula hotel. There are schools ( Ligula primary|
| | | | |school, Salem kindergarten) |
| | | | |At the end it joins with Sabasaba road |
| | | | |The road is important as it joins Sabasaba road and boma road |
| | |Port Road |2.6km |The road joins with Zambia road around OLAM cashew nut industry at the |
| | |Street: Mdenga, Maduka Makubwa | |beginning. Along the road there is an open space, along the road there is a lot|
| | |Ward: Likombe/Shangani/Railways | |of livelihood activities such as Artumas gas limited on the right hand side of |
| | | | |the road, godown (KPF), PSPF office, Herman Hokororo workshop, ware houses on |
| | | | |sides, GAPCO petrol station, port quarters, Mtwara port authority. Also there |
| | | | |is Umoja camp (JWTZ), NASACO buildings on both sides, residential. The road |
| | | | |ends at Jamhuri-Shangani road junction. The road is important as it connects |
| | | | |industrial area and Mtwara port to town centre. |
|4 |Parks/gardens |Mashujaa Park |33,188 m2 |The place is along Mnarani round-about. It is surrounded by big trees, Midese |
| | |Street: Shapriya | |Islamic centre secondary school, stage building at the centre, houses under |
| | |Ward: Shangani | |construction, play ground, electrical poles. The place is bordered by TANU and |
| | | | |Zambia road. There is also a short path across the park going to Makonde, |
| | | | |Chikongola, TANU and Zambia roads. |
| | | | |NB. The toilets should not be allocated within the area of school. |
| | | | |The park is important as it will be useful for all people within the |
| | | | |municipality due to the fact that it is within the town centre. |
| | |Tilla park |4,687 m2 |There is a shortcut entering the place. Within the place there is a bar which |
| | |Street: Raha Leo | |has to be removed, big trees around the area, motorcycle garage, shops, |
| | |Ward : shangani | |residential, wakala wa vipimo, solid waste collection point which has been |
| | | | |allocated in another place. Also there is a path crossing the area. The paths |
| | | | |created will be important in linking with other roads |
| | |Maduka Makubwa | |The place is allocated within the town centre. The place is surrounded by |
| | |Street: Maduka Makubwa (B) | |buildings (NHC) and shops. It has some places to seat as resting point. The |
| | |Ward: shangani | |place is too small to accomplish all the needs mentioned as the place is very |
| | | | |near to the road. The place is important as it will easily be visited by many |
| | | | |people from different areas around Mtwara municipality. |
|5 |Street Lights |TANU road, Zambia Rd, Port Rd, Shangani Rd, Jamhuri Rd|107 |This is a town main road passing along regional and district/municipal |
| | |, Main market and Central bus stand | |administrative offices, connecting to port road, T junction with Jamhuri road. |
|6 |Landfill |Solid waste management | |It is a new area although it has already started to be used for dumping. Even |
| | |Ward: Mangamba | |though the place is surveyed it is surrounded by community farms, and currently|
| | | | |dumping is done outside the proposed area on community farm as well as near the|
| | | | |existing road. |
| | |Collection centers |25 |Long-term plan of Mtwara municipal is to have 25 collection centers. At this |
| | | | |moment they have already identified eight new sites. Out of the present |
| | | | |thirteen waste disposal sites, three of them will be closed for reasons |
| | | | |associated with environmental and social issues e.g. reduced space and |
| | | | |increased population of people around the areas. Such circumstances makes |
| | | | |municipal plan of increasing number of collection points to be difficult due to|
| | | | |limited space for establishment. |
5 Social Identification, Assessment and Analysis of Impacts
Section contains preliminary overview of the main potential positive and negative impacts likely to occur for this project. It should be noted that this preliminary assessment is based on information available at present and will require detailed analysis during the ESIA study on the basis of ongoing preparation of Tender Documents. The main impacts have been divided into generic and specific as summarized in the table below.
Table 15: Social economic impacts from community meetings
|Generic/Specific impact |Positive/Negative |Types of impacts |
|Artery roads |Positive |Improved road will attract many trucks and passenger buses |
|Collection roads | |operators to provide services along the road, meaning that there|
|Residential/commercial roads | |will be increased competition of service providers. This wills |
| | |not only increase the quality of service offered but it will |
| | |also reduce the existing fares charged. |
|Generic |Positive |During construction the project will bring employment |
| | |opportunities to the local people. It is expected that some |
| | |youths will get direct short-term jobs and casual works during |
| | |the construction. Also both men and women will have opportunity |
| | |to sell local food and refreshments to road workers and hence |
| | |increase household income. It should be noted that during the |
| | |consultative meeting all streets recommended that youth should |
| | |be considered for employment whenever opportunities rises. |
|Generic |Positive |Implementation of the project will attract more investors in the|
| | |area. Increased investment will bring in more employment |
| | |opportunities to local people including diversification of |
| | |economic activities and reduce dependence on agriculture. |
| | |Existence of improved and reliable road will influence business |
| | |activities in through increasing population and enhancement of |
| | |income to the people. Garden and parks will also bring in |
| | |customers from all streets and other regions therefore |
| | |increasing money circulation and improving household income. |
| | |During consultative meeting some of the villages sited out |
| | |diversification of the economy as one of the anticipated |
| | |positive result of the improved road. |
|Collection roads |Positive |Social service such schools and hospitals are understaffed |
| | |because technocrats are not enthusiastic to live in the project |
| | |area due to unreliable transport. Improved road will attract |
| | |technocrats to service the project area. |
|Artery roads |Positive |The road will enable easy access of social services like modern |
| | |health facilities, which will be beneficial for women and |
| | |children who are the groups that deploy these facilities for a |
| | |considerable extent. Also, school children will benefit since |
| | |they can reach their school in time. This is apparent to |
| | |secondary school students who many of them travel from distant |
| | |streets where there are no secondary schools and easy access to |
| | |Government administrative offices. |
|Artery roads |Positive |The project will attract flow of entrepreneurial people with |
|Collection roads | |skills who will invest in business; this will increase |
|Residential/commercial roads | |availability of goods and services at a reduced price. |
|Parks/garden | |Innovations will accelerate development in the project area. |
|Street lights |Positive |Implementation of the project will increase security of the |
| | |people especially during night hours when some criminals wait |
| | |for road users on darkness. This subproject will enable even |
| | |business operators to undertake their activities even during the|
| | |night without fear. |
|Landfill site and collection centres |Positive |Landfill and solid waste collection sites will reduce current |
| | |level of garbage experienced in the streets. In so doing quality|
| | |of the city will increase and health of people living in the |
| | |streets will be protected. |
|Artery roads |Positive |Improved road will attract many trucks and passenger buses |
|Collection roads | |operators to provide services along the road, meaning that there|
|Residential roads | |will be increased competition of service providers. It will not |
| | |only increase quality of service offered but it may also |
| | |influence reduction of existing fares charged. It is |
| | |anticipated diversified means of transport like bicycles, |
| | |motorbikes, taxi and minibuses will provide services in the area|
| | |hence competition will reduce prices of transport and will |
| | |provide the residents with diversified means of transport hence |
| | |they can choose the most affordable one. |
|Artery roads |Positive |Reduced costs of vehicle maintenance. At present vehicle owners |
|Collection roads | |incur high operating costs such as high fuel consumption and |
|Residential roads | |frequent need to replace parts such as the suspension system due|
| | |to the condition of the road. |
|Generic |Negative |Implementation of the project will have impacts on people’s |
| | |properties that are within RoW. These properties include |
| | |residential, business premises and community structures. Loss of|
| | |these properties will affect livelihood of affected people as |
| | |these properties have to be demolished. |
|Park/garden (Tilla park) |Negative |The loss of business premises will affect both the owner and the|
| | |employees. The owner will loss income while the employees will |
| | |loss employment consequently income. |
|Residential/commercial roads |Negative |Project will put at risk a historical village/ street of |
| | |Mikindani because the structures at this street are of long time|
| | |and made up of mud. It is anticipated that heavy machines used |
| | |during construction might cause shake that will destroy the |
| | |structures |
|Artery roads |Negative |Increased traffic and speed driving will result into unnecessary|
|Collection roads | |road accidents to livestock and people especially school |
|Residential/commercial roads | |children and old people |
|Generic |Negative |Influx of people in the project area will accelerate the spread |
| | |of the disease. It was noted that the contractors’ workers will |
| | |have more money to attract women to fall in love resulting into |
| | |spread of STI including HIV/AIDS. Since they will spend more |
| | |time in the area, and they are better off than local people, |
| | |they can lobby the indigenous and create unsafe sexual relation.|
|Generic |Negative |Air pollution and noise from operating machines that will be |
| | |made during the road construction. Sometimes contractors in many|
| | |cases neglect to water road surface as the result dust disturb |
| | |people within road vicinity. Dusts affect people’s health |
| | |resulting into respiratory diseases. |
|Generic |Negative |Improved quality of municipal will attract more people in the |
| | |area. This will result into high demand for nature resource such|
| | |as firewood. This will result into deforestation and if |
| | |uncontrolled it will cause more drought condition. |
|Generic |Negative |Usually project workers impregnate women and even students who |
| | |expect the relation with these workers will be permanent but |
| | |immediately after completion of project they disappear and |
| | |neglect everything even infants. This usually brings more |
| | |conflicts in families, single parents and sometimes it result |
| | |into family breakups. |
|Parks/garden |Negative |Adoption of unwanted/ desired habit in the communities like |
| | |prostitution, too much use of alcohol etc. This might end up |
| | |introducing urban set up values like those pertaining in cities |
| | |like Dar es Salaam, Mwanza, Arusha, Mbeya and other big towns |
| | |where dominant cultural values do no longer exist. Moral decays |
| | |like new ways of dressing, increased cases of rape, children |
