FOREST STOCKING AND YIELD TABLES - USDA
[Pages:42]U.S Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service North Carolina
Technical Guide Section V April 2002
FOREST STOCKING AND YIELD TABLES
? Hardwood Stocking Guide and Yield Tables
? Yields Per Acre for Upland Oak
? Explanation of Hardwood Tables
? Potential Yields Per Acre and Estimated Stocking and Development (Tables) -Upland Oaks ?Doyle & Scribner -Lowland Hardwoods (Oak-Gum) ? International, Doyle, & Scribner -Tupelos ? Doyle -Yellow-poplar ? International & Doyle -Cottonwood ? International & Doyle -Sweetgum ? Doyle -Eastern Redcedar ? International Revision -Shortleaf Pine ? International & Doyle -Loblolly Pine ? International, Doyle, Scribner, & Pulpwood -Slash Pine ? Doyle, Scribner, & Pulpwood -Loblolly Pine-Slash Pine ? Scribner -Eastern White Pine ? International & Scribner
U.S Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service North Carolina
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
GUIDELINES FOR USING UPLAND HARDWOODS STOCKING GUIDE AND YIELD TABLES
The oak-hickory forest type is the most prevalent of the upland hardwood types. The oaks are most abundant in this type, usually occupying dominant and co-dominant positions within the stand. The oaks are favored for management in the oak-hickory type as well as being highly favored in the other mixed-hardwood types. These guidelines assume intensive management of well-stocked stands with periodic thinning. Thinning throughout the rotation will be from below, leaving the best crop trees until the final harvest. Individual trees can be grown to larger diameters in less time by the use of well planned thinning operations, thus producing a higher quality product in a shorter rotation period.
ACTUAL AND POTENTIAL DIAMETER GROWTH OF SELECTED UPLAND HARDWOOD SPECIES
Species
Potential
Age of 16"tree
growth rate in managed stand
Unmanaged Stands
Managed Stands
(rings per inch)
years
years
Age of 22" tree
Unmanaged Managed Stands Stands
years
years
Yellow-poplar
5
Black Walnut
5
Scarlet Oak
6
Red Oak
6
White Ash
7
Black Oak
7
Sugar Maple
8
White Oak
8
Beech
8
Hickory
10
Chestnut Oak
10
67
40
90
55
76
40
104
55
82
48
108
66
87
48
113
66
90
56
119
77
90
56
121
77
104
64
137
88
114
64
146
88
114
64
151
88
126
80
168
110
129
80
164
110
Basically, two stand condition classes should be considered. The first assumes the availability of even-aged stands of various ages that contain levels of growing stock, which adequately occupy the site. The second condition assumes that growing stock levels are below that which would allow the stand to be carried at satisfactory stocking and must be regenerated. Because of the past "high grading" cutting practices or wildfires, many upland hardwood stands are under-stocked with desirable trees, contain many "cull" trees and need regeneration. See Section IV ? Technical Guide Code 666, Forest Stand Improvement; and Code 490, FOREST SITE PREPARATION.
Source: S.F. Gingrich, USDA-Forest Service, Northeastern Forest Experiment Station; and "Investment, Analysis of Upland Oak Stands," Forestry Report SA-FR12, June 1981, USDAFS.
U.S Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service North Carolina
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
Gingrich's stocking guides (below) are used to determine whether existing stands have (1) sufficient basal area in growing stock trees to carry through rotation, or (2) whether the stands should be regenerated.
The C level of stocking is used as a minimum of basal area required to carry existing stands. Stands at the C level of stocking will fully occupy the site in an average of 10 years and are worth saving. Thinning would not be carried out unless the stocking of desirable trees is above the B level, which is near 60 percent of full stocking. This means that total basal area would need to be substantially above the residual B-level shown on the tables for existing stands before thinning to this level would be practical. The key to using this growth and yield data is the appraisal of stocking conditions and the use of subsequent cultural treatments to maximize growth and quality of growing stock trees, and thus maximize rates of returns from investments. This depends on the skill of the user in classifying growing stock trees and stand conditions. Do not count cull trees or unacceptable species in basal area.
