It helps the organism maintain a stable internal environment.



What are the differences between living and non-living things: List the 6 characteristics of life: Made of Cells Reproduce Obtain and use materials and energy Growth and development Respond their environment Adaptation and evolution What element makes all things “organic?” CARBONBio.1.1 Understand the relationship between the structures and functions of cells and their organelles.Bio.1.1.1 Summarize the structure and function of organelles in eukaryotic cells (including the nucleus, plasma membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplasts, and ribosomes) and ways that these organelles interact with each other to perform the function of the cell.Cell PartStructure DescriptionFunctionLetter/NumberNucleus Located near the center of the cell, it is large and surrounded by the ER.Contains DNA or the molecule of heredity in the cell.A / 6Plasma MembraneSurrounds the cell in animal cells, inner membrane of a plant cell.Allows only certain molecules to pass through, the bouncer.K / 4Cell wallNot found in animal cells, it surrounds the outside of plant cells.Acts as a barrier to keep water in plant cells.J / Not foundMitochondriaLooks like a pea with wavy lines inside of it.Acts as the energy production area of the cell. “Powerhouse.”L / 1VacuolesA very large and empty area in a plant cell, are smaller in animal cells.Used as storage for the cell for food, water, etc.G / 3ChloroplastsNot found in Animal cells, they are circles with small stacks within them.Used in the process of making energy (photosynthesis) for plants.I / Not foundRibosomesFound as small dots located on the ER or in the cytoplasm.Sites of proteins synthesis, they read RNA to assemble proteins.E / 133. Fill in this chart. Also give the letter or number of the part as seen in the diagrams below. 3032760245110008401056223000Which cell is the plant cell (left or right)? The left cell.Which structures are found only in the plant cell? Cell wall, chloroplastsWhich structures are found only in the animal cell? Centrioles (used in cell division)What are the three parts of cell theory? 1. All living things are composed of cells. 2. Cells are the basic units of all living things. 3. New cells are produced from preexisting cells. Explain how the structure of the organelle determines it function. Folded inner membrane in mitochondria increases surface area for energy production during aerobic cellular respiration.What does the term “membrane bound organelles mean?” What cell type are they found in? “Tiny organs” with unique functions covered in a fatty membrane. They are found in Eukaryotic cells ONLY!What is the function of the cell membrane? It is a fluid-mosaic. It is a semi-permeable barrier that allows only certain molecules in & out of the cell.The diagram below shows many proteins and other molecules embedded in a cell membrane.What are the functions of active and channel proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol? Some proteins on the surface are used for detecting materials; channel proteins let certain substances pass through. Cholesterol prevents the sticky phospholipids heads from sticking to one another. The hydrophilic areas attract water molecules and the hydrophobic areas repel water molecules. What structures produce hormones? What is the function of hormones? They are slow acting chemical messengers released by the endocrine system. They are chemical substances that control growth, development and responses to the environment. How do hormones travel throughout a body? Since many hormones are lipids, they pass through cell membranes.Put the following in order from smallest to largest:Organ systems Cells Organs Tissues Key: 41 3 2Assessment 1.1.1: A runner is competing in a 10 km track meet and just before completing the race, the runner is nearly out of breath and the energy needed to finish the race. Which cell structure is most affected by this lack of energy?nucleusribosomec.mitochondriond.plasma membraneBio.1.1.2 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells in terms of their general structures (plasma membrane and genetic material) and degree of pare the following two types of cells. ProkaryoticEukaryoticMembrane-bound organellesNOYESRibosomesYESYESTypes of chromosomesLooseFound in a nucleusSizeSmallLargeAssessment 1.1.2: What can be used to distinguish between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?Only eukaryotic cells come from preexisting cells.Only prokaryotic cells are the smallest unit of living organisms.Only prokaryotic cells contain ribosomes.Only eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.Bio.1.1.3 Explain how instructions in DNA lead to cell differentiation and result in cells specialized to perform specific functions in multicellular organisms.Below are a variety of cells from the human body.186690698500Label these cells. Red blood top right, sperm center top, WBC center bottom, muscle cell right bottom, nerve cell left.Which cell is adapted for movement? What structure makes this movement possible? Sperm, Flagella (tail) What organelle is very plentiful in these cells in order to provide the energy for movement? Muscle cells, MitochondriaWhich cell has no nucleus? What is the function of this cell? Red blood cell, carries oxygen in the blood.Which cell is involved in the immune system? WBC, center bottomWhich cell helps in movement of bones? What happens in these cells to make that movement possible? Muscle cells, mitochondriaWhich cell is adapted for transmitting messages? How do the messages get from one cell to the next? Nerve cell, stretched out shape and neurotransmitters. Shape relates to function.What is a feedback mechanism? A part of the stimulus & response system, it triggers a reaction in the body.Constructed Response 1.1.3: Explain how many of the cells in an individual can be very different from one another in terms of structure and function, even though they are descended from a single cell and thus have essentially identical genetic instructions.Assessment 1.1.3: Nerve cells and bone cells are specialized cells that descend from the same single cell (fertilized egg). Which statement best explains how each type of cell results in a different structure with a specialized function?Nerve cells and bone cells begin with the same structure; however, bone cells harden over time.Nerve cells and bone cells receive different DNA that determines the structure and function that each will perform.Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same DNA; however, only specific parts of the DNA are activated in each cell.Nerve cells and bone cells receive the same DNA; however, bone cells receive more to make the protective outer covering.Bio.1.2 Analyze the cell as a living system.Bio.1.2.1 Explain how homeostasis is maintained in a cell and within an organism in various environments (including temperature and pH).What is homeostasis? Maintaining a balance of chemicals, fluids, etc inside of a living organism.How do cells maintain homeostasis? They use the cell membrane (cell wall in plants) as well as stimulus/response, buffers, hormones, cell organelles, and internal (positive and negative) feedback loopsComparison of active and passive transportPASSIVE TRANPORTACTIVE TRANSPORTRequires energy?NOYESLow to high concentration or high to low concentration?High to LowLow to HighExamplesOsmosisMuscle pumps381023876000Explain what has happened in the diagram to the left.Why did the large dark molecules NOT move to the left? They are too large to pass through the semi-permeable membrane.How is the semi-permeable membrane like a cell membrane? Allows some substances through while keeps other out.If the dark molecule is starch, where is the starch concentration greatest (left or right)? Neither, Equal.If the white molecule is water, where is the water concentration greatest at first? It is highest on the left.In osmosis, water moves from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (higher/lower)If the dark molecules could move, in what direction would they move? Why? To the left, it is lower there.In diffusion, molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. (higher/lower)What is osmotic pressure? It is the balance between the intake and loss of water; prevents the cell from bursting.Which way water will move in each of the following situations:Salt inside the cell 65% and outside the cell 40%. Water will move inside the cell (lower)Sugar inside the cell 27% and outside 80%.Water will move outside the cell (lower)What are some ways that cells maintain homeostasis? Sweating, Panting, Shivering, Cell MembraneHow do biological