Woodhouse College



9.The diagram shows a section through the heart of a mammal(a)Name the parts labelled A, B and C.A ................................................................................................................................B ................................................................................................................................C ................................................................................................................................(3) (b)Each time the heart beats, the atria contract first and then the ventricles contract. Explain how this sequence of events is coordinated....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(Total 7 marks)9.(a)Aright atrium ; [accept right auricle]B(pulmonary) semilunar valve ;Cmitral / biscupid / (left) av, valve ;3 (b)1Reference to, pacemaker / SA node / SAN ;2(Wave of) excitation / eq, in (walls) of atria ;3Causes contraction of (muscle in) atria (walls) ;4Delay at, AV node / AVN ;5Conducted to ventricles via, bundles of His / Purkyne fibres ;max 4[7]23.The diagram below shows cross-sections of three different types of blood vessel, A, B and C. (a)Name the blood vessels A and B.A ...............................................................................................................................B ...............................................................................................................................(1)23.(a)A is, an artery / named artery, and B is, a vein / named vein ;124.The graph below shows changes in the blood pressure in the aorta and the left ventricle during two complete cardiac cycles. (a)On the graph, draw an arrow to show when the left atrioventricular (mitral) valve closes.(1) (b)Use the information in the graph to calculate the heart rate. Show your working.Answer ..................................(2)(c)During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the left ventricle falls to a much lower level than in the aorta. Suggest an explanation for this difference.……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………(3) (d)During the cardiac cycle, the pressure in the right ventricle rises to a maximum of about?3.3 kPa. Suggest reasons for the difference between this pressure and the maximum pressure in the left ventricle.……………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….……………………………………………………………………………………….………………………………………(3)(Total 9 marks)24.(a)Arrow drawn between point where ventricular pressure curvestarts to rise and where curve cuts 5 kPa line ;1 (b)60 ÷ 1.0 ; [accept equivalent calculations]= 60 beats per minute ; [accept range 60 to 64]2 (c)Reference to closure of semilunar valve ;Elasticity / eq of aorta wall ;Recoil (in aorta) maintains pressure ;Reference to refilling / relaxation of ventricle ;3 (d)Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs ;Left ventricle pumps blood all around the body ;Correct reference to relative thickness of ventricular walls ;Correct reference to pressure in relation to lungs / body /e.g. more pressure needed to pump blood round body /converse OR less resistance to blood flow in lungs/ converse ;3[9]34.Explain what is meant by each of the following terms.(a)The cardiac cycle................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(b)Coronary circulation................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 6 marks) 34.(a)1.Rhythmic / sequence (of events) in each heart beat ;2.{Initiated / controlled} by {pacemaker / SAN (sinoatrial node)} ;3.Reference to atrial {systole / contraction} ;4.Reference to ventricular {systole / contraction} ;5.(complete) diastole / relaxation (of heart) ;[points 3 to 5 must be in sequence]3(b)Coronary artery ;From aorta ;Supplies {blood / oxygen / glucose / nutrients / named nutrient} to heart{muscle / tissue / myocardium} / correct reference to removal of {wasteproducts / named waste product} by coronary circulation ; Returns to right atrium / coronary sinus / cardiac veins ;3[6]36.The diagram below shows an outline of the double circulation in a mammal. (a)Name the chambers of the heart labelled A and B.A ..................................................................................................................................B ..................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Name the organ in which the capillaries labelled C would be found......................................................................................................................................(1)(c)The heart maintains a high pressure of oxygenated blood in the arteries to the body.Explain how a double circulation is important in bringing this about...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (d)The photomicrograph below shows a transverse section through blood vessels. (i)Give the names of the two types of blood vessel D and E.D ........................................................................................................................E ........................................................................................................................(1)(ii)Describe one characteristic feature that you used to identify D............................................................................................................................