The standards used to determine growing stock trees are critical. The time to begin thinning in young stands is also important because early investments must be carried for a long period. Thinning should be delayed until trees capable of maintaining dominant crown positions can be identified in the stand. Research indicates that attempts to pre-commercially thin before this natural selection takes place usually result in wasted money and effort.
U.S Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service North Carolina
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
Age Basal Area
Years Square Feet
20 34 30 49 40 58 50 66 60 71 70 74
20 37 30 50 40 63 50 69 60 73 70 77
20 46 30 57 40 66 50 71 60 76 70 79
Table 1.---Yields per acre for upland oak; First thinning at age 20
Residual Stand
Cut Stand
Average Tree
Diameter
Yield
Basal Area
Yield
Cumulative total yields (cut stand plus residual stand)
Inches
Cubic Cords Board Square Cubic Cords Board
Feet
Feet Feet Feet
Feet
Cubic Feet
Cords Board Feet
SITE INDEX 55
2.3
60
0.6 ----
---
---- ---- ---- 60
0.6
----
4.2
600 5.1 ----
15
---- 0.9 ---- 600
6.0
----
6.1
1,220 12.2 880 16
300 2.9 ---- 1,520
16.0
880
8.6
1,750 16.0 2,350 15
300 3.2 150 2,350
23.0
2,500
10.6
1,980 18.6 3,960 15
360 3.2 570 2,940
28.8
4,680
12.1
2,170 20.0 5,810 14
370 3.8 820 3,500
34.0
7,350
SITE INDEX 65
2.8
160 1.6 ----
----
18 ---- ---- 178
1.6
----
4.6
750 7.4 ----
20
132 1.2 ---- 900
8.6
----
7.7
1,760 16.0 1,320 15
290 3.2 ---- 2,200
20.4 1,320
9.8
2,150 19.7 3,500 19
625 4.1 400 3,215
28.2 3,900
12.0
2,460 22.5 6,120 18
515 4.4 1,160 4,040
35.4 7,680
14.6
2,730 24.2 9,030 16
520 4.9 2,010 4,830
42.0 12,600
SITE INDEX 75
3.6
476 4.4 ----
----
218 2.0 ----
694
6.4
----
5.6
1,275 13.0 ----
26
307 3.6 ----
1,800
18.6 ----
8.4
2,140 19.8 2,160 21
535 4.8 240
3,200
30.2 2,400
10.8
2,600 24.7 6,450 21
665 5.4 1,160 4,325
40.5 7,850
13.4
3,060 28.5 10,680 19
615 4.9 2,020 5,400
49.2 14,100
16.3
3,465 31.5 13,720 19
635 5.2 2,740 6,440
57.4 19,880
Age Years
Basal Area
Square Feet
Table 2.---Yields per acre for upland oak; No thinning
Average
Trees
Tree Diameter 1/
Yields
No.
Inches
Cubic
Cords
Feet
SITE INDEX 55
20
55
2,500
2.0
60
0.6
30
75
1,260
3.3
583
5.3
40
87
790
4.5
1,320
12.1
50
97
480
6.1
2,150
19.7
60
104
357
7.3
2,520
22.9
70
108
295
8.2
2,730
24.4
80
112
242
9.2
2,880
25.6
SITE INDEX 65
20
59
1880
30
81
930
40
96
505
2.4
178
1.6
4.0
1,200
10.6
5.9
1,840
18.2
50
105
342
7.5
2,800
26.9
60
111
262
8.8
3,300
30.8
70
115
215
9.9
3,700
33.3
80
117
187
10.7
3,950
35.6
SITE INDEX 75
20
70
30
89
1,425 680
3.0
694
6.4
4.9
1,670
16.7
40
101
400
6.8
2,440
23.7
50
110
279
8.5
3,315
30.1
60
114
222
9.7
4,140
37.7
70
117
187
80
120
166
10.7
4,760
43.0
11.5
5,160
46.5
1/ The diameter of the tree of average basal area
Board Feet
----
------400 900 2,800 5,400
------440 2,150 5,160 7,200 8,200
------1,380 4,100 9288 11,200 12,500
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service All Resource Areas
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
EXPLANATION
The information in these tables is generally applicable to well-stocked, managed, upland hardwood stands where various species of white oak, red oak, and black oak are the principal components.