materials respond to acids and bases? What is a buffer? In Acids, H+ ions are made and in Bases OH- ions are made. A buffer is a solution that prevents sharp changes in pH (about 7). Changes shape and function.Assessment 1.2.1: The diagram below shows the same type of molecule on side A and side B. Over time, what is the likely result?More molecules will be on Side B than Side A.More molecules will be on Side A than Side B.c.Equal number of molecules will be on Side A & B.d.All of the molecules will move towards the membrane.Bio.1.2.2 Analyze how cells grow and reproduce in terms of interphase, mitosis and cytokinesis.501837712749300Look at the diagram of the cell cycle. When does the replication of DNA occur? What is this phase called? S phase or Synthesis.What do GI and G2 represent? Growth 1 and 2. Time during Interphase.What stage does the cell spend most of its life in? InterphaseWhat does the cell do during this time? Growing, Developing, doing its job.Does mitosis include cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)? NOAssessment 1.2.2: A student observes a typical onion root tip where many of the cells have just successfully completed mitosis. Which statement best explains what must have happened to result in cells that only have half as many chromosomes as all of the other cells in the same section of the tip?The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing interphase.The parent cell completed mitosis after undergoing cytokinesis.The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing cytokinesis.d.The parent cell completed mitosis before undergoing interphase.Assessment 1.2.2: Cell cycle checkpoints are proteins that monitor and regulate the progress of the cell cycle in eukaryotic cells. Which statement best describes what would most likely happen if a cell is permitted to progress to mitosis without the preparation stage of interphase?The new cells would have all of the organelles except the nucleus.The new cells would have all of the organelles except the mitochondria.The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells would be the same as the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.The number of chromosomes in the daughter cells would be different from the number of chromosomes in the parent cell.Bio.1.2.3 Explain how specific cell adaptations help cells survive in particular environments (focus on unicellular organisms).Assessment 1.2.3: A single-celled organism is placed in fresh water. The contractile vacuole pumps excess water out of the cell. How does this action help the organism to survive?It helps the organism maintain a stable internal environment.It helps the organism communicate with other cells.It helps the organism reproduce.It helps the organism convert energy.Bio.2.1 Analyze the interdependence of living organisms within their environments.Bio.2.1.1 Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter (such as water, carbon, nitrogen and oxygen) through ecosystems relating the significance of each to maintaining the health and sustainability of an ecosystem.203136546609000Carbon cycle Diagram Which process(es) put carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? _Respiration; Which process(es) take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere? __Photosynthesis_________How does photosynthesis and cell respiration relate to Carbon cycle? Photosynthesis removes carbon dioxide from the air and respiration adds it to the air. The products of one are the reactants of the other. Explain the Greenhouse Effect in relationship to carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Increase of carbon dioxide prevents infrared light (heat) from leaving the atmosphere. This raises the earth’s temperature just like glass in a greenhouse traps heat and keeps the greenhouse warm. What effect might increase atmospheric carbon dioxide have on the environment? Increased trapping of heat and thus higher temperatures. Some plant species may grow faster with more carbon dioxide. How do bacteria play a role in the Carbon Cycle and the Nitrogen Cycle? Bacteria can do all parts of the carbon cycle: photosynthesis, respiration and decomposition. 370903513208000Food Webs What are the producers in this food web? Blossoms, nuts, bark, leavesWhat are the primary consumers (herbivores) in this food web? Bees, mice, deer, rabbit, insectsWhat are the secondary consumers in this food web? Bear, wolf, fox, toad, skunk, birdsWhat are the highest level consumers in this food web? BearHow does energy move through a food web? 10% moves through each tropic level How does matter move through a food web? Same as 61 What is a food chain? Give an example of one from this food web. A series of steps in which organisms transfer energy by eating and being eaten5905529019500Create an energy pyramid from the food chain: Leavesinsectsbirdsred foxbear65. Where is the most energy in this pyramid? Bottom: plants, producersWhere is the least energy in this pyramid? Top: bear, 4th level consumerWhat happens to energy as it moves through the food chain/web? Most is “lost” as waste heat about 10% at each level is converted into biomass or available energy (food!)What percent of energy is lost? ___90_____% Remember these numbers vary!How much is passed on? __10___%What is the ultimate source of energy for this food web? The nuclear fusion in the sun! What is a biome? What are the two limiting factors in a biome? Biome is a large area with similar type of vegetation and similar climate. The two main limiting factors are temperature (especially does it freeze) and precipitation. Bio.2.1.1: Constructed ResponseThe diagram shows a thriving ecosystem. Analyze the flow of energy and cycling of matter through the system.1. Use your analysis of the system and briefly tell how carbon is related to the flow of energy and cycling of matter between the environment and the organisms. In your answer include the following information:Name the carbon compound that is exchanged between plants and their environment and tell how this is significant to maintaining the health and stability of the ecosystem.Describe how plants use carbon from the atmosphere to create more complex molecules.Describe how animals that eat plants change these molecules and return carbon to the atmosphere.Describe the direction of flow of energy through the ecosystem.2. If more snails are added to the ecosystem, what effect would that have on the plants in the container?Bio.2.1.2 Analyze the survival and reproductive success of organisms in terms of behavioral, structural, and reproductive adaptations.What is a stimulus? What is a response? Any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected. Response – a reaction to a stimulusWhy is it important that organisms are able to respond to their environment and surroundings? Allows for interaction with the environment and increased fitness.What are some ways that animals communicate? visual signals, chemical signals, sound signals, pare and contrast classical conditioning and operant conditioning. Classical is based on punishment and reward - Operant is based on repeated behavior.What is habituation? Why is it good for the animal and evolution as a whole? The process by which animals decrease or stop response to repetitive stimulus that niether rewards or harms. Decreases use of unnecessary expense of energy.What is imprinting? Why is this important? Recognizing and following the first thing a baby sees to move. It keeps young animals close to their mothersDescribe insight learning and explain which type of species has this kind of behavior. Reasoning. The ability to apply something learned to a new situation. Common among humans and other plete the following Chart of Animal Behavior. Type of BehaviorExplanation of Behavior Survival Value of Behavior SucklingThis is when an organism is born knowing how to ‘suckle’ or obtain milk from its mother.Allows for newborns to get nutritionInsects moving away or toward lightPositive Phototaxis & Negative PhototaxisFeeding and protectionMigrationThis is when organisms move from one place to another periodically, generally in response to temperature or food availability.Maintaining food source/ GOOD BREEDINGEstivationThis is when an organism goes dormant for a long period of time to escape hot temperatures.Surviving extreme conditions (hot)HibernationThis is when an organism goes dormant for a long period of time to escape cold temperatures.Surviving extreme conditions (cold)HabituationThis is when an organism learns to ignore a stimulus because it is repetitive and is not providing any valuable information.Conservation of energyImprintingThis instinctive