(1)(Total 8 marks)36.(a)Right atrium;BLeft ventricle;2 (b)Lung; [however qualified]1 (c)1.Reference to {narrow / extremely long} capillaries;2.Reference to blood in the lungs / reference to oxygenation ofblood;3.Results in {low pressure / loss of pressure} of blood(when it emerges from the lungs);4.Not enough pressure to get through rest of{capillary network / the body};5.Pumping the blood again {raises / restores} lost pressureOR provides extra boost of pressure / reference tosecond pump;6.Higher pressure in systemic circulation / lower pressure inpulmonary circulation;3 (d)(i)DarteryANDEvein;1 (ii)Thick (muscular) {wall / layer}ORRounded {shape / lumen}ORSmaller lumen;1[8]60.The diagrams below show a pig (a mammal) and a flatworm (a small pond animal).×0.05×5 (a)Explain why a pig has a heart and circulatory system whereas a flatworm does not.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(b)The diagram below shows a cross-section of a mammalian heart. The positions of the valves are shown by the four circles. (i)On the diagram, indicate whether each valve is open or closed during ventricular systole (contraction of the ventricles) by writing ‘open’ or ‘closed’ on the lines provided. Do not draw the valves.(2) (ii)Indicate the position of the sino-atrial node (pacemaker) by drawing a cross on the diagram.(1) (iii)State the role of the sino-atrial node.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(c)Suggest two advantages of the coronary artery branching directly off the aorta.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 8 marks)60.(a)Flatworm has a large surface area : volume ratio / converse;Diffusion {sufficient / effective} for flatworm’s{needs / eq} / converse; Mammal{has higher metabolic rate / is warm blooded / eq} / converse;2 (b)(i)Top two open; Bottom two closed;2(ii)X drawn anywhere in the right atrium;1(iii)Pacemaker / sets rhythm of heart / initiates cardiac cycle / eq;1 (c)Blood at high pressure; High concentration of oxygen / eq; Highconcentration of glucose / eq;2[8]69.The diagram below shows the structure of the heart and some associated blood vessels. (a)Name the parts labelled A, B and C.A ...................................................................................................................................B ...................................................................................................................................C ...................................................................................................................................(2)(b)Describe how the structure of the left ventricle and the parts labelled B and C enablethe left ventricle to carry out its function.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)69.(a)A{Aortic / semi lunar / SL} valve;BAorta / aortic arch;C{Atrio-ventricutar / AV / bicuspid / mitral} valve;2 (b)1.{Valves / named valve / C} close;2.(To) prevent backflow (of blood);3.Reference to {contraction / systole} of ventricle;4.Thick (muscular) wall / more muscle;5.Provides high {pressure / force / eq};6.To pump blood through {systemic circulation / round body / eq};7.Reference to elasticity of {aorta / B} (to accommodate blood expelledfrom ventricle) / eq;480.The diagram below represents the sequence of stages during one complete cardiac cycle. (a)Name Stage B.......................................................................................................................................(1)(b)Describe what is happening in the heart during complete cardiac diastole.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)Describe how cardiac muscle is supplied with oxygen.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)(Total 6 marks)80.(a)Ventricular systole;1 (b)1.Relaxation of atria and ventricles;2.Reduces pressure (inside heart) / eq;3.Refilling / eq;4.AV valves are open; (c)1.Correct reference to the coronary circulation;2.Via the coronary artery;3.From the aorta;4.Reference to capillaries (within) cardiac muscles;5.Reference to {red blood cells / haemoglobin} {carrying / releasing}oxygen;3[6]111.The diagrams below show the left side of the heart at two stages of the cardiac cycle. (a)(i)Name structure X shown on the diagram.X .......................................................................................................................(1)(ii)Name the part of the cardiac cycle illustrated by diagram B............................................................................................................................(1) (iii)With reference to structures shown on diagram B, describe and explain what happens during this phase of the cardiac cycle...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3)111.(a)(i){semilunar / aortic} valve1 (ii)ventricular systole1130.The figure below shows a simplified diagram of the heart.(i)Draw arrows on the diagram to show the direction of blood flow through both sides of the heart during diastole.(1)(ii)Name the part of the heart responsible for the initiation of the cardiac cycle......................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 2 marks)130.