| | |neglects and family violations might come up from the project. |
|Artery roads |Positive |Currently during rain seasons people along Zambian road are |
| | |highly affected by floods. Implementation of the project will |
| | |build drainage systems that will drain water a bit far away |
| | |after settlement areas |
|Artery roads |Negative |Destruction of community properties like main water pipeline and|
|Collection roads | |private water connections during constructions. |
|Residential/commercial roads | | |
|Artery roads |Positive |Implementation of the project will assist in easy transportation|
| | |of local goods to the port. Business operators will find it easy|
| | |to take the goods outside the region. They will also easily |
| | |bring in imported commodities through this road |
|Artery roads |Positive |Easy transportation of raw materials needed in industries. It |
| | |will also enhance distribution of industrial goods to the |
| | |markets. |
|Artery roads |Negative |Improvement of the road will soften the road resulting into |
|Collection roads | |higher speed driving consequently into avoidable accidents. |
|Residential/commercial roads | |Increased number of vehicles and speed driving will result into |
| | |unnecessary road accidents to people especially school children |
| | |and old people. |
|Landfill and solid waste collection |Negative |Some adults and children prefer to collect facilities that have |
|centres | |been thrown into landfills by households. Since the project will|
| | |add more collection points within most populated streets and a |
| | |big dumpsite just short distance from the town, these sites |
| | |might impair health of people who have such behaviour. Children |
| | |will also be at risk because they do not understand hazards of |
| | |playing in such areas. |
|Generic |Negative |Some unfaithful project workers sell construction facilities and|
| | |materials to the communities living around the site for cheaper |
| | |prices. Also some people from the street invade and rob |
| | |facilities and materials from contractors camps |
6 Selection of Alternatives
Consultant is aware that Mtwara municipal council prioritized as much as possible when selecting areas for project implementation. Usually selection of project implementation area depends on environmental, social economic and political factors. The social survey conducted by a consultant discovered that all project areas selected are socially and economically viable for the project except some areas like Situsi where according to information extracted from the community living around, it is suitable for solid waste collection centre as it is closer to areas used by children. The detailed design will investigate and propose an alternative site for the collection centre.
Concerning to road projects, alternatives considered for all selected road project is only a ‘no project alternative’ as there have been no alternative alignments proposed at this point. The ‘no project’ alternative implies that the selected roads are currently not upgraded at all and that it is viable to improve them. This implies that the anticipated benefits of improving and connecting these urban areas will have a great on economic development and welfare improvement.
7 IMPACTs Mitigation
7 Introduction
The identification of appropriate mitigation measures is an important aspect of the ESIA. Many of the potential impacts identified in the preceding chapter can be eliminated or reduced through the implementation of appropriate mitigation measures at a strategic planning level or when applied to specific project tasks and activities.
8 General Commitments
Much of the mitigation proposed for the project can be considered under a range of general commitments.
1 Information and Awareness Raising
An important mitigation measure across the project is consultation and the availability of information. Many of the impacts and problems predicted for the project may be associated with insufficient or inadequate information being provided to the affected communities and people. Whilst provision of information for the project has already started as part of the ESIA consultation process, it is important that this continues throughout the project both from the contractor and from developer.
Should the project progress to the implementation and construction phase, information and awareness creation will be an important component from the outset. Key issues to be raised and addressed will include, but not be limited to, the following:
• Nature and details of construction works and program, control and management;
• Technical issues such as fire risks and safety issues;
• Social issues such as restrictions, termination of recreational activities, information relating to working areas, progress and project timing; and
• Indirect risks from construction such as HIV, AIDS and other STDs, traffic safety, etc.
The transparency and ready availability of information to the local communities and affected people will be an important component in the successful implementation of the project.
2 Project Design
The ESIA has identified that the construction may have an impact on a number of aspects of the project environment.
It is important that a suitable process / protocol is adopted by which the design, implementation and future use will be undertaken. This will include preparation of a design protocol to ensure that negative impacts are minimized through careful design and positioning of the planned subprojects.
The design of the sub projects includes roads, drainage system, parks/gardens and landfill.
3 Management of Construction Site
It is important that the construction site is managed appropriately, both from a health and safety perspective as well as with regard to impacts on the physical, biology and human environments.
A responsible person will be appointed for the construction site and an instruction manual or handbook for site procedures is developed. This will include, but not be limited to, the following topics.
• Control of site including workshops;
• Securing (fencing) and management of the working area;
• Working hours;
• Control of discharges;
• Storm water runoff management;
• Management of waste materials (plastics);
• Management and removal of wastes;
• Control of noise and dust;
• Liaison with local community / residents;
• Landscape restoration; and
• Emergency procedures (such as fire and spill response).
Following completion of the construction works, appropriate consideration will be given to the decommissioning of the construction site. This will ensure that no significant impacts are caused in the process of withdrawal of construction workers and equipment. For example, aversion of contamination, waste or damage.
4 Health and Safety Measures of OSHA
Tender/contract documents will include Occupational Health and Safety requirements. The contractors will be required to prepare a Health and Safety Plan / Procedure for the construction works and to ensure its implementation.
The contractors will also ensure compliance of the project with the national Health policy, construction policy and Occupational Health and Safety Act (OSHA).
Health and Safety measures will be important for not only the construction work force but also the public. Key consideration for Health and Safety include:
• Responsibility for health and safety issues placed under appointed person or contractor;
• Personal protective equipment (PPE) should be provided and used on site as appropriate;
• Appropriate warning and control signs should be used;
• First aid facilities and competence should be readily available;
• Appropriate welfare facilities should be available at construction site; and
• Measures against work place accidents.
9 Physical Environment
Mitigation measures for the physical environment are presented with regard to both general consideration as well as component specific aspects.
1 Liquid and solid waste
• Routine safety procedures should be developed for the handling, storage and disposal of construction material containing pollutants;
• Control of releases of liquid waste will be important where construction site are located near water supply structures; and
• Metals for example metal off-cuts should be collected and secured in waste bins before they are safely disposed of to prevent harm to human being.
2 Landscape and soil erosion
The following mitigation measures are presented to minimise the predicted impacts on soils and landscape of the project area:
• Storage of soil will be undertaken in accordance with best practice. This will include stockpiling in a way to limit compaction and avoiding the mixing different qualities;
• Minimization of soil and landscape disturbance;
• Limit soil works to the design, avoid tempering with road embankments; and
• Application of geo-technical expertise to cater for tank farm excavation.
It is possible that site-specific impacts identified during the EIA study can be mitigated through adjustments to the design, such as cuts and fill works.
The tender/construction contract documents will also include a requirement for protection measures for erosion and sedimentation control as part of the designs.
3 Storm water
To mitigate impacts of storm water, the design for run-off surface and drainage ditches for roads has observed and considered local conditions and fall/gradient of the sites.
4 Aesthetic and Tourism impacts
Mitigation on aesthetic changes around the construction sites will be by replacement planting. This would involve the planting of suitable tree and vegetation species to act as a screen between any sensitive receptors and the new infrastructure.
5 Oil pollution and soil contamination
To minimise the potential for environmental contamination, oil products should be stored in secure facilities with impermeable concrete floors and covering roofs. In addition, waste/leakage oil should be contained in oil separators in the camps or workshops. The use of tested and approved materials for farm tanks, well-maintained tanks and the application of good environmental practices can reduce contamination of oils to soils.
10 Biological Environment
1 Tree cutting
The developer is committed to replace the trees, which were removed during the construction phase as part of landscape restoration. The developer will plant desirable species in particular those resembling the original ones. However, emphasis will be put on use of indigenous species. Other general mitigation measures are:
• Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance;
• During the detailed planning stages, an assessment will be made as to the exact positioning of construction areas to reduce the impact on planted trees; and
• Need for a restoration plan with regard to vegetation following completion of works.
2
3 Land loss/ compensation/ Replacement of structures
To mitigate land loss, there is a need for the following measures;
• Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance; and
• Strategic design to minimize relocation/demolition of houses.
Compensation, as applicable for Zambia Road subproject, will be executed as required by Tanzania government and operative principles of the World Bank. The compensation package will observe the following:
• Financial compensation for the damages of personal properties or body injuries;
• It should be ensured that compensation is paid promptly and in time to damages on personal properties; and
• All people to be relocated are give enough advance notice of the resettlement prior to commencement of the relocation and implementation of the project.
11 Human Environment
1 Employment
The developer is advised to open a recruiting office for job seekers away from the site to minimise influx of job seekers.
