Hard-to-Teach Biology Concepts

Hard-to-Teach

Biology

Concepts A Framework to Deepen Student Understanding

By Susan Koba with Anne Tweed

Copyright ? 2009 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to permissions.

Copyright ? 2009 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to permissions.

Hard-to-Teach

Biology

Concepts A Framework to Deepen Student Understanding By Susan Koba with Anne Tweed

Arlington, Virginia Copyright ? 2009 NSTA. All rights reserved. For more information, go to permissions.

Claire Reinburg, Director Jennifer Horak, Managing Editor Judy Cusick, Senior Editor Andrew Cocke, Associate Editor

Art and Design Will Thomas Jr., Director, cover and interior design Tim French, Senior Graphic Designer, interior design

Printing and Production Catherine Lorrain, Director Jack Parker, Electronic Prepress Technician

SciLinks Tyson Brown, Director Virginie L. Chokouanga, Customer Service and Database Coordinator

National Science Teachers Association Francis Q. Eberle, PhD, Executive Director David Beacom, Publisher

Copyright ? 2009 by the National Science Teachers Association. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. 12 11 10 09 4 3 2 1

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Koba, Susan. Hard-to-teach biology concepts : a framework to deepen student understanding / by Susan Koba, with Anne Tweed.

p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-933531-41-0 1. Biology--Study and teaching (Secondary) I. Tweed, Anne. II. Title. QH315.K58 2009 570.71'2--dc22

2009007877

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Contents

About the Authors..........................................................................................................ix

Introduction...................................................................................................................xi ?? Science Education Reform and Conceptual Understanding..................................xiii ?? Hard-to-Teach Biology Concepts--Why Are They Hard?......................................xiv ?? Why Aren't Students Learning?...................................................................... xv ?? Organization of the Book............................................................................... xv

Part I: The Toolbox: A Framework and Strategies.............................................................. 1 Chapter 1. The Instructional Planning Framework: Addressing Conceptual Change ........................3

?? Why Are There Hard-to-Teach Biology Concepts?................................................4 ?? Introducing the Instructional Planning Framework..............................................5 ?? The Research Behind the Framework.................................................................7 ?? Endnotes.....................................................................................................12 Chapter 2. Instructional Approaches to Promote Student Understanding............................................15 ?? Overview....................................................................................................16 ?? Instructional Strategy Sequencing Tool..............................................................16 ?? Metacognitive Approach Tools........................................................................17 ?? Standards-Based Approach Tools.....................................................................19 ?? Sense Making: Linguistic and Nonlinguistic Representational Tools...................... 23 ?? A Note on Technology...................................................................................27 ?? Some Thoughts on Assessment.......................................................................27 ?? Instructional Tools 2.1?2.14............................................................................29 ?? Recommended Resources..............................................................................87 ?? Endnotes....................................................................................................89

Part II: Toolbox Implementation: The Framework and Strategies in Practice............................91 Chapter 3. Reproduction:Meiosis andVariation.......................................................................93

?? Why This Topic?..........................................................................................94 ?? Overview...................................................................................................94 ?? Case Study: Setting the Stage..........................................................................95 ?? Instructional Planning Framework: Predictive Phase.............................................96

??What Is the Conceptual Target?....................................................................96 ??What Is a Logical Learning Sequence?......................................................... 102 ??What Criteria Should We Use to Determine Understanding?........................... 105 ?? Instructional Planning Framework: Responsive Phase......................................... 108 ?? Tables 3.1?3.2..............................................................................................110 ?? Recommended Resources..............................................................................115 ?? Endnotes....................................................................................................116

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