behavior is when some baby bird species will follow the first moving object they see, usually the mother.Keeps newborn close to mother for food and protectionClassical conditioningAny time an animal learns to make a connection between a certain behavior and a given reward or punishment.Allows animal to make beneficial choicesTrial and errorWhen faced with two choices, an organism can learn to choose the option with the best reward.sameCommunication using pheromonesChemical signalsIncreases fitness through matingCourtship dancesWhen an individual performs some ritual – either sounds, visual display, pheramones, etc. – in order to attract a mate.sameTerritorialityThis is when an organism will defend or mark a defined living space.Decreases competitionWhich of the above behaviors are innate (or instinct)? All but those listed in 59Which of the above behaviors are learned? Classical conditioning HABITUATION and trial and errorWhich of the above behaviors are social? Courtship and territoriality AND SOME MIGRATION84. Assessment 2.1.2: The differences in the above characteristics of flower species most likely resulted froma. adaptations in response to different environmental factors.parasitism, which did not harm the host species.defensive mutations allowing concealment of species.mutualism between different plant species85. Assessment 2.1.2: During extreme conditions like drought or high heat, frogs will dig a hole in the soil and bury themselves. Sometimes frogs will shed a layer of skin, wrap it around themselves for more protection, and wait for rain. How does this adaptation aid frogs?This adaptation aids in the survival of frogs.This adaptation attracts other frogs for mating.This adaptation helps the frog find food.This adaptation aids in the growth of frogs.86. Assessment 2.1.2Darwin’s studies of finches on the Galapagos Islands suggest that the finches' differences in beak structure were most directly due to acquired characteristics in the parent finches mating behaviors of the different finch species the size of the island where the finches live adaptations of the finches to different environments87. Assessment 2.1.2: Below is a picture of a Viceroy and a Monarch butterfly.To birds, the Monarch butterfly looks like the Viceroy butterfly. The Monarch butterfly is distasteful to birds; however, the Viceroy butterfly is not. Once a bird tastes a Mondarch butterfly, it will not attempt to eat a Viceroy butterfly. How is this adaptation an advantage to the Viceroy butterfly?a.This adaptation aids in the survival of the Viceroy butterfly.This adaptation attracts other Viceroy butterflies for mating. This adaptation helps the Viceroy butterfly find food. This adaptation aids in the growth of the Viceroy butterfly.Bio 2.1.3 Explain various ways organisms interact with each other (including predation, competition, parasitism, mutualism) and with their environments resulting in stability within ecosystems. In the following chart, explain the symbiotic relationships. RelationshipDefinition Example Mutualism++; two individuals help each otherAlgae and fungus in lichenFlower and bee in pollinationCommensalism?+0; one individual benefits and the other neither gains nor losesSpanish moss epiphyte on live oak treeParasitism+-; one benefits (parasite) and the other is hurt (host)Tick sucking blood from humanHow do organisms, species, populations, communities, ecosystems and biomes relate to each other? All are levels of living things; biomes are the most general (parts of the biosphere) and organisms are the most specific. Ecosystem includes both biotic and abiotic factors while community just includes the living organisms that interact. Populations are individuals of the same species found in the same area while organisms are individualsWhat is an organism’s habitat? What is its niche? Habitat is an organism’s address: where it lives while the niche is its job: how the organism makes a living and is adapted to its environmentPredator-Prey Relationships In the graph below, which organism is the prey? __Hare___ Which is the predator? __Fox___Which population increases (or falls) first and why? Hare; few predators to control populationWhich population increases (or falls) second and why? Foxes; takes a while for there to be enough food for foxes to have lots of babiesWhy are predator/prey relationships important in an ecosystem? (Consider population dynamics in your answer.) The predators help regulate the prey population so the prey does not eat up or destroy all of the vegetation. Also some prey may be parasites on other organisms so the predators keep them from becoming too much of a problem.95. Assessment 2.1.3: Classify the relationship between flowering plants and bees, where the plant provides the bee with food and the bee spreads pollen for the plant.a. commensalismb. mutualismParasitismpredationBio.2.1.4 Explain why ecosystems can be relatively stable over hundreds or thousands of years, even though populations may fluctuate (emphasizing availability of food, availability of shelter, number of predators and disease).What is carrying capacity? The number of individuals of a population and given area or environment can sustain over a period of time. (Shown by logistic or S curve)What are density dependent limiting factors? What are density independent limiting factors? Dependent limiting factors are determined by the number of individuals present in the area: examples-predators would be density dependent as would disease. Independent limiting factors are not determined by the number of individuals present in an area example: temperature or pHBiotic and Abiotic Factors List at least 3 biotic factors in an environment. Number of shade trees, disease organisms, predators, density of prey organisms, number of pollinatorsList at least 3 abiotic factors in an environment. pH, temperature, salinity, light, rainfall, soil typeGive an example of how biotic & abiotic factors act together to limit population growth and affect carrying capacity. Annual rainfall can determine the biomass potential of the producers in a region, thus limiting the rate of reproductionHuman Population GrowthCompare and contrast: Linear Growth, Logistic Growth, and Exponential Growth. Linear: y=mx + b growth occurs at a steady rateLogistic: “S” curve- starts off as exponential and then levels to zero growth (hopefully at the carrying capacity)What type of growth is related to human population? Exponential How did the rise of human agriculture create a significant impact on the Earth? What kind of technology was used to feed the growing human population? Agriculture allowed the human population to increase. Many natural ecosystems were destroyed and species became extinct to create farm land. Pesticides entered the food chain and fertilizers and soil erosion damaged aquatic systems. The Green Revolution: new varieties of crops with better yield but need more pesticides, irrigation and fertilizer. More recently genetically engineered crops that are resistant to disease or pesticides or have higher yield. What is the effect of resources (which are limited) on unlimited human population growth? Population may grow faster than food supplies or resources for fuel and industry. When resources become more scarce more people may starve, have more diseases or go to war over resources. What factors influence human birth and death rates? Medical care, access to food, age of pregnancy, access to education and birth control, disease organisms, pollution, war, and many othersPredict what will happen to population growth in the future and explain your reasoning. 3 possibilities: It will continue to increase. It will stabilize. It will decline. Give any logical reasons why.Graph 1: Rabbits Over TimeWhat kind of growth curve is shown by the graph to the right? Logistic ; “S” curveWhat is the carrying capacity for rabbits? 