In order to counter the worry over job restriction to local people, the developer is bound to implement measures that will safeguard local employment.
2 Noise and Dust pollution
Noise and air pollution impacts are predicted around the project area. They are in general short-lived with temporary impacts that are associated with the construction works. As such, mitigation measures relate primarily to construction procedures.
Consultation with affected communities is an initial mitigation measure, which is important to ensure that those likely to be affected by the works are aware of what the works will entail, the duration and likely impacts on them.
Control of construction site represents the best potential means to mitigate noise and air pollution. Measures will be detailed as part of the construction procedures which will be drafted during the design stage. Typical measures to control noise and air pollution may include:
• Sensitive location of noise sources / machinery;
• Working day in accordance with legal requirements, night working avoided where possible;
• Limiting working day for noisy activities;
• Screening of activities by iron fencing
• Liaison with local community for suitable timings of noisy activities (noisy excavation);
• Observe noise limits during procurement and installation of equipment. Use standard levels from OSHA or Tanzania Bureau of Standards (TBS);
• Covering of stockpiled soil/aggregates during the dry season;
• Spraying of access road and construction site with water;
• Putting in place all important infrastructures and supporting materials to avoid unnecessary accidents and consequential injuries and fatalities; and
• Use of high efficiency vehicles for transportation of raw materials and products and measures against dust pollution and accidents prevention.
The client is committed to maintain noise emission to the level accepted in the country.
The National standards of maximum permissible continuous or intermittent noise levels (dB) per given period of time at work places is shown in the Table below:
Table 16: Permissible noise levels in Tanzania
|Noise level (Leq dBA) |Duration in minutes/ hours per day |Duration in minutes/ hours per week |
|85 |8 hrs |40 hrs |
|88 |4 hrs |20 hrs |
|91 |2 hrs |10 hrs |
|94 |1 hr |5 hrs |
|97 |30 min |2.5 hrs |
|100 |15 min |1.25 hrs |
|103 |7.5 min |37.5 min |
|106 |3.75 min |18.75 min |
|109 |1.87 min |9.37 min |
3
4 Fire risks
To counter fire risks during operational phase, the municipal authority or developer is obliged to undertake the necessary precautionary measures. The potential for safety related accidents may occur at worksites. It is possible electrical equipment and human errors such as smoking may results into accidents during construction phase. Workable measures against fire can be summarized below as follows;
• Installation of fire extinguishers on sites;
• Have emergency plans on site; and
• Installation of warning signs against smoking at sensitive areas.
5 Human safety
Compliance with occupational health and safety (OSHA of 2003) regulations to improve the effectiveness of the safety management system, and/or raise the level of health and safety awareness amongst staff and contractors as well as stakeholders
6 Archaeological and cultural heritage
Measures can be taken to reduce and mitigate the potential impact on sites with cultural heritage and religious importance. This is particular case for Mikindani Road in Mikindani town.
• Careful design to minimize environmental disturbance; and
• Strategic design to minimize relocation/demolition of houses.
Facilities such as Livingstone House, Old Slave Market at Old Town of Mikindani should be the main focus. It is possible that archaeological sites or artifacts are identified during the construction works. Whilst it is not possible to know where these locations are at this stage, it is possible to set out an approach if they are encountered. Should such finds be made during construction and excavation works, the works should stop and the contractor contact the relevant authorities for advice on specific mitigation prior to recommencing works.
The tender/construction contract documents will include special clauses requiring contractors to liaise with relevant heritage/archeological authorities to ensure protection of any possible artifacts on site. The clause will also require the contractors to report immediately to the authorities any found artifact on site and stop the works at the found location, until the authorities undertake inspections on the location.
7 Traffic disruption and accidents
The contractor and developer should implement adequate measures against traffic accidents. In particular, the developer is obliged to employ temporary traffic management as recommended in the tender/construction contract documents to be prepared as part of the project designs.
Speed bumps/ Signboards will be necessary in controlling the speed of vehicles especially close to site. To make this measure a success, the developer will create liaison with local authority and Traffic Police. Additionally, awareness creation about possible accidents is important to both drivers and project workers. Use of signboards, periodic checking and maintenance of project vehicles and equipment is necessary.
The tender/construction contract documents will also include requirements for safety of worksite personnel as established in the Occupational Health and Safety Act No. 5 of 2003 and Standard Specifications for Road Works (2000), Section 1237 as well as safety for road users. The contractors will also have to prepare plans for emergency procedures in case of accidents. Measures to avoid disruption of vehicle movement along Port road during construction should be instituted.
8 Disruption of water utility services of water, power and oil supply pipes
There is a need to observe the following;
• Proper design to safeguard utilities of TANESCO, TTCL, oil and gas supply pipes and other utilities; and
• Sharing of design information.
9 Diseases and Health hazard
There is need to put in place measures that will ensure promotion of education and awareness campaign against HIV/AIDS and STDs among workers. The education and awareness creation campaigns should also target workers and community in the project area and those competing for work. There is a need for contractor to collaborate with the client to formulate messages against STDs and HIV. It is essential that septic and soak pits at site are disinfected before demolition. The contractor is obliged to provide zero accommodation at site. However, the contractor is obliged to provide temporary safe pit latrine at site for workers during construction phase.
10 Land requirement /Loss and damage to properties
The road project will relocate 55 households which are within the RoW. Also, business sheds and urban land. This means the number of Project Affected Persons (PAPs) will be from 55 families.
11 Solid and liquid waste management
The contractor is required to comply with work place and environmental safeguards including proper disposal of solid waste such as plastics and liquid waste.
Cement bags and other packed materials which generate solid waste particularly plastics should be properly disposed and destroyed.
The service and maintenance of equipment and machines should take place away from project site to avoid oil spillage to natural waterways. Additionally, measures to recover solid materials (glass, metal) from demolished structures (recreational park) should be implemented.
The design works should ensure that the appropriate structures for safe disposal of solid and liquid waste are included in the main design for long-term operation. This will include pits and incinerators for solid waste. Also, waste water pipes and sign boards to warn people against haphazard waste disposal. During operation phase, these facilities should be given regular maintenance services.
12 Social disruption and Conflicts
There is a need to prepare the community these well in advance so that they are not caught unaware about project effects. Awareness creation about the incoming changes will reduce the impact. The developer is obliged to collaborate with local leadership and relevant sectors to work against the following;
• Influx of job seekers during construction phase;
• Reckless drivers taking short cuts and posing accident risks and disrupting traffic movement; and
• There is a need for sensitization and education to the local community and project incoming workforce to help them understand the dangers of creating social conflicts around the project site.
12 Summary from Public consultation
2 Community Participation and Consultation
Dissemination of project information among villages along sites for sub-projects has been an important aspect of the public participation process. Local communities have been adequately informed about the proposed project and that they are free to register their concerns with the office of Municipal Director. In particular, most local leaders are now aware of the proposed projects and public disclosure notice have been put in key notice board and posted to local offices.
The consultant consulted the project stakeholders including groups, individuals’ residence and executives of the Municipal Council. Some of the impacts are generic. The outcomes from the consultative process are summarized in Table 17: A summary of concerns expressed by selected stakeholder groups
.
