Latin is an inflected language, that is, a language “in ...



Wheelock Chapters 1 & 2

Latin is an ____________ ____________, that is, a language “in which the nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and verbs have variable endings by which the relationship of the words to each other in a sentence can be indicated.” (p xxviii)

In both Latin and English, verbs have five characteristics:

1. ___________ – Who is the subject of the sentence? The one who performs (or, in passive voice, receives) the action, from the POV of the speaker. There are three options:

• _____________: I, we (i.e. the one speaking)

• _____________: you, y’all (i.e. person(s) spoken to)

• _____________: he, she, it, they (i.e. the person(s) spoken about, but not directly to)

2. ____________ – how many subjects? Singular (one) or plural (more than one)

3. ____________ – the time of the action (ex: present, future)

4. ____________ – this is perhaps the hardest one to explain to native English speakers, but there are (in English and Latin) three:

• _____________: indicates facts (ex: The book is red.)

• _____________: commands and orders actions (ex: Stop!)

• _____________: describes hypothetical or potential actions (ex: If I were you…)

5. ___________ – Does the subject perform the action, or does it receive it? This has to do with transitive verbs (verbs that can take a direct object).

• ___________ ___________: The subject performs the action. (ex: “The car hits the dog.” The car is the subject of the sentence, while the dog is the direct object.)

• ___________ ___________: The subject receives the action. (ex: “The dog is hit by the car.” The dog is the subject of the sentence, and is receiving the action, while the car is the agent, that is, the one performing the action.)

Latin verbs are divided up into four groups called ____________________. Each has a different thematic vowel:

• 1st conj. = ______________

• 2nd conj. = ______________

• 3rd conj. = ______________

• 4th conj. = ______________

Personal Endings of the Active Voice:

| |Singular |English equiv. |Plural |English equiv. |

|1st person | |I (verb) | |we(verb) |

|2nd person | |You (verb) | |you pl (verb) |

|3rd person | |he/she/it (verbs) | |they (verb) |

In Latin, the ______________ _________________ of the verbs tell us its person, number, voice, tense, and mood.

Latin verbs have four ____________ ___________, and it’s important to learn them all when you learn vocabulary.

To conjugate a verb, add the personal endings to the _________. To find the ________, chop the -___ off the end of the ______________, which is the _____ principal part.

eg: laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātum – to praise

| |Singular |English equiv. |Plural |English equiv. |

|1st person | | | | |

|2nd person | | | | |

|3rd person | | | | |

moneō, monēre, monuī, monitum – to advise

| |Singular |English equiv. |Plural |English equiv. |

|1st person | | | | |

|2nd person | | | | |

|3rd person | | | | |

NB: Vowels that are normally long are usually shortened when immediately before __________ _________. In the case of 1st conjugation, the ___ disappears entirely in the ______ _______ _______. Vowels are also shortened before _____, ____, or _____ at the end of a word, or before _____ or ____ in any position. You must learn the macra on the verb endings.

Singular imperative = _____________ ____________

Plural imperative = _____________ ______________+ _______

|2nd person singular | |Praise! | |Advise! |

|2nd person plural | |Praise! (pl) | |Advise! (pl) |

Because it is inflected, Latin has a looser word order than English. In English, the meaning of the sentence is tied to the position of the words in the sentence, while in Latin the word endings tell us the functions of the words in the sentence, saying “Sally seashells sells,” in Latin, would make perfect sense. In fact, Latin word order tends to be _______, while English word order is _______. (S = Subject, O = Object, V = Verb)

Latin nouns have three characteristics:

1. ______________

• ______________

• ______________

• ______________

2. ______________

• ______________

• ______________

3. ____________ – The inflected forms of nouns are called this, and each has specific functions. This is a preliminary list of functions, which we will add to as our study of Latin progresses:

• _______________ – Used for the subject of the sentence.

• _______________ – Used to show possession; the noun doing the possessing is in this case; can usually be ascertained by translating it with the preposition “of.”

• _______________ – Used for indirect objects, that is, secondary objects of verbs. Usually translated with “to” or “for.”

• _______________ – Direct object of verbs; the person or object directly affected by the verb. Also, used with certain prepositions.

• _______________ – This is the adverbial case. This case encompasses many usages, including with certain prepositions, for manner, means, agent, and accompaniment.

• _______________ – Direct address. The form of this case is usually just like the nominative, with one exception (Ch 3), so it is usually not listed in paradigms.

Nouns are divided up into five groups called __________________. It is very important to remember that ________________ does NOT equal _______________!

First declension endings:

| |Singular |Plural |

|Nom. | | |

|Gen. | | |

|Dat. | | |

|Acc. | | |

|Abl. | | |

|Voc. | | |

To decline a noun or adjective, we add endings to the word stem.

You find the stem by removing the case ending from the __________ __________. Noun vocabulary entries always give you a word as “_____________ _____________, ____________ ____________,” so always memorize both of these!

Ex: vita, vitae, f

| |Singular |English Equiv. |Plural |English Equiv. |

|Nom | |the life | |the lives |

|Gen | |of the life | |of the lives |

|Dat | |to/for the life | |to/for the lives |

|Acc | |the life (d.o.) | |the lives (d.o.) |

|Abl | |by/with/from/etc the life | |by/with/etc the lives |

|Voc | |O, the life! | |O, the lives! |

NB: in Latin there is no word for “_____.”

Adjectives and the nouns they describe must agree in ____________, ____________, and __________.

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