66During what month were rabbits in exponential growth? May11442701187450098488530861000Graph 2: Mexico and USIn Mexico, what percentage of the population is between 0-4 years of age? 16%In the US? 7%Which population is growing the fastest? MexicoWhich age group has the smallest number in both countries? Mexico 80+; US 75-80Bio.2.2 Understand the impact of human activities on the environment (one generation affects the next).Bio.2.2.1 Infer how human activities (including population growth, pollution, global warming, burning of fossil fuels, Habitat destruction and introduction of nonnative species) may impact the environment.Why do some species become resistant to pesticides? A random mutation occurs or a virus transfers a gene to a different species. Individuals with this mutation are not killed and pass on the resistant gene to their offspring.Explain the effect each of the following may have on the environment.FactorEffect on EnvironmentPopulation SizeContributes to the consumption of resources and destruction of ecosystemPopulation DensityEffects intraspecies competition, overconsumption, etc.Resource UseLimits population sizeAcid RainDestroys producers, changes pH in waters and soils, harms biotic factors of the ecosystemHabitat DestructionDestroys natural resources, increases rate of erosion, decreases biodiversity.Introduced non-native speciesReproduces rapidly, due to having no predators evolved in new location. Can Pesticide useKills off primary consumers in the food chain; poisons ground water.DeforestationIncrease carbon; loss of biodiversityWhat is the role of carbon emissions and other emissions as causes of global warming? Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas that can increase global warming. Methane produced by bacteria in livestock and from landfills is another greenhouse gas.What are some possible effects of global warming? Spread of tropical diseases to temperate zones; extinction of species; more variation in weather; erosion of beaches; rise of sea level; decrease crop yield; melting of permafrost; open arctic ocean; longer growing periodsWhat are some ways that carbon production can be decreased? Plant more trees/ reduce deforestation. Use less fossil fuels. What effect do volcanoes have on the atmosphere? Release of ash, particulates and sulfur dioxide can reduce the light the hits the earth surface and make the earth colder. Release of large amounts of methane and carbon dioxide can trap heat and warm the atmosphere. What is an invasive or non-native species? How can they cause negative effects on an ecosystem? Non-native is a species from some other geographic location. Invasive is a species that lacks natural biotic or abiotic factors that can control the population. Problems: cause native species to go extinct; damage crops; carry disease; damage landscaping or propertyAssessment 2.2.1: Which of the following has contributed most to the overall warming of the earth’s atmosphere? the burning of fossil fuels the depletion of the ozone the occurrence of acid rain the melting of the polar ice capsBio.2.2.2 Explain how the use, protection and conservation of natural resources by humans impact the environment from one generation to the next.What are the effects of bioaccumulation (biomagnifications) of pesticides on a food web? At bottom of food web poison is at low concentration and may cause no damage but as it builds up in the higher level organisms it may make top level consumers sick; sterile or even dead.What are some examples of sustainable practices and stewardship that can protect the environment? Reduce, recycle, reuse! Use renewable energy resources. Create green buffers near streams. Conserve energy. Use public transportation. Use chemicals and materials that don’t create dangerous wastes.Constructed Response 2.2.2: What benefit does recycling provide for the biosphere?Bio.3.1 Explain how traits are determined by the structure and function of DNA.Bio.3.1.1 Explain the double-stranded, complementary nature of DNA as related to its function in the cell. Below is a strand of DNA. DNA in the cells exists as a double helix – what needs to be added to it to make it a double helix? Give the complementary nucleotide sequence. CTGGCT (reading left to right)Describe the structure of DNA. What are the black pentagons? Deoxyribose sugars The nitrogen bases? ATGC What weak bonds hold the complementary bases together? Hydrogen BondsWhy is it important that these bonds be weak? They need to be weak in order for DNA to make a copy (replication) of itself when a cell divides (mitosis).Describe the process of DNA replication. What does semi-conservative mean? Half old strand; half new strand.Assessment 3.1.1: If a strand of DNA is CTGCAT, what is the sequence of nucleotides in the complementary strand?a.GACGTAb.CTGCATc.AGTACGd.GACGUABio.3.1.2 Explain how DNA and RNA code for proteins and determine traits.Describe the process of protein synthesis: What is transcription? The process by which DNA makes a copy of a particular gene to be transcribed into mRNA and sent out to the cytoplasm to be read by the ribosomes.What is translation? The process by which mRNA is read by a ribosome which matches mRNA codons to corresponding anticodons on tRNA (and their amino acids) to create an amino acid chain that will become a future protein.If the DNA strand: GACCGA undergoes transcription, what will the sequence of the mRNA be? CUGGCU8991604699000After translation, what would the amino acid sequence be for this section of mRNA? (read from right to left) Leu - AlaWhat is a codon? A 3 letter triplet code used by DNA, read by ribosomes to attach tRNA and amino acids to a growing protein chain.137. Compare RNA and DNA in the following table.RNA DNASugarsRiboseDeoxyriboseBasesAUGCATGCStrands1 strand2 strandsWhere In CellInside and Outside of the nucleusInside the nucleus onlyFunctionSends a gene message to be translated.Storage center for all genetic material.What kind of bond holds the amino acids together in the protein that is formed? Peptide bondsWhat are the three types of RNA and what are their functions?1) mRNA – The message sent from the DNA to code for a particular protein.2) tRNA – the transfer molecules that carry specific amino acids to be attached by ribosomes.3) rRNA – the chemical makeup of Ribosomes.Gene Expression and RegulationWhy does pancreas cells produce insulin in great amounts but blood cells does not? Only the genes for insulin are turned on (not suppressed) in pancreas cells where they are in blood cells. What is cancer? What are some causes of cancer? Cancer is caused by uncontrolled cell reproduction (mitosis) in which those cells reroute blood flow and create tumors which can spread and kill the organism. Cancer is caused by carcinogens that promote this type of behavior (smoking, bad diet, inactivity, radioactivity, etc) Assessment 3.1.2: This chart represents amino acids that are coded from different combinations of mRNA codons. Which amino acid sequence can be coded from the DNA sequence CAG TAG CGA? a. Valine—Isoleucine—Glycine b. Valine— Aspartic Acid— Alanine c. Valine—Isoleucine—Alanine d. Valine—Phenylalanine —Alanine Bio.3.1.3 Explain how mutations in DNA that result from interactions with the environment (i.e. radiation and chemicals) or new combinations in existing genes lead to changes in function and phenotype.What happens to DNA when a mutation occurs? A particular base on a codon will not be correct, such as ACG will be ACT.How does this affect the mRNA? When the mRNA is transcribed it will carry that mutation, Such as ACT will be UGA instead of UGC.How can this affect translation? Depending that the mutation does not cause the wrong amino acid to be paired, it may cause no problem at all. If it does cause the wrong amino acid pair then the protein can suffer from partial function to no function at all.How does this affect the structure and shape of the resulting protein? The wrong amino acid sequence affects the shape and structure and hence the function of the protein. Assessment 3.1.3: Which of the following changes in DNA is likely to have the greatest effect on the resulting peptide? a. in a strand of DNA, one C is changed to a T b. a “G” is inserted at the beginning of a gene c. a “G” is inserted at the end of a gene d. in a strand of DNA, one T is changed to a C Bio.3.2 Understand how the environment, and/or the interaction of alleles, influences the expression of genetic traits.Bio.3.2.1 Explain the role of meiosis in sexual reproduction and genetic plete the following Chart of Mitosis and Meiosis.MITOSISMEIOSISType of reproduction(Asexual or sexual)AsexualSexualChromosome number of mother cell (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)2N2NChromosome number of daughter cells (1N=haploid or 2N=diploid)2N1NNumber of cell divisions1 cell division2 cell divisions (I and II)Number of cells produced2 daughter cells4 daughter cellsWhen does replication happen?In all body (somatic) cellsOnly in sex cells (Eggs and Sperm)SOURCES OF VARIATIONCrossing overNeverDuring Prophase IRandom assortment of chromosomesNeverYESGene mutationsYESYESNondisjunctionYES can occur anytimeYES can occur anytimefertilizationNOYESPut the following stages of mitosis (cell division) in order. Then Name them. 48895016510001st: B: Prophase2nd: E: Metaphase3rd: A: Anaphase4th: D: Telophase5th: C: Returning Back to InterphaseHow many chromosomes do humans have in their… Body cells? 46 Sex cells? 