Table 17: A summary of concerns expressed by selected stakeholder groups
|Institution/group |Concern |Proposed mitigation measures |
|Environmental group (FOCONA) |Worried about poor involvement of people in the project preparation | Involve stakeholders in |
| |and implementation phase. |project activities. |
| |Negative impacts in the absence of environmental study- Cited North |Impact assessment. |
| |Mara project impacts. |Minimize tree cutting and |
| |Felling of tress along road reserve |replace trees after |
| | |construction. |
|Women and Youth groups (MPOASO) and |Lack of local employment especially women and youth |Encourage local employment. |
|Nyerere Youth Group for Solid Waste |Loss of employment. |Awareness creation about |
|Collection. |HIV/AIDS spread |HIV/AIDS |
| |Lack of stakeholders’ involvement in planning and monitoring. |Monitoring of construction |
| |Need for information/Awareness creation about project activities. |activities and local |
| | |employment |
|TANESCO |Poor communication with road users or utilities during construction |Enhance communication with road|
| |Disturbance of electricity poles and possible disruption of power |users and utilities. |
| |supply |Careful design of road works |
|MTUWASA |Severing of water pipes during construction |Involvement in project |
| | |preparation. |
| | |Project to pay for any |
| | |disturbance caused on water |
| | |supply. |
|Oil com |Severance or disruption of oil supply pipes along Port Road |Information sharing and |
| |Lack of communication about activities. |involvement in design works |
|ARTUMAS/ AGIP |Disturbance of traffic movement during construction. |Information sharing |
| |Disturbance or severing of gas pipes. |Awareness creation about the |
| |Lack of information about project design and activities. |project |
| |32KV and 132KV lines planned to cross the Port Road in future. |Involvement in design works. |
| |Dust and air pollution- Nearby OLAM factory for cashew nut |Measures to reduce pollution. |
| |processing is a source of air pollution. |Proper design and management of|
| | |construction works to reduce |
| | |impacts |
|Sanitation Department of Municipal |The present 12 solid waste collection sites not enough. Project will|The project has positive |
|Council |improve sanitation. |benefits |
| |Design road access for the proposed landfill. |Include good access in the |
| | |landfill design |
| |The proposed project may affect infrastructures of TTCL, MTUWASA |Sharing of project information |
| |and TANESCO |from design stage. |
| | |Careful design |
| |People’s Housing may be demolished/relocated by the project. |Careful design |
| | |Compensate |
| |People with houses inside Zambia Roads are informed about the |Follow up on relocation of |
| |project and have been given alternative plots. |people and properties |
| |Mikindani Road is narrow and has historical structures and tourist |Careful design and construction|
| |attractions including Boma Hotel | |
| |Borrow pits for construction materials may be located on peoples |Involve people in project |
| |land. |preparation |
| |SWC centers will be constructed on open spaces. |Careful design and consultation|
| | |of people to be affected. |
| |Dust pollution |Watering of stockpiles and |
| | |works and covering of truck |
| | |loads |
| |Traffic and safety accidents close to recreational parks |Collaborate with TANROADS to |
| | |avert road accidents. |
| | |Careful design of road works. |
| |Influx of job seekers during construction phase |Good communication about |
| | |employment opportunities. |
| |Storm water effects during construction and operational phase in |Careful design |
| |flood prone areas. For example, Chuno and Indian Quarters Roads. | |
|TTCL |Disruption of line communication |Proper design |
|Community Development department |Spread of HIV/AIDS as result of incoming workers. |Awareness creation about |
| |Safeguard to local employment. |HV/AIDS |
| |Emphasise on women employment. |Encourage local employment |
| | |especially for women. |
|World Wide Fund for Nature |Conservation of Mangrove Forests by restricting use of mangrove |Restrict use of mangrove woods |
| |poles. |in project works. |
| |Protection of tourist and historical sites at Mikindani |Careful design of road works |
| | |along Mikindani area |
|Marine and Coastal Environment |Dust and noise pollution |Awareness creation and |
|Management Project (MACEMP) |Minimize tree cutting |environmental consideration |
| | |during construction |
|Jangwani/ Mikindani Ward Office |HIV/AIDS spread; the construction of bridge in the area had serious |Awareness creation |
| |consequences in terms of disease spread. | |
| |Youth and Women | |
|Regional Administration (Planning and|Involvement of stakeholders in project planning and implementation |-Involvement of stakeholders |
|natural resources departments) |is important. |- minimize and replace felled |
| |Construction activities will cut trees on road reserve |trees |
| |Compensation of properties. | |
|Traffic Police |Traffic accidents rampant because of poor roads, reckless driving |Construct road bumps across the|
| |especially for now emerging transport system of motorcycles and |potential risk sections. |
| |rickshaws. Kunambi Road passes at Market site while Tandika Rd |Construct humps |
| |passes at Primary School while Zambia Rd passes close to Dispensary.|Erect sign boards to warn |
| | |motorists against speeding. |
3 Stakeholders’ Project Appreciation
Stakeholders acknowledged that the proposed project will create the benefits;
• The project will improve sanitation and peoples welfare in the Municipality;
• The project will create investments promotion or attraction including beach developments;
• Reduce the rate of disease spread because of Solid Waste Collection facilities and a new landfill;
• Reduced operational and maintenance cost for vehicles because of improved roads
• Overall the project is looked as a positive urban development undertaking.
22 Mitigation Measures for Negative Impacts
This section presents a summary of mitigation measures basing on stakeholders input, expert analysis, experience with similar and or related projects and best practice. The proposed mitigation measures on each anticipated problems are presented in matrix form in Table 18: Summary of Mitigation measures
.
Table 18: Summary of Mitigation measures
|Topic |Predicted Impacts |Cluster |Impact phases |Mitigation Measures |
|PHYSICAL Environment | | | | |
|Modification of landscape |Demolition of old structures at proposed recreational parks |P |Construction |Limit construction works to the design. |
|BIOLOGICAL ENVIRONMENT | | | | |
|Tree cutting and Aesthetics |Trees and ornamental plants on street frontages will be |A, C, R, M, P, |Construction |Minimize tree cutting. |
| |reduced/removed to pave way to the construction works. |S | |Replant after construction using suitable tree species. |
| | | | |Include tree replacement in project design. |
|Conservation of Mangrove forest and |Any use of mangrove wood for construction will degrade mangrove |M, A, R |Construction |Restrict use of mangrove poles/wood in the project |
|protected species |forests. | | |activities. |
| |Damage of Dalbergia Melonoxylon (Mpingo) will impact on species | | |Avoid damage to Mpingo species during construction. |
| |conservation. | | | |
|HUMAN ENVIRONMENT | | | | |
|Loss of residence and business sheds and |About 55 residential houses will be demolished in Zambia Road. |A, R |Construction |Replacement or compensation of houses and structural |
|land plot |Business stalls may be demolished on road reserve. | | |properties. |
|Loss of crops, |Some crops will be destroyed along roads to give way for construction |A |Construction |Compensate crop owners. |
| |works. Example along Zambia Road. | | | |
|Damage to tourism and Historical site |Potential risk lies along Mikindani road which is tourist attraction |R, M |Construction |Careful design to minimize damage to historical sites and |
| |because of historical buildings and events. | | |buildings. use of kerbstones and light equipment. |
|Employment |The project will create temporary and permanent employment. |A, C, R, M, P, |Construction & |Encourage local employment. |
| | |S |Operation | |
|Noise pollution |Construction works will disturb neighbours/ public by creation of |A, C, R, M, P, |Construction |Observe ambient sound levels and attenuate equipments. |
| |noise. |S | |Observe noise limits during procurement of equipments |
|Air pollution by dust and odour |Transportation of sand and aggregates to working sites. |A, R, M, P, S |Construction |Watering and covering of earth materials |
| |Road works (clearing, excavation). | | |Create buffer zone to keep residence away from new landfill |
| |Creation of nuisance odour from solid waste collection centers. | | |area. |
| | | |Operation |Immediate treatment of waste at landfill by burning or |
| | | | |covering by soil/sand. |
|Contamination of water supply and spread |Transportation waste by trucks may contaminate water or human |A, C, R, S |Operation |Daily inspection of sewerage trucks. Consult MTUWASA about |
|of communicable diseases |environment. | | |sewerage and water supply systems. |
| | | | |Severance of water pipes |
|Diseases or HIV/AIDS |Risk for spreading of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS between |A, C, R, M, P, |Construction |Awareness creation |
| |workers and host community |S | | |
|Accidents and disruption of traffic and |Interruption of traffic and pedestrian movement by project activities.|A, R, M, S |Construction & |Use of sign/warning posters at project sites against traffic|
|pedestrian movement |Children/elderly people crossing roads to access recreational parks. | | |accidents |
| |Reckless driving on tarmac roads | | | |
| | |S |Operation |Construction of humps/road bumps to slow down speeding |
| | | | |vehicles. |
|Safety to workers and road users. |General construction works. |A, R, M, P, S |Construction |Adhere to OSHA* and contractors regulations. |
| |Possible burning accidents by hot asphalt. | | |Practice safety and Health measures/policy. |
| | |S, E | |Regular maintenance of equipments and use of Instruction |
| |Accidents related to running of solid waste equipment | |& Operation |manuals. Hoarding of working sites. |
|Solid waste |Haphazard disposal of solid waste such as plastics and metal objects |A, R, M, P, S |Construction |Proper handling of waste by installation of facilities for |
| |may contaminate water supplies and affect human/animal life if | |Operation |solid. |
| |ingested. | | |Fencing of landfill and solid waste collection centers |
|Surface runoff and flooding effect |Roads which are located in the poor drainage sites especially Chuno ,|A, C, R |Construction & |Careful road design. |
| |Indian Quarters and Tandika are vulnerable to flooding and effects of | |Operational phase |Regular road maintenance to unblock culverts and drainage |
| |run off | | |canals. |
|Damage of Road Utilities. |Roads works may sever water, gas and oil pipes of MTUWASA, ARTMUS |A, C, R |Construction |Careful design of Infrastructures to include layout for |
| |Group Inc. and BP/OIL COM. | | |water, gas and oil utilities. |
| |Effect on Poles and overhead power lines by constriction equipment. | | |Replacement/compensation for damaged utilities |
OSHA* = Occupational Health and Safety Authority.
The anticipated positive Impacts as result of project development are;
• The population of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality will benefit economically and socially from the proposed project;
• Creation of temporary employment during construction;
• Increased income for local community, especially youth and women by selling food items and trading of other goods to construction workers;
• Reduced accidents and vehicle congestion in town center because of alternative access road to Mtwara Port especially for big trucks;
• Improved health and hygiene conditions among the local communities of the project areas as result of improved solid waste management; and
• Reduced accidents and improved safety during nights as result of street lighting and improved roads.
.