Site index ratings for upland oaks on adapted soils are shown in Section II of the technical guide. Information is shown in these tables for site classes 50, 60, 70, and 80.
Cutting cycle represents the average number of years required for the "leave trees" after a periodic cutting, to grow to the next higher 2-inch diameter class. The cutting cycles vary by site, as indicated, in this table.
Average stand diameter is the average diameter in inches of the stand before a periodic cutting. The "leave trees" at the time of a periodic cutting, if properly selected, will usually average larger; the "cut trees" will average smaller.
Average stand age is the approximate age of the stand, by site class, at the average diameter in column 1. Proper stocking must be maintained by periodic cuttings, and improvement cuttings must be started at an early age, to maintain this diameter-age ratio.
Before cut is the approximate volume of all merchantable trees in the well-stocked stand at the average stand diameter shown in column 1.
After cut is the volume of "leave trees," properly spaced and selected on the basis of species, form and vigor, to remain through the next cutting cycle.
This cut is the approximate volume of merchantable trees to be removed from the well-stocked stand to provide proper growing space for the selected "leave trees".
Cumulative cut is the estimated total volume harvested through the designated age (the current "this cut" plus previous cuts).
Cumulative yield includes the volume of the remaining stand (after cut) as well as the volume harvested (cumulative cut) at the designated age.
Average yearly growth is the average annual increment up to the age shown in column 2. It is obtained by dividing "cumulative yield" by " stand age".
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service All Resource Areas
UPLAND HARDWOODS ESTIMATED POTENTIAL YIELDS PER ACRE WELL-STOCKED EVEN-AGED MANAGED STANDS
SITES 50 though 80
Average DBH (In.)
Average Age (Yrs.)
Average Volume Per Acre ? Standards Cords and Board Feet (International) 1/
All Trees
Leave Trees
Cut Trees
Cumulative Cut
Cumulative Yield
SITE 80 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 6 YEARS)
6
24
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS"
8
30
24
"
17
"
7
"
10
36
29
"
21
"
8
"
12
42
6,400 BF
4,900 BF
1,500 BF
14
48
7,900 "
6,300 "
1,600 "
16
54
10,600 "
8,800 "
1,800 "
18
60
12,400 "
10,400 "
2,000 "
20
66
14,400 "
12,200 "
2,200 "
22
72
16,200 "
14,000 "
2,000 "
24
80
17,200 "
----
17,200 "
6 CDS 13 " 21 " 1,500 BF 3,100 " 4,900 " 6,900 " 9,100 " 11,200 " 28,400 "
18 CDS 32 " 42 " 6,400 BF 9,400 " 13,700 " 17,300 " 21,300 " 25,200 " 28,400 "
SITE 70 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 7 YEARS)
6
28
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS
6 CDS
18 CDS
8
35
22
"
15
"
7
"
13 "
28 "
10
42
28
"
20
"
8
"
21 "
41 "
12
49
6,400 BF
4,900 BF
1,500 BF
1,500 BF
6,400 BF
14
56
7,400 "
5,900 "
1,500 "
3,000 "
8,900 "
16
63
10,000 "
8,300 "
1,700 "
4,700 "
13,000 "
18
70
12,000 "
10,100 "
1,900 "
6,600 "
16,700 "
20
77
13,000 "
-----
13,000 "
19,600 "
19,600 "
SITE 60 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 8 YEAR)
6
32
14 CDS
8
40
22 "
10
48
27 "
12
56
5,500 BF
14
64
7,000 "
16
72
9,300 "
18
80
10,800 "
9 CDS
16
"
20
"
4,200 BF
5,600 "
7,800 "
-------
5 CDS
6
"
7
"
1,300 BF
1,400 "
1,500 "
10,800 "
5 CDS 11 " 18 " 1,300 " 2,700 BF 4,200 " 15,000 "
14 CDS 27 " 38 " 5,500 BF 8,300 " 12,000 " 15,000 "
SITE 50 (CUTTING CYCLE ?9 YEARS)
6
36
11 CDS
7 CDS
8
45
19 "
14 "
10
54
26 "
19 "
12
63
4,900 BF
3,700 BF
14
72
6,600 "
5,300 "
16
81
8,200 "
-------
4 CDS 5 " 7 " 1,200 BF 1,200 " 8,200 "
4 CDS
9
"
16 "
1,200 BF
2,400 "
10,600
11 CDS 23 " 35 " 4,900 BF 7,700 " 10,600 "
1/ Adapted from USDA Technical Bulletin 560 by S.F. Gingrich, W.J. Lloyd, and J. M. Case.