23What does Diploid mean? Means that a cell has 2 homologous chromosomes.What does Haploid mean? Means that a cell has only 1 homologous chromosome.When does crossing over occur during Meiosis? During Prophase I. Also called Chiasmata.What is the major focus of Meiosis I? To mix up the genes to promote genetic diversity. What is the major focus of Meiosis II? To reduce the chromosome number by half to create sex cells (eggs & sperm.) Assessment 3.2.1: Why is the process of meiosis important to sexual reproduction? a. It provides genetic variation in offspring. b. It doubles the number of chromosomes in offspring. c. It reduces the number of alleles from parent to offspring. d. It produces a hybrid of all genetic traits in offspring. 157. Assessment 3.2.1: A parent with Type A blood and a parent with Type O blood have a child. Which of the following is a possible genotype of their offspring? a. IAIA b. IAIB c. IBi d. ii Bio.3.2.2 Predict offspring ratios based on a variety of inheritance patterns (including dominance, codominance, incomplete dominance, multiple alleles, and sex-linked traits).Explain each of Mendel’s Laws and explain the experiments he used to determine these laws.1) Law of segregation of characters (alleles) In most sexually reproducing organisms each adult has two copies of each gene, one from each parent. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. 2) Law of independent assortment (of alleles) Genes that segregate independently from each other and do not influence each other’s inheritance. So heterozygous organisms have a pattern of 1: 2: 1 or 9: 3: 3: 1.How does meiosis lead to segregation and independent assortment? Meiosis allows whole chromosomes to segregate independently of each other, lending authenticity to Mendel’s laws.What does it mean when a trait is dominant? It is always expressed in the organism. Capitals (A, B, C)What does it mean when a trait is recessive? It is expressed in the organism when paired with another recessive gene. Lowercase (a, b, c )1841513589000 In the Punnett square to the left, T = tall and t=short. Give the parents genotypes. Tt and TtGive the phenotype for the parents. Tall and Tall.What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring? TT, Tt, ttTall and shortWhat is the genotypic ratio of the offspring? ? TT, ? Tt, ? ttWhat is the phenotypic ratio of the offspring? ? Tall and ? shortWhat environmental factors might affect the expression of these genes for height? Explain. Mutagens, nutrition, environment because they play a role in how genes are expressed in the offspring.What does it mean if a trait is codominant? Both alleles are expressed in the phenotype (physical look).Some genes produce intermediate phenotypes. Cross a pure breeding red flower (RR) with a pure breeding white flower (WW). Give the genotypes and phenotypes of the offspring. Genotype: 100% RWPhenotype: 100% Pink FlowersWhat type of inheritance is this? Incomplete dominanceExplain the inheritance of the following disorders: (Autosomal dominant? Autosomal recessive? Sex-linked dominant? Sex-linked recessive?)Sickle cell anemia: Autosomal codominant Cystic fibrosis: Autosomal Recessive Huntington’s: Autosomal dominantBlood type If a woman with type A blood has a child with a man with type B blood and their first child has type O blood, give the genotypes of the woman and the man and do the cross. (Alleles are IA, IB, and i)What are the odds that they will have a child with type O blood again? ? or 25%What are the odds that they will have a child with homozygous type A blood? 0%What are the odds that they will have a child with type AB blood? ? or 25%A blood test is done to see if one of three men is the father of a child. The child has type O blood, the mother has type A blood. Man #1 has type AB blood, Man #2 has type A blood, Man #3 has type O blood. Are there any men that can be ruled out as the father? Man #1, because he can donate either an A or B allele, neither giving O type blood.What does it mean to have multiple alleles? There are more than 2 types of alleles for a particular genotype.Polygenic traits What do polygenic traits mean? Many genes (genotypes) control one particular phenotypic trait.Sex ChromosomesWhat are the sex chromosomes in males? XY In Females? XXColorblindness & hemophilia are sex-linked traits. What chromosome location (#) are these genes found? #23Cross a female who is a carrier for hemophilia with a normal male.XCXc x XCYWhat are the odds that they will have a child with hemophilia? ? or 25% (male only)What are the odds that they will have a daughter with hemophilia? 0% or none What are the odds that they will have a daughter who is a carrier for hemophilia? ? or 50%23431539370000Why are males more likely to show this type of disorder? (Who (mother/father) is likely to give them the bad gene?) It is their mother who donates X’s which carry the disease. The father donates Y’s to sons which do not carry disease.KaryotypeWhat is the gender of the person whose karyotype is shown to the left? Female, because of the 2 X’s.What is the disorder that this person has? Trisomy 21 or Down Syndrome.What is your evidence? There are 3 chromosomes at location #21.What are some of the characteristics of this type of disorder? Mental retardation, facial abnormalities.Test Cross 434467074295000Describe the test cross that a farmer would use to determine the genotype of an animal that shows a dominant trait. Use the following Punnett squares and the letters A and a to explain your answer.In a test cross, we already know the genotype of the recessive parent (aa) based upon the recessive phenotype. If there are any recessive phenotype offspring, then the unknown parent must be heterozygous!Pedigrees What is the inheritance pattern shown by this pedigree? Autosomal recessive.How do you know? Males and females equally affected (autosomal) and it skips generations (recessive)Using A,a, what is the genotype of person II4? aaWhat is the genotype of person I3? AaDouble check your learning, solve the following genetics problem:A brown mink crossed with a silverblue mink produced all brown offspring. When these F1 mink were crossed among themselves they produced 47 brown animals and 15 silverblue animals (F2 generation). Determine all the genotypes and phenotypes, and their relative ratios, in the F1 and F2 generations.F1F2Genotypes:100% Bb Genotypes: ? BB, ? Bb, ? bbPhenotypes:100% Brown MinkPhenotypes: ? Brown Mink, ? Silverblue minkBio.3.2.3 Explain how the environment can influence the expression of genetic traits.196. Assessment 3.2.3: Why do identical twins become less alike as they grow older? a. Because the environment plays a role in influencing individuals b. Because the genetic makeup of the individuals changes c. Because the individuals’ cells undergo mitosis d. Because the number of recessive alleles exceeds the number of dominant alleles 197. Assessment 3.2.3: Himalayan rabbits carry the C gene, which is required for the development of pigments in the fur, skin, and eyes. Specifically, the C gene is maximally active from 15°C to 25°C (Figure 1) and inactive above 35°C (Figure 2). This gene expression produces rabbits with a distinctive coat coloring. Below is a picture of two Himalayan rabbits. Figure 1 Figure 2 Why do these Himalayan rabbits exhibit different colors of fur? a. The environment determines whether the gene for fur pigmentation is expressed. b. The genetic makeup of the rabbits change. c. The rabbit’s color changed in order to attract a mate. d. The rabbit’s cells undergo mitosis. Bio.3.3 Understand the application of DNA technology.Bio.3.3.1 Interpret how DNA is used for comparison and identification of organisms. What were the goals of the human genome project? Begun in 1990, it was a collaborate effort among scientists to sequence the human genome. How will the human genome project be useful in finding whether individuals may carry genes for genetic conditions? This could help identify genetic disorders in couples or devise methods of gene therapy.381051181000How will the human genome project be useful in developing gene therapies? In gene therapy, the absent or faulty gene is replaced by a normal, working gene. To the left is an electrophoresis gel, showing evidence from a rape case.Could the defendant be the rapist? (Y/N) NO The Bands do not match to the defendant.Which fragments of DNA are the longest? Explain. The longest bands are the largest base pairs digested by the restriction enzymes. They are bigger so they move more slowly across the gel. Hence, they are found towards the bottom of the gel. What other ways can DNA fingerprinting be useful? DNA fingerprinting can be used to