Table 19: Proposed Mitigation Measures in social perspective and show of responsibility
|S/No |Generic/Specific |Negative Impacts |Mitigation measures |Responsible |
| |Artery roads |Loss settlement and sources of |All eligible affected people should be compensated in either cash or kind because it was observed in the field that the |Mtwara Municipal Council |
| |Collection roads |livelihood |affected respondents are unable to repair or relocate their properties. | |
| |Residential/commercial roads | |Adequate time should be given to the PAP to shift into new areas. Time for relocation of their assets should be known to all| |
| | | |PAPs and local leaders. | |
| | | |Issues pertaining to compensation process should be participatory and community members should be allowed to participate in | |
| | | |decision making to avoid miss understanding between the project staff and the community. | |
| | | |Survey should be conducted on the roads to put proposed limit of the proposed RoW and PAPs should be made aware of everything | |
| | | |involved in the exercise including costs and time of property relocation. | |
| |Artery roads |Increased road accidents to |To prevent speeding and accidents, road signs showing speed limits should be put in appropriate places. Roads should be user |Designing Consultant/ |
| |Collection roads |people and livestock |friendly for the disabled. There should be road signs, service roads and bus stops. Bumps should be installed especially near |Supervising Engineer |
| |Residential/commercial roads | |schools and other congested areas such as bus stops. Bumps and zebra crossings should be clearly demarcated. | |
| |Residential/commercial roads |Destruction of historical |Usually these costs are enclosed on costs of contractors. Engineers and quantity surveyors should liaise with Antiquities |Designing Consultant/ |
| | |settlement e |Department in the Ministry of Natural Resources to put during design an option that will reduce these effects and the |Supervising Engineer |
| | | |community members should be informed on such it before commencement of the project construction. Where necessary initial data | |
| | | |can be collected prior construction on state of peoples structure to limit deceivers | |
| |Park/ garden |Loss of business premises and |PAPs should be given prior information with plenty of time to remove their properties from the area because this is an open |Municipal Council and |
| | |business area |space and they are encroachers |Contractor |
| |Generic |Spread of STI including |Prevention of the spread of contagious diseases like HIV/AIDS requires educational programs to raise the community awareness, |Municipal Health Officer and |
| | |HIV/AIDS |counseling and HIV/testing centers. Another technique for combating the spread of the disease is through establishment of |Contractor |
| | | |voluntary testing centers (VTCs) in the areas. The VTCs will be useful for those who are ready for voluntary testing to | |
| | | |establish their health status. The centers will likewise provide counseling services both for people who are already infected | |
| | | |and for those who are healthy. Such counseling is functional since it provides knowledge on how to combat the problem. | |
| |Artery roads |Air pollution and noise from |Working hours should be minimized around human settlements, especially on weekends and public holidays. Work sites should be |Contractor |
| |Collection roads |operating machines |watered frequently to minimize dust pollution | |
| |Residential/commercial roads | | | |
| |Generic |Deforestation and pressure on |Limit hap hazard tree cutting and encourage people to plant trees. Alternative and reliable sources of energy like use of gas |Regional authority |
| | |natural vegetation |and electricity should be encouraged. Use of wood and charcoal burning should be controlled |Municipal council |
| |Artery roads |Loss of social fabrics, old |People should be encouraged to resettle in the same location to maintain social fabrics. |Municipal council |
| |Collection roads |friends and neighbours. |If possible displaced people should be encouraged to settle in nearby villages- | |
| |Residential/commercial roads | | | |
| |Park/garden |Moral decays |More efforts should be undertaken to preserve the local norms and values. |LGAs |
| | | |The community should give more power to the existing religious institutions and key people in the communities should prevent |FBOs |
| | | |norms and values of the people. By laws must be prepared and implemented in the area to prevent youngsters and people at |Teachers |
| | | |school age from entering into the gardens without consent of teachers and parents |Parents |
| |Generic |Family conflicts and early |Women should be trained on alternative means to earn income |LGAs |
| | |pregnancies |Young women should be alerted on conducts of many migrant workers and possible marital conflicts that might arise after |FBOs |
| | | |completion of the project. |Teachers |
| | | |Education on norms and values should be done within communities as well as project workers. Religious values should be |Parents |
| | | |insisted as from family level in the project areas and for workers as well. | |
| | | |Danger of HIV/AIDS pandemic should be intensified for project workers as well as communities particularly youths. | |
| |Artery roads |Destruction of community |Contractor will be informed on presence of pipelines and private connection lines so that they can be careful during |Contractor |
| |Collection roads |properties |construction. If damage occurs usually the damage will be costs of contractors. In order to reduce the problem reduce effects |LGAs |
| |Residential/commercial roads | |the community members should informed contractor on such it before commencement of the project construction. |communities along the roads |
| |Landfill and solid waste collection|Impaired community health |Where necessary the municipal council may create enough buffer zone between the landfill and peoples settlement. Also, the |Design team |
| |points | |construction of landfill and collection points should be designed in such a way that children and scavengers cannot access the|Municipal council |
| | | |garbage. Entrance to landfill should be limited and where necessary frequent fumigation or pest/virmins control should | |
| | | |regularly implemented. | |
The effect of mitigation measures are presented in the Table below:
Table 20: Summary of mitigation measures- during the construction phase
|Impact |Nature |Clusters | |Significance rating | |
|Noise and Dust at construction sites |- Awareness raising (posters, on the job |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, |Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |training) |- Record public complains |Senior Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety | |Part of contract budget |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of | |Committee, District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau | | |
| |their usage | |of Standards. | | |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring | | | | |
| |respiratory disease. | | | | |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | | | | |
|Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste |- Waste management at workshops. |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with Health and |Construction |MD |
|management at sub-projects |- Prevent oil spillage |Monitor contamination of soils and |Safety Manager. | |Part of contract budget |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste|underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. | | |
| |to be washed to the effluent | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water Laboratory.| | |
| |- Collecting oil spillage from workshops |Number of complains recorded. |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
|Traffic Accidents |Monitor construction and efficacy of road |Record keeping |MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager, |Construction |MD/ Traffic Dept. |
| |bumps/humps. | | | |500,000 TAS/yr |
| |Speed control | | | | |
| |Awareness rising. | | | | |
| |Erection of Warning sign boards. | | | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness rising. |Number of organized meetings and |DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry of Health/|
| |Training of workers. |seminars. | | |MD |
| |Distribution of Brochures. |Number of film show. | | |3,000,000 TAS |
| |Video shows and | | | | |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
| |Prevent occurrence/ harbouring of vermin | | | | |
| |and pests at damp site (cockroaches, rates,| | | | |
| |stray dogs). | | | | |
|Restoration of trees and buffer zone |Tree planting/replacement along roads, |Number of planted and surviving trees.|Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Office. |After construction |MD |
|planting | | |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). |In first 3 years |1,000.000TAS |
| | | |Damp manager | | |
|Storm water and Flooding |Maintenance of water channels. |Km of drainage system |MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, TANROADS, road|Construction and |MD |
| |Cleaning of road culverts |cleaned/maintained. Number of culverts|committees, NGOs |operational phases |Contract money + 2,000,000 TAS|
| | |unblocked | | |operational phase |
|Compensation (land, crops, trees, |Resolving compensation disputes for land |Recorded disputes |MD, District Land officer, Chief government Valuer and |At the outset of |MD |
|properties, injuries) |and properties | |District Valuer. |construction phases |Subject to actual valuation. |
| | | |Resettlement Committee | |Approx 600.000,000TAS |
|Disruption of water, power, gas and oil|Improvement of design. |Number of services disrupted. |MD in collaboration with TANESCO, ARTUMAS, TTCL, OIL |Throughout Construction|MD |
|pipes, telephone and other |Regular inspection |Frequency of severing /disruption |companies, Mtwara Port Authorities, |phase |15,000,000TAS |
|utilities/services | |water supply and utilities | | | |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including for |Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction phase |MD |
| |youth and women | | | |200,000 TAS |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | | |
1 Collector Roads
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | |FUND |
|Noise and Dust pollution |- Awareness raising (posters, on the job training)|- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of|Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage|- Record public complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety | |Budget Part of Main |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory | |Representatives and Safety Committee, District| |Contract for |
| |disease. | |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | |contractor |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | |Standards. | | |
|Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid |- Waste management at workshops |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with |Construction |MD |
|waste management |- Prevent oil spillage |Monitor contamination of soils and |Health and Safety Manager. | |Part of contractors’ |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste. |underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. | |fund |
| |- Collecting oil spillage from workshops | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of | | |
| |- Recycling, selling or burning used oil. |Number of complains recorded. |Water Laboratory. Tanzania Bureau of | | |
| | | |Standards. | | |
|Traffic Accidents |Monitor construction and efficacy of road |Record keeping |MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager,|Construction |MD/ Traffic Dept. |
| |bumps/humps. | | | |500,000 TAS/yr |
| |Speed control | | | | |
| |Awareness raising. | | | | |
| |Erection of Warning sign boards. | | | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness raising. |Number of organized meetings and |DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry |
| |Training of workers. |seminars. | | |of Health/ MD |
| |Distribution of Brochures. |Number of film show. | | |3,000,000 TAS |