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
Average Yearly Growth
0.8 CDS 1.1 " 1.2 " 150 BF 200 " 250 " 290 " 320 " 350 " 360 "
0.6 CDS 0.8 " 1.0 " 130 BF 160 " 210 " 240 " 260 "
0.4 CDS 0.7 " 0.8 " 100 BF 130 " 170 " 190 "
0.3 CDS 0.5 " 0.6 " 80 BF 110 " 130 "
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service All Resource Areas
UPLAND OAKS ESTIMATED POTENTIAL YIELDS PER ACRE WELL-STOCKED EVEN-AGED MANAGED STANDS- SITE CLASSES 50, 60, 70, 80 TABLE 1: AGE, VOLUME, AND YEARLY GROWTH 1/
Average Stand Diam.
Average Stand Age
Before Cut
Average Volume Per Acre ? Standard Cords and Board Feet (Doyle)
After Cut
This
Cumulative
Cumulative
Cut
Cut
Yield
SITE 80 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 6 YEARS)
6
24
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS"
6 CDS
8
30
24
"
17
"
7
"
13 "
10
36
29
"
21
"
8
"
21 "
12
42
3,500 BF
2,700 BF
800 BF
800 BF
14
48
4,700 "
3,700 "
1,000 "
1,800 "
16
54
7,000 "
5,800 "
1,200 "
3,000 "
18
60
9,100 "
7,600 "
1,500 "
4,500 "
20
66
10,900 "
9,300 "
1,600 "
6,100 "
22
72
12,800 "
11,100 "
1,700 "
7,800 "
24
80
14,300 "
14,300 "
22,100 "
SITE 70 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 7 YEARS)
6
28
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS
6 CDS
8
35
22 "
15
"
7
"
13 "
10
42
28 "
20
"
8
"
21 "
12
49
3,500 BF
2,700 BF
800 BF
800 BF
14
56
4,400 "
3,500 "
900 "
1,700 "
16
63
6,600 "
5,500 "
1,100 "
2,800 "
18
70
8,800 "
7,400 "
1,400 "
4,,200 "
20
77
9,900 "
-----
9,900 "
14,100 "
SITE 60 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 8 YEARS)
6
32
14 CDS
9 CDS
5 CDS
5 CDS
8
40
22 "
16 "
6 "
11 "
10
48
27 "
20 "
7 "
18 "
12
56
3,000 BF
2,300 BF
700 BF
700 BF
14
64
4,100 "
3,300 "
800 "
1,500 "
16
72
6,100 "
5,100 "
1,000 "
2,500 "
18
80
7,900 "
-------
7,900 "
10,400 "
SITE 50 (CUTTING CYCLE ?9 YEARS)
6
36
11 CDS
7 CDS
8
45
19 "
14 "
10
54
26 "
19 "
12
63
2,700 BF
2,000 BF
14
72
3,900 "
3,100 "
16
81
5,400 "
-------
4 CDS 5 " 7 " 700 BF 800 " 5,400 "
4 CDS 9 " 16 " 700 BF 1,500 " 6,900 "
1/ Adapted from USDA Technical Bulletin 560 by S.F. Gingrich, W.J. Lloyd, and J. M. Case
18 CDS
32
"
42
"
3,500 BF
5,500 "
8,800 "
12,100 "
15,400 "
18,900 "
22,100 "
18 CDS 28 " 41 " 3,500 BF 5,200 " 8,300 " 11,600 " 14,100 "
14 CDS 27 " 38 " 3,000 BF 4,800 " 6,600 " 10,400 "
11 CDS 23 " 35 " 2,700 BF 4,600 " 6,900 "
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
Average Yearly Growth
0.8 CDS 1.1 " 1.2 " 80 BF 110 " 160 " 200 " 230 " 260 " 280 "
0.6 CDS 0.8 " 1.0 " 70 BF 90 " 130 " 170 " 180 "
0.4 CDS 0.7 " 0.8 " 50 BF 70 " 90 " 130 "
0.3 CDS 0.5 " 0.6 " 40 BF 60 " 90 "
U.S. Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service All Resource Areas
UPLAND OAKS ESTIMATED POTENTIAL YIELDS PER ACRE WELL-STOCKED EVEN-AGED MANAGED STANDS- SITE CLASSES 50, 60, 70, 80 TABLE 1: AGE, VOLUME, AND YEARLY GROWTH 1/
Average Stand Diam.