determine disease, other crimes, or in paternity cases. Since DNA has a (-) charge, which way will it go in a gel? Towards the positive end. Which type of fragments move the fastest? Smallest Which move the slowest? BiggestWhat is a restriction enzyme? This is an enzyme used in DNA fingerprinting that cuts DNA at certain places along the DNA strand. These fragments can be measured as a function of their slow or fast movement across an electrophoretic gel. 206. Assessment 3.3.1: The diagram shows DNA fingerprints from a daughter horse, the mother horse, and four possible fathers. Which horse is most likely the father? a. Horse 1 b. Horse 2 c. Horse 3 d. Horse 4 Bio.3.3.2 Summarize how transgenic organisms are engineered to benefit society.03937000Transgenic organisms & Transformation86. Describe the process that is shown in the diagram to the left. A bacterium has had a human gene for insulin inserted into its genome. The bacterium will use its normal processes of transcription and translation to produce the human protein of insulin.What is the value of this technology? Scientists can harvest the insulin protein from the bacteria to use in human patients who need human insulin like diabetes patients.What are some other applications of this type of technology? Bacteria will make any type of protein inserted into their genome, so scientists can make any type of protein that is needed. (Hemoglobin, etc)This process can be used to make GMO’s –genetically modified organisms. What are some of the ethical issues surrounding this technology? We do not know the long term effects of using this type of technology. Long term studies are not yet available. 211. Assessment 3.3.2: How is the process of gene therapy used to treat cystic fibrosis? a. by replacing the abnormal gene with a copy of the normal gene b. by removing a portion of the abnormal gene c. by adding a nitrogen base to the beginning of the DNA sequence d. by inducing a mutation Bio.3.3.3 Evaluate some of the ethical issues surrounding the use of DNA technology (including cloning, genetically modified organisms, stem cell research, and Human Genome Project).38201607556500Stem CellsThe diagram to the right shows how stem cells can develop into many types of different cells. What are some of the potential benefits that could come from the growing of stem cells in a laboratory? Scientists can grow into any new cell type that has been damaged or mutated in certain individuals. People may regain brain or neural function in cells that no longer reproduce at maturity which would help in spinal cord injuries or Alzheimer’s patients.What are some of the ethical issues surrounding the collection and use of stem cells? Some stems cells are harvested from discarded or aborted embryos. But now, some stem cells can be taken from teeth or other sources.Constructed Response 3.3.3: Should there be laws to regulate stem cell research? Justify your answer. Bio.3.4 Explain the theory of evolution by natural selection as a mechanism for how species change over time.Bio.3.4.1 Explain how fossil, biochemical, and anatomical evidence support the theory of evolution. In the following chart, describe the role of each of the following in developing the current theory of evolution.Discussion of importance to evolutionary theoryUnderstanding of geology(Changes in the earth)That the earth has been constantly changing, why not living things?Malthus’ ideas about populationGrowthHumans (perhaps like other organisms) are limited by environmental pressures (disease, resources, space, etc)Anatomical comparisonsAnimals that share common characteristics in bone structure may have had some form of common ancestry.Patterns in fossil evidenceAncient organisms adapted and responded to their environment by inheritable characteristics depending on the type of environment.Lamarck’s ideas about inheritanceOf acquired characteristicsHe believed that animals inherited characteristics based upon their use and disuse of traits which is not true, but raised the issue of how they were they passed on?Biochemical comparisons (DNA and proteins)By directly comparing DNA and proteins, scientists can determine when animals diverged from one another as well as compare their evolutionary relationships.The role of variationsAnimals seemed to adapt to their particular environments. Why?The role of sexual reproductionAnimals that sexually reproduced had more success (fitness) in a changing environment. Why was this?The role of geographic isolationWhen animals are separated geographically, major adaptations occurred. Why?The importance of the environmentA constant theme in whether or not animals survived or went extinct was their natural environment. How did this shape how animals survived then and today?What is a vestigial structure? Name a few in humans. A structure that is no longer useful to an organism, but may have been used by ancestors. Vestigial structures in humans include the coccyx (tail bone), ear muscles, appendix, and goose bumps from getting scared.What are some of the ideas on the origins of life? (A.k.a. where and when did it form?) Life likely formed in the Earth’s oceans where it was constant and safe from the toxic, oxygen deprived atmosphere and harsh land conditions. As cyanobacteria produced oxygen and the climate changed that the oceans dried up (not totally!), animals and plants began to move the land environment and develop complexity from simple carbon molecules to amino acids, protocells and cells.Discuss the steps in Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.Populations of organisms have many genetic variations. Where do these come from? Inherited genes seen fit by those best suited to the environment who could find food and a mate to pass those on to their anisms could reproduce exponentially but they don’t. Why not? What are they restricted by? No, they are restricted by food availability, space and mate selections. The best suited to the environment will survive & reproduce.What are adaptations? Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism’s chance of survival.Some adaptations have better survival value in certain environments. What does this mean? Some adaptations (based upon genotypic mutations) are not favorable for that particular environment. They are not selected for and that particular organism dies and does not pass on that particular adaptation to their offspring.What does it mean to be “fit” to an environment? The ability of an individual to survive and reproduce in their particular environment.The next population will have a high frequency of the genes that have been selected for. Why will the frequency of selected genes increase? Those who are fit will be the only ones to survive and reproduce passing on those genes. What is Darwin’s theory of Natural Selection? What is Artificial Selection? In natural selection, only the fittest will survive to produce offspring for the next generation (survival of the fittest.) In artificial selection, humans select organisms for desired traits and ensure breeding (plus survival) so those traits is present in their offspring. Such as particular dog breeds that could never survive in the natural environment.When this process continues over millions of years, it can lead to speciation. What is speciation? When members of a species evolve they split and become reproductively isolated from one another. This creates two new species. Compare and contrast convergent and divergent evolution. Convergent evolution is when two generally unrelated species in different areas adopt similar adaptations based upon a common environment. Divergent evolution is when animals diverge from each other then they geographically adopt different areas and must take on different characteristics as adaptations in order to survive, becoming more different than one another.What is adaptive radiation? How did the finches of the Galapagos adapt to their environment? Adaptive radiation is a type of divergent evolution where groups based upon new environments adapt differently creating new species. Darwin’s finches adapted according to their food source and was reflected in their type of beak.Most hypotheses state that prokaryotic anaerobes probably evolved first. Why? Because there was no oxygen in the early Earth’s atmosphere.The hypotheses then suggest that prokaryotic autotrophs probably evolved? Why? They were the ones (i.e. cyanobacteria) that produced the oxygen that is found in our atmosphere today.What gas would enter the atmosphere as a result of these autotrophs appearing. OXYGEN!Then prokaryotic aerobic heterotrophs could evolve. What can these cells do that others before them cannot? Synthesize