| |Video shows and | | | | |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
|Restoration of trees. |Tree planting/replacement. |Number of planted and surviving trees. |Municipal Environment and Natural Resource |After construction |MD |
| | | |Office. | | |
| | | |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). | | |
|Storm water and flooding |Maintenance of water channels. |Km of drainage system cleaned/maintained.|MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, |Construction and | |
| |Cleaning of road culverts |Number of culverts unblocked |TANROADS, road committees, NGOs |operational phases | |
|Disruption of water, power, telephone|Improvement of design. |Number of services disrupted. |MD in collaboration with TANESCO, TTCL, |Throughout Construction |MD |
|utilities/services |Regular inspection |Frequency of severing /disruption water|Authorities, |phase |10,000,000TAS |
| | |supply and utilities | | | |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including for youth and|Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction phase |MD |
| |women | | | |MD |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | |200,000 TAS |
2 Residential/Commercial Roads
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | |FUND |
|Noise and Dust pollution |- Awareness raising |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of |Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety | |Budget Part of Main |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory | |Representatives and Safety Committee, District | |Contract for |
| |disease. | |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | |contractor |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | |Standards. | | |
|Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste|- Waste management at workshops (procedures and |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with |Construction |MD |
|management at sub-projects |records) |Monitor contamination of soils and |Health and Safety Manager. | |Part of contract |
| |- Prevent oil spillage |underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. | | |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste to be | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water | | |
| |washed to the effluent |Number of complains recorded. |Laboratory. Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
| |- Collecting oil spillage from workshops | | | | |
| |- Recycling, selling or burning used oil. | | | | |
|Traffic Accidents |Monitor construction and efficacy of road |-Record keeping |MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager, |Construction |MD |
| |bumps/humps. | | | |5,000,000TAS |
| |Speed control | | | | |
| |Awareness raising. | | | | |
| |Erection of Warning sign boards. | | | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness raising and training of workers by |Number of organized meetings and seminars. |DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry of|
| |distribution of Brochures. |Number of film show. | | |Health/ MD |
| |Video shows and | | | |3,000,000 TAS |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
|Restoration of trees and buffer zone |Tree planting/replacement. |Number of planted and surviving trees. |Municipal Environment and Natural Resource |After construction |MD |
|planting | | |Office. | |2,000,000TAS |
| | | |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). | | |
|Storm water and flooding |Maintenance of water channels. |Km of drainage system cleaned/maintained. |MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, |Construction and operational|MD |
| |Cleaning of road culverts |Number of culverts unblocked |TANROADS, road committees, NGOs |phases |10,000,000TAS in first|
| | | | | |5 years of operation |
|Disruption of water, power, telephone |Improvement of design. |Number of services disrupted. |MD in collaboration with TANESCO, , TTCL |Throughout Construction |MD |
|and other utilities/services |Regular inspection |Frequency of severing or disruption water|Authorities, |phase |8,000,000TAS |
| | |supply and utilities | | | |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including for youth and |Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction phase |MD |
| |women | | | |MD |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | |200,000 TAS |
3 Mikindani Daladala Commuter terminal
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF FUND |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | | |
|Noise and Dust at construction sites |- Awareness raising |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior |Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of |- Record public complains |Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, | |Budget Part of Main Contract |
| |their usage | |District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | |for contractor |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring | | | | |
| |respiratory disease. | | | | |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | | | | |
|Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste|- Waste management at workshops |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with Health and Safety |Construction |MD |
|management at sub-projects |- Prevent oil spillage |Monitor contamination of soils |Manager. | |Part of contractor’s budget. |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid |and underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. | | |
| |waste pollution. |Number of complains recorded. |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water Laboratory. | | |
| |- Collecting oil spillage from workshops | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness raising. |Number of organized meetings and|DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry of Health/|
| |Training of workers. |seminars. | | |MD |
| |Distribution of Brochures. |Number of film show. | | |3,000,000 TAS |
| |Video shows and | | | | |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
|Restoration of trees and buffer zone |Tree planting/replacement. |Number of planted and surviving |Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Office. |After construction |MD |
|planting | |trees. |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). | |Part of contractors’ |
| | | | | |obligation |
|Storm water and flooding |Maintenance of water channels. |Frequency of cleaning drainage |MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, TANROADS, road |Construction and | Part of contractors’ |
| | |system. |committees, NGOs |operational phases |obligation. |
| | | | |Each year in operation |600,000TAS/yr in Operation |
| | | | | |phase |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including for |Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction phase |MD |
| |youth and women | | | |Part of contractors’ |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | |obligation |
|Health and Safety |- Awareness raising (posters, safety |- Record of work accidents |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Safety |-Construction phase | Municipal Director (MD). |
| |videos and warning signs) |- Record of warning for not |Representatives and Safety Committee | |Part of contractors’ |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of |wearing PPE | | |obligation |
| |their usage |- Minutes of Health and Safety | | | |
| |- Publication of accident record to |meetings | | | |
| |workers (recreational parks and damp | | | | |
| |- Regular meetings on Health and Safety | | | | |
| |issues. | | | | |
| |- Follow up on Health and Safety policy | | | | |
| |applied by contractors. | | | | |
|Noise and Dust at construction sites |- Awareness raising - Inspection of PPE |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior |Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, | |Part of contract. |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring | |District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
| |respiratory disease. | | | | |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | | | | |
|Hydrocarbons pollution and Solid waste|- Waste management at workshops |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with Health and Safety |Construction |MD |
|management at sub-projects |(procedures and records) |Monitor contamination of soils |Manager. | |Part of contract |
| |- Prevent oil spillage |and underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. | | |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water Laboratory. | | |
| |waste to be washed to the effluent |Number of complains recorded. |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
| |- Collecting oil spillage from workshops | | | | |
| |- Recycling, selling or burning used oil.| | | | |
4 Public Parks
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF FUND |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | | |
|Noise and Dust pollution |- Awareness raising - Inspection of PPE|- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of Sections, Senior |Construction phase |Municipal Director |
| |and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Medical Officer, Safety Representatives and Safety Committee, | |Use Existing resources from |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | |District Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | |relevant dept. |
| | | |Park Manager | | |
|Traffic and Children Accidents |Monitor construction and efficacy of |Record keeping for accidents etc. |MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager, |Construction |MD |
| |road bumps/humps along TANU road. | | | |Contract fund. Use existing |
| |Speed control | | | |resources. Govt. operation |
| |Awareness raising. | | | | |
| |Erection of Warning sign boards. | | | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness raising. |Number of organized meetings and |DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry of Health. |
| |Training of workers. |seminars. | | |DMO/Health dept ordinary fund |
| |Distribution of Brochures. |Number of film show. | | | |
| |Video shows and | | | | |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
| |Prevent occurrence/ harboring of pests.| | | | |
|Restoration of trees |Tree planting/replacement along roads, |Number of planted and surviving trees.|Municipal Environment and Natural Resource Office. |After construction |MD |
| |recreational parks. | |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). | |3,000,000TAS |
|Storm water and Flooding |Maintenance of water channels. |Km of drainage system |MD in collaboration with Municipal Engineer, TANROADS, road |Construction and |MD |
| |Cleaning of road culverts |cleaned/maintained. Number of culverts|committees, NGOs |operational phases |8,000,000TAS after |
| | |unblocked | | |construction. |
|Disruption of water, power, |Improvement of design. |Number of services disrupted. |MD in collaboration with TANESCO, ARTUMAS, TTCL, OIL companies, |Throughout Construction|MD |
|telephone and other |Regular inspection |Frequency of severing /disruption |Mtwara Port Authorities, |phase |5,000,000TAS |
|utilities/services | |water supply and utilities | | | |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including |Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction phase |MD |
| |for youth and women | | | |1,200,000TAS |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | | |
5 Solid Waste Sub Projects (landfill and collection centres)
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | |FUND |
|Noise and Dust pollution |- Awareness raising |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of |Construction/ operation |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety |phase |Part of health budget.|
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory | |Representatives and Safety Committee, District | | |
| |disease. | |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | | |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | |Standards. | | |
| | | |Land Fill Manager | | |
|Solid waste and leachate pollution |- Waste management at workshops |- Record keeping |- Municipal Director in collaboration with |Operation phase |MD |
|and Solid waste management at |- Implement measures against contamination of |Monitor contamination of soils and |Health and Safety Manager. | |20, 000,000 TAS be |