Average Stand Age
Before Cut
Average Volume Per Acre ? Standard Cords and Board Feet (Scribner)
After Cut
This
Cumulative
Cumulative
Cut
Cut
Yield
SITE 80 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 6 YEARS)
6
24
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS
6 CDS
8
30
24
"
17
"
7
"
13 "
10
36
29
"
21
"
8
"
21 "
12
42
5,400 BF
4,100 BF
1,300 BF
1,300 BF
14
48
6,800 "
5,400 "
1,400 "
2,700 "
16
54
9,300 "
7,700 "
1,600 "
4,300 "
18
60
11,000 "
9,300 "
1,700 "
6,000 "
20
66
13,000 "
11,000 "
2,000 "
8,000 "
22
72
14,700 "
12,700 "
2,000 "
10,000 "
24
80
15,800 "
----
15,800 "
25,800 "
SITE 70 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 7 YEARS)
6
28
18 CDS
12 CDS
6 CDS
6 CDS
8
35
22
"
15
"
7
"
13 "
10
42
28
"
20
"
8
"
21 "
12
49
5,400 BF
4,100 BF
1,300 BF
1,300 BF
14
56
6,400 "
5,100 "
1,300 "
2,600 "
16
63
8,800 "
7,300 "
1,500 "
4,100 "
18
70
10,700 "
9,000 "
1,700 "
5,,800 "
20
77
11,700 "
-----
11,700 "
17,500 "
SITE 60 (CUTTING CYCLE ? 8 YEARS)
6
32
14 CDS
8
40
22 "
10
48
27 "
12
56
4,600 BF
14
64
6,000 "
16
72
8,200 "
18
80
9,600 "
9 CDS 16 " 20 " 3,500 BF 4,800 " 6,900 " -------
5 CDS
6
"
7
"
1,100 BF
1,200 "
1,300 "
9,600 "
5 CDS 11 " 18 " 1,100 BF 2,300 " 3,600 " 13,200 "
SITE 50 (CUTTING CYCLE ?9 YEARS)
6
36
11 CDS
7 CDS
8
45
19 "
14 "
10
54
26 "
19 "
12
63
4,100 BF
3,100 BF
14
72
5,700 "
4,500 "
16
81
7,200 "
-------
4 CDS 5 " 7 " 1000 BF 1,200 " 7,200 "
4 CDS
9
"
16 "
1,000 BF
2,200 "
9,400 "
1/ Adapted from USDA Technical Bulletin 560 by S.F. Gingrich, W.J. Lloyd, and J. M. Case
18 CDS 32 " 42 " 5,400 BF 8,100 " 12,000 " 15,300 " 19,000 " 22,700 " 25,800 "
18 CDS 28 " 41 " 5,400 BF 7,700 " 11,400 " 14,800 " 17,500 "
14 CDS 27 " 38 " 4,600 BF 7,100 " 10,500 " 13,200 "
11 CDS 23 " 35 " 4,100 BF 6,700 " 9,400 "
Technical Guide Section V Rev. April 2002
Average Yearly Growth
0.8 CDS 1.1 " 1.2 " 130 BF 170 " 220 " 250 " 290 " 310 " 320 "
0.6 CDS 0.8 " 1.0 " 110 BF 140 " 180 " 210 " 230 "
0.4 CDS 0.7 " 0.8 " 80 BF 110 " 140 " 160 "
0.3 CDS 0.5 " 0.6 " 60 BF 90 " 120 "
................
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