organic materials into energy. Before then there was only the SUN to use energy. What is the hypothesis explaining how eukaryotic cells evolved? Endosymbiont theory (Lynn Margulis)-679458890000Describe and explain adaptations affecting survival and reproductive success (structural adaptations in plants and animals, disease-causing viruses and microorganisms, co-evolution)Label the following parts on the flower and give their functions:Stigma – Female part of the flower – captures pollenStyle – Female part of the flower – transmits pollen to ovaryPetal – Nonsexual part of the flower – attracts pollinatorsSepal – Nonsexual part of the flower – protects petalsAnther – Male part of the flower – attaches pollen granulesFilament – Male part of the flower – stalk that supports pollenOvary- Contains OVULE WHICH CONTAINS Egg Cells-18478524701500What is meant by coevolution? Where two different species evolve in tandem through mutualistic goals with one another. (A.k.a. if made for one another.) Give an example of a flowering plant and a pollinator and then describe how coevolution works. (How does it ensure the survival of a species?) The orchid that looks like a female bee to lure the males to try to have sex with it in order to pollinate.Assessment 3.4.1: Species A and B share similarities in DNA sequences. What would this suggest about their evolutionary relationship? a. Species A developed before species B. b. Species A and B share a recent common ancestor. c. Species A and B are unrelated. d. Species B developed before Species A. Bio.3.4.2 Explain how natural selection influences the changes in species over time. Assessment 3.4.2: During the Industrial Revolution, there were two variations of English Peppered Moths, those with light color and those with dark color. The soot from the factories covered the trees. Data was collected to measure the percentage of each type of moth in the area. It was noted that the percentage of dark-colored moths increased over time, while the percentage of light-colored moths decreased. What is the likely explanation for this change? The presence of a mutation changed the color of the English PepperedMoths.The presence of the dark-colored variation increased the likelihood for survival of the English PepperedMoths. The presence of the light-colored variation increased the likelihood for survival of the English Peppered Moths. The presence of an acquired trait changed the color of the English PepperedMoths. Bio.3.4.3 Explain how various disease agents (bacteria, viruses, chemicals) can influence natural selection. Describe how a population of bacteria can become resistant to an antibiotic (or an insect to a pesticide). How is this a direct way to observe evolution? Bacteria that have natural mutations to survive a particular insect or pesticide have new space and resources to survive and reproduce creating a new generation resistant to that particular obstacle. What happens when pesticides and antibiotics are used and how does it relate to evolution? When one particular antibiotic is used frequently, populations evolve a natural immunity to it. This is the exact theory of Darwin’s survival of the fittest. What is the relationship between disease and mutations in the agents that cause disease? Mutations lead resistance to drugs. Explain the relationship between sickle cell anemia and malaria. In a heterozygous form the sickle cell gene provides resistance to malariaExplain the relationship between lung and mouth cancer and tobacco use. The tobacco is a carcinogen that can lead to uncontrolled cell growthExplain the relationship between PKU and diet. A person with PKU must be on a low phenylalanine diet to make up for the lack of enzyme production that breaks down phenylalanine. THIS IS AN INHERITED GENETIC DISEASE. Constructed Response 3.4.3: Why are incidences of sickle cell anemia more common in areas known for high occurrence of malaria? Assessment 3.4.3: A researcher sprays a new pesticide on thousands of insects of the same species that live in a large field. A few of the insects survive. What can be concluded by the researcher? a. The species of insects will likely become resistant to the pesticide. b. The ideal interval between the first and second applications of the pesticide should be increased. c. The pesticide has no effect on the species. d. The concentration of the pesticide was too weak. Bio.3.5 Analyze how classification systems are developed upon speciation.Bio.3.5.1 Explain the historical development and changing nature of classification systems.In the times of Linnaeus, he used ANATOMY to classify organisms called Binomial Nomenclature. In the time of technology, now we mostly use DNA technology, molecular clocks AND ANATOMY and cladistics to classify organisms.Why is the current classification system continually undergoing change? Due to new DNA evidence and amino acid similarities from living and extinct organisms. Study behavior These are now used to disclose common ancestry.What is the current seven-level classification system? (KPCOFGS) Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus & Species (What is binomial nomenclature? A two-name naming system based in Latin to identify a single organism. How do you write a “scientific name?” All in italics or underlined with the Genus FIRST LETTER capitalized and the species in lowercase. Constructed Response 3.5.1 : How did organisms like euglena, which are heterotrophic and autotrophic, change the classification system? Bio.3.5.2 Analyze the classification of organisms according to their evolutionary relationships (including dichotomous keys and phylogenetic trees).-45720013335000What is a cladogram? What are derived characters? A cladogram is a diagram that shows the evolutionary relationships among a group of organisms. Derived characters are characteristics that appear in recent parts of a lineage but not in its older members. DNA and biochemical analysis, embryology, and morphology used to classify organisms. They try to determine a “common ancestry.”To the left is a phylogenetic tree of some organisms. According to this tree, which pairs of organisms are most closely related? Any pairs of animals closest on the tree.Which organism is most closely related to the ray finned fish? Lungfish Which organisms are the mammals most closely related to? LIZZARDS, SNAKES, CROCODILES AND birds-3143251968500 Use the following key to identify the tree branch to the left.1. a. leaf is needle-like….go to 2 b. leaf is broad……… go to 52. a. needles are short ....go to 3 b. needles are long…...go to 43. a. underside of needles green…hemlock b. underside of needles silver ..balsam What am I?4. a. 3 needles in bundle….pitch pinepitch pine b. 5 needles in bundle….white pine5. a. edge of leaf round…go to 6 b. edge of leaf serrated…go to 76. a. minty odor…… wintergreen b. no minty odor…..laurelFill in the following chart with the characteristics of the various kingdoms.EubacteriaProtistaFungiPlantaeAnimaliaEukaryotic or prokaryoticProkEukEukEukEukMulticellular or single-celledSingleBothBothMultiMultiSexual or asexual reproductionAsexualBothBothBothBothAutotrophic or heterotrophicBothBothHeteroAutoHeteroAerobic or anaerobicAEAEAEAEAECell walls or no cell wallsYesMaybeYesYesNo Assessment 3.5.2: Using the key provided, drawing III can be identified as which bird? Taxonomic Key to North American Birds 38103175001.a. Larger than 40. cm .............................................. 2 1.b. Not larger than 40. cm ........................................ 4 2.a. Hooked beak .......................................................3 2.b. Beak not hooked ............................... Phasianus colchicus 3.a. Feathers over eyes that look like ear ....... Bubo virginianus 3.b. No Feathers that look like ears ………..…….....Haliaeetus Leucocephalus 4.a. Head one solid color of feathers.......................... 