|sub-projects |underground soils and water resource |underground water at camps. |Municipal Health Officer. |Environmental Audit each 10 |determined |
| |- Awareness raising to prevent solid waste | |Tanzania Bureau of Standards. Ministry of Water |years | |
| |pollution. |Number of complains recorded. |Laboratory. Tanzania Bureau of Standards. | | |
| |- Control/prevent burning at landfill | |NEMC, OSHA for environmental audit | | |
| |- Measures against scavengers. | | | | |
| |- Environmental audit, Monitoring | | | | |
|Traffic Accidents |Monitor construction and efficacy of entrance |Record keeping |MD, Traffic, MHO, Department, Project Manager, |Construction and Operation |MD/ Traffic Dept. |
| |/outlet roads | |Land Fill Manager |phase. |500,000 TAS/yr |
| |Speed control by near landfill bumps/humps. | | | | |
| |Awareness raising. | | | | |
| |Erection of Warning sign boards at | | | | |
| |entrances/outlets. | | | | |
|Odour Management |Prevent odour from decomposing refuse and SWC trucks|Record complains. |Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of |Operational phase |Municipal Director. |
| | |Resolve complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety | |100,000TAS/yr |
| | | |Representatives and Safety Committee, District | | |
| | | |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | | |
| | | |Standards. | | |
|Disease spread including HIV/AIDS |Awareness raising. |Number of organized meetings and seminars. |DMO, MHO, HIV/AIDS NGOS. |Construction phases |Developer, Ministry of|
| |Training of workers. |Number of film show. |Land Fill Manager | |Health |
| |Distribution of Brochures. | | | |5,000,000TAS |
| |Video shows and | | | | |
| |Counseling. | | | | |
| |Prevent occurrence/ harboring of vermin and pests at| | | | |
| |Landfill (cockroaches, rates, stray dogs). | | | | |
|Restoration of trees and buffer zone |Tree planting/replacement along roads, recreational |Number of planted and surviving trees. |Municipal Environment and Natural Resource |After construction |MD |
|planting |parks. | |Office. | |10,000,000TAS in 5 |
| | | |Environmental NGOs (MACEMP). | |years |
|Compensation ( land, crops, trees, |Resolving compensation disputes for land and |Recorded disputes |MD, District Land officer, District Valuer and |At the outset of |MD |
|properties, injuries) |properties | |Resettlement Committee. |construction phases |20,000,000TAS |
| | | |Land Fill Manager | | |
|Monitor local employment |Encourage local employment including for youth and |Record complains |MD, Employment and Poverty eradication NGOs |Construction and operation |MD |
| |women | | |phase |100,000 TAS |
| |Prepare monitoring sheets/formats | | | | |
6 Solid waste equipment Acquisition
|ENVIRONMENTAL AND SOCIAL IMPACT |PROPOSED MITIGATION MEASURES |MONITORING/ INDICATORS |RESPONSIBILITY |SCHEDULE |COSTS AND SOURCE OF |
|IDENTIFICATION | | | | |FUND |
|Noise and Dust pollution |- Awareness raising among operators. |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of |Operation phase |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety | |Existing budgets for |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory |- Maintenance frequency for damp |Representatives and Safety Committee, District | |sanitation |
| |disease. |bulldozers. |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | |department. |
| |Servicing of SWC equipment/ trucks. | |Standards. | | |
| |- Timing of noisy activities | | | | |
|Noise and Dust at construction sites |- Awareness raising |- Record respiratory infections |- Municipal Director Training Manager, Head of |Operation phase |Municipal Director |
| |- Inspection of PPE and enforcement of their usage |- Record public complains |Sections, Senior Medical Officer, Safety | |Existing budget for |
| |- Assess dust effects by monitoring respiratory |- Maintenance frequency for damp |Representatives and Safety Committee, District | |Transport department |
| |disease. |bulldozers. |Medical Officer (DMO), Tanzania Bureau of | | |
| |Servicing of SWC equipment/ trucks. | |Standards. | | |
7 Environmental Priorities of the City Council and Residents
The Municipal Council of Mtwara places a great emphasis on the conservation of the following;
• Marine ecology including mangroves species and fish;
• Preservation of remnants of natural forests including the black wood trees;
• Empowerment of community for participatory forest management;
• Preservation of marine coral resources; and
• Sanitation and health improvement through collection and safe disposal of solid and liquid waste.
8 Environmental Conditions and Problems Posed by subprojects
The environmental conditions and problems caused by the proposed sub-project are described in chapter 5.0.
9 Review of Institution Capability and Recommendations
• The present institutional arrangement seems adequate for the implementation of EMP. However there is need to bring in the expertise/advise of upper level institution such NEMC and OSHA to backstopping functions and advice. Other institutions that may be consulted during implementation of EMP include the following; The contractors’ registration Board;
• The Engineers Registrations Board; and
• Works inspectors.
10 Environmental Monitoring Program at Council/Community Levels
Environmental Monitoring is a systematic measuring and recording of physical, social and economic variables of the predicted impacts. The objective of monitoring is to provide information or data on the characteristics and functioning of the occurrence and magnitude of impacts and whether necessary measures for mitigation have been implemented. Therefore monitoring is one of the important factors for environmental management within the EIA context. The developer is expected to prepare environmental monitoring program at the start of operational phase especially for Road clusters; recreational park and landfill. There is also a need to further develop or review clusters specific baseline data at the start of the project to ascertain its adequate for future monitoring; For example data on the following;
• Underground water quality at landfill; and
• Ambient air ( particulate air particles) quality at landfill,
11 Assessment of the Proposed Resettlement Sites
All affected people will be displaced in Mdenga Namadi area in a surveyed area, the plots are new allocated for all Mdenga Namadi residence, but to start with the priority has given to PAPs where most of them have been already shown their plots
12 Process Used to Prepare EMPs
The preparation of EMP is based on concerns expressed by the people who will be affected by the proposed project and particular clusters. The generic impacts and mitigation for projects of similar nature have also been observed. The involvement and participation of stakeholders was one of the main processes in developing the EMP.
13 Institutional Arrangement Responsibilities for Monitoring EMPs
Under normal practice monitoring of the project performance is done by the developer and responsible or relevant authorities. In Tanzania NEMC is a responsible authority for environmental monitoring. Other authorities include OSHA and Inspectors of Works. Relevant NGOs for example those dealing with environmental conservation and social development may be invited to take part in the monitoring according to the nature of the project, for example NGOD for Preservation of Historical values and national heritage.
14 Institutional set up for EMP
The responsible team and organization for monitoring of the EMP is presented in this section. The major responsibilities for the plan are vested in the office of Municipal Council Authority i.e. the Director of Mtwara-Mikindani Municipality. Under him he has well staffed departments headed by department heads. These will deal with predicted impacts and it mitigations through EMP. The following departments or disciplines are available:
• The office of Municipal Engineer;
• Water supply and sanitation department;
• District Medical Office;
• Environment and Natural Resources Office;
• Community Development/Social welfare Office;
• District Water Engineers;
• District Health Office;
• District Legal Officer; and
• Land and Town Planning Office,
Therefore, the above team or departments are anticipated to implement the Environmental and Social Management plan for the proposed Strategic City Project.
The Municipal Director (MD) will be the overall in-charge of ESMP. At Ward land Street (Mtaa), the responsible Executive officers and Chairperson will facilitate the overall implementation.
The Municipal team is responsible for implementation of operational mitigation, monitoring and continual improvement.
The Municipal Engineer (ME) will be responsible for supervision and monitoring of road infrastructural issues. Overall, it is assumed that it will play the role of district counterpart or focal persons during preparation and implementation of road works. In addition, the responsibility for electrical works, inspections and safe guards lies with ME.
The District Water Engineer (DWE) will liaise with contractor on issues of water supply as regard possible impact on the water supply system. In particular, the water pipes in the road reserve/utility zone.
The District Medical officer (DMO) is responsible for health issues in particular impacts related to health such as Disease outbreak, HIV/AIDS etc. He is a key person in implementing and monitoring health impacts. DMO will monitor and keep records about outbreaks of diseases at work sites throughout the project construction.
Municipal Health Officer: He/she is responsible for sanitation and protection of diseases at work places and will monitor implementation of training and awareness regarding HIV/AIDS during construction phase as proposed in the EMP and Monitoring plan.
Municipal NGOS; Various NGOs and Civil Organizations/ Community Based Organization (CBO) working on range of sanitation, archaeological/cultural/tourism values, health and environment issues including gender will be engaged in the process of project monitoring and implementation of ESMP during construction and operation phases. The task will include safeguard of local employment and gender issues. In addition training and awareness creation about HIV/AIDs, safe disposal of waste and socio-cultural/ issues
13 Reporting structure
The Municipal council has a workable line of command and reporting structure for the day to day implementation and monitoring of the project. This ranges from project engineers to the Municipal Executive Director. The municipality will prepare schedule and line for reporting on project implementation and management of EMP.
The reporting will provide mechanism for review of the plan and implementation of corrective measures.
The Municipal Director will assume the major responsibility for the project especially in ensuring that recommended environmental, safety and health measures are adequately taken care off.
The sub-project supervisors will be responsible for issues under their sub-projects and report to project engineers representing the MD.
Impromptu inspection will take place in the course of project construction.
Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) Manager and Community Liaison Officers (CLO) Manager or personnel will be appointed and will work closely with project engineer. Manager should be preparing periodic reports in particular quarterly, semi-annual and annual monitoring reports.
15 Formats for EMPs
The ESMP should be able to address the how, when, who, where and what of integrating environmental and social mitigation and monitoring measures during operation or activities. The main formats for EMP/ESMP should include the following:
• impacts,
• mitigation activities
• indicators,
• responsibility,
• timing,
• Cost and source of funding.
16 EIA Capacity Building Program
Capacity building will be an important component of project development process. To start with the developer will appoint a counterpart who will work closely with the consultant on project formulation process including structures design and implementation of EIA. The major aspect of capacity building is training. The Municipal counterpart/s will be attached to the EIA consultant throughout the EIA process.
