University of Wisconsin–Stevens Point
NICOTINE
Demographics
Physiological Effects
Toxicity
Second Hand Smoke
Quitting
Government Regulation
Demographics
Advertisements - leads to use.
3 Videos
4 Advertising Amount by Preference
H.S. Student Usage
Adult Usage
Physiological Effects
Stimulates central dopamine release
Stimulates cardiovascular system
Stimulates & then inhibits salivary & bronchial secretions
Increases respiration
Inhibits feelings of hunger
IS THE LEADING PREVENTABLE CAUSE OF DEATH IN THE U.S.!!
The WHO estimates that tobacco kills 6 million/year worldwide. Data shows about ½ million/year in the US.
Toxicity
Composition of Tobacco Smoke
Effect on Lungs
Effect on the Face
Scott Blanke, an ear, nose & throat specialist at Skemp-Grandview-La Crosse Clinic, says smoking interferes with blood circulation that keeps skin healthy.
It's all in the blood supply. The face is abundant with blood, with arteries on both sides. Blood helps the face heal the trauma of wind, sun and cuts faster than some other parts of the body. If you smoke enough, the blood supply to the vessels is diminished and you are not able to ward off the damage from elements such as the sun and wind. The result, is premature aging of the face. From smoking, your face gets fine wrinkles and there's a lot of sagging. There's that dry, leathery look to the face.
Smoking & Bones
18 Smoking decreases bone density & contributes to osteoporosis.
Warnings
20 Four must be rotated on cigarette packages (as result of the Comprehensive Smoking Education Act of 1984).
Toxicity Photo Series
State Deaths
Deaths by Category
Relative to Other Drugs
Composition of Tobacco Smoke
A top-secret list of (700 additives to cigarettes pinpoints several hazardous substances. Exs.
Nicotine sulfate. Salt of nicotine (an insecticide).
Ethyl 2 furoate. Part of a family of liver toxins.
Sclareol. Causes convulsions in laboratory rats.
Ammonia. Irritates the skin, eyes & respiratory tract.
Freon. Chlorofluorocarbon that contributes to damage to the earth's ozone layer.
Maltitol. Food sweetener prohibited from use in U.S.
Methoprene. A pesticide.
State Deaths - 2010
7,717 WI deaths were associated with tobacco use.
← 6,966 people died from illnesses directly related to smoking, constituting 15% of all annual deaths.
← Another 751 people died from illnesses & fires indirectly related to smoking.
In Portage County, 61 individuals died from illnesses directly related to smoking (13% of all deaths).
Annual economic toll of tobacco in WI was ≈$2.8 billion paid in direct health care costs ($34 mil for Portage) & $1.7 billion ($21 mil for Portage) in lost productivity.
Note that these numbers dwarf any other drug.
Cancer, heart disease, & COPD are the main culprits.
Second hand Smoke
Types of Smoke
1. Mainstream - inhaled by smoker.
2. Sidestream - from burning end of cigarette.
3. Exhaled - exhaled by the smoker. Less dangerous than sidestream because its filtered by the smokers lungs.
Effects
State Smoking Ban (SPJ)
Second hand Smoke Effects
In children, secondhand smoke causes:
← Ear infections
← More frequent & severe asthma attacks
← Respiratory symptoms (e.g., coughing, sneezing) & infections (i.e., bronchitis, pneumonia)
← Greater risk for SIDS
In Adults, secondhand smoke causes deaths annually among nonsmokers:
← ≈3,400 lung cancer
← ≈46,000 heart disease
Decrease in exposure to 2nd hand smoke over last 20 years is due to the growing number of laws, the increase in the number of households with smoke-free home rules, & decreased smoking rates.
Quitting
Bodies Response to Stopping Smoking – stopping improves health.
Nicotine Patch, gum, nasal sprays & inhalers. Patients start off ≈21 mgs of nicotine for 30 days. Next month the amount is reduced to 14 mgs. Then 7 mgs the third month. 1 cigarette is ≈1 mg. Fatal dose is 60 mg. Thus, need to be careful combining patch with smoking.
Narcoticure 1895
Zyban (buproprion) (it is the same drug that goes by the name of Wellbutrin when prescribed as an antidepressant)
Chantix (varenicline)
42 Varenicline is a nicotinic receptor partial agonist. Thus, it is different mechanism of action than bupropion or nicotine replacement therapies.
43 As a partial agonist, it both reduces cravings for & decreases the pleasurable effects of cigarettes.
44 Side effects can include upset stomach, insomnia, headache, & psychological problems.
Vaping?
10 Tips to Succeed
Choose a quit date & stick to it.
Remember that first few days will be the hardest.
Change habits associated w/ smoking (e.g., substitute morning cig w/ OJ).
Tell people you know that you are quitting.
Drink lots of water & brush your teeth frequently.
Never carry a lighter with you & remove ashtrays.
Spend time with people who don't smoke.
Keep a supply of cigarette substitute (gum, candy).
When you get the urge, try taking a few deep breaths. Hold the last, then exhale slowly, & tell yourself you have just had a cigarette.
Think about the money you are saving.
Government Regulation
Key Events
Regulation & Demographics
Tobacco, congress & hypocrisy
Key Events
1945 Mayo Clinic cautions against use of cigarettes by patients with cardiovascular disease. American Cancer Society announces parallelism between cigarette sales & lung cancer.
1957 American Cancer Society, National Cancer Institute, American Heart Association, & National Heart Institute issue report calling for government action regarding smoking & public health.
1958 Tobacco Institute formed by major cigarette manufacturers to counteract possible political effects of health studies.
1964 Surgeon General’s report on smoking & health.
1966 Federal Cigarette Labeling & Advertising Act requires packages to present statement: “Caution: Cigarette smoking may be hazardous to your health.”
1967 FCC rules Fairness Doctrine applies to cigarette advertising: TV & radio must carry antismoking messages. FTC issues first report on tar & nicotine content.
1970 Cigarette package statement changed to: “Warning: The Surgeon General has determined that cigarette smoking is dangerous to your health.”
1971 Radio & TV smoking commercials banned & Interstate Commerce Commission restricts smoking to the rear 5 rows of interstate buses.
1973 AZ prohibits smoking in elevators, theaters, libraries, galleries, museums, & buses. Airlines required to designate smoking/nonsmoking areas.
1975 MN passes Indoor Clean Air Act (makes smoking illegal in all public places & public meetings except where otherwise designated).
1976 Superior Court of NJ rules workers must be allowed to have a non-polluted work environment.
1984 Comprehensive Smoking Education Act requires cigarette packages & advertising to carry new rotational warning labels as of 10/12/85.
1988 Smoking banned on U.S. commercial flights ................
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