(i)arrows moving from direction of veins through the atria towardsventricles on both sides;1 (ii)sinoatrial node / SAN / pacemaker;1[2]144.(a)The diagram below shows a ventral (front) external view of a mammalian heart. (i)Name the structures labelled X, Y and Z.X .......................................................................................................................Y .......................................................................................................................Z .......................................................................................................................(3) (ii)There are four boxes on the heart diagram. Place a tick (?) in the box that correctly identifies the position where electrical activity of the heart is initiated.(1) (iii)Name the structure that initiates electrical activity in the heart............................................................................................................................(1)(b)Blood pressure within the heart varies throughout the cardiac cycle.(i)Explain what is meant by the term cardiac cycle.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (ii)The table below shows the range of blood pressures found in the left ventricle and in the right ventricle during one complete cardiac cycle.VentricleBlood pressure / kPaRight0.0 to 3.3Left0.0 to 15.8Explain why the maximum blood pressure is higher in the left ventricle than in the right ventricle..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(iii)Explain why blood pressure varies in a ventricle during the cardiac cycle..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2) (c)Apart from high blood pressure, state two other risk factors for heart disease...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 12 marks)144.(a)(i)X = aorta/ aortic arch;Y = (left) ventricle / cardiac muscle;Z = coronary artery /eq;3 (ii)second box down on the left;1 (iii)SAN / sino atrial node / pacemaker / eq;1 (b)(i)1.sequence of events from one beat to the next beat / eq;2.reference to {contraction / systole} and {relaxation /diastole};3.correct detail of sequence e.g. atrial systole → ventricularsystole → diastole / approx 30% of time spent in systoleand 70% in diastole;4.correct detail of electrical regulation of cardiac cycle/eq;max 2 (ii)1.left ventricle has {more / thicker} muscle / eq;2.blood from (left ventricle) has to divide between morecapillaries / eq;3.left ventricle has to pump blood further / eq;max 2 (iii)1.pressure increases as blood forced into ventricle duringatrial systole;2.pressure increases during (initial) ventricular systole/eq;3.(due to) reducing volume of ventricle (causing pressureincrease);4.pressure starts to decrease due to blood into artery / lossof blood from ventricle;5.decreases during diastole / eq;6.(due to) increasing volume (of chamber);max 2(iii)A description and an explanation to include three from:1.ventricles contract2.atrioventricular(AV) valves dose3.semilunar valves open /eq4.due to higher pressure in ventricles;pared to (atria / artery}6.blood passes into {aorta / artery)3 154.The photograph (below left) shows sections of two blood vessels labelled A and B. The diagram (below right) shows a human heart with two of the blood vessels numbered 1 and RI/Science photo library (a)Two of these vessels are arteries and two are veins. Place a tick in the box on the right of the table below that correctly identifies the row showing which two vessels are arteries and which two are veins.ArteriesVeinsA and 1B and 2A and 2B and 1B and 1A and 2B and 2A and 1(b)Blood moves towards the heart in veins. Describe how blood is moved through veins..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(3) (c)Capillaries are involved in the exchange of materials between the blood and the surrounding body tissues. Give two structural features of a capillary that enable it to exchange materials rapidly between the blood and the surrounding body tissues.1 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2 .......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 6 marks)154.(a)right-hand 1st box down;1 (b)1.(skeletal) muscle contracts / eq;2.squeezes vein / named vein;3.blood forced in both directions (away from squeezedarea) / eq;4.(one way) valves present (in veins);5.one way flow / prevent backflow / eq;6.reference to role of thorax e.g. pressure changes duringinspiration / expiration / breathing;7.lower pressure in {heart / atria} during {diastole / eq};max 3(c)1.{squamous / pavement / flattened /thin / eq } cell /endothelium;2.(only) one cell thick;3.small lumen present /(capillary) small diameter;4.pores present / gaps present / eq;max 2[6]158.(a)During ventricular systole, blood is forced out of the heart.Place a tick in the box () below the column that correctly identifies three features that occur during ventricular systole.Three featuresAtrioventricular valvesclosedopenopenclosedSAN pacemakeractivenot activeactivenot activeVentricular bloodpressurelower thanatrialower thanatriahigher thanatriahigher thanatriaPlace your tick in oneof these four boxes(1) (b)(i)When a doctor takes the blood pressure of a patient, two values are found, such as 110/75 (110 over 75). Which value is the systolic pressure?...........................................................................................................................