8 resettlement action plan (rap)
14 RAP Report
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) report id included as Annexure ‘A’
9 conclusion
The analysis of the baseline socio-economic data and survey findings of the immediate project impact area indicates that the upgrading sub projects will have major social and economic benefits to the people living within and beyond the impact area. The major benefits are in the areas of increased agricultural production and productivity, increased commercial activities, improved travel and transport, industrialization, increased tourist activities, efficient mobility and interaction and improved access to quality social services and increases in the diversity of these services.
The detailed design and overall layout currently underway and the potential generic impacts have been identified and assessed, and mitigation through the preparation of design protocol will ensure that these generic impacts are applied to the project allowing for project specific assessment and mitigation. This will be undertaken at the appropriate stage as the design process gets finalised.
Details regarding compensation for the residential building will be resolved according to the governing land regulation.
Sufficient number of stakeholders was consulted and their worries and concerns have formed an important basis for the proposed mitigation and recommendations. More importantly, the National policy and legislation as stipulated in EMA of 2004 together with WBG guideline on environment, health and safety practices have be observed.
The detail designs of the project also focus on minimizing landscape and soil disturbance and changes on recreational view.
Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council or “developer” is committed to implement adequate social and economic safeguard measures against the anticipated negative impacts. The developer is equally committed to enhancing the anticipated positive impacts such as employment and access to products or services.
The summary of the most important mitigation and management measures and initiatives to minimize the potential impacts are: In view of the foregoing impact assessment, the proposed project will result into short term and low to medium impacts. It will generate significant economic and socio-cultural benefits to the local community and the nation at large including revenue, employment as result of attraction to economic investments. Overall, the anticipated positive impacts will outweigh the negative ones by far. Welfare or health of people including children will improve due to access to sporting and recreational activities at the proposed recreational parks. Improved collection of solid and liquid waste will improve sanitation and reduction of communicable diseases such as cholera and dysentery. The project developer is committed to implement adequate social and economic safeguard measures against the anticipated negative impacts. Municipal Director is equally committed to enhancing the anticipated positive.
10 recommendations
The EIA process has identified a number of potential impacts associated with the proposed sub-project, and has proposed measures for its mitigation.
It is recommended that the potential negative impacts that might result from the upgrading of the sub projects should be adequately addressed during and after road construction. In dealing with these potentially negative impacts participatory approaches that will involve all the stakeholders such as the representatives of the local people, professionals and leaders be adopted. This approach is expected to enhance democratic ideals and ensure the sustainability of the programs and participation in the later maintenance activities of the road.
The summary of recommended mitigation and management measures to minimize the potential impacts are:
• Proper design to accommodate measures for tree cutting, storm water effects and relocation or demolition of houses;
• Compensation agreements for relocation and property damages;
• Proper design and liaison with relevant utilities Authorities to prevent damages on gas, oil, water supply pipes and communication cables;
• Careful design to avert disturbance on historical sites of Mikindani;
• Implement measures to minimize or avoid damage on planted and protected trees including restriction on use of Mangrove wood in project works;
• Measures to encourage local employment;
• Mitigation measures against workplace and traffic accidents and pollution by noise and dust;
• Measures against possible increase of HIV/AIDS prevalence;
• Liaison with local authority, utilities and institutions such as municipal authority, OSHA and health department to ensure health, safety and environmental safeguards; and
• Monitor compliance to environmental, health and safety measures.
11 bibliography
• Betty Lyimo 2008 Socioe-conomic survey for Lindi and Mtwara Regions. Finish Government/FINNIDA.
• ERT 2004. A Profile for the United Republic of Tanzania (URT), 2004
• MAFSC 2006 Soils of Tanzania and their potential for Agriculture Development. Mlingano Agricultural Research and Training Institute. Ministry of Agriculture, Food Security and Co-operatives. Tanga, Tanzania. November 2006.
• TBS (2006) Municipal and industrial wastewaters: General tolerance limits for municipal and industrial wastewaters. First Edn. Tanzania Bureau of Standards. United Republic of Tanzania. TZS 860: 2006. ICS 13.060.30.
• URT (1956). Public Health (Sewerage and Drainage) Cap. 336. 1950-54 Edition. (Part I and II). Government Printer,
• URT (2004), Environmental Management ACT, 2004
• URT (2005), Environmental Impact Assessment and Audit Regulation (GN 349 0f 2005),
• URT 2005. Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. General Management Plan. URT, Ministry of natural Resources and Tourism.
• URT 2005. Mnazi Bay Ruvuma Estuary Marine Park. General Management Plan. URT, Ministry of natural Resources and Tourism.
• URT 2006 Soils of Tanzania and their Potential for Agriculture Development. Mlingano Agricultural Research Institute Department of Research and Training. Ministry of Agriculture and Food Security and Cooperatives. Tanga Tanzania. November 2006.
• URT 2009. CCHP Council Competitive Health Plan.Mtwara-Mikindani Municipal Council. 2009.
• URT, 2002 EIA Procedures and Guidelines, Volume I through V, 2002. National Environmental Management Council, United Republic of Tanzania (URT), 2002.
• World Bank, 2004. The World Bank Operational Manual OP 4.01 (EIA) and OP 4.12 (Involuntary Resettlement, Revised April 2004).
appendix 1: list of consulted people
1 List of Consulted persons
|S/No |Name |Institution |
|1 |Eng. Kubilu B.H Masenge |Ag. Managing Director , MTUWASA |
|2 |Mr. Madaraka Marumbo |Ag. Regional Manager, TANESCO |
|3 |Eng. Nkini Leonard |Ag. Regional Manager, TANROADS |
|4 |Mr. Mashakla Mdachi |Regional Traffic Officer, Mtwara |
|5 |Mr. Simion Semindu |Regional Statistics Manager, Mtwara |
|6 |Ms. Iphygenie F. Jaribu |Gtz Government Advisor Mtwara |
|7 |Mr. Smythies E. Pangisa |Assistant Administrative Secretary (Planning), Mtwara |
|8 |Mr. Elias Mugaya |Executivion Officer, World Wide Fund (WWF) MBREMP Project |
|9 |Mr. Silvester Mgina |Municipal Natural Resources Officer |
|10 |Mr. Deogratius S. Dotto |Municipal Health Officer, Mtwara-Mikindani |
|11 |Faustine A. Barayata |Municipal Engineer |
|12 |Mr. Said Chibwana |Sanitation Officer, Mtwara Municipal |
|13 |Mr. Ally Mchedengele |Ward Executive Officer, Jangwani/ Mikindani Area |
|14 |Ms. Fatuma Kusi |Chair Person -MSOAPO (NGO), Mtwara |
|15 |Ms. Mwanahaminisi |Secretary MSOAPO (NGO), Mtwara |
|16 |Ms. Rahma Issa |Member, MSOAPO, Mtwara |
|17 |Mr. Moses Barnaba |Member, MSOAPO |
|18 |Mr. Issa Hamisi Mtambo |HARAKATI SANG, MSOAPO |
|19 |Mr. Vitus Edga Chigologolo |Community Development Officer, Mtwara Municipal |
|20 |Mr. Hasan S. Charle | Secretary - MSOAPO |
|21 |Mr. Hassan Licholonjo |Coordinator , Marine and Coastal Environment Management Project (MACEMP) |
| | |and Municipal Natural Resources Officer |
|22 |Mr. Musa Mhagama |Environment Management / Forest Officer, Mtwara-Mikindani Municipallity |
|23 |Mr. Moses Nkunda |Operations Supervisor AG & P Power Limited (Artumas Power Group) |
|24 |Mr. Jack Harder |Field Manager AG & P Power (ARTUMAS Group Inc) |
|25 |Mr. Salmin S. Samin |Manager Oil COM, Mtwara-Mikindani |
|26 |Mr. Injas M. Maiba |Lands Officer, Mtwara-Mikindani |
|27 |Mr. Gulum A. M. Samji |Director, Private Road Construction Company |
|28 |Mr. Raynald Turcotte |AGG Field Manager, AG & P Gas Company (Artumas ) |
|29 |Mr. Respisuous Kindawa |Health Safety and Environmental Manager, ARTUMAS Group Inc |
|30 |Mr. Anselm P, C. Masumbuko |City Planning and Environmental Officer a, Mtwara Mikindani Municipality |
|31 |Ms Mwajuma I. N. Nyoni |Community Development and Social Welfare Officer, Mtwara Municipal |
|32 |Mr. Selemani A. Nahatula |Coordinator, TASAF, Mtwara-Mikindania |
|33 |Mr. Bright Msalya |Coordinator, Forum for Conservation of Nature (FOCONA) |
|34 |Mr. Noel Ngakonda |FOCONA |
|35 |Mr Dadi |Road technician, Mtwara -Mikindani |
|36 |Mr. Shaibu Ally Chikohi |Nyerere Youth Group for Solid Waste Collection |
|37 |Mr. Shomari |Director, Naliendele Agriculture Research Institute, Mtwara |
|38 |Mr. Matauna |Managing Director, MTUWASA |
|39 |Mr. Chande |Operational Manager, TTCL |
|40 |Ms. Mwanache Sylvia |Community Development Officer |
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