5 4.b. Head not solid color of feathers ............................. Colinus virginianus 5.a. Bill flat................................................. Anas platyrhynchos 5.b. Bill pointed ....................................... Archilochus colubris a. Bubo virginianus b. Haliaeetus leucocephalus c. Corlinus virginianus d. Anas platyrhynchos Constructed Response 3.5.3: Based upon the dichotomous key above, which two organisms are more closely related? Explain your reasoning. Bio.4.1 Understand how biological molecules are essential to the survival of living organisms.Bio.4.1.1 Compare the structures and functions of the major biological molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) as related to the survival of living pare and contrast the structure and functions of the following organic molecules:MacromoleculesFunctionSubunitsCarbohydratesShort Term EnergyGlucoseProteinsMakes up living tissues & organs, also used as enzymes.Amino AcidsLipidsLong Term Energy Storage, Protection, InsulationGlycerol, 3 fatty acid chainsNucleic AcidsStore Genetic Information5-carbon sugar, Nitrogen base, Phosphate group.Describe the function and identify specific monomers for each of the following molecules.Specific MoleculeFunctionSubunits (Monomers)StarchA macromolecule of sugar used for short term or quick energy.GlucoseCelluloseA macromolecule of sugar used to make cell walls in plants.GlucoseInsulinA protein used in the breakdown of sugar made by the pancreas. Without it, causes Diabetes.Amino AcidsGlycogenStorage of excess sugar in the liver and used when glucose levels in the blood is low. (Secondary storage also called “Animal Starch.”)GlucoseGlucoseA molecule used to create Glycogen, sugars needed by the brain for life functions.Carbon, Oxygen, HydrogenEnzymesProteins used to lower activation energy to cause chemical reactions to occur.Amino AcidsHemoglobinThe protein used to bind to Oxygen to carry it in the red blood cells.Amino AcidsFatsLong term energy storage, protection and insulationFatty acid & 3 glycerol chainsDNAGenetic code of Life used in replication & transcription.T, A, G, C RNAGenetic code of Life used in transcription & translation.U, A, G, CAssessment 4.1.1: Why would a distance runner consume carbohydrates instead of proteins before a race? a. Carbohydrates provide insulation for heat. b. Carbohydrates provide structure for tissues. c. Carbohydrates provide genetic material for muscle cells. d. Carbohydrates provide energy for endurance. Bio.4.1.2 Summarize the relationship among DNA, proteins and amino acids in carrying out the work of cells and how this is similar in all organisms. Assessment 4.1.2: How does the DNA code become a protein? a. DNA mRNA tRNA amino acid protein a. DNA tRNA mRNA amino acid protein b. DNA mRNA amino acid tRNA protein c. DNA amino acid mRNA tRNA protein Bio.4.1.3 Explain how enzymes act as catalysts for biological reactions.What is the function of enzymes in cells? (Or, what is a catalyst?) Enzymes speed up chemical reactions in cells by lowering the activation energy needed to begin the reaction. Explain the importance of shape to enzyme function. “Work like locks and keys.”Explain what determines the shape of an enzyme. It depends on the sequence of amino acids.Explain why enzymes are specific. (That is, one enzyme per type of reaction.) Since they work like locks and keys only one enzyme can catalyze one type of substrate(s).Explain why enzymes can be reused over and over again. Since enzymes are never used up by the reaction, they go out and search for the same type of substrate(s) to catalyze again.How do extreme pH and temperature extremes affect enzymes? (What is denature?) Extreme temperature and/or pH can cause enzymes to denature and no longer function. Denature means that an enzyme literally falls apart (breaks down their bonds) and they cannot be put back together again unless made anew by a ribosome and a piece of mRNA specific for that particular enzyme. Label the picture of the following enzymatic reaction: Substrate, Product(s), Enzyme-substrate complex, EnzymeSubstrate is far left top, Products far right top, enzyme substrate complex is center, enzyme (blue) is same below.All (except for a few) enzymes end in what suffix? -ase What are some examples of enzymes? Lactase, Sucrase, Fructase, ATP synthetase0381000 At what temperature is the best for this enzyme to work? About 40 CHow can you tell? It is where the graph peaks for enzyme reaction (III)At which numeral (I, II, III, or IV) does this particular start to denature? IVHow can you tell? The enzyme begins to denature at the end of III where the graph falls and finally drops off (fully denatures) at IV.-221107013652500Which enzyme (X or Y) would be used in acidic conditions? XHow can you tell? Because the enzyme works best at pH below 7. Y has no peaks whatsoever in the 0-6 range. It works best in basic conditions. What pH is the best for activity for X? 3-4 Y? 8-11How can you tell? It is where the graph peaks for their activity. Assessment 4.1.3: How do enzymes speed up biological chemical reactions? a. Enzymes increase the energy required for a reaction to occur. b. Enzymes decrease the energy required for a reaction to occur. c. Enzymes have no affect on the energy required for a reaction to occur. d. Enzymes maintain the energy needed for a reaction to occur. Bio.4.2 Analyze the relationships between biochemical processes and energy use in the cell.Bio.4.2.1 Analyze photosynthesis and cellular respiration in terms of how energy is stored, released, and transferred within and between these systems.What are the ways that living things get energy to live? They have a way to break down materials called metabolism. What are some of the ways that living things use energy? Chemosynthesis, Photosynthesis, Cell respirationUse the following diagram to show where energy is released and where energy is used. Also use arrows on the lines attached to the circles to indicate the direction of the energy.7493010795000How many phosphates? ATP? 3 ADP? 2 AMP? 1What cellular process produces ATP? ATP synthesis by ATP synthetase in the mitochondria (cellular respiration)What is ATP energy used for? Give examples. Making proteins, replicating DNA, cell responses, pumps working, muscle contraction, everything!What are the reactants and products for each of these? ProcessReactantProductExample?PhotosynthesisWater, Sunlight, Carbon Dioxide (CO2)Sugar & Oxygen (O2)Plants/Autotrophs/ProducersCellular Respiration (Aerobic)Sugar & Oxygen (O2)Water, Carbon Dioxide (CO2), 36 ATPHumans/Heterotrophs/ ConsumersCellular Respiration (Anaerobic)SugarCarbon Dioxide (CO2), 2ATPTired Muscles, yeast Which reaction makes the most ATP? Aerobic Respiration (Makes up to 36 ATP) How do factors such as pH, temperature, light and food availability affect these reactions? Extremes may decrease the effectiveness of this reaction.Label the following molecules in these equations (water (H2O), glucose (C6H12O6) oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), ethyl alcohol (C2H5OH)A) 6H2O + 6CO2 C6H12O6 + 6O2B) C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2OC) C6H12O6 2C2H5OH + 2CO2Which of the above reactions is photosynthesis?AWhich of the above reactions is fermentation (anaerobic cellular respiration)? CWhich of the above reactions is cellular respiration (aerobic)? BWhich reaction(s) requires or stores energy?All require some form of energy, A stores it.Which reaction(s) release energy (ATP)?All release some form of energy, mostly B and CWhich reaction releases the most energy? B because it uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor.Which reaction requires chlorophyll? A, chlorophyll traps light energy for photosynthesis. Which reaction requires light? A, light begins the light dependent reaction for photosynthesis.Which organisms carry out process A?Plants, Autotrophs and other Producers (Algae)Which organisms carry out process B?Most Animals, Heterotrophs and ConsumersWhich organisms carry out process C?Yeast and other anaerobic organisms.Which process uses chloroplasts in eukaryotes? Process A only. (Plant Cells)Which process uses mitochondria in eukaryotes?Processes A and B (Plant and Animal Cells)Compare and contrast: Alcoholic Fermentation and Lactic Acid Fermentation. (# ATP, where it occurs) Alcoholic Fermentation occurs in yeast and releases alcohol as a byproduct whereas lactic acid fermentation occurs in tired muscle cells deprived of oxygen resources. Both produce only 2 ATP.Assessment 4.2.1: How does the process of photosynthesis in plants provide energy for animals? a. The water and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into glucose and ATP for animals. b. The glucose and ATP used in photosynthesis are converted into water and carbon dioxide for animals. c. The glucose and carbon dioxide used in photosynthesis are converted into proteins for animals. d. The oxygen and glucose produced through photosynthesis are converted into lipids for animals. Bio 4.2.2 Explain ways that organisms use released energy for maintaining homeostasis (active transport).Assessment 4.2.2: The concentration of a certain molecule is greater inside the cell than outside the cell. If the cell needs more of that molecule, what is the best process to move more of this molecule inside the cell? a. Active transport b. Passive transport c. Diffusion d. Osmosis ................
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