(1)(ii)Hypertension is a consistently and abnormally high blood pressure. Give two factors that increase the risk of having hypertension.1 ........................................................................................................................2 ........................................................................................................................(2) (c)It has been shown that, for men aged 40 to 50 years old, each rise of 10 units in their systolic blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease by 20%.(i)Calculate the increased risk of heart disease in a 40 year old man with a systolic blood pressure 50 units higher than the average for his age.Answer ....................................(1) (ii)Explain the meaning of the figure you have calculated in (c)(i)..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(1)(Total 6 marks)158.(a)far right-hand box;1 (b)(i)110 / first one / higher one / eq;1(ii)1.high salt {intake / in diet / eq};2.high (saturated) {fat / cholesterol / LDL / eq} {intake /in diet / eq};3.high alcohol intake;4.smoking;5.stress;6.hardening of arteries / atherosclerosis / eq;7.old age;8.inherited trait / eq;9.obesity / overweight;10.lack of exercise / eq;max 2 (c)(i)100%;1 (ii){twice as / ×2 more / 100% more} likely to have heart disease / eq;1[6]162.The diagram below shows an external view of the heart. (a)Name the blood vessels labelled W, X, Y and Z.W .................................................................................................................................X .................................................................................................................................Y .................................................................................................................................Z .................................................................................................................................(2) (b)Describe and explain the events that occur during ventricular systole in the cardiac cycle.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(4)(c)The hypothesis that higher concentrations of caffeine will increase heart rate can be investigated practically using Daphnia (water fleas).Describe a reliable procedure that could be used to test this hypothesis.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(6)(Total 12 marks)162.(a)W = coronary arteriesX = aortaY = (left) pulmonary arteryZ = pulmonary vein4 correct = 2 marks2 or 3 correct = 1 mark0 or 1 correct = 0 marks2 (b)Award one mark for each of the following points incontext to a maximum of four.1.ventricle (muscle) contracts;2.higher pressure in ventricles relative to atria;3.(pressure) closes atrioventricular valve;4.higher pressure in ventricles relative to the {aorta /pulmonary artery / arteries};5.(pressure) opens the semilunar valve;6.blood forced into the {aorta / pulmonary artery /arteries};Max 4(c)Award one mark for each of the following points in context toa maximum of three.1.place Daphnia on {cavity slide / eq} with caffeine;2.(focus on heart) using microscope;3.ref. to range of caffeine concentrations;4.ref. to repeats;5.ref. to {water as control / zero caffeine concentration};Max 3Award one mark for each of the following points in context toa maximum of three.1.control temperature;2.reference to similar organisms used;3.accurate measurement of DV;4.reference to pretreatment;Max 3[12]163.(a)Blood vessels can be distinguished by their structure. The table shows some structural features for three blood vessels P, Q and R.Structural featurePQREndothelium presentSmall lumen relative to the thicknessof the wallsMany elastic fibres presentValves presentIdentify the blood vessels P, Q and R.P ..................................................................................................................................Q ..................................................................................................................................R ..................................................................................................................................(3)(b)The diagram below shows changes in blood pressure as blood flows from the arteries to the veins.The blood pressure at point A is 10.5 kPa and the blood pressure at point B is 2.5 kPa.Calculate the percentage decrease in the pressure as blood flows from A to B.Answer ............................ kPa(2) (c)Explain the changes in blood pressure(i)in the arteries......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(ii)in the capillaries.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................(2)(Total 7 marks) 163.(a)P aortaAccept pulmonary artery1Q vena cavaAccept any named vein1R capillary1 (b)Correct answer (with or without working) = 2 marksAnswer: 76(.2)%;Correct working with incorrect answer = 1 mark10.5 – 2.5 or 8 seen;2 (c)(i)(pulses) due to {elastic recoil/eq} / general drop due to{friction / dividing into more vessels};1 (ii)(pressure drop) due to large volume of capillary network /friction between blood cells and walls of capillary;1[7] ................
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